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Journal articles on the topic 'Locus standing'
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1
Chiduza, Lovemore, and Paterson Nkosemntu Makiwane. "STRENGTHENING LOCUS STANDI IN HUMAN RIGHTS LITIGATION IN ZIMBABWE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROVISIONS IN THE NEW ZIMBABWEAN CONSTITUTION." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 19 (June 8, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a742.
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Zimbabweans have been both victims of and witnesses to serious human rights violations over the years.Though there is wide agreement and speculation that the state and its agencies are the perpetrators of these atrocities, they have largely remained unprosecuted and unpunished.Such impunity is inter alia the result of ineffective law enforcement mechanismsand institutions as well as the lack of capacity and legal knowledge of victims to approach the courts and seek redress. These factors negatively affected the protection of human rights and access to justice in Zimbabwe.Although the Lancaster House Constitution contained a Declaration of Rights, its enforcement mechanisms, particularly those relating to locus standi (legal standing), posed a great challenge to human rights litigation in Zimbabwe. This is so because the Lancaster House Constitution adopted the traditional common law approach to standing. Under this approach it was required that an individual must have a "personal, direct or substantial interest" in a matter in order to have standing. The Lancaster House Constitution failed to recognise the importance of broader rules of standing, which would accommodate public interest litigation, specifically for the purpose of protecting human rights. Contrary to this, the new Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013) broadens the rules of standing in order to enhance access to the courts. This paper analyses the new approach to standing under the new constitutional dispensation in Zimbabwe.To this end, the discussion commences with an elucidation of the concept of locus standi and its link to access to justice. This is followed by an analysis of locus standi under the Lancaster House Constitution. Since the new approach in Zimbabwe is greatly informed by the South African approach to locus standi, a brief analysis of standing in South Africa is made. The paper concludes with a discussion of the approach to locus standi under the new constitution with a view to demonstrating how the new approach is likely to impact on the right of access to justice and human rights protection.
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Mohd Noor, Nor Azlina, and Ahmad Shamsul Abd Aziz. "‘STANDING’ ROOM ONLY: A VINTAGE ISSUE IN ESTATE ADMINISTRATION CLAIMS." UUM Journal of Legal Studies 10 (July 31, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls.10.2.2019.4988.
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The doctrine of standing or locus standi governs the rule of competency of a person that submits their grievances to the court. A beneficiary, usually an incompetent plaintiff due to the lack of locus standi, is not a qualified litigant to seek the court’s intervention in administering the deceased’s estate. The prevailing legal position in Malaysia is that the estate beneficiaries are not authorised to bring forth any action against any party on behalf of the estate, until a sealed order of the letter of representation has been presented. The fundamental issue in question is whether the doctrine of standing has denied the inherent right of beneficiaries to exploit the deceased’s estate. Hence, in light of this scenario, this paper aims to analyse the tendency of the court on deciding cases that relates to the standing of beneficiaries who are not personal representatives, when they submit claims on behalf of the estate. In this context, this paper uses the content analysis method to analyse past concluded cases and relevant legal provisions. This paper concludes that the Federal Court had whittled down the strict rule that beneficiaries should first obtain the grant of letters of representations for deceased’s estates by providing the locus standi to submit any legal claims on behalf of the estates. Therefore, by allowing the claims made by the beneficiaries, the court has acknowledged the existence of special circumstances that can be applied to exceptional cases.
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Bowal, Peter. "Speaking up for Others : Locus Standi and Representative Bodies." Les Cahiers de droit 35, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 905–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043306ar.
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This article addresses the issue of whether a representative body such as a trade association would, in the ordinary course, enjoy standing to present a public law question to the court on behalf of one or more of its members where there is no more compelling demand for representative advocacy other than the interests of convenience or public relations. The author canvasses recent case law in Canada and concludes that it tends to a marked restriction in public interest access to the courts. The success in obtaining standing would depend on a number of factors including the manner of conduct of the litigation, the political nature of the subject matter and, increasingly, the workload of the court.
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Owen-Smith, Jason, and Walter W.Powell. "Standing on Shifting Terrain." Science & Technology Studies 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55148.
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Drawing on interviews with more than 80 scientists on two university campuses, we create a typology that offers insights into how transformations in the nature and locus of life science innovation influence academic careers and work practices. Our analyses suggest that a strong outcome of increased academic concern with research commercialisation is the appearance of new fault lines among faculty, between faculty and students, and even between scientists’ interests and those of their institutions. We argue that life science commercialisation is driven by a mix of new funding opportunities, changing institutional mandates for universities, and novel research technologies that bring basic research and product development into much closer contact. The rise of patenting and commercially motivated technology transfer on U.S. campuses stands to alter faculty work practices and relationships, while transforming the criteria by which success is determined and rewards are allocated. Through close analysis of interviews with four researchers who typify a range of academic responses to commercialism, we demonstrate emerging patterns of conflict and agreement in faculty responses to commercial opportunities in the life sciences.
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Limantė, Agnė. "Ieškinių dėl ES teisės aktų panaikinimo naujovės pagal Lisabonos sutartį." Teisė 75 (January 1, 2010): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2010.0.236.
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Šiame straipsnyje tiriamas Lisabonos sutartimi įtvirtintas Sutarties dėl Europos Sąjungos veikimo 263 straipsnis ir iš jo kylantys ieškinių dėl panaikinimo priimtinumo sąlygų pasikeitimai. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad jis, palyginti su anksčiau galiojusia EB sutartimi, įveda keletą naujovių. Pirma, išplečiamas institucijų, kurių aktai gali būti peržiūrimi, sąrašas, antra, Regionų komitetas priskiriamas prie kvaziprivilegijuotų ieškovų, galinčių ginti savo prerogatyvas, o nacionaliniams teismams suteikiama tam tikra teisė ginčyti ES teisės aktus subsidiarumo principo kontekste, ir, trečia, išplečiama privačių subjektų locus standi. Būtent pastarajam klausimui skiriama daugiausia dėmesio – straipsnyje itin plačiai analizuojama, kaip pakito privačių subjektų locus standi ginčijant ES teisės aktus ir ar tai išsprendžia su ankstesne straipsnio redakcija sietas teisės į veiksmingą teisminę gynybą problemas. This article analyses changes in relation to the action for annulment under Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Having examined Article 263 TFEU, the author concludes that it introduces several changes. Firstly, Court’s jurisdiction is extended to cover acts of the European Council, Union bodies, offices and agencies which are intended to produce legal effects. Secondly, the Committee of Regions acquired status of semi-privileged applicant to bring actions for annulment for the purposes of protecting its prerogatives, while national parliaments (through the Member States) were granted certain standing in annulment proceedings on subsidiary grounds. Thirdly, locus standi of private applicants is extended. This third change is given a special attention in the article and author discusses it from various points of view.
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Hamuľáková, Klára. "The Concept of Locus Standi in Collective Protection of Consumer Rights – the Pitfalls of Transposition of European Model into the Czech Legal Order." International and Comparative Law Review 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 200–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2019-0021.
