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Buttigieg, Sandra C., Dorothy Gauci, and Prasanta Dey. "Continuous quality improvement in a Maltese hospital using logical framework analysis." Journal of Health Organization and Management 30, no. 7 (October 10, 2016): 1026–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-11-2015-0185.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the application of logical framework analysis (LFA) for implementing continuous quality improvement (CQI) across multiple settings in a tertiary care hospital. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a multiple case study approach. LFA is implemented within three diverse settings, namely, intensive care unit, surgical ward, and acute in-patient psychiatric ward. First, problem trees are developed in order to determine the root causes of quality issues, specific to the three settings. Second, objective trees are formed suggesting solutions to the quality issues. Third, project plan template using logical framework (LOGFRAME) is created for each setting. Findings This study shows substantial improvement in quality across the three settings. LFA proved to be effective to analyse quality issues and suggest improvement measures objectively. Research limitations/implications This paper applies LFA in specific, albeit, diverse settings in one hospital. For validation purposes, it would be ideal to analyse in other settings within the same hospital, as well as in several hospitals. It also adopts a bottom-up approach when this can be triangulated with other sources of data. Practical implications LFA enables top management to obtain an integrated view of performance. It also provides a basis for further quantitative research on quality management through the identification of key performance indicators and facilitates the development of a business case for improvement. Originality/value LFA is a novel approach for the implementation of CQI programs. Although LFA has been used extensively for project development to source funds from development banks, its application in quality improvement within healthcare projects is scant.
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Zakaria, Norhanim, Nurul Izzati Muhamed Yusuff, Azlan Shah Ali, and Umi Kalsum Zolkafli. "Logical Framework Matrix (LFM) in Malaysia Government Project Planning." Journal of Surveying, Construction & Property 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jscp.vol11no1.5.
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The Malaysian Government adopted the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) as a crucial project management tool in implementing Outcome Based Approach (OBA) for public projects in 2009 via the issuance of the Guideline for Planning and Preparation of Programs and Projects Development 1/2009. The guideline was issued by the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) of the Prime Minister’s Department (JPM) (also known as Ministry of Economic Affairs (MEA) since 2018), Malaysia. The Logical Framework Matrix (LFM) has been suggested as a key tool for project appraisal. However, there are some cases where the LFM has not been appropriately utilized by the ministries and agencies. This paper therefore presents the frequent failings of LFM and practical issues in the participatory approach of LFA process, which contribute to the LFM produced. Findings from the study conducted via document review and interview confirmed that frequent failings of LFM and practical issues occur in preparing LFM in Malaysia Government project planning. Three (3) measures to overcome the existing challenges as well as in reducing existing gaps were identified to include knowledge management, enforcement and format.
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Buttigieg, Sandra Catherine, Prasanta Kumar Dey, and Mary Rose Cassar. "Combined quality function deployment and logical framework analysis to improve quality of emergency care in Malta." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 29, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-04-2014-0040.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrated patient-focused analytical framework to improve quality of care in accident and emergency (A & E) unit of a Maltese hospital. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts a case study approach. First, a thorough literature review has been undertaken to study the various methods of healthcare quality management. Second, a healthcare quality management framework is developed using combined quality function deployment (QFD) and logical framework approach (LFA). Third, the proposed framework is applied to a Maltese hospital to demonstrate its effectiveness. The proposed framework has six steps, commencing with identifying patients’ requirements and concluding with implementing improvement projects. All the steps have been undertaken with the involvement of the concerned stakeholders in the A & E unit of the hospital. Findings – The major and related problems being faced by the hospital under study were overcrowding at A & E and shortage of beds, respectively. The combined framework ensures better A & E services and patient flow. QFD identifies and analyses the issues and challenges of A & E and LFA helps develop project plans for healthcare quality improvement. The important outcomes of implementing the proposed quality improvement programme are fewer hospital admissions, faster patient flow, expert triage and shorter waiting times at the A & E unit. Increased emergency consultant cover and faster first significant medical encounter were required to start addressing the problems effectively. Overall, the combined QFD and LFA method is effective to address quality of care in A & E unit. Practical/implications – The proposed framework can be easily integrated within any healthcare unit, as well as within entire healthcare systems, due to its flexible and user-friendly approach. It could be part of Six Sigma and other quality initiatives. Originality/value – Although QFD has been extensively deployed in healthcare setup to improve quality of care, very little has been researched on combining QFD and LFA in order to identify issues, prioritise them, derive improvement measures and implement improvement projects. Additionally, there is no research on QFD application in A & E. This paper bridges these gaps. Moreover, very little has been written on the Maltese health care system. Therefore, this study contributes demonstration of quality of emergency care in Malta.
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Ringhofer, Lisa, and Karin Kohlweg. "Has the Theory of Change established itself as the better alternative to the Logical Framework Approach in development cooperation programmes?" Progress in Development Studies 19, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993418822882.
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This article critically reflects on two development programme planning methodologies: the dominant Logical Framework Approach (LFA) and the Theory of Change (ToC). It reviews their conceptual origins and outlines their commonalities, differences and challenges in day-to-day development practice. The article claims that while both approaches originate from the same family of programme theory, the LFA has over the years somehow lost its analytic lens to capture social change and become more of a donor-driven performance management tool. The ToC has restored some of these analytical and engagement aspects that the LFA approach was originally designed to elicit, but some of the practical challenges remain. The authors argue for a combined use of both methodologies, if held lightly and approached from a learning and not a compliance perspective.
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Wisudayati, Tri Astuti, Dian Charity Hidayat, and Dede J. Sudrajat. "The Development of Non-Tax State Revenue Potency by Applying the Logical Framework Approach: A Case Study of Nagrak Research Station in Bogor District, West Java." Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 8, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2019.vol8iss2pp93-103.
