Journal articles on the topic 'Logan Express'

“All aboard the Hogwarts Express!” shout the students busily immersed in their studies. No, this is not a casting call for young actors and actresses living out their fantasies of starring in a new Harry Potter movie. Rather, the children are studying mathematics at the Edith Bowen Laboratory School in Logan, Utah. These fourth-grade students are developing mathematical activities around the topic of the child magician Harry Potter.

Learning outcomes This case has four major learning outcomes using hands-on spreadsheet tool. First is to introduce and apply the Clarke and Wright’s Savings algorithm. Second is to conduct a cost-benefit analysis in transportation set up. Third is to find out the optimal route to be taken to fulfill given demand while satisfying time and capacity constraints. Finally, one has to optimize the number of vehicles required for daily operations. Case overview/synopsis Dhruvam, the protagonist of the case, working at ZeNXL, a third-party logistics service provider, was assigned the task of reducing the operational cost of the company as part of the new service offering called “Route optimization.” This new offering would help optimize vehicle delivery routes to meet daily customer demand. The launch of the new service offering was due in the next 10 days with client LG Electronics to be the first beneficiary. Complexity academic level MBA-1 (Logistics Management), MBA-2 (Route Optimization). This case provides an opportunity for instructors to introduce vehicle routing and scheduling as part of logistics management. Students are expected to use the data given in the case and exhibits to develop the optimal routes (using Clarke and Wright’s Savings algorithm) and conduct cost-benefit analysis. This case also provides insights on the challenges associated with start-up operations. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 9: Operations and Logistics

Neurotrophins (NTs) mediate human embryonic stem (hES) cell survival and may also improve methods for hES cell derivation (Pyle et al. 2006 Nature Biotech. 24, 344–350) and quality of the inner cell mass (ICM). We searched published microarray data sets for tyrosine kinase receptors (TRK) (geo data base: GSM27469, GSM27470, GSM27471). The analysis suggested that bovine embryos in vitro at unspecified stages express TRKA, for nerve growth factor (NGF); TRKC, for neurotrophin-3 (NT3); and TRKB, for both neurotrophin-4 (NT4) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). NTs functionally cooperate among them and also with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (Pyle et al. 2006; Logan et al. 2006 Brain 129, 490–502). Experiments in progress include detection of TRK expression by RT-PCR at defined development stages, and analysis of embryonic development with NTs and without bFGF. In this work we cultured embryos matured and fertilized in vitro from slaughterhouse oocytes for 8 days in SOF medium with 6 g L-1 BSA and 2 ng mL-1 bFGF (negative control). Development was monitored and cells were differentially counted in the ICM and trophectoderm (TE) of expanded and hatched blastocysts. NTs were used during the whole culture at 20 ng mL-1 as single (4 experimental groups: NGF, NT3, NT4, and BDNF) or as pooled (1 group) NT compounds. Data (5 replicates; 1403 oocytes) were processed by GLM and Duncan's test, and expressed as LSM � SE (a,b: P < 0.05). At Day 3, no differences were found at the 5- to 8-cell stage, but NT3 and NT4 increased the proportions of embryos at the 8- to 16-cell stage (19.1 � 2.2 and 20.5 � 2.2, respectively, vs. 12.9 � 2.2 to 13.7 � 2.2 within the other groups). On Day 6, NT4 yielded more morulae than controls, BDNF, and NGF (35.3 � 2.7 vs. 26.1 � 2.7, 27.4 � 2.7, and 27.8 � 2.7, respectively), and did not differ from the other groups. NT4 produced more total Day 7 blastocysts than NT3 and BDNF (12.5 � 2.2 vs. 8.1 � 2.2 and 9.9 � 2.2, respectively), whereas there were no differences within medium and expanded blastocysts and Day 8 blastocysts. Proportions of morulae that formed blastocysts were appreciably lower than in concomitant experiments without bFGF. Pooled NTs showed decreased values as compared to some single NTs within the ICM [13.0 � 4.0 vs. 29.1 � 4.6 (NT3) and 24.9 � 4.3 (NGF)], the TE [89.0 � 8.4 vs. 120 � 11.9 (BDNF)], total cells [102.0 � 8.5 vs. 134.0 � 9.9 (NT3), and 140.0 � 12.1 (BDNF)], and tended to differ (P = 0.08) within ICM/total cells [13.1 � 3.1 vs. 21.6 � 3.6 (controls) and 22.2 � 3.6 (NT3)]. Controls differed from BDNF (TE: 88.1 � 9.8 vs. 120.2 � 11.9; total cells: 110.8 � 10.0 vs. 140.0 � 12.1, respectively), and from NT4 for ICM/total cells (21.6 � 3.6 vs. 11.5 � 2.9, respectively). NT4 is likely to exert a role during early embryonic development. However, these blastocysts showed decreased cell counts in the ICM, probably reflected in the pooled NTs group. Targeting proliferation stimuli specifically to the ICM is difficult to get when the ICM is enclosed in the embryo, in contrast with the isolated ICM or the derived stem cells. This work was supported by Grant AGL2005-04479.

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the climate signal contained in the annual snow-accumulation time series from a high-altitude ice core drilled on Mount Logan in the Saint Elias mountain range of western Canada. With the global meteorological fields from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction re-analysis, we construct composites of the atmospheric circulation and temperature patterns associated with anomalous snow accumulation at the Mount Logan site over the period 1948–87. These results confirm, with an independent method, previous work that identified the existence of a coherent upper-tropospheric circulation anomaly extending over much of the North Pacific Ocean and North America that is associated with snow accumulation at the site. This anomaly has a similar structure to that associated with the extratropical response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Coherent structures consistent with this circulation pattern also exist in both air- and land-temperature fields. In particular, heavy (light) snow accumulation at the site is associated with warmer (colder) air and surface temperatures over the North Pacific Ocean and North America. Over the North Pacific, the sea-surface temperature anomaly associated with heavy snow accumulation at the site has a “horseshoe” pattern that is similar to that associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

Although prior research has suggested that some students may be averse to taking out loans to finance their college education, there is little empirical evidence showing the extent to which loan aversion exists or how it affects different populations of students. This study provides the first large-scale quantitative evidence of levels of loan aversion in the United States. Using survey data collected on more than 6,000 individuals, we examine the frequency of loan aversion in three distinct populations. Depending on the measure, between 20 and 40% of high school seniors exhibit loan aversion with lower rates among community college students and adults not in college. Women are less likely to express loan-averse attitudes than men, and Hispanic respondents are more likely to be loan averse than White respondents.

AbstractLK is a natural modification of Gentzen sequent calculus for propositional logic with connectives ¬ and ∧,∨ (both of bounded arity). Then for every d ≥ 0 and n ≥ 2, there is a set of depth d sequents of total size O(n3+d) which are refutable in LK by depth d + 1 proof of size exp(O(log2n)) but such that every depth d refutation must have the size at least exp(nΩ(1)). The sets express a weaker form of the pigeonhole principle.

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La segunda persona del singular tú en el español puede adquirir dos tipos de referencias diferentes, dependiendo de las situaciones discursivas y comunicativas en las que se utilice. El primer uso es el deíctico, es decir, aquella que apela directamente al oyente. El segundo es el uso no deíctico, es decir, el que se utiliza no para referirse a un oyente real, sino para transmitir significados que tradicionalmente se han denominado como generales o inespecíficos. Este fenómeno ha sido denominado como tú genérico o inespecífico. Sin embargo, en investigaciones recientes que han profundizado en las propiedades cognitivas y discursivas de este uso, se ha optado por denominarlo como tú objetivador debido a que se trata de un recurso comunicativo que tiende a expresar el discurso de forma objetiva mediante la prominencia cognitiva. Se analizará el uso de la segunda persona del singular tú como recurso objetivador en el discurso escrito de las redes sociales y publicaciones periódicas, partiendo de la idea de que, al ser la expresión de opiniones, argumentaciones o ideas propias y la propia experiencia personal las funciones que más aparecen en las redes sociales y revistas, este debe usarse para construir un significado que ayude a logar tal objetivo comunicativo. Este presenta dos variantes: expresa y omitida, lo que implica que cada una de estas expresa un significado diferente. Además de esto, hay elementos gramaticales o inductores de genericidad que promueven ese uso objetivador del pronombre tú.

Subject area Economics, entrepreneurship, pricing and marketing strategy, print industry in Pakistan. Study level/applicability Undergraduate and first-year graduate level. Case overview The main theme of the case revolves around decision-making by the publisher, Bilal Lakhani, as he operates in conditions of an oligopolistic market. The case focuses on the set-up of a major English-language newspaper, The Express Tribune, in conjunction with the internationally branded and well-regarded International Herald Tribune by a well-known business group of Pakistan. The group already has a major Urdu newspaper, which has been operational for 15 years, and three television channels, as well as a host of other non-media-related businesses. The case tries to go behind the reasons for setting up an English-language newspaper in a market which already has at least five major existing ones and where literacy is not that widespread. Also, experience in much of the rest of the world would suggest that newspapers – i.e. the print media – are in decline, especially because of the rise of the Internet and social media as means for providing news, information and entertainment. The case is set in Karachi, Pakistan's media capital and, in particular, in an organization that has been involved in the business of media for several years. It currently runs the country's second most-circulated Urdu newspaper, Daily Express. Specifically, the time period is three weeks after the paper, The Express Tribune, was launched into a market with a few competitors and high brand loyalty for existing competitors. The publisher of the paper, Bilal Lakhani, is questioning his pricing decision right after the launch of the paper and there are a series of reasons he is looking into on how he set the original price and why should he reduce the price of the paper now. Expected learning outcomes Students should be able to see, understand and analyze: challenges faced by entrepreneurs of starting an initiative which has a largely unreliable and untested audience; the extent of interdependence in an oligopolistic industry and how it influences the current and future decision-makings of an entrepreneur or any other firm for that matter, especially in a developing economy; the personnel, financial production and regulation issues involved in setting up assembly/ delivery systems that deliver a product for mass use, i.e. a newspaper; and the pricing and marketing strategies involved in the launch and subsequent successful operation of a product, in this case, a newspaper. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Title Aramex PJSC: carving a competitive advantage in the global logistics and express transportation service industry. Subject area Entrepreneurship, International Business, Strategy. Study level/applicability Post-graduates, Practitioners. Case overview This case chronicles the Aramex PJSC story of entrepreneur Fadi Gandhour. The case looks at the new start-up, its growth and financing plans for expansion and how it got a competitive advantage in an industry dominated by big players. Aramex, as of 2012, was the only Arab company to have successfully listed on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange. After 30 years at the helm of the company, Fadi Ghandour, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), was stepping down and was being succeeded by regional head, Hussein Hachem, the CEO of Middle East and Africa. Aramex had a competitive edge in emerging markets, and Fadi and Hussein knew that the route to sustainable growth was to capitalize on this opportunity using organic growth, acquisitions and strategic alliances. Expected learning outcomes Strategy included looking at gaining a competitive advantage in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and other emerging markets. Lessons are provided on capitalization of opportunity, funding and creating an organization culture that is sustainable and reflects the Founder's ideal. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject area Management. Study level/applicability Undergraduate and Post Graduate. Case overview Communication is a critical function of management, as it allows all stakeholders in an organization effectively and appropriately express their views in turn enabling the organization accurately execute its mandate and meet its objectives and those of its stakeholders. Expected learning outcomes The student should be able to describe communication as a function of management, evaluate the process of communication, differentiate forms of communication, identify the networks of communication, examine the barriers of communication and role of managers in using communication to achieve organizational change. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 6: Human resource management.