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Summary The paper deals with collective protection of consumer rights from the European and Czech point of view. The attention is focused on the question of the concept of legal standing to bring a collective actions (i.e. locus standi) The article compares the legal regulation of legal standing to bring a collective action in the Commission Recommendation of 11 June 2013 on common principles for injunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in the Member States concerning violations of rights granted under Union law (2013/396/EU), in the proposal a new Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers [COM/2018/184 final-2018/0089 (COD)] and the Czech bill for the Collective Redress Act.
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Omukoro, Dickson Ebikabowei. "Ensuring Environmental Accountability in Nigeria through the Liberalisation of the Locus Standi Rule: Lessons from some Selected Jurisdictions." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 27, no. 4 (November 2019): 473–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2019.0287.
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Oil pollution has become something of a daily occurrence in Nigeria, despite the existence of laws regulating petroleum operations. This is partly due to the cost of accessing judicial justice. Apart from cost issues, a plaintiff must satisfy that they have the standing to petition the court for the act complained of, which sometimes leaves the polluter without responsibility. This is against the notion of environmental accountability. It is the challenges posed by the strict interpretation of the standing rule in Nigeria on environmental accountability that forms the basis of this article. The article explores the lessons that can be learned from the development of standing rules in three different jurisdictions – the UK, Australia and South Africa.
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Buchanan, Camilla. "Long Awaited Guidance on the Meaning of “Regulatory Act” for Locus Standi Under the Lisbon Treaty." European Journal of Risk Regulation 3, no. 1 (March 2012): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00001914.
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Case T-262/20 Microban International Ltd and Microban (Europe) Ltd v. CommissionThe conditions for bringing direct actions before the EU General Court have been opened under Article 263, fourth paragraph, of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (“TFEU”) through the introduction of less restrictive rules on legal standing for private applicants challenging regulatory acts. The term “regulatory act” covers all acts of general application apart from legislative acts and includes implementing measures adopted by the European Commission under the comitology procedure. Initial case law provides welcome guidance on the application of the new rules on standing but questions still remain (author's headnote).
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Albors-Llorens, Albertina. "LOCUS STANDI of private parties in environmental cases." Cambridge Law Journal 58, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197399321012.
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THE standing of natural and legal persons to bring annulment proceedings is one of the most difficult and controversial issues in EC law. Article 173(4) EC states that non-addressees of a Community decision can only challenge it if they are directly and individually concerned by it. In Plaumann v. Commission (Case 25/62 [1963] E.C.R. 95) the Court explained that a decision is of individual concern to non-addressees if it “affects them by reason of certain attributes which are peculiar to them or by reason of circumstances in which they are differentiated from all other persons, and by virtue of these factors distinguishes them individually just as in the case of the person addressed”. But what degree of factual or legal differentiation must an applicant show to be individually concerned? The standard test is that the applicants need to belong to a “closed category”, namely one the membership of which had become fixed and ascertainable when the measure in question was adopted. The mere capacity of an applicant as a trader, importer or exporter does not suffice to render him individually concerned (Case 38/64 Getreide-Import Gesellschaft v. Commission [1965] E.C.R. 203; Case 191/89 Co-Frutta v. Commission [1989] E.C.R 793).
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Yamakoshi, Yoshiki. "Ultrasonic sound‐pressure measurement from microparticle locus observation in a periodically perturbed ultrasonic standing wave." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 4 (October 1996): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.416805.
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Wong, Alan, and Bernie Carducci. "Do sensation seeking, control orientation, ambiguity, and dishonesty traits affect financial risk tolerance?" Managerial Finance 42, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-09-2015-0256.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine relationships between financial risk tolerance and the personality traits of sensation-seeking, locus of control, ambiguity tolerance, and financial dishonesty. Design/methodology/approach – A pretested questionnaire was used to gather information from 255 respondents. With risk tolerance as a criterion variable and the four personality traits as predictor variables, a regression procedure was performed to determine which variables contributed to the variability of the criterion variable and the extent of such contribution. An analysis was also done to find out whether gender, age, GPA, and academic standing had an influence on each personality trait’s contribution to risk tolerance. Findings – Risk tolerance is directly related to sensation-seeking and the link is so strong that it is not mitigated by the effects of gender, age, GPA, and college academic standings. As for locus of control, the more one believes one has control over one’s outcome, the higher risk one can tolerate. Surprisingly, there is no relationship between risk and ambiguity tolerances. Dishonesty also does not affect risk tolerance behavior. However, the relationship is found to exist among younger individuals and those with lower GPA, possibly due to not having reached an adequate level of matured or critical reasoning yet. Originality/value – The relationship between risk tolerance and sensation-seeking is an established fact but whether the relationship still holds across several demographic groups is part of this study’s focus. Although much has been done on risk tolerance, very little has been done on its relationship to locus of control, ambiguity tolerance, and financial dishonesty.
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Brans, Edward H. P. "Liability for Damage to Public Natural Resources under the 2004 EC Environmental Liability Directive: Standing and Assessment of Damages." Environmental Law Review 7, no. 2 (June 2005): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146145290500700202.
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This article focuses on the April 2004 EC Directive on Environmental Liability (Directive 2004/35/CE). It examines its measure of damages, its framework for assessing damages and its provisions regarding the issue of standing. Comparisons will regularly be made with the United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990, its natural resource damage regulations and its provisions on locus standi. Finally, a comparison is made with international civil liability conventions that cover damage to natural resources. The goal of the analysis is to show that the Directive's rules on assessing damages are inspired by the natural resource damage regulations of the US Oil Pollution Act, and secondly, to show that there is a difference between the measure of damages in the international civil liability conventions and the new Directive. *
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Sala, Carlo, and Menahem Segal. "Dendritic Spines: The Locus of Structural and Functional Plasticity." Physiological Reviews 94, no. 1 (January 2014): 141–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00012.2013.
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The introduction of high-resolution time lapse imaging and molecular biological tools has changed dramatically the rate of progress towards the understanding of the complex structure-function relations in synapses of central spiny neurons. Standing issues, including the sequence of molecular and structural processes leading to formation, morphological change, and longevity of dendritic spines, as well as the functions of dendritic spines in neurological/psychiatric diseases are being addressed in a growing number of recent studies. There are still unsettled issues with respect to spine formation and plasticity: Are spines formed first, followed by synapse formation, or are synapses formed first, followed by emergence of a spine? What are the immediate and long-lasting changes in spine properties following exposure to plasticity-producing stimulation? Is spine volume/shape indicative of its function? These and other issues are addressed in this review, which highlights the complexity of molecular pathways involved in regulation of spine structure and function, and which contributes to the understanding of central synaptic interactions in health and disease.
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Garthoff, Jon. "Meriting Concern and Meriting Respect." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 5, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v5i2.52.