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The Indonesian government strives to increase non-tax state revenues (PNBP). One of the potentials PNBP is using the state assets, such as research stations, for the public interest. This paper was aimed to formulate a strategy for the PNBP potential development using the Logical Framework Approach (LFA), with a case study at the Nagrak Research Station, Bogor. In order to avoid the failure when the PNBP potential development’s stages are implemented, policy makers need to build a hierarchy based on logical thinking of input, activity, output, impact, objectives and summarized them in a work plans matrix. The process of LFA development starts with the analysis of problems, goals, and strategies. Data and information were obtained through participant observation and documentation studies. The results showed that the commercialization of the operational units of research quality’ s seeds and seedlings at the Nagrak Research Station must be supported by the government policy, including: (1) planning of seed and seedling production with the consideration of price competitiveness (2) seeds and seedling production with the financial management flexibilities, and (3) seeds and seedling distribution with stakeholders protection from the non-quality seeds and seedling’s utilization.
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Suhaimi, Ahmad, Rum Van Royensyah, and Heldawati Heldawati. "Strategi Pengembangan Kerbau Rawa Di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara Kalimantan Selatan." RAWA SAINS : JURNAL SAINS STIPER AMUNTAI 5, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36589/rs.v5i2.53.
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This study aims to determine an alternative development strategy swamp buffalo in the region of Hulu Sungai Utara, South Borneo. This study uses survey method participation premises observation techniques, followed by analysis of the LFA (Logical Framework Approach). The results showed strategy development swamp buffalo in the Sapala Village Paminggir Districts namely increasing the use of appropriate technologies, held a contest races swamp buffalo, increase community participation skills, the role of extension workers and government, guidance / counseling from relevant agencies, increase capital, improve working relationships operation between businesses, farms made close to transport links, as well as improving land use with good breeding, and improve institutional performance.
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Kowang, Tan Owee, Nabila Binti Mohd Hamel, Choi Sang Long, and Amran Bin Mohd Rasli. "Operation Management: Project Management in Jig and Fixture Industries." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 1621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1621.
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The economic growth in Southeast Asia has a number of benefits for downstream industries including jig and fixture fabricators. Jig and fixture fabricators are categorized as small and medium industries that operate based on job-shop manufacturing concept. Meantime, jig and fixture projects are characterized by the unique nature of unforeseeable demand and customized design with multiple objectives. Hence, managing jig and fixture projects is eventually not an easy task. In line with this, this paper aims to develop an objective driven framework that is applicable to jig and fixture industries in Southeast Asia. Thus, the paper reviews various objectives and success factors for jig and fixture projects. The paper subsequently proposes a jig and fixture project management framework based on an objective-oriented project planning and management theory, namely Logical Framework Approach (LFA). The proposed framework is developed based on the concept that generalizations of jig and fixture projects objectives are infeasible. As such, the proposed framework treats projects objective individually. The uniqueness of the proposed framework is the multiple cross links that exist between project management success factors and project objectives. Intrinsically, the proposed framework presents a clearer picture on important factors that contribute towards the success of achieving each projects objective. The proposed framework has descriptive value in terms of studying, classifying and defining the relationships that govern jig and fixture project activities and project objectives.
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Suhaimi, Ahmad, Zarmiyeni Zarmiyeni, Azwar Saihani, and Rum Van Royensyah. "Kajian Keunggulan Komparatif dan Strategi Pengembangan Kerbau Rawa Di Kalimantan Selatan." RAWA SAINS : JURNAL SAINS STIPER AMUNTAI 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36589/rs.v6i2.61.
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Swamp buffalo in South Kalimantan is a potential commodity in terms of providing meat because its ability to digest crude fiber is better than cattle with low quality feed conditions, and has the ability to reproduce over a wide range from wet areas to relatively dry areas. The study was conducted in the North Hulu Sungai regency of South Kalimantan with the aim of studying the potential of swamp buffalo maintenance areas, assessing the constraints and impacts of swamp buffalo development efforts, determining the logic of the relationship between the problem of swamp buffalo development, compiling a Logical Framework Approach for problem solving (solution) the development of swamp buffalo, making the right strategy for the development of swamp buffaloes that involve the participation of farmers, the private sector, banks, local governments, and higher education institutions on an ongoing basis. Research design with descriptive and participatory methods with LQ analysis techniques, analysis of regional potential, and Logical Framework Analysis (LFA). The results show that swamp agroecological zones are very beneficial for swamp buffalo cultivation, the strategic role of meat producers, labor, sources of income, advocates of sources of animal protein, sources of seeds, tourist attraction, and development of local wisdom. Comparing between the LQ value of 2.327 and the value of livestock density, the HSU District is the base for developing swamp buffalo cattle. The strategy model of swamp buffalo development in HSU District is to increase the use of appropriate technology, promotion through typical Kal-Sel swamp buffalo tourism events, improve: the role of skilled communities, the role of extension agents and the government, increase capital and cooperative relations between business actors, locations cultivation close to transportation routes, regulating land use, and improving institutional performance
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Sriyoto and Bambang Sumantri. "MODEL PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA NELAYAN BERWAWASAN AGRIBISNIS DI KOTA BENGKULU." Jurnal AGRISEP 13, no. 2 (September 18, 2014): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.13.2.216-228.
