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1
F, Sproull Robert, and Harris David, eds. Logical effort: Designing fast CMOS circuits. San Francisco, Calif: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1999.
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Vilkko, Risto. A hundred years of logical investigation: Reform efforts of logic in Germany, 1781-1879. Paderborn: Mentis, 2002.
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Varlamov, Oleg. Mivar databases and rules. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1508665.
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The multidimensional open epistemological active network MOGAN is the basis for the transition to a qualitatively new level of creating logical artificial intelligence. Mivar databases and rules became the foundation for the creation of MOGAN. The results of the analysis and generalization of data representation structures of various data models are presented: from relational to "Entity — Relationship" (ER-model). On the basis of this generalization, a new model of data and rules is created: the mivar information space "Thing-Property-Relation". The logic-computational processing of data in this new model of data and rules is shown, which has linear computational complexity relative to the number of rules. MOGAN is a development of Rule - Based Systems and allows you to quickly and easily design algorithms and work with logical reasoning in the "If..., Then..." format. An example of creating a mivar expert system for solving problems in the model area "Geometry"is given. Mivar databases and rules can be used to model cause-and-effect relationships in different subject areas and to create knowledge bases of new-generation applied artificial intelligence systems and real-time mivar expert systems with the transition to"Big Knowledge".
The textbook in the field of training "Computer Science and Computer Engineering" is intended for students, bachelors, undergraduates, postgraduates studying artificial intelligence methods used in information processing and management systems, as well as for users and specialists who create mivar knowledge models, expert systems, automated control systems and decision support systems.
Keywords: cybernetics, artificial intelligence, mivar, mivar networks, databases, data models, expert system, intelligent systems, multidimensional open epistemological active network, MOGAN, MIPRA, KESMI, Wi!Mi, Razumator, knowledge bases, knowledge graphs, knowledge networks, Big knowledge, products, logical inference, decision support systems, decision-making systems, autonomous robots, recommendation systems, universal knowledge tools, expert system designers, logical artificial intelligence.
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Varlamov, Oleg. 18 examples of mivar expert systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1248446.
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Many years of research on mivar technologies of logical artificial intelligence have allowed us to create a new powerful, versatile and fast tool, which is called "multidimensional open gnoseological active net" — "multidimensional open gnoseological active net: MOGAN". This tool allows you to quickly and easily design algorithms and work with logical reasoning in the "If..., Then..." format, and it can be used to model cause-and-effect relationships in different subject areas and create knowledge bases of new-generation applied artificial intelligence systems and real-time mivar expert systems with "Big Knowledge". The reader, after studying this tutorial, you will be able to create mivar expert system with the help of CASMI Wi!Mi.
Designed for students, bachelors, masters and postgraduate students studying artificial intelligence methods, as well as for users, experts and specialists, creating a system of information processing and management, mivar models, expert systems, automated control systems, systems of decision support and Recommender systems.
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Borzyh, Stanislav. Pananthropea. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1218149.
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The monograph is dedicated to the supercontinent Pananthropea, which was created by the efforts of people, and therefore is named in his honor. It consists of all purely geographical continents, as well as all land areas, representing a single organism that functions exactly as a whole, but at the same time divided by nature itself. The relevance of this approach is shown as follows, as described in the three chapters of the text. First, it demonstrates the physical connectivity of all regions of our planet with each other, which is expressed in a change in the logic of the topology, today planted and controlled by man. Secondly, the presence of this huge and unbroken array is evidenced by the biological component of the world economy, which we have also transformed to suit our needs, thereby redrawing the natural course of affairs in this area and turning it into a global one. Third, the same is true of the cultural domain of our life, which at some point became universal, which again was achieved for the sake of our goals and interests, as a result of which we are all now members of a single interconnected association.
It is of interest to both specialists and a wide audience and will be useful for us to understand both ourselves and the reality that we have constructed.
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Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
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Abramsky, S., Dov M. Gabbay, and T. S. E. Maibaum, eds. Handbook of Logic in Computer Science: Volume 5. Algebraic and Logical Structures. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198537816.001.0001.
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Logic is now widely recognized as one of the foundational disciplines of computing, and its applications reach almost every aspect of the subject, from software engineering and hardware to programming languages and AI. The Handbook of Logic in Computer Science is a multi-volume work covering all the major areas of application of logic to theoretical computer science. The handbook comprises six volumes, each containing five or six chapters giving an in-depth overview of one of the major topics in field. It is the result of many years of cooperative effort by some of the most eminent frontline researchers in the field, and will no doubt be the standard reference work in logic and theoretical computer science for years to come. Volume 5: Algebraic and Logical Structures covers all the fundamental topics of semantics in logic and computation. The extensive chapters are the result of several years of coordinated research, and each have thematic perspective. Together, they offer the reader the latest in research work, and the book will be indispensable
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Berto, Francesco, and Mark Jago. Impossible Worlds. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812791.001.0001.