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Recently there has been a somewhat surprising interest among Kantian theorists in the moral standing of animals, coupled with a no less surprising optimism among these theorists about the prospect of incorporating animal moral standing into Kantian theory without contorting its other attractive features. These theorists contend in particular that animal standing can be incorporated into Kantian moral theory without abandoning its logocentrism: the claim that everything that is valuable depends for its value on its relation to rationality. In this essay I raise doubts about the prospects for accommodating animal moral standing within a logocentric Kantianism. I argue instead that the best way to incorporate animal moral standing into Kantian theory is to admit more radical departures from Kant’s position by maintaining that consciousness is a locus of moral standing independent from rationality.I propose that we should attribute moral standing to all conscious animals because the capacity of consciousness is the criterion distinguishing individuals whose well-being generates reasons from individuals whose well-being fails to do so. We need such a criterion because we speak of the well-being of things, such as artifacts and meteorological phenomena, which clearly lack moral standing. Having already argued against the Kantian view that the criterion of moral standing is rationality, I proceed to argue that consciousness is also superior to its other principal rival for the criterion of moral standing: life.On the view that emerges from this discussion, we have obligations to show concern for conscious individuals by treating their well-being as providing us with reasons for action; the view thus endorses the criterion of moral standing typically advanced by utilitarians. On this view we also have a distinct class of obligations to show respect for conscious rational individuals; the view thus endorses the Kantian claim that persons have a distinctive (and a higher) moral status in virtue of their possession of rational capacities. In this essay thus begin to show how a principal insight of each leading approach to modern moral theory may be captured in a unified theory.
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Peichel, Catherine L., and David A. Marques. "The genetic and molecular architecture of phenotypic diversity in sticklebacks." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1713 (February 5, 2017): 20150486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0486.
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A major goal of evolutionary biology is to identify the genotypes and phenotypes that underlie adaptation to divergent environments. Stickleback fish, including the threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) and the ninespine stickleback ( Pungitius pungitius ), have been at the forefront of research to uncover the genetic and molecular architecture that underlies phenotypic diversity and adaptation. A wealth of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies in sticklebacks have provided insight into long-standing questions about the distribution of effect sizes during adaptation as well as the role of genetic linkage in facilitating adaptation. These QTL mapping studies have also provided a basis for the identification of the genes that underlie phenotypic diversity. These data have revealed that mutations in regulatory elements play an important role in the evolution of phenotypic diversity in sticklebacks. Genetic and molecular studies in sticklebacks have also led to new insights on the genetic basis of repeated evolution and suggest that the same loci are involved about half of the time when the same phenotypes evolve independently. When the same locus is involved, selection on standing variation and repeated mutation of the same genes have both contributed to the evolution of similar phenotypes in independent populations. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
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Nakagome, S., S. Mano, L. Kozlowski, J. M. Bujnicki, H. Shibata, Y. Fukumaki, J. R. Kidd, K. K. Kidd, S. Kawamura, and H. Oota. "Crohn's Disease Risk Alleles on the NOD2 Locus Have Been Maintained by Natural Selection on Standing Variation." Molecular Biology and Evolution 29, no. 6 (January 12, 2012): 1569–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss006.
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Gais, Steffen, Björn Rasch, Johannes C. Dahmen, Susan Sara, and Jan Born. "The Memory Function of Noradrenergic Activity in Non-REM Sleep." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 9 (September 2011): 2582–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2011.21622.
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There is a long-standing assumption that low noradrenergic activity during sleep reflects mainly the low arousal during this brain state. Nevertheless, recent research has demonstrated that the locus coeruleus, which is the main source of cortical noradrenaline, displays discrete periods of intense firing during non-REM sleep, without any signs of awakening. This transient locus coeruleus activation during sleep seems to occur in response to preceding learning-related episodes. In the present study, we manipulate noradrenergic activity during sleep in humans with either the α2-autoreceptor agonist clonidine or the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine. We show that reducing noradrenergic activity during sleep, but not during wakefulness, impairs subsequent memory performance in an odor recognition task. Increasing noradrenergic availability during sleep, in contrast, enhances memory retention. We conclude that noradrenergic activity during non-REM sleep interacts with other sleep-related mechanisms to functionally contribute to off-line memory consolidation.
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Gélinas, Fabien. "Le locus standi dans les actions d'intérêt public et la relator action : l'empire de la common law en droit québécois." Les Cahiers de droit 29, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 657–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042904ar.
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The duality of the sources of Quebec law poses special problems for the jurist who must determine the juridical norm applicable to a given situation. He must work within the appropriate body of norms and, at the same time, propose a solution which is acceptable in practice. The authority of common law in Quebec extends to limits which are not well-established and not likely soon to be clarified. Starting from the vexed question of standing in public interest actions, the author elaborates on the applicability of common law with respect to the Quebec Code of Civil Procedure. The article first discusses briefly the principles of common law which have traditionally governed standing in public interest actions, together with the corresponding legislative framework established in Quebec. Emphasis is given to the rights and duties of the Attorney General, especially in the area of relator proceedings. The author questions the soundness of interpreting the Code of Civil Procedure as if it were an ordinary statute in a common law system. Bearing in mind its underlying purpose, he proposes a protectionist interpretation of the Code of Civil Procedure, less susceptible to the infiltration of common law.
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Sher, George. "Ethics, Character, and Action." Social Philosophy and Policy 15, no. 1 (1998): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500003034.
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According to one long-standing tradition, the organizing question of ethics is “What are we morally obligated to do?” However, many philosophers, inspired by an even older tradition, now urge a return to the question “What kind of person is it best to be?” According to these philosophers, the proper locus of evaluation is character rather than action, and the basic evaluative concept is virtue rather than duty. Following what has become common usage, I shall refer to the first approach as “duty ethics” and to the second as “virtue ethics.”
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Olsen, Kenneth M., and Michael D. Purugganan. "Molecular Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Glutinous Rice." Genetics 162, no. 2 (October 1, 2002): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.2.941.
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Abstract Glutinous rice is a major type of cultivated rice with long-standing cultural importance in Asia. A mutation in an intron 1 splice donor site of the Waxy gene is responsible for the change in endosperm starch leading to the glutinous phenotype. Here we examine an allele genealogy of the Waxy locus to trace the evolutionary and geographical origins of this phenotype. On the basis of 105 glutinous and nonglutinous landraces from across Asia, we find evidence that the splice donor mutation has a single evolutionary origin and that it probably arose in Southeast Asia. Nucleotide diversity measures indicate that the origin of glutinous rice is associated with reduced genetic variation characteristic of selection at the Waxy locus; comparison with an unlinked locus, RGRC2, confirms that this pattern is specific to Waxy. In addition, we find that many nonglutinous varieties in Northeast Asia also carry the splice donor site mutation, suggesting that partial suppression of this mutation may have played an important role in the development of Northeast Asian nonglutinous rice. This study demonstrates the utility of phylogeographic approaches for understanding trait diversification in crops, and it contributes to growing evidence on the importance of modifier loci in the evolution of domestication traits.