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Globalization era characterized by increasingly open and integrated commodity markets both between countries and between regions including fishery commodities. This imply that an increasing of product quality through empowering fishing resource is a significant step to be able to enter an era of competition. This study aims to identify the performance of the fisherman resources, a partnership between fishermen and fish entrepreneurs, and formulate alternative development model of fisherman resource with agribusiness minded. The research method is based on the survey method (primary and secondary data). Descriptive methods, descriptive statistics, and methods of the Logical Framework Analysis (LFA) are used to analyse data. The results showed that the fishermen, in general, are in the productive age with the typology of the nuclear family; more than half of the fishermen have junior secondary education level; fishing experience is categorized long enough that 18.26 years; fishermen have the motivation to keep working as a fisherman and a hierarchy of compassion (safety needs) by 60%; technical and managerial skills possessed by fishermen in general is quite good but the managerial aspects of fishing is still not good. Furthermore, most fishermen have high accessibility to the means of fishing, but only a few fishermen who use capital loans of non-formal institutions, mostly fishermen actively looking for information about fishing technology, relationship between the fishermen and fish processors/collectors is a patron client pattern, the market formed in the study area is oligopsonistic market, and net income of fishermen can be categorized enough. There are two alternative models of fisherman resources development with agribusiness minded: training model with a training for impact approach, and education model.Key words: agribusiness, development model, fisherman resources
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Мацкевич, Нина Александровна, and Ольга Григорьевна Щитова. "MODELLING OF TERMINILOGICAL FIELD “ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT DESIGN”: LOGICAL AND CONCEPTUAL ASPECT." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 3(215) (May 24, 2021): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-3-58-68.
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Введение. С появлением новой специальности «Дизайн архитектурной среды» в вузах возникла необходимость в систематизации терминологического аппарата данной предметной области. Целью исследования является построение логико-понятийной модели терминологического поля «Дизайн интерьера» как компонента терминологического макрополя «Дизайн архитектурной среды». Материал и методы. Материалом для изучения послужили архитектурно-дизайнерские термины (более 620 номинаций), почерпнутые из учебно-научной литературы, лексикографических источников, профессиональной интернет-коммуникации, электронных журналов, сайтов студий дизайна и дизайнерских интернет-магазинов, данные Национального корпуса русского языка. Используются описательный и сравнительно-сопоставительный методы лингвистического исследования, приемы моделирования, дефиниционного и компонентного анализов. Результаты и обсуждение. Представлена краткая история вопроса и трактовка терминологического поля, принятая в работе «Терминополе – это унифицированная на системном основании многоуровневая классификационная структура, объединяющая термины сферы однородной профессиональной деятельности» (Л. А. Морозова). Под логико-понятийной моделью терминополя «Дизайн интерьера» понимается модельный конструкт системы взаимосвязанных понятий, группирующихся вокруг центрального понятия сферы дизайна интерьера на основе классификации понятий. Понятийный (логико-понятийный, тематический) аспект анализа терминосистемы с целью выявления ее границ и иерархической организации связан преимущественно с ономасиологическим подходом, и в этом случае терминологическое поле призвано отразить сферу специального употребления данной области знания. В результате анализа текстов профессиональной направленности определены границы терминологического макрополя «Дизайн архитектурной среды», состоящего из терминологических полей «Дизайн интерьера» и «Дизайн открытого архитектурного пространства». Сформирован корпус профессиональной лексики, входящей в терминологическое поле «Дизайн интерьера», осуществлено ее дефинирование и систематизация. Заключение. Выявлена многоуровневая разветвленная иерархическая организация терминологического поля «Дизайн интерьера», состоящая из двух субполей: «Дизайн жилых интерьеров» и «Дизайн общественных интерьеров», которые делятся на терминологические микрополя, тематические группы, подгруппы и микрогруппы (11 группировок терминов разных уровней). Таким образом построена понятийная модель терминологического поля «Дизайн интерьера», являющегося фрагментом терминологического макрополя «Дизайн архитектурной среды». Результаты работы представляют интерес для лингвистов, специалистов в области дизайна архитектурной среды, а также студентов специальности «Дизайн архитектурной среды». Introduction. The appearance of a new specialty “Architectural environment design” in universities made it necessary to systematize the terminological apparatus of this field. The purpose of this article is to create a logical and conceptual model of the terminological field “Interior Design” as a component of the terminological macro field “Architectural environment design”. Material and methods. The material for the study is architectural and design terms (more than 620 categories), taken from the academic and research literature, lexicographical sources, professional Internet communication, electronic journals, websites of design studios and design webstores, data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The descriptive and the comparative methods of linguistic research, techniques of modeling, definition and component analysis are used in the paper. Results and discussion. A brief background of the issue and the interpretation of terminological field adopted in the work is presented: “Terminological field is a systemically standardized multi-level classification structure that combines the terms of the sphere of homogeneous professional activity” (L.A. Morozova). The logical-conceptual model of the terminological field “Interior design” is a model construction of a system of interrelated concepts classified around the central concept of the sphere of interior design based on the classification of concepts. In order to identify the boundaries and hierarchical organization of the term system the conceptual (logical-conceptual, thematic) aspect of the analysis of it is mainly associated with the onomasiological approach, and in this case the terminological field is intended to reflect the scope of special use of this field of knowledge. As a result of the analysis of professional texts, the boundaries of the terminological macro field “Architectural environment design”, consisted of the terminological fields “Interior design” and “Open architectural space design”, are determined. The framework of professional vocabulary included in the terminological field “Interior Design” is formed, its definition and systematization are carried out. Conclusion. The multi-level branched hierarchical organization of the terminological field “Interior design”, consisting of two subfields (“Residential interior design” and “Public interior design”) is revealed, the subfields are divided into terminological microfields, thematic groups, thematic subgroups and thematic microgroups (11 term groupings of different levels). Thus, the conceptual model of the terminological field “Interior design”, which is a fragment of the terminological macro field “Architectural environment design”, is constructed. The results of the work are relevant to linguists, specialists in the field of architectural environment design, as well as students of the specialty “Architectural environment design”.
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Couillard, Jean, Serge Garon, and Jovica Riznic. "The Logical Framework Approach-Millennium." Project Management Journal 40, no. 4 (December 2009): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20117.
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Musso, Alessandro, Souheil Jebabli, and Abbas Ghorbani. "Management Control. A logical framework approach." MANAGEMENT CONTROL, no. 3 (November 2018): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/maco2018-003002.