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The latter half of the twentieth century witnessed an ‘intensional revolution’, a great collective effort to analyse notions which are absolutely fundamental to our understanding of the world and of ourselves—from meaning and information to knowledge, belief, causation, essence, supervenience, conditionality, as well as nomological, metaphysical, and logical necessity—in terms of a single concept. This was the concept of a possible world: a way things could have been. Possible worlds found applications in logic, metaphysics, semantics, game theory, information theory, artificial intelligence, and the philosophy of mind and cognition. However, possible worlds analyses have been facing numerous problems. This book traces them all back to hyperintensionality: the need for distinctions more fine-grained than the possible worlds apparatus can easily represent. It then introduces impossible worlds—ways things could not have been—as a general tool for modelling hyperintensional phenomena. The book discusses the metaphysics of impossible worlds and applies them to a range of central topics and open issues in logic, semantics, and philosophy: from the problem of logical omniscience in epistemic logic, to the semantics of non-classical logics, the modelling of imagination and mental simulation, the analysis of information and informative inference, truth in fiction, and counterpossible reasoning.
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Lorino, Philippe. Abduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753216.003.0007.
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Abduction was introduced by Peirce, first as an abstract logical concept, and secondly as an epistemological model, the first step of inquiry: hypothesizing. In response to doubt, abduction builds a plausible and testable, but not yet tested, hypothesis. Peirce, in his later writings, outlined the further extension of abduction to the analysis of invention as a social process of action. In this chapter, abduction is characterized as a collective effort to invent new habits for the future. Organization scholars have used this notion for methodological reflection, but rarely involved it when theorizing the emergence of novelty in organizations. After recalling the original logical and epistemological definitions of abduction by Peirce, this chapter presents a case study from the area of urban planning that suggests applying the theory of abduction to organizational or inter-organizational doubtful and exploratory situations. The implications of this view for organization research and managerial practices are discussed.
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Allwein, Gerard, and Jon Barwise. Logical Reasoning with Diagrams. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104271.001.0001.
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One effect of information technology is the increasing need to present information visually. The trend raises intriguing questions. What is the logical status of reasoning that employs visualization? What are the cognitive advantages and pitfalls of this reasoning? What kinds of tools can be developed to aid in the use of visual representation? This newest volume on the Studies in Logic and Computation series addresses the logical aspects of the visualization of information. The authors of these specially commissioned papers explore the properties of diagrams, charts, and maps, and their use in problem solving and teaching basic reasoning skills. As computers make visual representations more commonplace, it is important for professionals, researchers and students in computer science, philosophy, and logic to develop an understanding of these tools; this book can clarify the relationship between visuals and information.
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Pope, Ann Margaret. The use of logical connectives and the effect on reasoning processes in secondary science education. 1992.
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Lu-Adler, Huaping. Kant on the Way to His Own Philosophy of Logic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907136.003.0005.
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This chapter considers how Kant, from the mid-1760s through the mid-1770s, navigated between existing accounts of logic before finding his own voice. It highlights two breakthroughs that would contribute most to his mature theory of logic. The first breakthrough concerns Kant’s division of logic into two essentially different though complementary branches: a logic for the learned understanding and one for the common human understanding (to make it healthy), precursors to “pure logic” and “applied logic” respectively. This distinction not only marks a clear departure from the Leibnizian-Wolffian take on the relation between artificial and natural logics, but also pays homage to the humanist and Lockean practices of emphasizing certain ethical dimensions of logic. The second breakthrough is the emergence of “transcendental logic” from Kant’s efforts to secure metaphysics—particularly the first part thereof, ontology—as a proper science.
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Markwica, Robin. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794349.003.0006.
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The concluding chapter starts out by assessing the explanatory power of the logic of affect. It suggests that the model was able to illuminate decisions that were difficult to comprehend from the standpoint of existing theoretical approaches. The logic of affect also improved on accounts where the traditional logics of consequences or appropriateness already enjoyed some success. This has resulted in more comprehensive explanations for why coercive diplomacy worked in the missile crisis but not in the Gulf conflict. After comparing the findings of the case studies, the chapter sketches their policy implications for the practice of coercive diplomacy. Finally, it provides some suggestions for future research that build on this effort to establish an affect-based paradigm in International Relations.