Cada cual busca -y no siempre encuentra- la mejor manera de expresar sus sentimientos, la vía adecuada, el vehículo que le permita compartir matices de una realidad individual. Jorge Rueda lo hace mediante la fotografía, o mejor dicho, mediante el medio fotográfico, manipulando conscientemente sus orígenes hasta conseguir el resultado que persigue, la fórmula que nos hace conocer esbozos de su disconformidad, de sus desavenencias, discordias y divergencias, rozando libertades que nos pertenecen, pero que raramente logran salir a la luz.

El Principio de concentración constituye, sin lugar a duda, uno de los principios procesales de mayor relevancia en cualquier ordenamiento jurídico. Aporta rapidez, agilidad a los procesos, sin perder eficacia y validez en los actos procesales, que se logran reunir en un solo momento. En Ecuador, aunque la Constitución de 2008 prevé este principio, el vigente Código Orgánico General de Procesos (COGEP) no lo establece de forma expresa, contrario a la legislación procesal uruguaya, que si lo define formalmente en su normativa. Este es el punto central sobre el que se centró el presente estudio, delimitar la insuficiencia del COGEP en materia de regulación de este principio, teniendo como referente la legislación uruguaya, y en base a ello se propuso una reforma pertinente.

Fresh fruit of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) are susceptible to pericarp browning and aril breakdown. Aril breakdown in longan fruit is regarded as one of the most important factors reducing quality and shortening storage life of the fruit. To better understand the molecular mechanism of aril breakdown, the expression patterns of three expansin (EXP) and three xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) genes in relation to the aril breakdown of longan fruit stored at room temperature (25 °C) or low temperature (4 °C) were investigated. The results showed that aril breakdown index increased progressively during storage at 25 and at 4 °C. Northern blotting analysis revealed that the accumulations of three EXP and three XET genes exhibited differential characteristics with the occurrence of aril breakdown. During storage at 25 °C, the accumulations of Dl-XET3 increased after 1 day, suggesting that Dl-XET3 correlated well with the early aril breakdown, while Dl-EXP3 together with Dl-XET1 and Dl-XET2 was involved in later aril breakdown. However, expression of Dl-XET1 and Dl-XET2 could be mainly involved in aril breakdown of longan fruit stored at 4 °C. In addition, Dl-EXP2, whose accumulation increased sharply when longan fruit were transferred from low temperature to room temperature within 12 hours, was related to the aril breakdown in this storage period. These data indicated that Dl-EXPs and Dl-XETs were closely related to aril breakdown in longan fruit.

<p>Este artículo pretende soslayar los abordajes etnometodológicos de la conversación y abrir el debate acerca de la necesidad de concebirla a la luz de principios pedagógicos que la sitúen como un género discursivo propicio para expresar los intelectuales que se encarnan durante la lectura de textos literarios. Tal interés surge de la búsqueda investigativa centrada en encontrar las relaciones existentes entre la conversación y la construcción de experiencias estético-literarias. Los resultados viven una sensación placentera cuando logran otorgarle sentido a lo que leen, lo cual los impulsa ade lectura; de modo que se enlaza el proceso potencialización dialógica de las experiencias. </p><p> </p>

El presente artículo analiza cómo el concepto “paz” fue utilizado por el discurso mediático de los periódicos costarricenses La Nación, Semanario Universidad yEl Eco Católico durante los años 1981 y 1990. El estudio parte de la importancia de los conceptos como vehículos lingüísticos que logran acumular experiencias propias de los actores que hacen uso de ellos y que se expresan a través del discurso como práctica social. Se plantea que “paz” fue un concepto clave a la hora de abordar el tema de los acuerdos y negociaciones llevadas a cabo por los estados centroamericanos en medio de una crisis política y la fuerte injerencia de potencias, principalmente, los Estados Unidos. El trabajo reconstruye una disputa política e ideológica sobre el tipo de “Paz” que se buscaba promover y que se veía reflejada en los discursos sobre Contadora y el Plan Arias.

El presente artículo, tiene como objetivo comunicar los principales resultados a los que se arribó desde un estudio de caso sobre estrategias creativas de enseñanza musical, investigadas en tres profesores de música de la Educación Inicial de la ciudad de Santa Fe en el año 2016 - 2017[i]. Las estrategias creativas de enseñanza musical se relacionaron con el diseño de Secuencias Didácticas Flexibles y fueron consideradas desde los aportes Educación Experiencial en el currículum de la Educación Inicial. De esta manera, se expresa la importancia de pensar, estudiar, diseñar, y evaluar prácticas pedagógico - musicales remitidas a un modelo educativo particular, que logran desde la creatividad del maestro, experiencias de aprendizaje creativo. Se postula en dicho estudio el desarrollo de estrategias creativas de enseñanza musical que parten del juego como mediador, de las experiencias sensoriales como aproximación a la experiencia estética, de la indagación sonora y la construcción a partir del error del alumno como reflexión y evaluación sobre la acción; interpelando de una manera particular las prácticas de enseñanza musical. [i] Dicha investigación corresponde a la tesis de Maestría en Didácticas Específicas (FHUC - UNL), presentada y defendida en diciembre 2017.

Learning outcomes The learning objectives of this case study are to understand business-to-business (B2B) marketing in a logistics organization; apply go-to-market (GTM) strategy in the logistics industry; design B2B distribution strategy so as to enhance geographic penetration; and develop digital marketing strategies in the logistics industry. Case Overview/Synopsis V-Xpress is a leading B2B player in the express cargo category in the Indian logistics industry. In March 2017, Sachin Nair, Head of V-Xpress Marketing, was presenting three different GTM strategies to the CEO for the new Assured Timely Movement services. He wanted CEO views on each of them so that he can choose the best one. Sachin was also trying to find a solution to backhaul problem in eastern India. The resolution of this problem would have helped V-Xpress to become a truly pan-India B2B logistics company. Sachin was also revamping the digital marketing strategy as part of ambitious V-Xpress marketing strategy. These initiatives were taken as part of CEO’s vision for reaching annual revenue of INR 10bn by 2020. Sachin was thinking about various options so as to implement these changes with least investments. Complexity academic level This case study can be used in B2B marketing, marketing management and marketing strategy course of an MBA program. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS: 8: Marketing

Introducción: la creciente pandemia de obesidad y diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) demanda opciones terapéuticas más efectivas para lograr un adecuado control metabólico y disminuir la morbimortalidad cardiovascular en este grupo de pacientes. En este contexto, la cirugía metabólica (CM) constituye una herramienta innovadora, segura y eficaz que complementa pero no reemplaza a los cambios necesarios del estilo de vida y tratamiento médico.Objetivos: el objetivo del Consenso es la fundamentación y acuerdo de utilización de una técnica quirúrgica, específicamente el Bypass Gástrico en Y de Roux (BPGYR), en el tratamiento de pacientes con DM2 que presentan un índice de masa corporal (IMC) entre 30-35 kg/m2 e inadecuado control metabólico.Conclusiones: el Consenso Argentino de Cirugía Metabólica elaborado por la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes (SAD), la Sociedad Argentina de Nutrición (SAN) y la Sociedad Argentina de Cirugía de la Obesidad (SACO) expresa la opinión de expertos sobre la evidencia científica disponible y propone considerar a la CM en el algoritmo terapéutico de pacientes con DM2 e IMC 30-35 kg/m2 que no logran adecuado control metabólico con tratamiento médico convencional. Se describen los criterios a tener en cuenta en la selección de pacientes para CM, y se destaca el rol del equipo multidisciplinario liderado por médicos especialistas en enfermedades endocrino- metabólicas en la selección, evaluación, preparación y seguimiento de estos pacientes.

Debido al expansivo aumento de migración haitiana en la comuna de Quilicura, Región Metropolitana de Santiago, se realizó una investigación que tuvo por objetivo develar la interacción dialógica entre funcionarios, migrantes haitianos y quienes mediaban la comunicación entre ambos (les llamamos mediadores) en el Consultorio Irene Frei de Cid de dicha comuna. Para esto se utilizó una metodología de corte cualitativo etnográfico. Los resultados muestran que cuando la comunicación no es efectiva se genera un conflicto entre las partes interactuantes, las cuales no logran comunicarse a causa de no tener un lenguaje común. La interacción entre estos tres actores pone en tensión la comunicación necesaria para este tipo de relación, puesto que, en el caso particular de la salud, la dificultad de comunicación tiende a configurarse como un tema problemático: el no poder expresar en palabras qué es lo que se siente y qué es lo que sucede pone en tensión, por un lado, la entrega de un servicio óptimo, y por otro, la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas de salud. En el estudio se develaron los aspectos que facilitaban u obstaculizaban la interacción dialógica de los actores, representada en el lenguaje verbal y no verbal.

La responsabilidad social empresarial RSE debe buscar la mejora continua, a su vez generar un valor agregado para todos sus grupos de interés (stakeholders), pues se debe ir más allá de las exigencias legales, debe ser de carácter voluntario y buscar un equilibrio entre el impacto social, económico y ambiental que genera la organización (Cajiga). Los elementos que establecen el concepto de RSE no expresan obediencia a un tipo de organización especifico, no importa su razón de ser, todas cuentan con grupos de interés y unas dimensiones que logran que el concepto se convierta en realidad, como la económica, la social y la ecológica sean internas o externas, esto lleva a que cada empresa establezca sus estrategias propias y actué de acuerdo a su contexto. En Colombia, el grupo EPM incorporó en su sistema de RSE, un modelo para mejorar la relación con los grupos de interés, definido en una nueva postura política frente al territorio, buscando apoyar el desarrollo regional, establecido en dos factores, conocer mejor el entorno y el liderazgo para el establecimiento de reglas de juego respecto a los grupos de interés que actúan en la región, encontrándose que predomina la tendencia a remediar problemas existentes en lugar de establecer acciones preventivas y de desarrollo local

El presente artículo busca articular un enfoque particular de la ética de la investigación (Human Research Ethics) con respecto a las prácticas de investigación que realizan los formadores de docentes y sus estudiantes en comunidades de México y Bolivia. Se presentan los elementos teóricos de la ética de la investigación y las categorías generadas con base en las respuestas de 79 formadores de docentes a la pregunta abierta sobre los factores de protección que se deben tomar en cuenta con respecto a los participantes de las investigaciones. La pregunta forma parte de un cuestionario cualitativo aplicado entre marzo y junio de 2015. La principal conclusión es que aunque la función sustantiva que desempeñan estos profesores es la preparación de nuevos maestros de educación básica, al indagar sobre los factores de protección logran enunciar con claridad aspectos centrales de la ética de investigación. The purpose of the article is to present the theoretical elements of research ethics when the research is done with human beings: Human Research Ethics and the categories generated from the answers obtained with 79 teacher trainers from Mexico and Bolivia, in reference to the protective factors that had to be taken into account when they work with vulnerable groups. The question is part of a qualitative questionnaire applied between March and June 2015. The five dimensions: ethical, affective – emotional, social, cognitive-epistemological and methodological, were constructed with the theoretical elements and the empirical work. We found as an interesting fact that even though the principal task of the teacher trainers is to prepare young teachers, when we asked them about the protective factors for the study participants, they were able to express central issues in relation to research ethics.