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Cappetta, Donato. "Europrogettazione, project cycle management e logical framework approach." PROJECT MANAGER (IL), no. 18 (June 2014): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pm2014-018010.
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Morrison, Thomas K., and Sarmad Khawaja. "Measuring Statistical Capacity Building: A Logical Framework Approach." IMF Working Papers 01, no. 188 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451859560.001.
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Sartorius, R. H. "The Logical Framework Approach to Project Design and Management." American Journal of Evaluation 12, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109821409101200204.
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Sartorius, Rolf H. "The logical framework approach to project design and management." Evaluation Practice 12, no. 2 (June 1991): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0886-1633(91)90005-i.
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Orłowska, Ewa. "Logic Approach to Information Systems." Fundamenta Informaticae 8, no. 3-4 (July 1, 1985): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1985-83-406.
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The purpose of the present paper is to give a logical framework which provides a uniform description of Pawlak’s information systems of deterministic, nondeterministic, and many-valued information. A language is introduced for representing and retrieving information. Logical aspects of dynamics of information systems are discussed.
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Chang, Hyejung. "Evaluation Framework for Telemedicine Using the Logical Framework Approach and a Fishbone Diagram." Healthcare Informatics Research 21, no. 4 (2015): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.4258/hir.2015.21.4.230.
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Gasper, Des. "Evaluating the ?logical framework approach? towards learning-oriented development evaluation." Public Administration and Development 20, no. 1 (2000): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-162x(200002)20:1<17::aid-pad89>3.0.co;2-5.
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Santos, Olga C., and Jesus G. Boticario. "Involving Users to Improve the Collaborative Logical Framework." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/893525.
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In order to support collaboration in web-based learning, there is a need for an intelligent support that facilitates its management during the design, development, and analysis of the collaborative learning experience and supports both students and instructors. At aDeNu research group we have proposed the Collaborative Logical Framework (CLF) to create effective scenarios that support learning through interaction, exploration, discussion, and collaborative knowledge construction. This approach draws on artificial intelligence techniques to support and foster an effective involvement of students to collaborate. At the same time, the instructors’ workload is reduced as some of their tasks—especially those related to the monitoring of the students behavior—are automated. After introducing the CLF approach, in this paper, we present two formative evaluations with users carried out to improve the design of this collaborative tool and thus enrich the personalized support provided. In the first one, we analyze, following the layered evaluation approach, the results of an observational study with 56 participants. In the second one, we tested the infrastructure to gather emotional data when carrying out another observational study with 17 participants.
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LI, ZHIQIANG, and DAIZHAN CHENG. "ALGEBRAIC APPROACH TO DYNAMICS OF MULTIVALUED NETWORKS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 03 (March 2010): 561–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410025892.
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Using semi-tensor product of matrices, a matrix expression for multivalued logic is proposed, where a logical variable is expressed as a vector, and a logical function is expressed as a multilinear mapping. Under this framework, the dynamics of a multivalued logical network is converted into a standard discrete-time linear system. Analyzing the network transition matrix, easily computable formulas are obtained to show (a) the number of equilibriums; (b) the numbers of cycles of different lengths; (c) transient period, the minimum time for all points to enter the set of attractors, respectively. A method to reconstruct the logical network from its network transition matrix is also presented. This approach can also be used to convert the dynamics of a multivalued control network into a discrete-time bilinear system. Then, the structure and the controllability of multivalued logical control networks are revealed.
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Pesic, Jelena. "Logical and epistemological approach to critical thinking." Psihologija 40, no. 2 (2007): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0702173p.
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Two main approaches in the conceptualization of critical thinking, logical and epistemological, are presented and analyzed in this paper. The review of logical approach begins with defining its general framework (relationship between critical thinking and informal logic) and afterwards we analyze abilities and skills which are seen as basic constituents of critical thinking. In the review of epistemological approach we analyze four conceptions that present the main directions in criticizing logical approach, and also in developing the broader perspective on critical thinking that includes specific view of knowledge and its development, noncognitive dispositions and the role of subject based knowledge. At the end, we discuss the relationship between logical and epistemological approach. We claim and justify that they should be understood as complementary approaches, and we consider specific contribution of each approach to comprehensive definition of critical thinking. .
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Zuo, Yanjun. "A Constrained, Possibilistic Logical Approach for Software System Survivability Evaluation." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 24, no. 05 (June 2014): 777–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194014500302.
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In this paper, we present a logical framework to facilitate users in assessing a software system in terms of the required survivability features. Survivability evaluation is essential in linking foreign software components to an existing system or obtaining software systems from external sources. It is important to make sure that any foreign components/systems will not compromise the current system's survivability properties. Given the increasing large scope and complexity of modern software systems, there is a need for an evaluation framework to accommodate uncertain, vague, or even ill-known knowledge for a robust evaluation based on multi-dimensional criteria. Our framework incorporates user-defined constrains on survivability requirements. Necessity-based possibilistic uncertainty and user survivability requirement constraints are effectively linked to logic reasoning. A proof-of-concept system has been developed to validate the proposed approach. To our best knowledge, our work is the first attempt to incorporate vague, imprecise information into software system survivability evaluation.
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Fiorini, Rodolfo A. "The Emerging Computational Biolinguistic Framework." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 12, no. 4 (October 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2018100101.
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The convergence of software and intelligent sciences forms the transdisciplinary field of computational intelligence. Abstract intelligence is a human enquiry of both natural and artificial intelligence at the reductive embodying levels of neural, cognitive, functional, and logical from the bottom-up (BU). The human brain is at least a factor of 1 billion more efficient than our present digital technology, and a factor of 10 million more efficient than the best digital technology that we can imagine today. The unavoidable conclusion is that current neuromorphic engineering has something fundamental to learn from the human brain and cells about a new and much more effective form of computation, with a convenient, effective, efficient, and reliable BU approach. The author presents a brain-inspired geometric-logical scheme defining fundamental human linguistic and predicative competence. According to CICT, complete duality of opposition and implication geometry in logical geometry and language can model n-dimensional predicative competence and beyond, according to available computational resources.