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Floyd, Juliet. Wittgenstein on Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0004.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) wrote as much on the philosophy of mathematics and logic as he did on any other topic, leaving at his death thousands of pages of manuscripts, typescripts, notebooks, and correspondence containing remarks on (among others) Brouwer, Cantor, Dedekind, Frege, Hilbert, Poincaré, Skolem, Ramsey, Russell, Gödel, and Turing. He published in his lifetime only a short review (1913) and the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921), a work whose impact on subsequent analytic philosophy's preoccupation with characterizing the nature of logic was formative. Wittgenstein's reactions to the empiricistic reception of his early work in the Vienna Circle and in work of Russell and Ramsey led to further efforts to clarify and adapt his perspective, stimulated in significant part by developments in the foundations of mathematics of the 1920s and 1930s; these never issued in a second work, though he drafted and redrafted writings more or less continuously for the rest of his life.
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Lipworth, Wendy. Pharmaceuticals, Money, and the Health Care Organizational Field. Edited by Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery, and Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.24.
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Using an institutional theory framework, this chapter discusses the place of the pharmaceutical industry within the health care organizational field, and the wide-ranging effects the industry has on the other organizations in the field. It then provides a snapshot of the discourse that has emerged about the pharmaceutical industry, and about commercialization and marketization of the health care more generally. This paints a picture of deep ambivalence toward the pharmaceutical industry, both within and between stakeholder groups. The chapter ends with an effort to explain this ambivalence as the effect of competing institutional logics. This, in turn, points to some suggestions as to how the pharmaceutical industry might be better accommodated within the health care organizational field, without losing sight of the need for ongoing critique of industry behavior.
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Adam, Christian, and Michael W. Bauer. Policy and Organizational Termination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.138.
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In the perspective of a rational policy cycle, termination is the logical end of unsuccessful policy choices. As the deliberate conclusion or cessation of specific government functions, programs, policies, or organizations the termination concept consists of the ending of public policies, as well as public institutions. Its potential as a tool of enlightenment as well as its pitfalls in a world dominated by politics are presented by analyzing five decades of scholarly efforts in the area of policy and organizational termination.
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Gabbay, Dov M., C. J. Hogger, and J. A. Robinson, eds. Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming: Volume 5: Logic Programming. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198537922.001.0001.
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Logic is now widely recognized as one of the foundational disciplines of computing and has applications in virtually all aspects of the subject, from software engineering and hardware to programming languages and artificial intelligence. The Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and its companion The Handbook of Logic in Computer Science were created in response to the growing need for an in-depth survey of these applications. This handbook comprises five volumes, each an in-depth overview of one of the major topics in this area. The result of years of cooperative effort by internationally renowned researchers, it will be the standard reference work in AI for years to come. Volume 5 focuses on logic programming. The chapters, which in many cases are of monograph length and scope, emphasize possible unifying themes.
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Graham, Ian, Therese Cooney, and Dirk De Bacquer. Risk stratification and risk assessment. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0005.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the biggest cause of death worldwide. The underlying atherosclerosis starts in childhood and is often advanced when it becomes clinically apparent many years later. CVD is manageable: in countries where it has reduced this is due to changes in lifestyle and risk factors and to therapy. Risk factor management reduces mortality and morbidity. In apparently healthy people CVD risk is most frequently the result of multiple interacting risk factors and a risk estimation system such as SCORE can assist in making logical management decisions. In younger people a low absolute risk may conceal a very high relative risk, and use of the relative risk chart or calculation of their ‘risk age’ may help in advising them of the need for intensive life style efforts. All risk estimation systems are relatively crude and require attention to qualifying statements.
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Azzouni, Jody. General Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622558.003.0012.
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Some general remarks are given about methods of argument in metaphysics. The importance of indispensability arguments, and the importance of the fact that such arguments don’t succeed, is reiterated. The important point is that removing such arguments reveals heretofore hidden logical space. The very position of ontological projectivism can’t be seen unless indispensability arguments are undercut first. The fact that if certain aspects of metaphysics (such as object boundaries) are projected, then certain conceptual puzzles will arise, is also stressed. This is not itself directly an argument for object projectivism; instead, it is a valuable side-effect of arguments that don’t directly turn on conceptual puzzles. Work left for the future is described.
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Chia, Robert, and Ajit Nayak. Circumventing the Logic and Limits of Representation: Otherness in East–West Approaches to Paradox. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.4.
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This chapter argues that paradox arises, not from our phenomenal experience, but from our efforts at conceptualizing it through the logic of comprehension dominating Western thought. It identifies an Aristotelian-inspired “Being” ontology and a corresponding representationalist epistemology as the primary underlying cause of paradox in truth claims made on empirical observations. Drawing on a Heraclitean-inspired tradition in the West, this chapter shows how paradox may be circumnavigated through an alternative logic of Otherness. Underlying this metaphysical outlook is an ontology of Becoming, which takes flux and change as pervasive and inexorable. Language and logic are thus seen as futile attempts to fix the unfixable. Embracing a Becoming world view of reality enables us to recognize the limits of logic and representation and hence develop more nuanced and oblique modes of communication and responses. A Becoming world view sensitizes us to a necessary Otherness always already immanent in representational truth claims.