Subject area Marketing, new product launch and innovations. Study level/applicability Postgraduate students. Case overview Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. (MSIL), established in February 1981, formerly known as MarutiUdyog Limited, is a subsidiary of Japanese automobile Manufacturer Suzuki. It has a market share of 37 per cent in passenger car segment in India. Its product portfolio ranges from entry-level Alto to hatchbacks like A-Star, Zen Estilo, etc. to sedans like SX 4 to sports utility vehicles like Grand Vitara. MSIL is always known for delivering value on these lines – low cost of acquisition, high fuel economy, less maintenance hassles and wide service network. MSIL is planning to launch its much awaited hatchback Celerio with revolutionary auto gear shift technology for the first time in India at an affordable price. Promotional campaign is yet to be completed. Online trends reflect the consumer trends of any country. During the Auto Expo Week, Maruti Suzuki Celerio became the most searched hatchback on Google in the subcontinent according to a report published by the Indian Express citing the Google Trends Report. One of the key success factor is communicating the right message to the customers so as to attract them. So, MSIL's challenge is to plan a product launch so as to spread awareness. Expected learning outcomes To discuss the ways in which the product may be differentiated, to acquaint students with the process of developing a slogan for the introduction of Celerio to the existing market, to explain the concept of segmentation to the students, to familiarize students with communication mix and to give the students an idea about need of digital communication to promote the product. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Welcome to the second issue of volume 43 of the IASSIST Quarterly (IQ 43:2, 2019). With joy and pride the many people behind each issue of the IQ are here presenting a special issue. IASSIST has several interest groups of members committed to selected important areas under the umbrella of IASSIST. Be aware that you could become a member of an interest group (see: https://iassistdata.org/about/committees.html#interest). If an interest area that you find important is not presently on this list, you are invited to start campaigning for the formation of a new interest group. The interest groups discuss and document their area and often arrange sessions at the IASSIST conferences. More formalization and continued documentation of the group’s work are presented in conference papers and papers published here in the IQ. This issue of the IQ is dedicated to papers on qualitative data presented by members of the group named ‘Qualitative Social Science & Humanities Data Interest Group’ (QSSHDIG) and related practitioners. Lynda Kellam from the Cornell Institute for Social & Economic Research and Mandy Swygart-Hobaugh of George State University end their leadership of the group with this special issue. Lynda Kellam and Celia Emmelhainz (qualitative research librarian at the University of California Berkeley) are guest editors of this issue and their introduction to the issue is following this page. I want to express my great thanks from the IQ to Lynda and Celia for taking the job of compiling a special issue. Support for qualitative data is important and a growing area. I trust you as readers will find valuable information and excellent advice in the papers of the many authors that are committed to improving the use and value of qualitative data. Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author login to https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors 'deep links' into the IQ as well as deposition of the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Authors are very welcome to take a look at the instructions and layout: https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions Authors can also contact me directly via e-mail: kbr@sam.sdu.dk. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) I will also be delighted to hear from you. Karsten Boye Rasmussen - June 2019

La presente investigación explora las condiciones bajo las cuales se desarrollan los emprendimientos de la región norte de Morona Santiago, Ecuador, correspondiente a los cantones Huamboya, Pablo Sexto y Palora. Esta investigación tiene el carácter de exploratorio, el cual se fundamenta en el desarrollo y la aplicación de un modelo para el estudio del emprendimiento basado en los informes desarrollados por el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, y el análisis de una muestra de 280 emprendimientos en referencia a 15 empresas de la región. Los factores evaluados tomados para este modelo corresponden a las áreas: Gubernamental, Educación, Cultura, Tecnología, Infraestructura Física, Infraestructura Comercial y Capital Humano. Estos factores fueron evaluados a través de una entrevista direccionada que consta de 29 preguntas en formato escala de Likert y ocho preguntas politómicas de selección única. Los resultados de la investigación están expresados en índices por región y por área económica conforme a la Clasificación Industrial Internacional Uniforme. Dichos indicadores expresan que los emprendimientos de la región estudiada poseen fuertes limitaciones por parte del área Gubernamental en cuanto a programas y políticas para con el emprendimiento, mientras que en lo Educativo los establecimientos de estudio primario, secundario y de tercer nivel no aportan con los conocimientos y valores necesarios para el desarrollo del emprendimiento. De manera similar, existe un acceso limitado a proveedores, consultores y tecnologías de calidad. Los antecedentes mencionados permiten concluir que muchos de estos emprendimientos no logran convertirse en empresas y por lo tanto requieren del desarrollo de nuevas estrategias mediante la cooperación multilateral entre entidades público-privadas o dentro de procesos comunitarios.

Introducción: las mujeres víctimas de violencia de pareja o expareja, valoradas en la Regional Sur del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses (INMLyCF), expresan su sentir durante la ruta de atención; algunas reconocen deserciones, intereses por minimizar la violencia intrafamiliar o los fundamentos de la denuncia. En la intervención jurídica se ofrece orientación respecto de sus derechos y se reconocen expectativas para restaurarlos.Metodología: el estudio es cuantitativo descriptivo, y mediante este se analizaron aspectos sociodemográficos tanto de la víctima como del presunto agresor. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante una entrevista semiestructurada y la aplicación de la Escala da (Danger Assesment) de Campbell, O’Sullivan, Roehl y Webster [1], citado en el Protocolo de valoración del riesgo de violencia mortal contra mujeres elaborado por el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Colombia [2].Resultados: algunas usuarias desconocen los pasos de la ruta de atención a mujeres víctimas de violencia basada en género, pero logran clarificar su expectativa en la denuncia; el nivel de escolaridad en los presuntos victimarios es inversamente proporcional a la violencia; se citan algunos detonantes de los conflictos y se proponen terapias psicoeducativas a los presuntos agresores con orientación cognitivo-conductual, ofreciendo medidas restaurativas a las mujeres violentadas.Conclusiones: aunque desconocen la ruta de atención, al ingresar a ella, a través de la denuncia, la mayoría de las mujeres participantes del estudio la califican como buena; ellas proporcionaron información sociodemográfica que, combinada con los resultados, permite proponer mejoras en la atención, tales como las psicoterapias a los presuntos agresores, sustentadas en el pilotaje que generó hallazgos para una nueva visión en manejo de la población afectada.

Login: The article is dedicated to the embodiment of Azerbaijani folk dances on the professional stage. The main condition for the stage embodiment of folk dances is to take into account the laws of composition and stage criteria. When talking about the stage structure of folk dance, a number of important factors need to be clarified. The composition consists of several parts. These parts consist of dance combinations. For this, dance must express the parts of the composition as exposition, binding, development and complementary. Development: Angle factor is very important in stage arrangement of folk dances. The choreographer must take into account that the audience can see the artist from ane direction. Therefore, this fact should not be ignored during the making of the composition. One of the lyrical compositions of Azerbaijani folk dances is based on the “Uzundere” dance. The character of the dance,its lyrical and melodic melody make it possible to perform it as a bridal dance. “Uzundere” dance is ona of the solo dances. However,duet performances are also observed. It should not be forgotten that this danse is performed not only by women but also by men, and each performance has its own dance elements. The most common and professional version of the dance “Uzundere” is a also composition by a female dancer. One of the dances we have analyzed is the “Gaval dance”. The place of this musical instrument in national art is also reflected in dance. The musical content of the “Gaval dance” consists of two different parts. It includes both a slow-paced lyrics and a fast-paced section. These parts change during the dance. This sequence may be repeated several times, depending on the structural properties of the composition. The choreographic content of the dance has been preserved both as a solo and as a collective expression. Result: Based on our analysis and research, the main features of modern dance art can be characterized by the following provisions. As a result of the establishment and successful work of professional dance groups, the development of national dances has reached a new stage, and this process has been reflected in both folk dances and compositions based on the composer’s music. She based the stage arrangement criteria of folk dances on the professional synthesis of world classical traditions and Azerbaijani traditions with Azerbaijani choreography and national dance traditions.

Este estudio se realizó entre miembros de la comunidad creole de Bluefields para conocer sus actitudes sobre el uso del kriol en el Programa Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (EIB). Se ha aportado información sobre la importancia del uso de la lengua materna kriol como lengua de instrucción y educación para la formación de la identidad étnica, lingüística y cultural de los niños y niñas creoles de la Costa Caribe nicaragüense. Los resultados han revelado la existencia de factores históricos, económicos y sociales que han incidido en la actitud de los creoles hablantes en la implementación de su lengua materna en las aulas de clase. Dichas actitudes son resultado en gran medida a la discriminación que ha sufrido la población creole por el origen de su lengua materna, la falta de oportunidades de empleo y de acceso a la educación para el estudio de su lengua y cultura.Así mismo, en su mayoría, los kriol-hablantes mantienen actitudes positivas hacia la implementación de su lengua materna en las aulas de clase argumentando que, con su uso, los estudiantes aprenden a expresarse con mayor seguridad, logran mejores resultados académicos y fortalecen su autoestima. Paralelamente, el grupo de estudio indicó que aspiran a que sus hijos e hijas aprendan, además del kriol, el idioma Inglés en vista de que el aprendizaje de este idioma les brindará en el futuro mejores oportunidades laborales.Summary This study was conducted among members of the Creole community of Bluefields in order to know their attitudes related to the use of Kriol language in the Intercultural Bilingual Education Program (EIB in Spanish). The research has provided information on the importance of using the Kriol mother tongue as language of instruction and education in the training of ethnic, linguistic and cultural identity of Creole children of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast.The results have shown the existence of historical, economic and social factors that have influenced the attitude of Kriol-speaking in the implementation of their mother tongue in the classrooms. Such attitudes are basically a result of the discrimination the Creole people have faced through their mother tongue, the lack of employment opportunities and access to education to study their language and culture.Also, in most cases, the Kriol-speaking maintain positive attitudes towards the implementation of their mother tongue in the classrooms, arguing that by its use, students learn to express themselves with more confidence; they achieve better academic results and strengthen their self-esteem. Parallel to this, the group stated that beside the Kriol, they wish their children could learn the English language, due to the fact that this language in the future would provide them better job opportunities.