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Marsudi, Helmi, Edy. "KAJIAN DAMPAK KAWASAN MANDIRI PANGAN DI PULAU TERLUAR PROVINSI ACEH." Jurnal Agroristek 1, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47647/jar.v1i1.187.
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Ketersediaan pangan secara makro tidak menjamin tersedianya pangan ditingkat mikro (rumah tangga penduduk). Produksi pertanian di lokasi tertentu pada musim panen, mengakibatkan terjadinya konsentrasi ketersediaan pangan di daerah produksi selama musim panen. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam kajian ini terdiri dari beberapa alat analisis yaitu : analisis deskriptif, analisis kelembagaan, analisis Comparative Performance Index (CPI) dan LFA (Logical Framework Analysis). Identifikasi dampak program kawasan mapan yang menggunakan 6 instrumen dasar evaluasi yaitu instruktur, manajemen kelompok, permodalan, sarana prasarana, tenaga kerja dan teknologi serta penilaian terhadap dampak program menunjukkan Desa Suka Makmur berada pada peringkat pertama yang memiliki dampak terbesar dari Program Kawasan Mandiri Pangan terhadap masyarakatnya. Setelah itu disusul Desa Pulau Bengkalak berada pada peringkat kedua dan Desa Ujung Tinggi berada pada peringkat ketiga yang memiliki dampak program terhadap masyarakatnya. Kata Kunci : Kawasan Mandiri
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RABE, FLORIAN. "A logical framework combining model and proof theory." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 23, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): 945–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129512000424.
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Mathematical logic and computer science have driven the design of a growing number of logics and related formalisms such as set theories and type theories. In response to this population explosion, logical frameworks have been developed as formal meta-languages in which to represent, structure, relate and reason about logics.Research on logical frameworks has diverged into separate communities, often with conflicting backgrounds and philosophies. In particular, two of the most important logical frameworks are the framework of institutions, from the area of model theory based on category theory, and the Edinburgh Logical Framework LF, from the area of proof theory based on dependent type theory. Even though their ultimate motivations overlap – for example in applications to software verification – they have fundamentally different perspectives on logic.In the current paper, we design a logical framework that integrates the frameworks of institutions and LF in a way that combines their complementary advantages while retaining the elegance of each of them. In particular, our framework takes a balanced approach between model theory and proof theory, and permits the representation of logics in a way that comprises all major ingredients of a logic: syntax, models, satisfaction, judgments and proofs. This provides a theoretical basis for the systematic study of logics in a comprehensive logical framework. Our framework has been applied to obtain a large library of structured and machine-verified encodings of logics and logic translations.
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Sartorius, R. "The third generation Logical Framework Approach: dynamic management for agricultural research projects." European Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 2, no. 4 (March 1996): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13892249685300071.
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Ezekiel, Kanana, Vassil Vassilev, Karim Ouazzane, and Yogesh Patel. "Adaptive business rules framework for workflow management." Business Process Management Journal 25, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 948–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-08-2017-0219.
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Purpose Changing scattered and dynamic business rules in business workflow systems has become a growing problem that hinders the use and configuration of workflow-based applications. There is a gap in the existing research studies which currently focus on solutions that are application specific, without accounting for the universal logical dependencies between the business rules and, as a result, do not support adaptation of the business rules in real time. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach To tackle the above problems, this paper adopts a bottom-up approach, which puts forward a component model of the business process workflows and then adds business rules which have clear logical semantics. This allows incremental development of the workflows and semantic indexing of the rules which govern them during the initial acquisition. Findings The paper introduces an event-driven model for development of business workflows which is purely logic-based and can be easily implemented using an object-oriented technology, together with a model of the business rules dependencies which supports incremental semantic indexing. It also proposes a two-level inference mechanism as a vehicle for controlling the business process execution and the process of adaptation of the business rules at real time based on propagating the dependencies. Research limitations/implications The framework is strictly logical and completely domain-independent. It allows to account both synchronous and asynchronous triggering events as well as both qualitative and quantitative description of the conditions of the rules. Although our primary interest is to apply the framework to the business processes typical in the construction industry we believe our approach has much wider potential due to its strictly logical formalization and domain independence. In fact it can be used to control any business processes where the execution is governed by rules. Practical implications The framework could be applied to both large business process modelling tasks and small but very dynamic business processes like the typical digital business processes found in online banking or e-Commerce. For example, it can be used for adjusting security policies by adding the capability to adapt automatically the access rights to account for additional resources and new channels of operation which can be very interesting ion both B2C and B2B applications. Social implications The potential scope of the impact of the research reported here is linked to the wide applicability of rule-based systems in business. Our approach makes it possible not only to control the execution of the processes, but also to identify problems in the control policies themselves from the point of view of their logical properties – consistency, redundancies and potential gaps in the logics. In addition to this, our approach not only increases the efficiency, but also provides flexibility for adaptation of the policies in real time and increases the security of the overall control which improves the overall quality of the automation. Originality/value The major achievement reported in this paper is the construction of a universal, strictly logic-based event-driven framework for business process modelling and control, which allows purely logical analysis and adaptation of the business rules governing the business workflows through accounting their dependencies. An added value is the support for object-oriented implementation and the incremental indexing which has been possible thanks to the bottom-up approach adopted in the construction of the framework.
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Caroprese, Luciano, Irina Trubitsyna, Miroslaw Truszczyński, and Ester Zumpano. "A logical framework for view updating in indefinite databases." Logic Journal of the IGPL 27, no. 6 (February 27, 2019): 777–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzz003.