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Dostál, Petr, and Chia-Yang Lin. Business Applications of Fuzzy Logic. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.14.
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The chapter focuses on the use of fuzzy logic, or soft computing, among the different methods used as supports for decision making in business applications. The processes are focused on private corporate attempts at making money or decreasing expenses; therefore, the details of applications, successful or not, are not published very often. Fuzzy logic helps in decentralization of decisionmaking processes that are to be standardized, reproduced, and documented. Fuzzy logic plays very important roles, especially in business, because it helps reduce costs. It differs from conventional (hard) computing in that it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. In effect, the role model for fuzzy logic is the human mind. The guiding principle of fuzzy logic is to exploit this tolerance to achieve tractability, robustness, and low solution cost.
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Lorino, Philippe. Inquiry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753216.003.0004.
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This chapter narrates the efforts of a hospital cardiology department to create its country’s first chronic heart failure (CHF) multidisciplinary unit. With an average treatment cost that was too high, threatening their required funding, the department’s actors strove to reduce it. They analyzed collective activity, made exploratory hypotheses about cost drivers, and developed new performance measurements to verify their hypotheses. This is an example of the social process of inquiry. The chapter presents the pragmatist definition of inquiry, a non-dualist and relational framework, recursively articulated with the concept of habit. It integrates action and thought, narrative and logical thought. The respective roles of the three types of inference identified by Peirce are analyzed: abduction, deduction, and induction. The chapter highlights the mediated and mediating nature of inquiry, illustrated in the hospital case by the reengineering of management indicators, and closes with the major differences between inquiry and the mainstream problem-solving framework.
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Hutchinson, Mark P. From Reverse to Inverse to Omni-Nodal Dissenting Protestant Mission. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702252.003.0015.
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This chapter traces the shift from unidirectional Protestant foreign missions at the beginning of the twentieth century to globalized missionary efforts at the end of the century, often fuelled by global migration patterns. These can originate in any country or culture, and end up (along relatively predicable paths dictated by rational markets in education, migration, business, and national interest) in almost any other country. The chapter compares the ‘World Missionary Conference 1910’ in Edinburgh with the 1989 ‘Global Consultation on World Evangelization’ held in Manila, as ‘bookends’ for a period of rapid change and indigenization of Christianity around the world. It points to four key vectors as determinative: the rise of short-term missional experientialism, the co-option of non-missionary globalized settings, diasporic mission, and conversion as resistance. The counter-logical global upsurge of grass-roots Christianity after Edinburgh 1910 demonstrates that people appropriating new futures start from where they are, and go to unpredictable places.
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Mody, Ashoka. Three Leaps in the Dark, 1950–1982. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351381.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the evolution of Europe's monetary union as a French initiative motivated by goal of achieving monetary and economic parity with Germany. The Schuman Declaration in 1950 brought European nations together in a spirit of reconciliation and laid the preparatory basis for post-War Europe. In 1957, the Treaty of Rome enabled the flowering of the European community—which, by the mid-1960s, had completed its primary task of establishing an institutional framework for cooperative coexistence and, by opening trade borders, had enhanced the material capabilities of the nation state. However, the European monetary union project in 1969 resulted in severe economic problems. Forcing one monetary policy on divergent nations made no logical or practical sense. Thus, repeated efforts to fix exchange rates predictably failed. Ultimately, the pursuit of monetary union created great risks and did little for Europe's real economic problem of generating long-term growth and reducing unemployment.
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The Halo Effect: . . . and the Eight Other Business Delusions That Deceive Managers. Free Press, 2014.
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The Halo Effect: ... and the Eight Other Business Delusions That Deceive Managers. Free Press, 2007.
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Reay, Trish, Tammar B. Zilber, Ann Langley, and Haridimos Tsoukas, eds. Institutions and Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843818.001.0001.
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Institutions—the structures, practices, and meanings that define what people and organizations think, do, and aspire to—are created through process. They are “work in progress” that involves continual efforts to maintain, modify, or disturb them. Institutional logics are also in motion, holding varying degrees of dominance that change over time. This volume brings together two streams of thought within organization theory—institutional theory and process perspective—to advocate for stronger process ontology that highlights institutions as emergent, generative, political, and social. A stronger process view allows us to challenge our understanding of central concepts within institutional theory, such as “loose coupling,” “institutional work,” the work of institutional logics on the ground, and institutionalization between diffusion and translation. Enriched with an emphasis on practice and widened by taking a broad view of institutions, this volume draws on the Ninth International Symposium on Process Organization Studies to offer key insights that will inform our thinking of institutions as processes.