Subject area The case “Corporate Governance Failure at Ricoh India: Rebuilding Lost Trust” discusses the series of events post disclosure of falsification of the accounts and violation of accounting principles, leading to a loss of INR 11.23bn for the company, eroding over 75 per cent of its market cap (Financial Express, 2016). The case provides an opportunity for students to understand the key components of corporate governance structure and consequences of poor corporate governance. The case highlights the responsibility of the board of directors, audit committee and external auditors and discusses the changes required in the corporate governance structure necessary to ensure that such incidents do not take place. The case also delves into the classic dilemma of degree of control that needs to be exercised by the parent over its subsidiaries and freedom of independence given to the subsidiary board, which is a constant challenge all multinationals face. Such a dilemma often leads to the challenge of creating appropriate corporate governance structures for numerous subsidiaries. Study level/applicability The case is intended for MBA courses on corporate governance, business ethics and also for the strategic management courses in the context of multinational corporations. The case can be used to develop an understanding of the essential of corporate governance with special focus on the role of the board of directors, audit committee and external auditors. The case highlights the consequences and cost of poor corporate governance. The case can also be used for highlighting governance challenges in the parent subsidiary relationship for multinational corporations. The case can be used for executive training purposes on corporate governance and leadership with special focus on business ethics. Case overview This case presents the challenges faced by the newly appointed Chairman Noboru Akahane of Ricoh India. In July 2016, Ricoh India, the Indian arm of Japanese firm Ricoh, admitted that the company’s accounts had been falsified and accounting principles violated, leading to a loss of INR 11.23 bn for the financial year 2016. The minority shareholders were agitating against the board of directors of Ricoh India and were also holding the parent company responsible for not safeguarding their interest. Over a period of 18 months, Ricoh India had been in the eye of a storm that involved delayed reporting of financials, auditor red flags regarding accounting irregularities, a forensic audit, suspension of top officials and a police complaint lodged by Ricoh India against its own officials. Akahane needed to ensure continuity of Ricoh India’s business and also act quickly and decisively to manage the crisis and ensure that these incidents did not recur in the future. Expected learning outcomes The case provides an opportunity for students to understand the key components of corporate governance structure and consequences of poor corporate governance. More specifically, the case addresses the following objectives: provide an overview of corporate governance structure; highlight the role of board of directors, audit committee and external auditors; appreciate the rationale behind mandatory auditor rotation; appreciate the consequences of poor corporate structure; explore the interrelationship between sustainability reporting and transparency in financial disclosures of a corporation; understand management and governance of subsidiaries by multinational companies; and understand the response to a crisis situation. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Este articulo pretende hacer una reflexión en torno a los lenguajes del poder de los maestros innovadores de básica primaria, específicamente de algunas sedes de la Institución Educativa Normal Superior Farallones de Cali el cual parte de la necesidad de explorar por aquellos lenguajes empleados por los maestros que no se rinden y que dejan todo en el aula de clase para brindar a sus estudiantes una educación de calidad pero más humana, sin desconocer que deben ir a la par con todos los avances que se van dando en el mundo actual y los intereses que expresan los niños y niñas de hoy. Metodológicamente la investigación es de tipo hermenéutico y descriptivo que permitió hacer un recorrido por todas aquellos lenguajes que permiten visibilizar aquellas prácticas pedagógicas realizadas por los maestros entrevistados, de la realidad que los rodea y de la manera como los directivos los ven y los comprenden. Dentro de los docentes entrevistados está el profesor investigador Carlos Vasco, quien a pesar de no ser maestro de primaria, nos regala la mirada sobre las características que debe poseer un maestro innovador en un mundo como el actual. El estudio sustenta en su referente teórico los siguientes territorios: la concepción de lo que es una innovación educativa, las características de un maestro innovador, el efecto de las prácticas innovadoras en estudiantesy docentes, el discurso pedagógico en el aula, la globalización y su impacto en el contexto educativo, la afectividad de los docentes y la sociedad del conocimiento. Una vez realizadas las entrevistas quedaron a la vista todas aquellas barreras y lamentaciones que aquejan a los maestros del sector oficial, sus motivaciones y desmotivaciones, su concepción sobre el uso de las TICS para finalmente llegar a aquellos lenguajes que según los maestros innovadores son los que deben tener en cuenta los maestro para la educación actual y del futuro. Finalmente, dentro de las conclusiones más importantes se encuentran la de que los maestros innovadores logran llegar a esta cualidad desde el mismo momento en que se despojan de aquellas experiencias, recuerdos y configuraciones nada positivas que a lo largo de su vida se fueron presentando y frente a las cuales han tenido la valentía de sobrellevar y sobrepasar; además de que han sido inmunes a influencias externas que se presentan en el diario trasegar pedagógico que otros muchos profesores han querido contagiar. Estos maestros ven las barreras que se les presenta en sus caminos, como oportunidades para dejar fluir su creatividad y capacidad de resiliencia.Con esto, no se quiere decir, que sean personas que nunca caen en depresión, estrés o situaciones problémicas, ni que nunca se equivoquen, es sólo que tienen la capacidad de sobreponerse y dejar salir lo mejor de ellos. Contrario a lo que se podría pensar, estos maestros no son competitivos, pues lo que realmente les interesa es que desplegar sus habilidades y su inteligencia en pro de un mejor nivel de educación y de vida para sus estudiantes pues para ellos lo más importante es enseñar con una visión humanista de la vida, se preocupan por todos y cada uno de sus estudiantes y promueven nuestras estrategias de aprendizaje como el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas, el aprendizaje colaborativo y la implementación de las TICs, más como un medio para reflexionar de manera dinámica sobre los diferentes saberes y situaciones que se manejan en su entorno.

Para una revista científica, llegar a veinte años de trayectoria en la academia venezolana visibilizando el saber intelectual, no parece una tarea fácil. Sin embargo, cuando se logran concertar las voluntades y el compromiso de personas motivadas por hacer realidad una aspiración compartida institucional, el trabajo resulta motivador y los obstáculos son sobrellevados hacia el éxito, con el ánimo de ofrecer un espacio de comunicabilidad sobre el ser y hacer educativo en sus distintas modalidades y niveles.Es así como celebramos que nuestra Revista EDUCARE haya alcanzado tan prolífica existencia, de servicio al saber científico en el campo de las Ciencias de la Educación. Su recorrido ha demostrado el interés de quienes han estado a su cargo, por ajustarse a las tendencias de divulgación científica y alcanzar cada vez mayor impacto de visibilidad a nivel nacional e internacional.El abanico de modalidades de artículos en las distintas áreas del saber educativos, así como la apertura a enfoques cuantitativos y cualitativos de investigación se constituyen en uno de los atractivos de esta revista. Desde aquel primer número editado en 1997 en formato impreso, se han publicado veinte volúmenes; y aunque nació como un espacio para socializar el saber científico generado en el ámbito de investigación y postgrado de la UPEL IPB, a la fecha representa un referente de interés para los investigadores de diversas universidades e instituciones educativas a nivel nacional, llegando a tener una alta demanda internacional reflejada por la presencia de colaboradores de Argentina, Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Chile y España.Fue en el 2009, cuando la Revista EDUCARE asume el formato virtual, constituyéndose en la primera revista de la UPEL en incorporarse a la plataforma Open Journal System (OJS). Este cambio generó un gran impacto de visibilidad, pues hasta el presente cuenta con el registro de más de 250.000 visitas a su sitio web, con lo cual no es de extrañar que en el año 2015, la Revista se constituyese como la segunda revista de educación más consultada a nivel nacional.Tal visibilidad representa un mayor compromiso con los criterios de calidad y rigor alcanzados, que ha permitido tener presencia en más de doce (12) base de datos e índices nacionales e internacionales. De allí que este primer número de este volumen aniversario, cuenta con la participación de seis (6) contribuciones que mantienen la línea editorial de la excelencia y pertinencia con la contribución al saber educativo.En primer lugar, La Madriz Jenniz presenta el artículo de investigación titulado Práctica social agresiva dentro del contexto escolar como repercusión de la convivencia familiar, el cual tiene como propósito dar entender la conducta agresiva de los estudiantes dentro del ámbito educativo. De igual manera Debbie Carmona de Sada Y María Rodríguez hacen sus aportaciones a través de una investigación documental con el artículo Formación del docente de educación especial y la educación inclusiva como política del estado venezolano; a través de esta revisión bibliográficas se generaron reflexiones para la construcción de un marco conceptual que permitió vislumbrar la formación del docente de Educación Especial.Por otro lado Carlos Minotta Valencia presenta su artículo producto de una revisión documental titulado Aproximaciones teóricas sobre el proceso y la acción de resolución de problema; la misma es realizada a partir de tres perspectivas la corriente asociacionista, la Gestáltica y la teoría del significado. Del mismo modo, Patricia Quiroga, Marta De Sousa y María Antonia de la Parte Pérez nos muestras una revisión documental titulada Aportes de Baudelot y Establet en la comprensión de la educación latinoamericana del siglo XXI; para ello utilizaron la metodología de lectura crítica y el análisis del texto a la luz de los conceptos: Proyecto social, nuevos escenarios, demandas educativas entre otros. En este mismo sentido, Ana Ramos y Argenis Montilla nos traen un artículo producto de una propuesta investigación titulado Valija didáctica para el estudio geográfico de la reserva de fauna silvestre “Esteros de Camaguán, ofreciendo de esta manera una propuesta para contribuir y propiciar un mejor conocimiento geográfico de los ecosistemas del lugar estudiado. En la modalidad de ensayo Catalina Labarca y Soraya Brunstein hacen sus aportaciones titulado Intersubjetividad en la educación universitaria; del mismo generan como conclusión que la intersubjetividad involucra la relación yo-tu dentro de la clase, como el mundo de vida co-creado entre alumnos y profesoresEn nombre de toda la comunidad universitaria de la UPEL IPB, debo expresar un sincero reconocimiento a cada uno de los diferentes directores editores y su equipo editorial que han asumido durante estos veinte años, la honrosa labor de democratizar con éxito el saber científico educativo en tiempos de incertidumbre, retos y dificultades para el escenario universitario. Y al mismo, a todos nuestros colaboradores y lectores, les agradecemos la confianza que han depositado en la Revista EDUCARE como órgano divulgativo para exponer sus producciones intelectuales; por lo que esperamos que en el futuro nos sigan acompañando en los venideros años de nuevos retos y logros, en donde se aspira consolidar a la revista como el órgano divulgativo científico en educación de mayor consulta a nivel nacional e internacional. Dr. Nelson SilvaDirector Decano de la UPEL IPB