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Abstract This paper introduces and studies a declarative framework for updating views over indefinite databases. An indefinite database is a database with null values that are represented, following the standard database approach, by a single null constant. Typically a database is represented by a single set of facts $D$ that model what is known to be true. This paper proposes a model of an indefinite extensional database that is more expressive with respect to the closed-world assumption (CWA) adapted for the setting of indefinite databases (Libkin, 1995, A semantics-based approach to design of query languages for partial information. In Semantics in Databases, vol. 1358 of LNCS, pp. 170–208. Springer; der Meyden, 1998, Logical approaches to incomplete information: a survey. In Logics for Databases and Information Systems, pp. 307–356. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, USA). More specifically, in our model, databases are determined by two sets of facts: $D$ representing, as usual, all facts that are true in the database, and $E$ that is meant to represent exceptions to the ‘unknown range’, i.e. facts that cannot be unknown. Intuitively, unless they are explicitly implied to be true by the first set, the facts specified as exceptions are assumed false. The semantics is given by means of a two-level CWA tailored to the case of indefinite information. The paper characterizes the semantics of indefinite databases in terms of their possible worlds that are obtained by instantiating occurrences of null values by concrete constants and defines several classes of database repairs that realize view-update requests. Most notable is the class of constrained repairs. Constrained repairs change the database ‘minimally’and avoid making arbitrary commitments. They narrow down the space of alternative ways to fulfill the view-update request to those that are grounded, in a certain strong sense, in the database, the view and the view-update request.
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Russo, Francesco, Giuseppe Iiritano, Domenica Pellicanò, Giovanna Petrungaro, and Clara Zito. "Logical Framework Approach to Calabria Sustainable Development: The Intervention Program on School Buildings." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.100210.
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Aune, Jens B. "Logical Framework Approach and PRA - mutually exclusive or complementary tools for project planning?" Development in Practice 10, no. 5 (November 2000): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520020008850.
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Abdoli, Shiva, and Sami Kara. "A Modelling Framework to Design Executable Logical Architecture of Engineering Systems." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 9 (August 24, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n9p75.
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Modern production, logistic and assembly systems comprise of a considerable number of processes which operate by using diverse types of resources. Conceptual design of these systems has become more complicated because of the large scale and multi-disciplinary essence of their design knowledge. This paper proposes a modelling framework to support the conceptual design of such systems. The framework employs the principles of system engineering to fulfil the necessity of having a multi-disciplinary approach for the design of such systems. The framework realizes the essence of holistic design by modelling the structural and behavioral aspects of a system in one design artefact. Object Oriented (OO) method is employed to facilitate the complexity of holistic analysis and yielding proper logics for system architecting. This paper proposes incorporating the OO analyzing semantics into Finite State Machine formalism. Therefore, the logical architecture will be established in an FSM platform. In return, the resultant artefact can stand as an executable Meta-Architecture such that design alternatives are its instances. Moreover, the Meta-Architecture enables simulation of the alternatives which serve their early validation. Accordingly, this approach opens avenues regarding incorporation of the Meta- Architecture with computational and analyzing methods which can significantly support the decision making in the conceptual design stage.
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Odrowąż-Sypniewska, Joanna. "Functional logical semiotics of natural language." Semiotica 2021, no. 240 (March 23, 2021): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2020-0006.
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Abstract In the first part of my paper I briefly present Jerzy Pelc’s functional approach to logical semiotics of natural language. This approach focuses on the use of natural language expressions and on its dependence on context and conversational situation. One of the important goals of this analysis is to appreciate the role of sentences in natural language and stress that it is by means of sentences that language fulfills its main roles. However, for Pelc almost any expression can be used as a sentence, despite not being a grammatical sentence. In the second part I try to place Pelc’s standpoint within the framework of contemporary semantic minimalism – contextualism debate. I pay special attention to his treatment of subsentential expressions used to express propositions and argue that his view belongs to pragmatics-oriented approaches to subsentential speech acts.
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Radunović, Miljan, and Goran Avlijaš. "Achieving continuous project value in small hydropower plant projects by implementing Logical Framework Approach." Industrija 48, no. 1 (2020): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/industrija48-23770.
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Coleman, Gilroy. "Logical framework approach to the monitoring and evaluation of agricultural and rural development projects." Project Appraisal 2, no. 4 (December 1987): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02688867.1987.9726638.
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Xie, Zhenming. "Logical framework of quality of care in family planning in China: client-centered approach." China Population and Development Studies 2, no. 2 (June 2018): 224–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42379-018-0009-9.
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Stanley, Tony. "A practice framework to support the Care Act 2014." Journal of Adult Protection 18, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-07-2015-0020.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the signs of safety and wellbeing practice framework offers a practical and logical reinforcement for the Making Safeguarding Personal programme within the practice context of the Care Act. The new practice framework orientates safeguarding practice to be person led and person centred while reinforcing an outcomes focus. Design/methodology/approach – The principal social worker co-led the design and pilot programme where the new practice framework was developed and trialled. Findings – A practice framework that houses the policy and practice updates needed to deliver the Care Act and Making Safeguarding Personal agenda is logical and necessary for the practitioners. An outcomes focus is encouraged because safeguarding practice is goal orientated and outcome focused. Practical implications – A debate about how practice frameworks can help achieve the Making Safeguarding Personal approach and deliver on the Care Act principles is offered. This is a new and important debate for adult social care; a debate well-established across children’s services. Originality/value – A debate about how practice frameworks can help achieve the Making Safeguarding Personal approach and deliver on the Care Act principles is offered. This is a new and important debate for adult social care; a debate well-established across children’s services.
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Huchette, Joey, and Juan Pablo Vielma. "A Combinatorial Approach for Small and Strong Formulations of Disjunctive Constraints." Mathematics of Operations Research 44, no. 3 (August 2019): 793–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/moor.2018.0946.