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Angioni, Lucas. Causality and Coextensiveness in Aristotle’S Posterior Analytics 1. 13. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825128.003.0005.
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I discuss an important feature of the notion of cause in Post. An. 1. 13, 78b13–28, which has been either neglected or misunderstood. Some have treated it as if Aristotle were introducing a false principle about explanation; others have understood the point in terms of coextensiveness of cause and effect. However, none offers a full exegesis of Aristotle's tangled argument or accounts for all of the text's peculiarities. My aim is to disentangle Aristotle's steps to show that he is arguing in favour of a logical requirement for a middle term's being the appropriate cause of its explanandum. Coextensiveness between the middle term and the attribute it explains is advanced as a sine qua non of a middle term's being an appropriate or primary cause. This condition is not restricted either to negative causes or to middle terms in second‐figure syllogisms, but ranges over all primary causes qua primary.
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Baldwin, Thomas. Russell on Modality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786436.003.0007.
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This essay presents a synoptic account of Russell’s changing views concerning possibility and necessity. The essay shows how an intuitionist view of logical necessity, according to which it is a fundamental, indefinable property that is ‘purely and simple perceived’, swiftly gives way in Russell’s work to scepticism concerning whether necessity exists at all, since he holds that it cannot be explained by analyticity. The essay then shows how Russell returns, in effect, to both Aristotle and Hume with the thought that necessity is grounded on the universal truth of the relevant propositional function, and an attendant feeling of necessity. The essay also addresses Russell’s later suggestion that the domain of quantification of propositional functions is possible worlds—the idiom was familiar to him from his early book on Leibniz—and argues that Russell’s commitments point towards what in contemporary modal theory would be called a quasi-linguistic modal ersatzism.
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Berger, Tobias. The Village Courts in Bangladesh. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807865.003.0003.
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This chapter embeds contemporary translations of ‘the rule of law’ in their historical trajectory. It reveals how the introduction of village courts by the colonial administration at the dawn of the twentieth century and current efforts by international donor agencies to activate these village courts follow strikingly similar logics. The village courts are therefore neither an exclusively global imposition nor an ostensibly local institution; instead, they have emerged in complex processes of translation in which the global and the local have become inseparably intertwined. Having reconstructed this historical trajectory, the chapter also provides a brief overview of Bangladesh’s recent political history and maps the country’s contemporary legal landscape.
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Launay, Jean-Pierre, and Michel Verdaguer. The mastered electron: molecular electronics and spintronics, molecular machines. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814597.003.0005.
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After a historical account of the evolution which led to the concept of Molecular Electronics, the “Hybrid Molecular Electronics” approach (that is, molecules connected to nanosized metallic electrodes) is discussed. The different types of transport (one-step, two-step with different forms of tunnelling) are described, including the case where the molecule is paramagnetic (Kondo resonance). Several molecular achievements are presented: wires, diodes, memory cells, field-effect transistors, switches, using molecules, but also carbon nanotubes. A spin-off result is the possibility of imaging Molecular Orbitals. The emerging field of molecular spintronics is presented. Besides hybrid devices, examples are given of electronic functionalities using ensembles of molecules, either in solution (logical functions) or in the solid state (memory elements). The relation with the domain of Quantum Computing is presented, including the particular domain of Quantum Hamiltonian Computing. The chapter finishes by an introduction to molecular machines, with the problem of the directional control of their motion.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Research and development. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0029.
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This chapter covers the spectrum of routine monitoring, audit, service evaluation, and formal research. Routine monitoring is an essential task for all mental health professionals, and techniques to make it more palatable are explored, including using routine data for clinical supervision and monitoring team targets. Regular audit is described as an essential tool for logical service development and quality improvement. In the discussion of research, the importance of choosing the correct methodology and of paying attention to detail are stressed. In community psychiatry, sampling bias, regression to the mean, and the Hawthorne effect pose important risks. The hierarchy of research methods is outlined with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) at the top, preferably with either single- or double-blinding. Careful statistics and systematic reviews support evidence-based practice. In addition to experimental quantitative trials, there is a place for cohort and case control trials, as well as for qualitative trials to generate hypotheses.
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Smith, Leonard V. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199677177.003.0008.
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This book has sought to deepen the dialogue between history and international relations theory in examining a pivotal moment in the history of international relations. The Paris Peace Conference constituted a historically specific effort to reimagine “the world.” More specifically, it sought to replace anarchy under realism with “sovereignty.” The conference could not live comfortably with the radical liberalism of Wilsonianism, but the international contract made at the time of the armistice with Germany meant that the conference could not live without it. The territorial state and its discontents lay at the heart of sovereignty at the conference. Two logics of the state fought each other to a standstill in Paris—that of the self-help of realism, forever seeking unattainable “security,” and that of the state that exists only in relation to other states, toward some common end.