Luonnonvarakeskuksessa Jokioisissa tutkittiin vuonna 2017 kolmessa kenttäkokeessa nestemäisen ammoniumsulfaatin soveltuvuutta tankkiseoksiin viljoilla yleisesti käytettävien rikkakasvien torjunta-aineiden (herbisidien) kanssa. Nestemäisenä lannoitteena ammoniumsulfaatin voi levittää kasvinsuojeluruiskulla, ja rikkakasvien torjuntaan yhdistettynä lannoitus ei lisäisi ajokertoja. Lisäksi ammoniumsulfaatin on eräissä tutkimuksissa havaittu parantavan glyfosaatin tehoa. Kenttäkokeet liittyvät Nesteravinne-hankkeeseen (2017 – 2019), jossa tutkitaan erityisesti kierrätystypen käyttöä maataloudessa nestemäisinä lannoitevalmisteina. Keväällä 2017 tehtiin esitestit nestemäisen ammoniumsulfaatin (350 g kg-1) teknisestä soveltuvuudesta tankkiseoksiin glyfosaattivalmiste Roundup Bion ja yhdeksän muun viljanviljelyssä yleisesti käytetyn herbisidivalmisteen sekä kahden kiinniteaineen kanssa. Roundup Bio, K-Trio-neste ja Ariane S soveltuivat sellaisenaan ammoniumsulfaattiliuoksen kanssa sekoitettaviksi ja kasvinsuojeluruiskulla levitettäviksi. Pienannosvalmisteet Tooler, Logran 20 WG, Express 50 SX ja Biathlon 4D soveltuivat myös, mutta ennen ammoniumsulfaattiliuokseen sekoittamista ne oli liuotettava pieneen määrään vettä. K-MCPA-neste, Primus ja Starane XL eivät liuenneet ammoniumsulfaattiliuokseen, kuten eivät myöskään kiinnitteet Sito Plus ja Dash. Roundup Bio hyväksyttiin valmisteeksi glyfosaattikokeeseen. Kauralla ja ohralla tehtäville kenttäkokeille valittiin neljä herbisidivalmistetta: K-Trio-neste (diklorproppi-P + MCPA + mekoproppi-P), Ariane S (MCPA + fluroksipyyri + klopyralidi), Tooler (tritosulfuroni) ja Logran 20 WG (triasulfuroni). Glyfosaattikoe perustettiin juolavehnäiselle pellolle, ja kokeessa testattiin normaalia pienempien Roundup Bio –annosten tehoa tankkiseoksissa ammoniumsulfaatin kanssa ennen kevätvehnän suorakylvöä. Ammoniumsulfaatin ja Roundup Bion normaalin käyttömäärän 3,0 l ha-1 tankkiseos ilman kiinnitettä tehosi juolavehnään, voikukkaan ja pelto-orvokkiin yhtä hyvin kuin sama Roundup Bio –annos vesiliuoksessa Sito Plus –kiinnitteen kanssa. Pienin Roundup Bion käyttömäärä 1,0 l ha-1 ammoniumsulfaatin kanssa ilman kiinnitettä tehosi rikkakasveihin lähes yhtä hyvin kuin normaaliannos 3,0 l ha-1. Herbisidikokeissa kauralla ja ohralla esiintyi runsaasti kevätviljoille tyypillisiä siemenrikkakasveja. Ammoniumsulfaatti aiheutti polttovioitusta kauran ja ohran lehdissä tankkiseoksissa K-Trio-nesteen ja Ariane S:n kanssa. Mm. jauhosavikkaan ja peltoemäkkiin sulfonyyliureavalmisteiden Tooler ja Logran 20 WG teho oli parempi vesiliuoksessa Sito Plus -kiinnitteen kanssa kuin ammoniumsulfaattiliuoksessa ilman kiinnitettä. Kenttäkokeiden satotulokset ja glyfosaattikokeen maanäytteistä tehtävien glyfosaattianalyysien tulokset puuttuvat tätä abstraktia kirjoitettaessa. Glyfosaattikokeen käsittelyjen jälkivaikutus juolavehnään havainnoidaan kesällä 2018.

Abstract Background Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process of somatic cells that dedifferentiate to totipotent embryonic stem cells and generate embryos in vitro. Longan SE has been established and wildly used as model system for studying embryogenesis in woody plants, SE-related genes had been characterized. In spite of that, a comprehensive overview of SE at a molecular level is still absent. To understand the molecular mechanisms during longan SE, we examined the transcriptome changes by using Illumina HiSeq from the four distinct developmental stages, including non-embryogenic callus (NEC), embryogenic callus (EC), incomplete compact pro-embryogenic cultures (ICpEC), globular embryos (GE). Results RNA-seq of the four samples generated a total of 243.78 million high quality reads, approximately 81.5% of the data were mapped to longan genome. The cDNA libraries of NEC, EC, ICpEC and GE, generated 22,743, 19,745, 21,144, 21,102 expressed transcripts, 1935, 1710, 1816, 1732 novel transcripts, 2645, 366, 505, 588 unique genes, respectively. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 10,642, 4180, 5846 and 1785 genes were differentially expressed in the pairwise comparisons of NEC_vs_EC, EC_vs_ICpEC, EC_vs_GE, ICpEC_vs_GE, respectively. Among them, plant hormones signalling related genes were significantly enriched, especially the auxin and cytokinin signalling components. The transcripts of flavonoid biosynthesis related genes were mainly expressed in NEC, while fatty acid biosynthesis related genes mainly accumulated in early SE. In addition, the extracelluar protein encoding genes LTP, CHI, GLP, AGP, EP1 were related to longan SE. Combined with the FPKM value of longan nine tissues transcription, 27 SE specific or preferential genes (LEC1, LEC1-like, PDF1.3, GH3.6, AGL80, PIN1, BBM, WOX9, WOX2, ABI3, et al.) and 28 NEC preferential genes (LEA5, CNOT3, DC2.15, PR1–1, NsLTP2, DIR1, PIP1, PIP2.1, TIP2–1, POD-P7 and POD5 et al.) were characterized as molecular markers for longan early SE. qRT-PCR validation of SE-related genes showed a high correlation between RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the role of the transcriptome during early SE in longan. Differentially expressed genes reveal that plant hormones signalling, flavonoid and fatty acid biosynthesis, and extracelluar protein related genes were involved in longan early SE. It could serve as a valuable platform resource for further functional studies addressing embryogenesis in woody plants.

Este artículo se enfoca en expresar algunas problemáticas con las que se encuentra la implementación de algunos sistemas de climatización pasiva para proyectos habitacionales ubicados en zonas climáticas cálido-húmedas, ya que la mayor parte del tiempo las condiciones climáticas son de disconfort térmico. El mayor problema es que las altas temperaturas están acompañadas de altos niveles de humedad, haciendo necesaria la implementación de más de dos estrategias de refrigeración, las que siendo efectivas, no logran ser suficientes para mantener niveles de confort la mayor parte del tiempo y hacen necesario el uso de sistemas activos que consumen bastante energía. En el desarrollo del artículo se analizan por separado algunas estrategias de climatización pasiva propuestas por Givoni en su carta bioclimática (Givoni, 1969) para conocer su grado de efectividad en un caso de estudio propuesto con clima cálido húmedo con lluvias todo el año. Con las estrategias estudiadas se busca disminuir la temperatura así como la humedad al interior de una habitación estándar.

Se aproxima el fin de una década y el comienzo de otra. Todo aparece y se expresa de manera confusa y turbulenta, exigiendo claridad. Hay, por ello, que descifrar el significado de los relámpagos de las grandes movilizaciones en curso en distintos países y en los distintos continentes. Lo buscado es el cielo despejado de la historia. Lo primero que constatamos es que el siglo XX, como tiempo largo de crisis, guerras, revoluciones y contrarrevoluciones, no solo no ha terminado, sino que continúa con estos registros, a los que se suma la impetuosa revolución tecnológica y digital: el espacio de lo inimaginable de la inteligencia artificial. Destaquemos que son tiempos de crisis en la acumulación económica del capitalismo y en la reproducción de las relaciones sociales y culturales. El ciclo discurre en una onda larga recesiva en la que las reanimaciones esporádicas no logran revertir esta tendencia, con mayor intensidad y proyección en unos países que en otros, pero con el lazo de la cadena de la economía del mundo. La relación entre tecnología, luchas sociales y comunicación adquirió nuevas dimensiones (Salazar, 2016).

Como primera experiencia didáctica, en este trabajo se muestran las ideas previas que construyen 10 estudiantes de noveno grado del colegio Nacional Nicolás Esguerra acerca del proceso de evolución, las cuales se encuentran relacionadas con algunos conceptos que aborda la genética. Los datos fueron recogidos por medio de una encuesta de pregunta abierta y un dibujo en base al método cualitativo, con el fin de conocer la comprensión que los estudiantes tienen acerca de la evolución y los conceptos mencionados en sus explicaciones, entre los cuales se encontraron: adaptación, ADN y código genético, relacionando en estos el tiempo como factor de cambio. Estas ideas se organizaron en tres categorías (Comprensión de Procesos evolutivos basados en variabilidad y selección natural e Ideas relacionadas al catastrofismo como factor promotor de especiación). Entre estas, la mayoría de los alumnos hace alusión a cambios en el ciclo de vida y desarrollo, y no como un proceso a nivel histórico y constante en las poblaciones. En cuanto a la comprensión del ADN, el gen y su relación con las especies, no hay claridad con respecto a la expresión de caracteres desde la información que se expresa en las proteínas. Por consiguiente, se infiere que las ideas encontradas están poco articuladas ya que ellos no las logran conectar de forma apropiada en sus respuestas.