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McLeod-Kilmurray, Heather. "Stichting Greenpeace and Environmental Public Interest Standing before the Community Judicature: Some lessons from the Federal Court of Canada." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 269–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000001178.
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On April 2,1998, three years after the ruling of the Court of First Instance, the European Court of Justice issued its appeal decision in the Stichting Greenpeace case. The Court of First Instance had denied locus standi under Article 230(4) (Article 173(4)) of the EC Treaty to Greenpeace, two local environmental groups and a series of individual applicants to challenge the decision of the European Commission to continue providing Community structural funds under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to Spain to build two power stations in the Canary Islands.
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Kasimov, Aslan R., and Svyatoslav V. Korneev. "Detonation in supersonic radial outflow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 760 (November 7, 2014): 313–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.598.
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AbstractWe report on the structure and dynamics of gaseous detonation stabilized in a supersonic flow emanating radially from a central source. The steady-state solutions are computed and their range of existence is investigated. Two-dimensional simulations are carried out in order to explore the stability of the steady-state solutions. It is found that both collapsing and expanding two-dimensional cellular detonations exist. The latter can be stabilized by putting several rigid obstacles in the flow downstream of the steady-state sonic locus. The problem of initiation of standing detonation stabilized in the radial flow is also investigated numerically.
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Mead, Lawrence M. "US Welfare Reform: The Institutional Dimension." Social Policy and Society 2, no. 2 (April 2003): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746403001180.
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Making a success of welfare reform has as much to do with implementation as with policy design. The experience in Wisconsin and New York generalises too much of the US, with states divided into those successfully implementing work-based reform, those incapacitated by partisan divisions and those that have never seriously framed welfare policy. Three decisions are key: the degree of toughness, the amount of programme integration; and the locus of administrative control which are shaped by long standing differences in political culture, moralistic, individualistic and traditionalistic. States adopting a moralistic approach to policy administration generally achieve most success.
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McLeod-Kilmurray, Heather. "13 Stichting Greenpeace and Environmental Public Interest Standing before the Community Judicature: Some lessons from the Federal Court of Canada." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 269–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802821124.
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On April 2,1998, three years after the ruling of the Court of First Instance, the European Court of Justice issued its appeal decision in the Stichting Greenpeace case. The Court of First Instance had denied locus standi under Article 230(4) (Article 173(4)) of the EC Treaty to Greenpeace, two local environmental groups and a series of individual applicants to challenge the decision of the European Commission to continue providing Community structural funds under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) to Spain to build two power stations in the Canary Islands.
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Mhlongo, Lindelwa Beaulender, and Buhle Angelo Dube. "Legal Standing of Victims in Criminal Proceedings: Wickham v Magistrate, Stellenbosch 2017 1 BCLR 121 (CC)." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 23 (May 5, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2020/v23i0a6022.
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In late 2016, the Constitutional Court delivered judgment in a case, Wickham v Magistrate, Stellenbosch 2017 1 BCLR 121 (CC), involving Wayne Anthony Wickham (an aggrieved father and applicant in this case), who appealed against the decision of the Magistrate's Court in which he was denied the opportunity to hand up a victim impact statement. The thrust of his application was that his rights, as a victim of the crime in which his son was negligently killed by the fourth respondent, had been violated, and that this raised an arguable point of law of general public importance. The respondents, however, argued that the applicant lacked standing as the dominus litis in culpable homicide cases is the public prosecutor, and not the relatives of the deceased, or the victim. The case turned on whether the exercise of discretion by the Magistrate in denying Wickham the right to be heard was performed correctly; and whether a non-party to criminal proceedings could make an application for the review of the Magistrate's conduct. The article seeks to interrogate the rights of victims in criminal proceedings and aptly poses the following question: Do victims of crimes have a locus standi to be part of criminal proceedings?
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McManus, Kimberly F., Angela M. Taravella, Brenna M. Henn, Carlos D. Bustamante, Martin Sikora, and Omar E. Cornejo. "Population genetic analysis of the DARC locus (Duffy) reveals adaptation from standing variation associated with malaria resistance in humans." PLOS Genetics 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2017): e1006560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006560.
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Ferenczi, Aron, Douglas Euan Pyott, Andromachi Xipnitou, and Attila Molnar. "Efficient targeted DNA editing and replacement in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using Cpf1 ribonucleoproteins and single-stranded DNA." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 51 (December 5, 2017): 13567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710597114.
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The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an invaluable reference organism to research fields including algal, plant, and ciliary biology. Accordingly, decades-long standing inefficiencies in targeted nuclear gene editing broadly hinder Chlamydomonas research. Here we report that single-step codelivery of CRISPR/Cpf1 ribonucleoproteins with single-stranded DNA repair templates results in precise and targeted DNA replacement with as much as ∼10% efficiency in C. reinhardtii. We demonstrate its use in transgene- and selection-free generation of sequence-specific mutations and epitope tagging at an endogenous locus. As the direct delivery of gene-editing reagents bypasses the use of transgenes, this method is potentially applicable to a wider range of species without the need to develop methods for stable transformation.
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Zwick, Michael E., Jennifer L. Salstrom, and Charles H. Langley. "Genetic Variation in Rates of Nondisjunction: Association of Two Naturally Occurring Polymorphisms in the Chromokinesin nod With Increased Rates of Nondisjunction in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 152, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 1605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.4.1605.
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Abstract Genetic variation in nondisjunction frequency among X chromosomes from two Drosophila melanogaster natural populations is examined in a sensitized assay. A high level of genetic variation is observed (a range of 0.006-0.241). Two naturally occurring variants at the nod locus, a chromokinesin required for proper achiasmate chromosome segregation, are significantly associated with an increased frequency of nondisjunction. Both of these polymorphisms are found at intermediate frequency in widely distributed natural populations. To account for these observations, we propose a general model incorporating unique opportunities for meiotic drive during female meiosis. The oötid competition model can account for both high mean rates of female-specific nondisjunction in Drosophila and humans as well as the standing genetic variation in this critical fitness character in natural populations.
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O'Neill, Eric M., Karen H. Beard, and Michael E. Pfrender. "Cast adrift on an island: introduced populations experience an altered balance between selection and drift." Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (June 20, 2012): 890–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0312.
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A long-standing question in evolutionary biology is what becomes of adaptive traits when a species expands its range into novel environments. Here, we report the results of a study on an adaptive colour pattern polymorphism (stripes) of the coqui frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui , following its introduction to Hawaii from Puerto Rico. We compared population differentiation ( ) for the stripes locus—which underlies this colour pattern polymorphism—with neutral microsatellite loci to test for a signature of selection among native and introduced populations. Among native populations, for stripes were lower than expected under the neutral model, suggesting uniform balancing selection. Alternatively, among introduced populations, for stripes did not differ from the neutral model. These results suggest that the evolutionary dynamics of this previously adaptive trait have become dominated by random genetic drift following the range expansion.
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Deng, Wulan, Jeremy W. Rupon, Hongxin Wang, Andreas Reik, Philip D. Gregory, and Gerd A. Blobel. "Controlling Long-Range Genomic Interactions to Reprogram the β-Globin Locus." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.280.280.