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A framework is presented for constructing strong mixed-integer programming formulations for logical disjunctive constraints. This approach is a generalization of the logarithmically sized formulations of Vielma and Nemhauser for special ordered sets of type 2 (SOS2) constraints, and a complete characterization of its expressive power is offered. The framework is applied to a variety of disjunctive constraints, producing novel small and strong formulations for outer approximations of multilinear terms, generalizations of special ordered sets, piecewise linear functions over a variety of domains, and obstacle avoidance constraints.
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Kolge, Neeraj E., Vivek J. Patni, and Sheetal Potnis. "Semi-permanent Substitution of Maxillary Anterior Teeth: TADs Supported Approach." Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society 53, no. 2 (April 2019): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301574219841176.
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The present paper describes a technique for intermittent replacement of missing anterior edentulous spans which in simple, logical, less time consuming and cost-effective. The objective was to incorporate a rigid framework as a long edentulous span had to be replaced, along with miniscrews at two different angulations, thus restricting the effect of perioral and masticatory forces in an effective manner
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Richardson, T. S., and M. H. Lowenberg. "A continuation design framework for nonlinear flight control problems." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1104 (February 2006): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001032.
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Abstract A methodology referred to as the continuation design framework is developed for application to nonlinear flight control problems. This forms the basis of a systematic approach to control system design for aircraft operating in highly nonlinear regions of the flight envelope. The essence of the continuation design framework is to combine bifurcation analysis with modern control methods such as eigenstructure assignment. Theoretical and practical issues of the approach are discussed with particular reference to the problems posed by agile fighter aircraft. The proposed methodology is applied to a fifth order hypothetical aircraft model and is shown to provide a visible, flexible and logical approach to nonlinear aircraft control law design.
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ZHU, ZHIXI, HUIZHI WANG, HE XU, and HONGTAO BAI. "AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS IN STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN CHINA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 12, no. 02 (June 2010): 155–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333210003589.
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This paper advocates a modification of the impact-based approach to strategic environmental assessment (SEA) which seems unable to address institutional weaknesses in most conventional SEA cases in China. It identifies a possible alternative approach, i.e. an impact-centred SEA with institutional components, and presents an analytical framework for institutional analysis, including a four-phase methodology to address and improve institutional weaknesses. Subsequently, the analytical framework is applied to an SEA pilot for a provincial transport plan in China. The case study demonstrates (1) that the proposed approach is adequate even in relatively fixed SEA processes; and (2) that the components and the logical relationships among factors elaborated on in the analytical framework are reasonable. In addition, the components of the framework that need to be improved and the perspectives for future application are discussed.
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GRÉGOIRE, ÉRIC, and DU ZHANG. "A FRAMEWORK FOR HANDLING LOGICAL INCONSISTENCIES IN THE FUSION OF BOOLEAN KNOWLEDGE BASES." International Journal of Semantic Computing 05, no. 03 (September 2011): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x11001262.
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In this paper, a framework for fusing several Boolean knowledge bases together is presented. The focus is on detecting inconsistencies and overcoming them so that a consistent global knowledge base is obtained. The framework is based on two cornerstones: detecting inconsistencies using algorithmic techniques to compute minimally unsatisfiable sub-formulas, and adopting a logic-based weakening approach to restore consistency for the fused knowledge. The dynamics in the framework in terms of both model-theoretic and the fixpoint semantics is then investigated.
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Sawadogo, Jean-Baptiste, and Kathryn Dunlop. "Managing for Results with a Dynamic Logical Framework Approach: from Project Design to Impact Measurement." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 18, sup1 (January 1997): 597–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1997.9669720.
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IM, DONG-HYUK, SANG-WON LEE, and HYOUNG-JOO KIM. "A VERSION MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR RDF TRIPLE STORES." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 22, no. 01 (February 2012): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194012500040.
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RDF is widely used as an ontology language for representing the metadata in Semantic Web, knowledge management system and E-commerce. Since ontologies model the knowledge in a particular domain, they may change over time. Furthermore, ontologies are usually developed and controlled in a distributed and collaborative way. Thus, it is very important to be able to manage multiple versions for RDF data. Earlier studies on RDF versions have focused on providing the accesses to different versions (i.e. snapshots) and computing the differences between those two versions. However, the existing approaches suffer from the space overhead for large scale data, since all snapshots should be redundantly kept in a repository. Moreover, it is very time consuming to compute the delta between two specific versions, which is very common in RDF applications. In this paper, we propose a framework for RDF version management in relational databases. It stores the original version and the deltas between two consecutive versions, thereby reducing the space requirement considerably. The other benefit of our approach is appropriate for change queries. On the flip side, in order to answer a query on a specific logical version, version should be constructed on the fly by applying the deltas between the original version and the logical version. This can slow down query performance. In order to overcome this, we propose a compression technique for deltas, called Aggregated Delta, to create a logical version directly rather than executing the sequence of deltas. An experimental study with real life RDF data sets shows our framework maintains multiple versions efficiently.
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Brewer, Peter C. "An Approach to Organizing a Management Accounting Curriculum." Issues in Accounting Education 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 211–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2000.15.2.211.
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In recent years, numerous tools such as activity-based costing, the balanced scorecard, and target costing have gained prominence within business organizations (Kaplan and Cooper 1998; Kaplan and Norton 1996; Ansari et al. 1997). Nonetheless, traditional management accounting practices such as standard costing and contribution margin analysis continue to be prevalent (Szendi and Elmore 1993). The traditional topics, when coupled with all the recent advancements, create a sizable body of knowledge that presents a challenge to management accounting educators, who bear the responsibility of organizing this subject matter into a coherent whole. In an effort to aid professors wrestling with this challenge, this article presents a new framework for organizing an entire management accounting curriculum. The article also includes one possible application of the framework that is being used at Miami University. The benefits of adopting the framework include: (1) less redundancy within the curriculum, (2) logical distinctions between the topics taught in each course, and (3) more opportunities for in-depth coverage of particular content areas.