Q: How many people does it take to change a light bulb for a Jewish mother? A: None, Dahlink, I'll sit in the dark. Q: How many Jewish mothers does it take to change a light bulb? A: Don't worry about your mother. You go have a good time. I'll just sit here in the dark again. Alone. The Jewish American Mother light bulb jokes cited above are illustrations of a special categorical form that is performative. They are quite different from their traditional, non-performative counterparts. Moreover, they are, as Della Chiaro puts it, "doubly clever (or funny) because, as well as the punch[es], [they seem] to make fun of [themselves] too" (73). Performative versions from the Jewish American Mother light bulb joke cycle reveal an inherently metacommunicative tone. Among the non-performative variants, replies like "None. They'll sit in the dark and bemoan their fate" are more common. In the performative versions, a role shifting occurs, and the joke teller changes from his or her role as an answer provider who uses a third person voice to "become" the person about whom s/he is telling the joke: the Jewish mother. Folklorist Barre Toelken uses the terms "dynamism" and "conservatism" to describe verbal and material folkloristic content that ranges across a spectrum of styles from flexible to formulaic. Applying Toelken's schema to address light bulb jokes, it seems clear that this joke genre's form is typically more conservative and formulaic than dynamic and flexible (39-43). Although a joke teller has the capacity to use intonation and subtle intervening style to her advantage, the joke's form cannot be changed too extensively or the form's point will be lost. However, like proverbs that are parodied, light bulb jokes can be altered to create another category of variants that, while being recognized as illustrative of the form, manage to make up a new form within the form. This is the case with performative light bulb jokes. A performative light bulb joke's narrator/joke teller and audience may experience an enhanced potential to perceive nuanced critiques during the joke event. This heightened perceptibility is less likely to be available during non-performative joke encounters due to the absence of role shifting. Role shifting as a storytelling event technique or element is well known for its effectiveness. Performative jokes demonstrate what Bauman refers to as "the creation of social structure in performance" (43) that can, as he says, promote transformation as social control for multiple reasons. Given the potential for sharpened perception, the narrator and audience may feel keenly affected by this joke. At the moment when the joke teller becomes the Jewish mother answer giver, the audience and the joke teller hear several 'voices' manifest instead of the expected answer motif present in non-performative versions. The metanarrative1 is especially poignant because not one but two other 'characters' beside the narrator exist within this joke: the Jewish mother, and the one toward whom ironic affection and other complex feelings are projected - a child role or "Dahlink." When Mother 'answers' the narrator, the narrator occupies the Dahlink and Mother roles simultaneously. In this way, the joke teller can 'become' his or her own Jewish mother. The answer "Don't worry about your mother" succinctly demonstrates this concept. Moreover, the joke listeners (a joke's audience) can think of themselves as being addressed by the mother as "her" Dahlinks. The audience may also envision itself as being 'outside' of the joke, watching it as an event. Alternately, audience members may feel kinship with the characters who are being indexed. In re-telling the joke, audience members turned narrators can experience all the joke's roles. If the narrator is both the mother and the child, it can be said that there is only one, multi-voiced character all along, a trickster-like changeling. Georges and Jones suggest that mastery over difficult or problematic situations is accomplished (or at least attempted) through joke telling. They cite Jung's and others' treatments of trickster cycles to emphasize their point (239). The hybridized, trickster self is summoned during the joke event, when it embraces its myriad voices and, perhaps, the audience. Many choices exist within this joke-telling event moment, depending upon who is listening, who is telling, and what local knowledge exists among all parties involved. The themes of insider versus outsider in terms of who tells, listens to, and 'gets' the joke can turn the ethnic slant of the joke into overt anti-Semitism. It is arguable that 'even Jews' telling the joke can be seen as self-disparaging, anti-Semitic, anti-Jewish mother, and misogynistic. In the full length version of this essay, I critique both the reductive argument that Jewish jokes are mostly self-flagellating and the Freudian aggression hypothesis in humor theory in order to explore some of the nuanced feelings I believe the narrator as Mother and Dahlink, and different joke audience members are expected to internalize. I will now examine who Mother and Dahlink 'are' - who they represent. This discussion potentially provides some insights into the messages the joke is geared to promote, how it is intended to be received, and within what audiences it is likely to be told, heard, and understood. Among many Jewish Americans of Eastern European descent, the Yinglish (or 'Yiddish-ified' English) term "Dahlink" ("Darling"), while not definitionally diminutive, is usually reserved as an endearment for a person younger than the person using the term. Although a person who is referred to as Dahlink may not be younger than the person using the term, one who is called Dahlink is often treated like an offspring. During the joke event, Dahlink has a child's role in relation to Mother's expertise and parental authority. In psychotherapeutic terms, the joke's Dahlink is infantilized. Mother communicates ironically, the paradoxes she feels layering and finding life in her speech, and in what she says by not saying it. Potential interpretations of examples adopted from the joke cycle variants include: "Don't worry" could mean "Of course you should worry, don't you love me?"; "Don't do it" conveys "Do it"; "I'll sit in the dark" translates as "I don't want that at all, and I'm scared"; "I want to suffer, here in the dark (unaware)" means "I don't want that at all, and I can't stand not knowing what's going on. Okay, okay - sometimes, I admit, I like not having to know everything." By way of inversion, there is a distinct opportunity for Mother to question and express annoyance with her stereotypical job of being overprotective, intrusive, caretaking and responsible for Dahlink. More than merely articulating aggression, here in the joke's location she has the license to request the help that she is not supposed to ask for or need. Thus, the performative joke suggests a profound critique regarding her positionality as a woman and a mother. With local knowledge and perspective, those who tell, listen to, and experience this joke have the chance to hear this critique. The performative joke event functions through irony in conjunction with a Bakhtinian sense of double-voiced discourse (Bahktin), interpreted by Barbara Babcock as "a phenomenon characteristic of the 'Others' among us; both a strategy for dealing with oppression and a form of survival" ("Personal"). The inversion messages in the joke highlight many motherly anxieties. Not only is she worried that her child can live without her, she may realize with concern that maybe she cannot live without her child. Who changes her light bulbs when her kids move away? Is she alone, divorced, widowed? Why can't some other person change the light bulb? Why can't she change the light bulb for herself? The joke's irony provides a space for anxiety to be safely uttered, and for these and other questions to be asked of the teller, Dahlink, Mother, and the audience. I conjecture that the complex subject of mothers' relationships with their children is helpfully and creatively negotiated through performative joke telling. Notes This essay is dedicated to the memory of my friend, Faye Glazer, a Polish-born, Jewish American whose patience with my Yiddish (and with me) will always be appreciated and never be forgotten. 1. My usage of "metanarrative" in this essay is borrowed from Barbara Babcock, with gratitude. See her piece "The Story in the Story". Works Cited Babcock, Barbara. Personal Correspondence. December 8, 1997. Babcock, Barbara. "The Story in the Story: Metanarration in Folk Narrative." Verbal Art as Performance, Richard Bauman, ed. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, 1977. 61-79. Bakhtin, Michail. "Discourse in the Novel." The Dialogic Imagination. Trans. Michael Holquist. Austin: U of Texas P, 1981. 259-422. Bauman, Richard. "The Emergent Quality of Performance." Verbal Art as Performance. ed. Richard Bauman. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, 1977. 37-45. Chiaro, Delia. The Language of Jokes: Analysing Verbal Play. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. Georges, Robert A. and Michael Owen Jones. Folkloristics: An Introduction. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995. Toelken, Barre. The Dynamics of Folklore. Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press, 1996. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Wiener, Diane R. "Performativity and Metacommentary in Jewish American Mother Light Bulb Jokes" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0311/5-weiner-jewish-lightbulb.php>. APA Style Wiener, D. (2003, Nov 10). Performativity and Metacommentary in Jewish American Mother Light Bulb Jokes. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 6, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0311/5-weiner-jewish-lightbulb.php>

Over the last decade or so, much has been written about the possibilities offered by the internet for creating sites of community based on exchange, collaboration, and reciprocity. Since Howard Rheingold published his polemic, The Virtual Community, in 1993, much has been written on this subject. The notion of just what constitutes ‘virtual reality’ has been extensively debated; however, ‘community’ is almost universally assumed to be good. There are failed communities and successful communities, but the critique of ‘community’ itself as a concept stops there. How, then, do we account for websites that create a sense of community precisely through the promotion of hatred and violence, and on which hatred of others is what the community ‘has in common’? Community as Good: The Origins of Virtual Community The term ‘community’ suggests communication; indeed, the work derives from the Latin communicare, which, as Peter Gould explains, ‘originally meant to share, to join and to unite” (3), and from which is also derived the verb ‘to communicate.’ Hence, accounts of online culture draw on this definition of community, suggesting that computer technology brings people together by allowing them to communicate. Such proximity is, therefore, privileged over geophysical location. In recent debates about cyber-culture, definitions of online community tend to define community through the concept of ‘shared interests’. What is more, some accounts of cyber-culture share a certain view of online community as inherently liberating. The Bad Community: God Hates Fags God Hates Fags is perhaps one of the best-known far-right sites on the Web. It is a non-interactive website, set up and maintained by Benjamin Phelps, pastor of Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas, in association with his grandfather Fred Phelps, who originally founded the church in 1964. Phelps first achieved notoriety in 1991 when he organised a picket of the San Francisco Pride Parade, to ‘warn this evil city that they’re going the way of Sodom’. In 1997, the church’s members were ordered by the American Supreme Court to limit their picketing activities after they targeted a local Episcopalian church that they claimed had promoted gay rights. Since the ruling, church members have continued their campaign of homophobic picketing. However, it is as an online promoter of homophobia and other forms of hatred that Phelps has achieved notoriety on an international scale. On paper, Westboro Baptist Church’s Website seems like the perfect example of the Net’s utility as a means of giving voice to small, marginalised community groups, and of bringing together people who share ‘a commonality of interests and goals’. However, this, like other Christian fundamentalist sites, challenges the view of such networks as essentially liberating (though they are certainly utopian in tone), since their shared interests happen to include insisting that creationist dogma be taught in schools, picketing the funerals of those who die of Aids or as a result of homophobic attacks, and promoting violence against lesbians and gay men. God Hates Fags sees itself as both a site of community and as a pressure group fighting a desperately immoral liberal society. It also draws on the idea of a society becoming good through the erasure of certain marginalised subjects, with the erasure to take the form of individuals suppressing their sexual identity in real life, not just online. While God Hates Fags and other sites like it primarily express the fantasy of a post-apocalyptic New Jerusalem. They do so by referring to fantasies of the nation (as a space that must be purified in order for this apocalyptic transformation to take place), of the online community (here imagined as a community of haters), and of the local community producing the site (who, far from being a small, marginal force, are re-presented as a community of ‘knowers’ attempting to promote ‘the truth’ about life in the United States: that is, as a force for good). Fantastic communities are often unaware of their own violence, and the community that hates is no exception, although its claims to peacefulness often stretch credulity to a greater than usual extent. Here is Westboro’s description of its ‘peaceful’ protests: WBC engages in daily peaceful sidewalk demonstrations opposing the homosexual lifestyle of soul-damning, nation-destroying filth. We display large, colourful signs containing Bible words and sentiments, including: GOD HATES FAGS, FAGS HATE GOD, AIDS CURES FAGS, THANK GOD FOR AIDS, FAGS BURN IN HELL, GOD IS NOT MOCKED, FAGS ARE NATURE FREAKS [sic] … FAGS DOOM NATIONS, etc. (God Hates Fags) The site’s authors are able to claim such sentiments as ‘non-violent’ precisely because of the way that violence is imagined purely in terms of the physical act; that is, as embodied. Discursive violence, the violence of the text, is not recognised as such. Reading the passages above, I find it hard to maintain any sense of critical distance at the notion of picketing a funeral, and then going online to publicise the activity and exhort others to do the same. The site is frustrating precisely because it assumes the reader’s sympathy. For Phelps, a community of ‘fag haters’ already exists within the wider, corrupt national community of the United States; the site merely serves to unite this community and to provide it with resources. Nevertheless, the statement is itself part of the process by which the site attempts to construct a community through a process of rehabilitation, which aims to re-position hatred of homosexuals both as a political position and as an identity position. The site assumes that the experience of hatred, like that of other extreme emotions, has been wrongly constructed as essentially private, even impossible to articulate. Phelps assures us that it is not, that our hatred (and the reader is always assumed to be on side; the site is never defensive in tone, and never attempts to address its critics) is shared by others. The community exists in the bodies of individuals; by making hatred public and visible, the community can finally become visible in the public domain. This site, and others like it, provide a chilling new perspective on the notion of ‘shared interests’ as a basis for community, as well as giving an insight into the ways in which inequalities might not only translate from geophysical into online communities but actually be heightened, not least by the liberal rhetoric of free speech in which the intended victims of such assaults are urged simply to ignore them, even as they are imposed an ever-increasing number of victims (Porter 234-5). In order to justify their attacks on outsiders, hate sites reproduce discourses of virtual community alongside fundamentalist dogma. So, for example, Westboro Baptist Church claims that it is necessary to draw together a community based on a shared homophobic response in order to protect the larger community of the nation from destruction. In order to construct the virtual community then, it is necessary to mobilise fantasies of the nation as it might be in an ideal world. The community does not simply represent the wider community of the United States; that is, it is not a ‘virtual America.’ Rather, it draws upon a fantasy of the nation as perfectible, and this fantasy assumes a desire to purify the nation by destroying or expelling strangers. Despite the dystopian violence of Phelps’s vision, however, I do not think it is enough to argue that such manifestations are simply an example of a medium with great potential for spiritual growth falling into the wrong hands. Margaret Wertheim seems to predict the use of the Internet to promote hatred when she writes that ‘[t]here is every potential, if we are not careful, for cyberspace to be less like Heaven, and more like Hell’ (298). This reading of virtual culture tends to normalise the idea of a utopian internet community, from which deviations occur only as the result of insufficient vigilance. What is more, the invocation of a group of right-thinking cyber-citizens—the ‘we’ who must be ‘careful’—reproduces the very liberal rhetoric which, as I have argued, tends to perpetuate, or at least obscure, power structures within online communities. Indeed, the notion of ‘the online community’ invoked here seems, ironically, to reproduce the notion of a single unlimited community which, if it is not conterminous with all mankind exactly, is certainly conterminous with all (responsible) users of the internet. As I have shown, it is by drawing on the notions of universality and redemption that underpin utopian theories of cyber-culture that Phelps is able to present his site as a site of community. I would suggest, then, that the notion of a community that has the potential to be good but is constantly under threat from deviant outsiders, is inadequate. Rather, it is necessary to pay attention to the ways in which utopian rhetoric might in itself play a role in reproducing inequalities that exist in society more generally, both online and off. References Gould, P. “Dynamic Structures of Geographic Space.” Collapsing Space and Time: Geographic Aspects of Communications and Information. Eds. S.D. Brunn and T.R. Leinbach. London: HarperCollins, 1991. 3-30. Porter, J.E. “Liberal Individualism and Internet Policy: A Communitarian Critique.” Passions, Pedagogies, and 21st-Century Technologies. Eds. G.E. Hawisher and C.L. Selfe. Logan: Utah State UP, 1999. Rheingold, H. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. HarperPerennial, 1993. 16 Oct. 2002 http://www.well.com/www/hlr/vcbook/index.html>. Wertheim, M. The Pearly Gates of Cyberspace: A History of Space from Dante to the Internet. London: Virago Press, 1999. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Ferreday, Debra. "Bad Communities: Virtual Community and Hate Speech." M/C Journal 8.1 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0502/07-ferreday.php>. APA Style Ferreday, D. (Feb. 2005) "Bad Communities: Virtual Community and Hate Speech," M/C Journal, 8(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0502/07-ferreday.php>.