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Anjum, Rani Lill, and Stephen Mumford. Calculating Conditional Probability? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733669.003.0021.
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When dealing with probability in causal claims, conditional reasoning seems unavoidable since we will want to know the probability of an effect, if the cause occurs. Conditional probability is typically defined in terms of the ratio of the unconditional probabilities of the elements. But when it comes to cause and effect, there are good reasons to think that this does not hold and that the conditional probability is primitive. It can be shown that a number of problematic but valid inferences from classical logic reproduce in the calculation of conditional probability if the ratio analysis is employed. The primitivist response is to take the conditional connection as unanalysable.
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Golub, Mark. Constitutive Racism, Redemptive Constitutionalism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683603.003.0002.
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Equal protection law operates within a narrative structure of fall and redemption. Framed as a repudiation of race, color-blind constitutionalism appears to enact this redemption by aspiring to transcend racial consciousness. And yet prohibitions against racial classification in fact serve to heighten and preserve racial awareness, in direct contradiction of their stated goals and justification. This chapter examines the narrative structure and constraints of equal protection law, within which efforts to achieve racial equality appear as equivalent to state-sponsored racial segregation. Theorizing color-blindness as a kind of performative contradiction, it demonstrates the race-conscious logic of color-blind constitutionalism.
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Bueno-Hansen, Pascha. Gender Implementation in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039423.003.0003.
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This chapter examines how the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (PTRC) reinforces a logic that upholds social hierarchies while also opening new spaces to consider a gender analysis. When the PTRC began its investigation in August 2001, a gender analysis was not included. However, the commission was compelled to integrate the issue of gender into its investigation due to international pressure coupled with funding sources that required a gender component, as well as Peruvian women's and feminist movements' advocacy. This chapter analyzes the struggle for inclusion within the PTRC by focusing on the debate around the meaning of gender, its methodological operationalization, and incorporation into the final report. It shows how the push to document direct human rights violations against women led the PTRC to make a concerted effort to include a gender analysis and to address gender-based violence, specifically sexual violence.
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Munis, James R. Just Enough Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797790.001.0001.
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Physiology is the science that is applied at the boundary between life and death; this is why it's so important to those of us who tread that same boundary every day in the practice of anesthesiology and critical care. The functional difference between a patient who has just died and one who is still alive is physiology. What the heart, lungs, and circulation do in life is best understood through some simple, unifying principles of mechanics and chemistry. But that is not enough. There is also a way of thinking about these concepts that helps pull them together. Interestingly, that form of logic is almost identical to the way our brains work when we are solving logic puzzles. To that effect, brain teasers are included at the end of each chapter.
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Witte, John. Sex and Marriage in the Protestant Tradition, 1500–1900. Edited by Adrian Thatcher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199664153.013.012.
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The chapter analyses the mainline Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican models of sex, marriage, and family and their gradual liberalization by Enlightenment liberalism. The theological differences between these models can be traced to their grounding in Lutheran two kingdoms doctrines, Calvinist covenantal theology, Anglican commonwealth theory, and Enlightenment contractarian logic. Lutherans consigned primary marital jurisdiction to the territorial prince or urban council. Calvinists assigned interlocking marital roles to local consistories and city councils. Anglicans left marital jurisdiction to church courts, subject to state oversight and legislation. The early Enlightenment philosophers, many of them Protestants, pressed for a sharper separation of church and state in the governance of marriage, and for stronger protections of the rights and equality of women and children within and beyond the marital household. But they maintained traditional Protestant prohibitions on extramarital sex and no-fault divorce in an effort to protect especially women and children from exploitation.
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Ng, Karen. From Actuality to Concept in Hegel’s Logic. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.13.
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This chapter examines Hegel’s treatment of the concept of actuality in his Science of Logic. It argues that Hegel’s treatment of actuality serves two functions: first, it provides the argument for the ‘genesis of the Concept’, Hegel’s version of Kant’s transcendental deduction; second, it allows Hegel to determine a specific type of activity characteristic of both life and freedom. The key to understanding the transition from actuality to the Concept (der Begriff) lies in Hegel’s concept of reciprocity (Wechselwirkung), a reciprocal relation between cause and effect that constitutes an inner purposiveness of form. The author develops this argument by examining the key moves of the three chapters that close out the Objective Logic—“The Absolute,” “Actuality,” and “The Absolute Relation”—taking up Hegel’s relation to Aristotle and Spinoza, his treatment of the modal categories, and his critique of mechanistic accounts of causality.
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Quackenbush, Stephen L. Empirical Analyses of Deterrence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.313.