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Abstract Abstract 280 Distal enhancers physically contact target promoters to confer high level transcription. At the mammalian β-globin loci long-range chromosomal interactions between a distal enhancer, called the locus control region (LCR), and the globin genes are developmentally dynamic such that the LCR contacts the embryonic, fetal and adult globin genes in a stage-appropriate fashion. LCR-globin gene interactions require the nuclear factor Ldb1. Recently, we employed artificial zinc finger (ZF) proteins to target Ldb1 to the endogenous β-globin locus to force an LCR-promoter interaction. This led to substantial activation of β-globin transcription and suggested that forced chromatin looping could be employed as a powerful tool to manipulate gene expression in vivo (Deng et al., Cell 2012). Reactivation of the fetal globin genes in adult erythroid cells has been a long-standing goal in the treatment of patients with sickle cell anemia. Therefore, building on our findings, we investigated whether the developmentally silenced embryonic globin gene βh1 can be re-activated in adult murine erythroblasts by re-directing the LCR away from the adult type globin gene and towards its embryonic counterpart. To this end, Ldb1 was fused to artificial ZF proteins (ZF-Ldb1) designed to bind to the βh1 promoter. ZF-Ldb1 was introduced into definitive erythroid cells in which only the adult but not the embryonic β-like globin gene is expressed. In vivo binding of the ZF-Ldb1 to its intended target was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Strikingly, expression of ZF-Ldb1 re-activated βh1 transcription up to approximately ∼15% of total cellular β-globin production. This suggests that forced tethering of a looping factor to a select promoter can be employed to override a pre-existing developmental long-range chromatin interaction to reprogram a developmentally controlled gene locus. We are now in the process of testing whether our approach might be suitable to reactivate the silent fetal globin genes in adult human erythroid cells. These studies are underway and the results will be discussed at the meeting. Disclosures: Reik: Sangamo BioSciences, Inc.: Employment. Gregory:Sangamo BioSciences, Inc.: Employment.
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Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. "When Did the Masks of Coloniality Begin to Fall? Decolonial Reflections on the Bandung Spirit of Decolonization." Bandung 6, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 210–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21983534-00602004.
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The ‘Bandung spirit of decolonization’ pre-dates and post-dates the physicality of the Bandung Conference of 1955. The concept of the ‘spirit’ encapsulates a melange of resistance and struggles against colonial encounters, colonialism, and coloniality—going as far back as the time of the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804). This article posits that to gain a deeper appreciation of the significance of the ‘Bandung spirit of decolonization’ it is vital to begin with an analysis of technologies of the invention of the Global South within global coloniality. The ‘Bandung spirit of decolonization’ gains a broader canvas as a name for the long standing anti-colonial resistances and decolonial struggles not only against global imperial designs and breaking from Cold War coloniality but also as a terrain of self-invention in opposition to the Northern domination. Thus, this article performs the following tasks: conceptually, it frames the ‘Bandung spirit of decolonization’ with decolonial theory; historically, it traces the politics and technologies of the invention of the global South together with its entrapment in global coloniality and empirically, it lays out the long-standing struggles for liberation beginning with the Haitian Revolution right up to the post-1945 decolonization and pan-African initiatives in Africa. Africa is the author’s locus of enunciation of the ‘Bandung spirit of decolonization’ without delinking it from the rest of the Global South.
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Marcus, Craig H., Anne E. Zitron, David A. Wright, and R. Scott Hawley. "AUTOSOMAL MODIFIERS OF THE BOBBED PHENOTYPE ARE A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE rDNA MAGNIFICATION PARADOX IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER." Genetics 113, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/113.2.305.
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ABSTRACT rDNA magnification in Drosophila melanogaster is defined experimentally as the ability of bb/Ybb - males to produce exceptional progeny that are wild type with respect to rDNA associated phenotypes. Here, we show that some of these bobbed-plus progeny result not from genetic reversion at the bb locus but rather from variants at two or more autosomal loci that ameliorate the bobbed phenotype of rDNA deficient males in Drosophila. In doing so we resolve several aspects of a long-standing paradox concerning the phenomenon of rDNA magnification. This problem arose from the use of two genetic assays, which were presumed to be identical, but paradoxically, produced conflicting data on both the kinetics of reversion and the stability of magnified bb + chromosomes. We resolve this problem by demonstrating that in one assay bobbed-plus progeny arise primarily by genetic reversion at the bobbed locus, whereas in the other assay bobbed-plus progeny arise both by reversion and by an epistatic effect of autosomal modifiers on the bobbed phenotype. We further show that such modifiers can facilitate the appearance of phenotypically bobbed-plus progeny even under conditions where genetic reversion is blocked by magnification defective mutants. Finally, we present a speculative model relating the action of these modifiers to the large increases in rDNA content observed in males undergoing magnification.
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Watson, Anna, Olufunmilola (Lola) Dada, Begoña López-Fernández, and Rozenn Perrigot. "The influence of entrepreneurial personality on franchisee performance: A cross-cultural analysis." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 38, no. 7 (May 1, 2020): 605–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242620914520.
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Through a survey-based study of 761 franchisees from four countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Spain – this research examines how a franchisee’s entrepreneurial personality traits affects the financial and relational performance of franchise units. While there is consensus that franchisee characteristics are important for successful franchise networks, there is a long-standing debate within the franchise literature as to the status, and indeed desirability, of franchisees as entrepreneurs. First, we consider how the personality traits of proactivity, innovativeness and locus of control influence the manifestation of entrepreneurial behaviours within the franchise unit, and both the direct and indirect relationships with unit performance. Second, we explore these relationships in two contexts, one associated with high entrepreneurial values (the United States and the United Kingdom) and another with low entrepreneurial values (France and Spain) to determine if the results are consistent across cultures which value entrepreneurship differently. The results suggest that franchisee performance, in terms of both financial performance and relationship quality, are indirectly enhanced by a proactive disposition, mediated by entrepreneurial behaviours. A direct positive relationship was found between locus of control and performance outcomes, but interestingly, franchisees with more innovative personalities performed less well financially. The relationships between franchisee personality, entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and performance were found to be largely consistent across the two cultural groups.
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Loginova, Irina. "Creating disorder." Journal of Language and Politics 14, no. 6 (December 31, 2015): 801–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.14.6.04log.
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This paper investigates the effect of an upcoming election on disorderly behaviour in two Houses of Representatives: that of the Australian Federal Parliament and that of the New Zealand Parliament. Two hypotheses are tested. The first hypothesis is that, notwithstanding their common origins in the Westminster parliamentary tradition, there are significant genrelectal differences in the way the two Houses respond to the impending election. The second hypothesis is that both will respond by becoming increasingly disorderly. The locus for measuring disorderly conduct is taken from the Wednesday parliamentary Question Time for the year 2007 in the case of Australia and 2008 in the case of New Zealand. All instances of disorderly conduct were tracked and a month-by-month measure was made of each kind of disorder as indicated by Standing Orders. All responses of the Speaker to disorder were also logged. The research shows that both hypotheses are corroborated.