Cada vez más importante resulta para los gestores de universidades públicas y privadas el análisis del complejo problema que plantea la dupla deserción-retención, su consideración apremia en sus agendas. Titulares de los periódicos más destacados expresan su preocupación por cifras que no terminan de comprender, mostrando la baja proporción de estudiantes que logran completar su carrera, frente al creciente número de aspirantes que ingresan año a año con el propósito de realizarla. Son estos periódicos quienes trasladan de la universidad a la sociedad la preocupación. El pasaje por la universidad nunca es indiferente; en el camino que se traza entre el ingreso y el abandono quedan metas, proyectos, anhelos que incrementan el bagaje de frustraciones y desorientación que experimentan los jóvenes. Desde los diferentes sistemas de ingreso, irrestricto o mediante examen de ingreso, pasando por los años de escolaridad previa, la institución de la cual proceden, el nivel que alcanzaron en la misma, las destrezas que lograron incorporar, todo resulta influyente y decisivo a la hora de enfrentarse con el estudio. La vocación, problemas administrativos, trabas académicas, problemas en el estudio, el inicio de la actividad laboral, el desarraigo, son sólo algunos de los factores que intervienen en el momento de decidir si seguir estudiando la carrera elegida, elegir otra o volver a casa y dedicarse a trabajar. Estos son algunos de los interrogantes que se les plantean a los jóvenes universitarios y que no siempre encuentran eco en su institución. De forma tal que muchas veces el abandono es la respuesta más sencilla al problema. Las universidades comienzan a desarrollar entre sus estrategias, propuestas de contención y orientación que eviten el desgranamiento apostando a la retención de sus estudiantes. La velocidad de cambio del mundo actual exige adaptaciones y aprendizajes cada vez mayores. Los ciclos de escolaridad primaria y media, resultan solamente un paso en el largo camino educativo y apenas proporcionan algunos elementos básicos. La formación no termina en las carreras de la enseñanza formal, aún cursando estudios superiores de nivel terciario o universitario, se torna cada vez más necesario el posgrado. Al finalizar cada ciclo el conocimiento adquirido nunca parece suficiente. En todos los órdenes de la vida, más allá de su nivel social y cultural el individuo se encuentra con necesidades que implican una nueva preparación y nuevos conocimientos abriendo una brecha entre los que pueden alcanzarlo y quienes no pueden hacerlo. Entre los numerosos ejemplos que pueden ilustrar la incorporación de nuevos aprendizajes, el uso de las tecnologías informáticas es sumamente significativo: la vida diaria se modifica sustancialmente para no volver hacia atrás. Las posibilidades de crecimiento de nuestros países latinoamericanos están atadas a la adaptación y a la preparación para un mundo que exige permanente incorporación de conocimientos, entendiendo por conocimiento una capacidad continua de aprendizaje, que incluye la educación, la información y la capacidad innovativa. El crecimiento, o la exclusión y la permanencia en la pobreza dependen de ello. De esto se habla cuando se hace referencia a la deserción y por ello resulta de vital importancia mantener a los niños y jóvenes en las escuelas, y a los estudiantes en las aulas, tanto como el poder finalizar los ciclos y completarlos obteniendo la titulación correspondiente, ya que aún con dichas titulaciones la preparación resulta insuficiente.