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Deterrence is an important subject, and its study has spanned more than seven decades. Much research on deterrence has focused on a theoretical understanding of the subject. Particularly important is the distinction between classical deterrence theory and perfect deterrence theory. Other studies have employed empirical analyses. The empirical literature on deterrence developed at different times and took different approaches. The early empirical deterrence literature was highly limited for varying reasons. Much of the early case study literature did not seek to test deterrence theory. Early quantitative studies did seek to do so, but they were hampered by rudimentary methods, poor research design, and/or a disconnect between quantitative studies and formal theories of deterrence. Modern empirical research on deterrence has made great strides toward bridging the formal-quantitative divide in the study of deterrence and conducting theoretically driven case studies. Further, researchers have explored the effect of specific variables on deterrence, such as alliances, reputations and credibility, and nuclear weapons. Future empirical studies of deterrence should build on these modern developments. In addition, they should build on perfect deterrence theory, given its logical consistency and empirical support.
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Mukherjee, Joia S. Monitoring, Evaluation, Disease Surveillance, and Quality Improvement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662455.003.0010.
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Quality data are necessary to make good decisions in health delivery for both individuals and populations. Data can be used to improve care and achieve equity. However, systems for health data management were historically weak in most impoverished countries. Health data are not uncommonly compiled in stacks of poorly organized paper records. Efforts to streamline and improve health information discussed in this chapter include patient-held booklets, demographic health surveys, and the use of common indicators. This chapter also focuses on the evolution of medical records, including electronic systems. The use of data for monitoring, evaluation, and quality improvement is explained. Finally, this chapter reviews the use of frameworks—such as logic models and log frames—for program planning, evaluation, and improvement.
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Strange, Carolyn, and Jennifer A. Stephen. Eugenics in Canada: A Checkered History, 1850s–1990s. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0032.
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This article discusses eugenics in Canada and states that Canada's eugenic past was connected closely to that of the United States and to a lesser extent England. It presents numerous case studies and this body of research paints a checkered history of eugenics in Canada. It was a cluster of ideas and a disparate set of solutions that responded to local concerns, inflected by the unique Canadian demographic, and legal, political, and economic conditions. The race-based reproduction management efforts established a prior logic for eugenic policies concerned to shore up the fitness of Canada's Euro-Canadian majority. This article explains that the history of eugenics in Canada is inseparable from racist assimilationist policies and practices. The people most affected by Canada's eugenic policies were those whose sexual morality and reproductive futures appeared suspect.
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Schmeink, Lars. The Anthropocene, the Posthuman, and the Animal. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781383766.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 analyzes two exemplary literary works dealing with the creation of new posthuman species as a consequence of contemporary consumer society. With liquid modernity commodifying all aspects of life, the logical extrapolation, made possible by genetic science rapidly closing the gap in the dimension of science-fictional possibility, is the commodification of all life itself, including the human. Margaret Atwood and Paolo Bacigalupi discuss future worlds that build upon tendencies of an extreme consumer society and the sea change of human impact in the anthropocene. Both story cycles enhance present dystopian tendencies of liquid modernity to explore the consequences of the hypercapitalist commodification of life and its effect on human subjectivity. In both story worlds, zoe is reduced to its mechanical, material quality and appropriated for consumption, manifest expressly in the changing status of the human into the inhuman, non-human, and posthuman. The chapter discusses this shift in the perception of the human and the consequences of posthuman social development. Most importantly though, in exploring the posthuman as an alternative form of communal and social practice, both literary works provide for a eutopian moment in the dystopian imagination – allowing a hybrid, changing and multiple posthuman perspective to emerge.
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Robert, Wintgen. Ch.10 Limitation periods, Art.10.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0206.
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This commentary analyses Article 10.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the suspension of the running of the limitation period by arbitral proceedings. If arbitral proceedings are recognised by a legal system, the institution of such proceedings must logically have a similar effect on the running of limitation periods as the institution of judicial proceedings. Under Art 10.6, the running of the limitation period is suspended when the obligee performs any act, by commencing arbitral proceedings or in arbitral proceedings already instituted, that is recognised by the law of the arbitral tribunal as asserting the obligee's right against the obligor. This commentary considers the beginning of suspension of the running of the limitation period under Art 10.6(1) and the end of suspension under Art 10.6(2).
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Germana, Michael. Peristrephic Visions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682088.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 examines Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man as a text that ekphrastically simulates a moving or “peristrephic” panorama in general, and an antebellum antislavery panorama in particular. In the process, this chapter reads Ellison’s debut novel as a text indebted to and allusive of, while ironically commenting on, the life and career of celebrated fugitive and peristrephic panoramist Henry Box Brown, who shipped himself in a sealed wooden crate from Richmond to Philadelphia and thus from slavery to freedom in 1849. Brown’s subsequent efforts to navigate the terrain of abolitionist discourse within a white supremacist culture led him to create a moving panorama called the Mirror of Slavery, which chronicled the cruelties of slavery, yet ended with the promise of universal emancipation. In appropriating the visual grammar of the antislavery panorama, Ellison also extends its ambivalent temporal logic to create his own alternative history in service of the future.