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Jakobson, Christopher M., and Daniel F. Jarosz. "What Has a Century of Quantitative Genetics Taught Us About Nature's Genetic Tool Kit?" Annual Review of Genetics 54, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 439–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-021920-102037.
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The complexity of heredity has been appreciated for decades: Many traits are controlled not by a single genetic locus but instead by polymorphisms throughout the genome. The importance of complex traits in biology and medicine has motivated diverse approaches to understanding their detailed genetic bases. Here, we focus on recent systematic studies, many in budding yeast, which have revealed that large numbers of all kinds of molecular variation, from noncoding to synonymous variants, can make significant contributions to phenotype. Variants can affect different traits in opposing directions, and their contributions can be modified by both the environment and the epigenetic state of the cell. The integration of prospective (synthesizing and analyzing variants) and retrospective (examining standing variation) approaches promises to reveal how natural selection shapes quantitative traits. Only by comprehensively understanding nature's genetic tool kit can we predict how phenotypes arise from the complex ensembles of genetic variants in living organisms.
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Teixeira, Pedro A. "The Educational Role of the Market Sphere." Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy 27, no. 54 (2019): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philosophica2019275418.
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Hegel is sometimes regarded as a defender of the market system. Recently, Heisenberg (2018) argued that the prevailing view of Hegel is incomplete, as it overlooks a fundamental advantage of the market: its educational role. In his reading, the Hegelian defence of the market system includes seeing the market as the sphere where persons learn both to regard others as individuals with equal standing and equally relevant desires and to see the well-ordered civil society as the space where all social members can find protection and fulfil their needs. I argue that this focus, while inadequate as a sole ground for a critique of today’s market systems, can potentially bring forward new normative critiques of the market. These in turn require departing from Hegel’s baseline assumptions regarding the market sphere and applying this analysis to the locus where the educational impact of markets arguably subsists: the local or national levels.
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Ombrello, Michael J., Victoria L. Arthur, Elaine F. Remmers, Anne Hinks, Ioanna Tachmazidou, Alexei A. Grom, Dirk Foell, et al. "Genetic architecture distinguishes systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis from other forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: clinical and therapeutic implications." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 76, no. 5 (December 7, 2016): 906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210324.
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ObjectivesJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of conditions unified by the presence of chronic childhood arthritis without an identifiable cause. Systemic JIA (sJIA) is a rare form of JIA characterised by systemic inflammation. sJIA is distinguished from other forms of JIA by unique clinical features and treatment responses that are similar to autoinflammatory diseases. However, approximately half of children with sJIA develop destructive, long-standing arthritis that appears similar to other forms of JIA. Using genomic approaches, we sought to gain novel insights into the pathophysiology of sJIA and its relationship with other forms of JIA.MethodsWe performed a genome-wide association study of 770 children with sJIA collected in nine countries by the International Childhood Arthritis Genetics Consortium. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were tested for association with sJIA. Weighted genetic risk scores were used to compare the genetic architecture of sJIA with other JIA subtypes.ResultsThe major histocompatibility complex locus and a locus on chromosome 1 each showed association with sJIA exceeding the threshold for genome-wide significance, while 23 other novel loci were suggestive of association with sJIA. Using a combination of genetic and statistical approaches, we found no evidence of shared genetic architecture between sJIA and other common JIA subtypes.ConclusionsThe lack of shared genetic risk factors between sJIA and other JIA subtypes supports the hypothesis that sJIA is a unique disease process and argues for a different classification framework. Research to improve sJIA therapy should target its unique genetics and specific pathophysiological pathways.
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Lehnert, S. J., K. A. Christensen, W. E. Vandersteen, D. Sakhrani, T. E. Pitcher, J. W. Heath, B. F. Koop, D. D. Heath, and R. H. Devlin. "Carotenoid pigmentation in salmon: variation in expression at BCO2-l locus controls a key fitness trait affecting red coloration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1913 (October 16, 2019): 20191588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1588.
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Carotenoids are primarily responsible for the characteristic red flesh coloration of salmon. Flesh coloration is an economically and evolutionarily significant trait that varies inter- and intra-specifically, yet the underlying genetic mechanism is unknown. Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) represents an ideal system to study carotenoid variation as, unlike other salmonids, they exhibit extreme differences in carotenoid utilization due to genetic polymorphisms. Here, we crossed populations of Chinook salmon with fixed differences in flesh coloration (red versus white) for a genome-wide association study to identify loci associated with pigmentation. Here, the beta-carotene oxygenase 2-like ( BCO2-l ) gene was significantly associated with flesh colour, with the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism explaining 66% of the variation in colour. BCO2 gene disruption is linked to carotenoid accumulation in other taxa, therefore we hypothesize that an ancestral mutation partially disrupting BCO2-l activity (i.e. hypomorphic mutation) allowed the deposition and accumulation of carotenoids within Salmonidae. Indeed, we found elevated transcript levels of BCO2-l in white Chinook salmon relative to red. The long-standing mystery of why salmon are red, while no other fishes are, is thus probably explained by a hypomorphic mutation in the proto-salmonid at the time of divergence of red-fleshed salmonid genera (approx. 30 Ma).
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Bomfil Neto, Virgílio. "From paradigm to paradox – contemporary mainstream theoretical reflections for fieldwork in lowland South America." Etnografia. Praktyki, Teorie, Doświadczenia, no. 5 (December 30, 2019): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etno.2019.5.10.
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This essay intends to address perspectives and reflections on nature and culture in the contemporary anthropological literature . Dialogically engaging with Ingold, Wag- ner, Viveiros de Castro, Descola and Strathern, I aim to demonstrate the implications of understanding culture as an axiomatic point of differentiation of human nature, or as re-elaboration of materiality through human action . This reflection calls us to rethink the Western scientific epistemology, along with its presupposed ontological order . Such questioning unfolds in the elaboration of the ethnographic text, which in turn is the result of a dialectical process that speaks not only of one culture, but of two, and especially of our gaze on the Other . In the ethnographic text, an anthropologist and a native are the potential locus of reproduction of their culture . Through this approach we extend the implications of epistemological concerns to fieldwork practices and to the art of under- standing other knowledge systems .
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Yang, Jian, Zi-Bing Jin, Jie Chen, Xiu-Feng Huang, Xiao-Man Li, Yuan-Bo Liang, Jian-Yang Mao, et al. "Genetic signatures of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 16 (April 3, 2017): 4189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617042114.