As the single most successful social-networking Website to date, Facebook has caused a shift in both practice and perception of online socialisation, and its relationship to the offline world. While not the first online social networking service, Facebook’s user base dwarfs its nearest competitors. Mark Zuckerberg’s creation boasts more than 750 million users (Facebook). The currently ailing MySpace claimed a ceiling of 100 million users in 2006 (Cashmore). Further, the accuracy of this number has been contested due to a high proportion of fake or inactive accounts. Facebook by contrast, claims 50% of its user base logs in at least once a day (Facebook). The popular and mainstream uptake of Facebook has shifted social use of the Internet from various and fragmented niche groups towards a common hub or portal around which much everyday Internet use is centred. The implications are many, but this paper will focus on the progress what Mimi Marinucci terms the “Facebook effect” (70) and the evolution of lists as a filtering mechanism representing one’s social zones within Facebook. This is in part inspired by the launch of Google’s new social networking service Google+ which includes “circles” as a fundamental design feature for sorting contacts. Circles are an acknowledgement of the shortcomings of a single, unified friends list that defines the Facebook experience. These lists and circles are both manifestations of the same essential concept: our social lives are, in fact, divided into various zones not defined by an online/offline dichotomy, by fantasy role-play, deviant sexual practices, or other marginal or minority interests. What the lists and circles demonstrate is that even very common, mainstream people occupy different roles in everyday life, and that to be effective social tools, social networking sites must grant users control over their various identities and over who knows what about them. Even so, the very nature of computer-based social tools lead to problematic definitions of identities and relationships using discreet terms, in contrast to more fluid, performative constructions of an individual and their relations to others. Building the Monolith In 1995, Sherry Turkle wrote that “the Internet has become a significant social laboratory for experimenting with the constructions and reconstructions of self that characterize postmodern life” (180). Turkle describes the various deliberate acts of personnae creation possible online in contrast to earlier constraints placed upon the “cycling through different identities” (179). In the past, Turkle argues, “lifelong involvement with families and communities kept such cycling through under fairly stringent control” (180). In effect, Turkle was documenting the proliferation of identity games early adopters of Internet technologies played through various means. Much of what Turkle focused on were MUDs (Multi-User Dungeons) and MOOs (MUD Object Oriented), explicit play-spaces that encouraged identity-play of various kinds. Her contemporary Howard Rheingold focused on what may be described as the more “true to life” communities of the WELL (Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) (1–38). In particular, Rheingold explored a community established around the shared experience of parenting, especially of young children. While that community was not explicitly built on the notion of role-play, the parental identity was an important quality of community members. Unlike contemporary social media networks, these early communities were built on discreet platforms. MUDs, MOOs, Bulletin Board Systems, UseNet Groups and other early Internet communication platforms were generally hosted independently of one another, and even had to be dialled into via modem separately in some cases (such as the WELL). The Internet was a truly disparate entity in 1995. The discreetness of each community supported the cordoning off of individual roles or identities between them. Thus, an individual could quite easily be “Pete” a member of the parental WELL group and “Gorak the Destroyer,” a role-player on a fantasy MUD without the two roles ever being associated with each other. As Turkle points out, even within each MUD ample opportunity existed to play multiple characters (183–192). With only a screen name and associated description to identify an individual within the MUD environment, nothing technical existed to connect one player’s multiple identities, even within the same community. As the Internet has matured, however, the tendency has been shifting towards monolithic hubs, a notion of collecting all of “the Internet” together. From a purely technical and operational perspective, this has led to the emergence of the ISP (Internet service provider). Users can make a connection to one point, and then be connected to everything “on the Net” instead of individually dialling into servers and services one at a time as was the case in the early 1980s with companies such as Prodigy, the Source, CompuServe, and America On-Line (AOL). The early information service providers were largely walled gardens. A CompuServe user could only access information on the CompuServe network. Eventually the Internet became the network of choice and services migrated to it. Standards such as HTTP for Web page delivery and SMTP for email became established and dominate the Internet today. Technically, this has made the Internet much easier to use. The services that have developed on this more rationalised and unified platform have also tended toward monolithic, centralised architectures, despite the Internet’s apparent fundamental lack of a hierarchy. As the Internet replaced the closed networks, the wider Web of HTTP pages, forums, mailing lists and other forms of Internet communication and community thrived. Perhaps they required slightly more technological savvy than the carefully designed experience of walled-garden ISPs such as AOL, but these fora and IRC (Internet Relay Chat) rooms still provided the discreet environments within which to role-play. An individual could hold dozens of login names to as many different communities. These various niches could be simply hobby sites and forums where a user would deploy their identity as model train enthusiast, musician, or pet owner. They could also be explicitly about role-play, continuing the tradition of MUDs and MOOs into the new millennium. Pseudo- and polynymity were still very much part of the Internet experience. Even into the early parts of the so-called Web 2.0 explosion of more interactive Websites which allowed for easier dialog between site owner and viewer, a given identity would be very much tied to a single site, blog or even individual comments. There was no “single sign on” to link my thread from a music forum to the comments I made on a videogame blog to my aquarium photos at an image gallery site. Today, Facebook and Google, among others, seek to change all that. The Facebook Effect Working from a psychological background Turkle explored the multiplicity of online identities as a valuable learning, even therapeutic, experience. She assessed the experiences of individuals who were coming to terms with aspects of their own personalities, from simple shyness to exploring their sexuality. In “You Can’t Front on Facebook,” Mimi Marinucci summarizes an analysis of online behaviour by another psychologist, John Suler (67–70). Suler observed an “online disinhibition effect” characterised by users’ tendency to express themselves more openly online than offline (321). Awareness of this effect was drawn (no pun intended) into popular culture by cartoonist Mike Krahulik’s protagonist John Gabriel. Although Krahulik’s summation is straight to the point, Suler offers a more considered explanation. There are six general reasons for the online disinhibition effect: being anonymous, being invisible, the communications being out of sync, the strange sensation that a virtual interlocutor is all in the mind of the user, the general sense that the online world simply is not real and the minimisation of status and authority (321–325). Of the six, the notion of anonymity is most problematic, as briefly explored above in the case of AOL. The role of pseudonymity has been explored in more detail in Ruch, and will be considered with regard to Facebook and Google+ below. The Facebook effect, Marinucci argues, mitigates all six of these issues. Though Marinucci explains the mitigation of each factor individually, her final conclusion is the most compelling reason: “Facebook often facilitates what is best described as an integration of identities, and this integration of identities in turn functions as something of an inhibiting factor” (73). Ruch identifies this phenomenon as the “aggregation of identities” (219). Similarly, Brady Robards observes that “social network sites such as MySpace and Facebook collapse the entire array of social relationships into just one category, that of ‘Friend’” (20). Unlike earlier community sites, Ruch notes “Facebook rejects both the mythical anonymity of the Internet, but also the actual pseudo- or polynonymous potential of the technologies” (219). Essentially, Facebook works to bring the offline social world online, along with all the conventional baggage that accompanies the individual’s real-world social life. Facebook, and now Google+, present a hard, dichotomous approach to online identity: anonymous and authentic. Their socially networked individual is the “real” one, using a person’s given name, and bringing all (or as many as the sites can capture) their contacts from the offline world into the online one, regardless of context. The Facebook experience is one of “friending” everyone one has any social contact with into one homogeneous group. Not only is Facebook avoiding the multiple online identities that interested Turkle, but it is disregarding any multiplicity of identity anywhere, including any online/offline split. David Kirkpatrick reports Mark Zuckerberg’s rejection of this construction of identity is explained by his belief that “You have one identity … having two identities for yourself is an example of a lack of integrity” (199). Arguably, Zuckerberg’s calls for accountability through identity continue a perennial concern for anonymity online fuelled by “on the Internet no one knows you’re a dog” style moral panics. Over two decades ago Lindsy Van Gelder recounted the now infamous case of “Joan and Alex” (533) and Julian Dibbell recounted “a rape in cyberspace” (11). More recent anxieties concern the hacking escapades of Anonymous and LulzSec. Zuckerberg’s approach has been criticised by Christopher Poole, the founder of 4Chan—a bastion of Internet anonymity. During his keynote presentation at South by SouthWest 2011 Poole argued that Zuckerberg “equates anonymity with a lack of authenticity, almost a cowardice.” Yet in spite of these objections, Facebook has mainstream appeal. From a social constructivist perspective, this approach to identity would be satisfying the (perceived?) need for a mainstream, context-free, general social space online to cater for the hundreds of millions of people who now use the Internet. There is no specific, pre-defined reason to join Facebook in the way there is a particular reason to join a heavy metal music message board. Facebook is catering to the need to bring “real” social life online generally, with “real” in this case meaning “offline and pre-existing.” Very real risks of missing “real life” social events (engagements, new babies, party invitations etc) that were shared primarily via Facebook became salient to large groups of individuals not consciously concerned with some particular facet of identity performance. The commercial imperatives towards monolithic Internet and identity are obvious. Given that both Facebook and Google+ are in the business of facilitating the sale of advertising, their core business value is the demographic information they can sell to various companies for target advertising. Knowing a user’s individual identity and tastes is extremely important to those in the business of selling consumers what they currently want as well as predicting their future desires. The problem with this is the dawning realisation that even for the average person, role-playing is part of everyday life. We simply aren’t the same person in all contexts. None of the roles we play need to be particularly scandalous for this to be true, but we have different comfort zones with people that are fuelled by context. Suler proposes and Marinucci confirms that inhibition may be just as much part of our authentic self as the uninhibited expression experienced in more anonymous circumstances. Further, different contexts will inform what we inhibit and what we express. It is not as though there is a simple binary between two different groups and two different personal characteristics to oscillate between. The inhibited personnae one occupies at one’s grandmother’s home is a different inhibited self one plays at a job interview or in a heated discussion with faculty members at a university. One is politeness, the second professionalism, the third scholarly—yet they all restrain the individual in different ways. The Importance of Control over Circles Google+ is Google’s latest foray into the social networking arena. Its previous ventures Orkut and Google Buzz did not fare well, both were variously marred by legal issues concerning privacy, security, SPAM and hate groups. Buzz in particular fell afoul of associating Google accounts with users” real life identities, and (as noted earlier), all the baggage that comes with it. “One user blogged about how Buzz automatically added her abusive ex-boyfriend as a follower and exposed her communications with a current partner to him. Other bloggers commented that repressive governments in countries such as China or Iran could use Buzz to expose dissidents” (Novak). Google+ takes a different approach to its predecessors and its main rival, Facebook. Facebook allows for the organisation of “friends” into lists. Individuals can span more than one list. This is an exercise analogous to what Erving Goffman refers to as “audience segregation” (139). According to the site’s own statistics the average Facebook user has 130 friends, we anticipate it would be time-consuming to organise one’s friends according to real life social contexts. Yet without such organisation, Facebook overlooks the social structures and concomitant behaviours inherent in everyday life. Even broad groups offer little assistance. For example, an academic’s “Work People” list may include the Head of Department as well as numerous other lecturers with whom a workspace is shared. There are things one might share with immediate colleagues that should not be shared with the Head of Department. As Goffman states, “when audience segregation fails and an outsider happens upon a performance that was not meant for him, difficult problems in impression management arise” (139). By homogenising “friends” and social contexts users are either inhibited or run the risk of some future awkward encounters. Google+ utilises “circles” as its method for organising contacts. The graphical user interface is intuitive, facilitated by an easy drag and drop function. Use of “circles” already exists in the vocabulary used to describe our social structures. “List” by contrast reduces the subject matter to simple data. The utility of Facebook’s friends lists is hindered by usability issues—an unintuitive and convoluted process that was added to Facebook well after its launch, perhaps a reaction to privacy concerns rather than a genuine attempt to emulate social organisation. For a cogent breakdown of these technical and design problems see Augusto Sellhorn. Organising friends into lists is a function offered by Facebook, but Google+ takes a different approach: organising friends in circles is a central feature; the whole experience is centred around attempting to mirror the social relations of real life. Google’s promotional video explains the centrality of emulating “real life relationships” (Google). Effectively, Facebook and Google+ have adopted two different systemic approaches to dealing with the same issue. Facebook places the burden of organising a homogeneous mass of “friends” into lists on the user as an afterthought of connecting with another user. In contrast, Google+ builds organisation into the act of connecting. Whilst Google+’s approach is more intuitive and designed to facilitate social networking that more accurately reflects how real life social relationships are structured, it suffers from forcing direct correlation between an account and the account holder. That is, use of Google+ mandates bringing online the offline. Google+ operates a real names policy and on the weekend of 23 July 2011 suspended a number of accounts for violation of Google’s Community Standards. A suspension notice posted by Violet Blue reads: “After reviewing your profile, we determined the name you provided violates our Community Standards.” Open Source technologist Kirrily Robert polled 119 Google+ users about their experiences with the real names policy. The results posted to her on blog reveal that users desire pseudonymity, many for reasons of privacy and/or safety rather than the lack of integrity thought by Zuckerberg. boyd argues that Google’s real names policy is an abuse of power and poses danger to those users employing “nicks” for reasons including being a government employment or the victim of stalking, rape or domestic abuse. A comprehensive list of those at risk has been posted to the Geek Feminism Wiki (ironically, the Wiki utilises “Connect”, Facebook’s attempt at a single sign on solution for the Web that connects users’ movements with their Facebook profile). Facebook has a culture of real names stemming from its early adopters drawn from trusted communities, and this culture became a norm for that service (boyd). But as boyd also points out, “[r]eal names are by no means universal on Facebook.” Google+ demands real names, a demand justified by rhetoric of designing a social networking system that is more like real life. “Real”, in this case, is represented by one’s given name—irrespective of the authenticity of one’s pseudonym or the complications and dangers of using one’s given name. Conclusion There is a multiplicity of issues concerning social networks and identities, privacy and safety. This paper has outlined the challenges involved in moving real life to the online environment and the contests in trying to designate zones of social context. Where some earlier research into the social Internet has had a positive (even utopian) feel, the contemporary Internet is increasingly influenced by powerful and competing corporations. As a result, the experience of the Internet is not necessarily as flexible as Turkle or Rheingold might have envisioned. Rather than conducting identity experimentation or exercising multiple personnae, we are increasingly obligated to perform identity as it is defined by the monolithic service providers such as Facebook and Google+. This is not purely an indictment of Facebook or Google’s corporate drive, though they are obviously implicated, but has as much to do with the new social practice of “being online.” So, while there are myriad benefits to participating in this new social context, as Poole noted, the “cost of failure is really high when you’re contributing as yourself.” Areas for further exploration include the implications of Facebook positioning itself as a general-purpose user authentication tool whereby users can log into a wide array of Websites using their Facebook credentials. If Google were to take a similar action the implications would be even more convoluted, given the range of other services Google offers, from GMail to the Google Checkout payment service. 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