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Smith, Tony. FDR and World Order: Globalizing the Monroe Doctrine. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154923.003.0005.
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This chapter examines Franklin D. Roosevelt's liberal democratic internationalism and his efforts to assure American national security by constructing a stable world order based on the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which the United States sought to globalize in the aftermath of the Axis defeat in World War II. It first considers how FDR infused American liberalism with a healthy dose of realism about the appropriateness of democracy for other countries in the aftermath of World War II before discussing anti-imperialism as a component of American foreign policy. It also explores the United States's promotion of democracy and pursuit of a liberal world order as a means of countering Soviet imperialism. It argues that liberal democratic internationalism has been the American way of practicing balance-of-power politics in world affairs, and that the dominant logic of American foreign policy was dictated by concerns for national security.
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Eaton, Kent. Subnational Contention in Neoliberal Peru. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800576.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that, while ideological conflicts over the market in Peru have taken on a sharply territorial logic since the country’s neoliberal turn in 1990, subnational resistance to neoliberalism has been ineffective in the two dimensions conceptualized in this book. According to the argument developed in the first half of the chapter, capacity and coalitional constraints have undermined regional presidents in their attempts to build distinctive subnational policy regimes, including attempted uses of regional zoning authority to regulate mining in ways that would deviate from neoliberalism. The second half of the chapter then demonstrates how structural and coalitional constraints have negatively affected efforts by subnational officials to contest neoliberalism as the dominant national policy regime. Instead, a succession of Peruvian Presidents, including Alejandro Toledo, Alán García, and Ollanta Humala, have been able to overcome territorial resistance and defend the neoliberal reforms introduced in the 1990s by Alberto Fujimori.
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Schiller, Dan. Accumulation and Repression. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038761.003.0014.
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This chapter examines concerns regarding the internet's strategic vulnerabilities and the challenges to the longstanding U.S. approach to global internet governance both from within and without. The 1990s and the decade that followed witnessed scattered cyberattacks, occasionally quite serious ones. U.S. analysts charged that China-based hackers had repeatedly broken into U.S. military organizations, corporate contractors, and digital services, and that they had insinuated “logic bombs” into U.S. networks for possible later use. This chapter first considers issues pertaining to cyber-conflict, in which network-enabled weapons launched a far-reaching reappraisal of strategic imperatives, before discussing the U.S.'s cyber-conflict policy, including the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative adopted in January 2008 and efforts to reconstruct the internet around territorially bounded networks imbued with connectivity restrictions. It also explores how foregrounding digital sites of accumulation gave rise to an increasingly fractious geopolitics of information.
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Morel, Domingo. Why Take Over? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678975.003.0004.
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Why do states take over local school districts? Additionally, why are Republicans—usually the champions of local control and decentralization—leading the efforts to take over local school districts? Finally, why do state takeovers disproportionally affect black communities? Relying on historical analysis and an original data set of nearly 1,000 school districts, the chapter argues that although concerns about academic performance are the main public justification for a state takeover, politics was a major factor in the emergence of state takeovers. Since school politics was a source of political mobilization for black communities, it became a central point of contention between conservatives at the state level and black political leadership at the local level. The conservative response was to promote a conservative education logic that has professed a concern with the education of black students and other students of color while investing in the political failure of their communities.
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Falcone, Jessica Marie. Battling the Buddha of Love. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501723469.001.0001.
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This ethnography explores the controversial plans and practices of the Maitreya Project, as they worked to build the “world's tallest statue” as a multi-million dollar “gift” to India. This effort entailed a plan to forcibly acquire hundreds of acres of occupied land for the statue park in the Kushinagar area of Uttar Pradesh. The Buddhist statue planners ran into obstacle after obstacle, including a full-scale grassroots resistance movement of Indian farmers working to “Save the Land.” In telling the “life story” of the proposed statue, the book sheds light on the aspirations, values and practices of both the Buddhists who worked to construct the statue, as well as the Indian farmer-activists who tirelessly protested against it. Since the majority of the supporters of the Maitreya Project statue are “non-heritage” practitioners to Tibetan Buddhism, the book narrates the spectacular collision of cultural values between small agriculturalists in rural India and transnational Buddhists from around the world. The book endeavors to show the cultural logics at work on both sides of the controversy. Thus, this ethnography of a future statue of the Maitreya Buddha—himself the “future Buddha”—is a story about divergent, competing visions of Kushinagar’s potential futures.