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Indigenous Tibetan people have lived on the Tibetan Plateau for millennia. There is a long-standing question about the genetic basis of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans. We conduct a genome-wide study of 7.3 million genotyped and imputed SNPs of 3,008 Tibetans and 7,287 non-Tibetan individuals of Eastern Asian ancestry. Using this large dataset, we detect signals of high-altitude adaptation at nine genomic loci, of which seven are unique. The alleles under natural selection at two of these loci [methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and EPAS1] are strongly associated with blood-related phenotypes, such as hemoglobin, homocysteine, and folate in Tibetans. The folate-increasing allele of rs1801133 at the MTHFR locus has an increased frequency in Tibetans more than expected under a drift model, which is probably a consequence of adaptation to high UV radiation. These findings provide important insights into understanding the genomic consequences of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans.
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Hickey, Donal A., and G. Brian Golding. "Sex solves Haldane’s dilemma." Genome 62, no. 11 (November 2019): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2019-0051.
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The cumulative reproductive cost of multi-locus selection has been considered to be a potentially limiting factor on the rate of adaptive evolution. In this paper, we show that Haldane’s arguments for the accumulation of reproductive costs over multiple loci are valid only for a clonally reproducing population of asexual genotypes. We show that a sexually reproducing population avoids this accumulation of costs. Thus, sex removes a perceived reproductive constraint on the rate of adaptive evolution. The significance of our results is twofold. First, the results demonstrate that adaptation based on multiple genes—such as selection acting on the standing genetic variation—does not entail a huge reproductive cost as suggested by Haldane, provided of course that the population is reproducing sexually. Second, this reduction in the cost of natural selection provides a simple biological explanation for the advantage of sex. Specifically, Haldane’s calculations illustrate the evolutionary disadvantage of asexuality; sexual reproduction frees the population from this disadvantage.
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Soulette, Cameron M., Oliver Oliverio, and Scott W. Roy. "On the Function of Trans-Splicing: No Evidence for Widespread Proteome Diversification in Trypanosomes." Genome Biology and Evolution 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 3014–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz217.
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Abstract A long-standing mystery of genomic/transcriptomic structure involves spliced leader trans-splicing (SLTS), in which short RNA “tags” transcribed from a distinct genomic locus is added near the 5′ end of RNA transcripts by the spliceosome. SLTS has been observed in diverse eukaryotes in a phylogenetic pattern implying recurrent independent evolution. This striking convergence suggests important functions for SLTS, however no general novel function is known. Recent findings of frequent alternative SLTS (ALT-TS) suggest that ALT-TS could impart widespread functionality. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ALT-TS diversifies proteomes by comparing splicing patterns in orthologous genes between two deeply diverged trypanosome parasites. We also tested proteome diversification functions of ALT-TS by utilizing ribosome profiling sequence data. Finally, we investigated ALT-TS as a mechanism to regulate the expression of unproductive transcripts. Although our results indicate the functional importance of some cases of trans-splicing, we find no evidence for the hypothesis that proteome diversification is a general function of trans-splicing.
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Ba, Hampate, Sarah Auburn, Christopher G. Jacob, Sonia Goncalves, Craig W. Duffy, Lindsay B. Stewart, Ric N. Price, et al. "Multi-locus genotyping reveals established endemicity of a geographically distinct Plasmodium vivax population in Mauritania, West Africa." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): e0008945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008945.
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Background Plasmodium vivax has been recently discovered as a significant cause of malaria in Mauritania, although very rare elsewhere in West Africa. It has not been known if this is a recently introduced or locally remnant parasite population, nor whether the genetic structure reflects epidemic or endemic transmission. Methodology/Principal findings To investigate the P. vivax population genetic structure in Mauritania and compare with populations previously analysed elsewhere, multi-locus genotyping was undertaken on 100 clinical isolates, using a genome-wide panel of 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), plus seven SNPs in drug resistance genes. The Mauritanian P. vivax population is shown to be genetically diverse and divergent from populations elsewhere, indicated consistently by genetic distance matrix analysis, principal components analyses, and fixation indices. Only one isolate had a genotype clearly indicating recent importation, from a southeast Asian source. There was no linkage disequilibrium in the local parasite population, and only a small number of infections appeared to be closely genetically related, indicating that there is ongoing genetic recombination consistent with endemic transmission. The P. vivax diversity in a remote mining town was similar to that in the capital Nouakchott, with no indication of local substructure or of epidemic population structure. Drug resistance alleles were virtually absent in Mauritania, in contrast with P. vivax in other areas of the world. Conclusions/Significance The molecular epidemiology indicates that there is long-standing endemic transmission that will be very challenging to eliminate. The virtual absence of drug resistance alleles suggests that most infections have been untreated, and that this endemic infection has been more neglected in comparison to P. vivax elsewhere.
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Mints, Yuliya, Hirad Yarmohammadi, Irfan M. Khurram, Hana Hoyt, Rozann Hansford, Stefan L. Zimmerman, Steven J. Steinberg, et al. "Association of Common Variations on Chromosome 4q25 and Left Atrial Volume in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation." Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology 9 (January 2015): CMC.S21712. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmc.s21712.
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Aims Recent studies have shown that several genetic variants near the PITX2 locus on chromosome 4q25 are associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the mechanism that mediates this association remains unclear. Basic murine studies suggest that reduced PITX2 expression is associated with left atrial dilatation. We sought to examine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near PITX2 and left atrial size in patients with AF. Methods We prospectively enrolled 96 consecutive patients (mean age 60 ± 10 years, 72% male) with drug-resistant AF (57% paroxysmal, 38% persistent, and 5% long-standing persistent) who underwent catheter ablation. Following DNA extraction from blood obtained pre-operatively, SNPs rs10033464 and rs2200733 were genotyped using the Sequenom MassARRAY. Left atrial volume (LAV) was determined using three-dimensional imaging (CT or MRI prior to first ablation) and by investigators blinded to genotype results. Results The minor allele frequencies at SNPs rs10033464 and rs2200733 were 0.14 and 0.25, respectively. Using multivariable linear regression, homozygosity for the minor allele at rs10033464 (recessive model) was independently associated with larger LAV ( P = 0.002) after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, height, type, and duration of AF, left ventricular ejection fraction, history of hypertension, valve disease, and antiarrhythmic drug use. The strength of the association was reconfirmed in a bootstrap study with 1000 resamplings. In contrast, no association was found between rs2200733 variant alleles and LAV. Conclusion SNP rs10033464 near the PITX2 locus on 4q25 is associated with LAV. Left atrial dilatation may mediate the association of common variants at 4q25 with AF.
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Kadosh, Roi Cohen, Kathrin Cohen Kadosh, David E. J. Linden, Wim Gevers, Andrea Berger, and Avishai Henik. "The Brain Locus of Interaction between Number and Size: A Combined Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Event-related Potential Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 6 (June 2007): 957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.957.
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Whether the human brain is equipped with a special neural substrate for numbers, or rather with a common neural substrate for processing of several types of magnitudes, has been the topic of a long-standing debate. The present study addressed this question by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potentials (ERPs) together with the size-congruity paradigm, a Stroop-like task in which numerical values and physical sizes were varied independently. In the fMRI experiment, a region-of-interest analysis of the primary motor cortex revealed interference effects in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the response hand, indicating that the stimulus-stimulus conflict between numerical and physical magnitude is not completely resolved until response initiation. This result supports the assumption of distinct comparison mechanisms for physical size and numerical value. In the ERP experiment, the cognitive load was manipulated in order to probe the degree to which information processing is shared across cognitive systems. As in the fMRI experiment, we found that the stimulus-stimulus conflict between numerical and physical magnitude is not completely resolved until response initiation. However, such late interaction was found only in the low cognitive load condition. In contrast, in the high load condition, physical and numerical dimensions interacted only at the comparison stage. We concluded that the processing of magnitude can be subserved by shared or distinct neural substrates, depending on task requirements.
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Kar, Brajaballav, and Yimer Ayalew Ahmed. "Personality, Challenges and Performance: Evidence from Ethiopia’s Young Entrepreneurs." SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal) 46, no. 2 (June 2019): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846419852497.
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The debate on whether entrepreneurs are born or can be made is long-standing. However, every entrepreneur has a specific combination of personality traits which predisposes him or her to face various challenges posed in entrepreneurship. Second, such combination of traits and challenges is expected to produce differences in business performances. This article is an outcome of a PhD. research undertaken on youth entrepreneurship in Ethiopia. It reports various relationships among personality traits, perceived challenges, and business performances of youth entrepreneurs in Ethiopia. The questionnaire-based survey had a sample size of 350 young entrepreneurs. Personality traits included the need for achievement, need for independence, the locus of control and propensity for risk-taking; business challenge factors included finance, business development, training and education, marketing, administrative and legal, and socio-cultural elements. The analysis indicated that (a) the entrepreneurial personality factors are strongly correlated, (b) different challenges faced by entrepreneurs are strongly correlated, (c) personality factors significantly influence the perceived performance outcome and (d) higher level of performance is correlated with higher level of perceived challenges. The results are found to be statistically significant. The article discusses the policy implications and further research directions.
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Cortinovis, Gaia, Giulia Frascarelli, Valerio Di Vittori, and Roberto Papa. "Current State and Perspectives in Population Genomics of the Common Bean." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030330.
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Population genomics integrates advances in sequencing technologies, bioinformatics tools, statistical methods and software into research on evolutionary and population genetics. Its application has provided novel approaches that have significantly advanced our understanding of new and long-standing questions in evolutionary processes. This has allowed the disentangling of locus-specific effects from genome-wide effects and has shed light on the genomic basis of fitness, local adaptation and phenotypes. “-Omics” tools have provided a comprehensive genome-wide view of the action of evolution. The specific features of the Phaseolus genus have made it a unique example for the study of crop evolution. The well-documented history of multiple domestications in Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) and its further adaptation to different environments have provided the opportunity to investigate evolutionary issues, such as convergent evolution in the same species across different domestication events. Moreover, the availability of the P. vulgaris reference genome now allows adaptive variations to be easily mapped across the entire genome. Here, we provide an overview of the most significant outcomes obtained in common bean through the use of different computational tools for analysis of population genomics data.
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Bocek, Motyka, Kusy, and Bocak. "Genomic and Mitochondrial Data Identify Different Species Boundaries in Aposematically Polymorphic Eniclases Net-Winged Beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae)." Insects 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10090295.
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Species delineation is essential for any evolutionary and biodiversity research, and recent advances in genomic sequencing have made it possible to robustly define species boundaries and detect hidden diversity. Here, we studied 14 species of aposematically colored New Guinean Eniclases (Coleoptera: Lycidae) whose conventional morphology- and single-locus mtDNA-based taxonomy has been contentious. We analyzed mitochondrial and restriction site associated DNA fragments to obtain a phylogenetic hypothesis and compared relationships recovered by the RAD analysis with species limits based on other information. The results show the presence of cryptic diversity and common mitonuclear discordance when over 30% of individuals were incorrectly assigned to species if only mitogenomic markers were considered. Nuclear data falsified the species rank of one species and identified one earlier unrecognized lineage deserving species rank. Further, our analyses demonstrate a highly variable phenotypic differentiation, with several pairs of cryptic species standing in contrast with genetically close but phenotypically highly divergent lineages. We show that morphological and mitogenomic analyses produce reliable information for taxonomy in most cases. Nevertheless, the species boundaries among closely related species should be based on all lines of evidence, including nuclear markers.
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Van Woudenberg, Mariel, Jean Shin, Manon Bernard, Catriona Syme, Michal Abrahamowicz, Gabriel Leonard, Michel Perron, et al. "CYP17A1and Blood Pressure Reactivity to Stress in Adolescence." International Journal of Hypertension 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/734586.
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Adolescents who exhibit exaggerated blood pressure (BP) reactivity to physical and mental challenges are at increased risk of developing hypertension in adulthood. BP at rest and in response to challenges is higher in males than females, beginning in early adolescence.CYP17A1is one of the well-established gene loci of adult hypertension. Here, we investigated whether this gene locus is associated with elevated BP at rest and in response to physical (active standing) and mental (math stress) challenges in adolescence. We studied 496 male and 532 female adolescents (age 12–18 years) who were recruited from a genetic founder population. Our results showed that the variant ofCYP17A1rs10786718 was associated with enhanced BP reactivity to the mental but not physical challenge and in males but not females. In males, BP increase in response to math stress was higher in major versus minor allele homozygotes by 7.6 mm Hg (P=8.3×10-6). Resting BP was not associated with theCYP17A1variant in either sex. These results suggest that, in adolescent males but not females,CYP17A1enhances BP reactivity to mental stress. Whether this effect contributes to the higher prevalence of hypertension in males than females later in life remains to be determined.
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Roberts Kingman, Garrett A., David Lee, Felicity C. Jones, Danielle Desmet, Michael A. Bell, and David M. Kingsley. "Longer or shorter spines: Reciprocal trait evolution in stickleback via triallelic regulatory changes in Stanniocalcin2a." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 31 (July 28, 2021): e2100694118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100694118.
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Vertebrates have repeatedly modified skeletal structures to adapt to their environments. The threespine stickleback is an excellent system for studying skeletal modifications, as different wild populations have either increased or decreased the lengths of their prominent dorsal and pelvic spines in different freshwater environments. Here we identify a regulatory locus that has a major morphological effect on the length of stickleback dorsal and pelvic spines, which we term Maser (major spine enhancer). Maser maps in a closely linked supergene complex that controls multiple armor, feeding, and behavioral traits on chromosome IV. Natural alleles in Maser are differentiated between marine and freshwater sticklebacks; however, alleles found among freshwater populations are also differentiated, with distinct alleles found in short- and long-spined freshwater populations. The distinct freshwater alleles either increase or decrease expression of the bone growth inhibitor gene Stanniocalcin2a in developing spines, providing a simple genetic mechanism for either increasing or decreasing spine lengths in natural populations. Genomic surveys suggest many recurrently differentiated loci in sticklebacks are similarly specialized into three or more distinct alleles, providing multiple ancient standing variants in particular genes that may contribute to a range of phenotypes in different environments.