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Atanasyan, Sergey L., and Ildar S. Safuanov. "TEACHING GEOMETRY IN A PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY BASED ON THE GENETIC APPROACH." Science and School, no. 5, 2020 (2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/1819-463x-2020-5-58-66.
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The article considers the genetic approach to teaching mathematics and its application to teaching geometry. It involves the genetic development of important mathematical concepts, including the analysis of the subject from the historical, logical and epistemological, psychological and socio-cultural points of view, and the identification of logical genealogies of concepts and theorems. The importance of this type of approach to the method of teaching a basic course of geometry in the mathematical departments of pedagogical universities is substantiated within the framework of the Concept of Mathematical Education in the Russian Federation. The article deals with the applications of the genetic approach to teaching one of the sections of the geometry course, namely „Elements of Lobachevsky’s Geometry”, more specifically to its part, which deals with the statements equivalent to the axiom of parallelism of elementary Euclidean geometry.
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Suryana, Arifin Derajat, Sapta Raharja, and Amiruddin Saleh. "Pengembangan Sistem Pengukuran Kinerja Program Kemitraan di PKBL PT Sucofindo, Jakarta." MANAJEMEN IKM: Jurnal Manajemen Pengembangan Industri Kecil Menengah 10, no. 1 (May 20, 2015): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/mikm.10.1.84-98.
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The partnership program is a part of the activity in the Partnership and Community Development Program (PCDP) as a form of responsibility by revolving funds and part of its profits. Up to now, revolving fund of the partnerships program has reached IDR 18.17 trillion and is growing every year, is need of good management and accurate performance measurement. Until now, the partnership program performance was measured by indicators of the effectiveness of distribution and level of collectibility loan repayment. There Indicators are still not able to describe the overall performance of the partnerships program, which may cause the dysfunction of organization. Development was started by identifying stakeholders’ expectations, then analyzing the methods of ranking, classification, Logical Framework Analysis (LFA), suitability analysis, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and Objective Matrix (OMAX). The analysis resulted in eight new indicators, which conducted the survey for the community stakeholders and small businesses with a sample of 30 respondents for each group of stakeholders, while for stakeholders’ employees, management, and state ministries was done census. Respondents selected purposively. The survey results show that the value of PCDP PT Sucofindo performance is 639.9, including a good performance status.
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ADAMS, ROBIN, and ZHAOHUI LUO. "A pluralist approach to the formalisation of mathematics." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 21, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 913–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129511000156.
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We present a programme of research for pluralist formalisations, that is, formalisations that involve proving results in more than one foundation.A foundation consists of two parts: a logical part, which provides a notion of inference, and a non-logical part, which provides the entities to be reasoned about. An LTT is a formal system composed of two such separate parts. We show how LTTs may be used as the basis for a pluralist formalisation.We show how different foundations may be formalised as LTTs, and also describe a new method for proof reuse. If we know that a translation Φ exists between two logic-enriched type theories (LTTs) S and T, and we have formalised a proof of a theorem α in S, we may wish to make use of the fact that Φ(α) is a theorem of T. We show how this is sometimes possible by writing a proof script MΦ. For any proof script Mα that proves a theorem α in S, if we change Mα so it first imports MΦ, the resulting proof script will still parse, and will be a proof of Φ(α) in T.In this paper, we focus on the logical part of an LTT-framework and show how the above method of proof reuse is done for four cases of Φ: inclusion, the double negation translation, the A-translation and the Russell–Prawitz modality. This work has been carried out using the proof assistant Plastic.
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Neider, Daniel, P. Madhusudan, Shambwaditya Saha, Pranav Garg, and Daejun Park. "A Learning-Based Approach to Synthesizing Invariants for Incomplete Verification Engines." Journal of Automated Reasoning 64, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 1523–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10817-020-09570-z.
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Abstract We propose a framework for synthesizing inductive invariants for incomplete verification engines, which soundly reduce logical problems in undecidable theories to decidable theories. Our framework is based on the counterexample guided inductive synthesis principle and allows verification engines to communicate non-provability information to guide invariant synthesis. We show precisely how the verification engine can compute such non-provability information and how to build effective learning algorithms when invariants are expressed as Boolean combinations of a fixed set of predicates. Moreover, we evaluate our framework in two verification settings, one in which verification engines need to handle quantified formulas and one in which verification engines have to reason about heap properties expressed in an expressive but undecidable separation logic. Our experiments show that our invariant synthesis framework based on non-provability information can both effectively synthesize inductive invariants and adequately strengthen contracts across a large suite of programs. This work is an extended version of a conference paper titled “Invariant Synthesis for Incomplete Verification Engines”.
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Palekha, Roman R., Valery P. Belyaev, Valery P. Kanishchev, Larisa L. Solovyova, and Neonila A. Turanina. "Legal Impact Theory in the Context of an Integrative Approach to Understanding Law." Cuestiones Políticas 37, no. 64 (May 14, 2020): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3764.08.
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The theory of legal impact from the perspective of an integrative approach to understanding law, is a progressive theoretical and methodological toolkit with a high potential of heuristically mastering of various legal phenomena. This theory understood within the framework of an integrative approach, allows us to consider its legal nature, content and essence as fully and thoroughly as possible, which creates favorable conditions for achieving the criteria of scientific research, such as: comprehensiveness, objectivity, and historicism. It is the integrative approach that makes it possible to fully realize such a fundamental principle of scientific research as unity in diversity, to study the nature of the legal impact comprehensively and deeply, as a complex socio-legal phenomenon, determined by various factors of public life. The methodological ground of the examination depends on the utilization of different general logical procedures and techniques for logical information, just as specific logical strategies – recorded legitimate, formal-lawful, relative lawful and interpretative. Results showed that law isn't reducible to the arrangement of lawful standards, it is a lot more extensive and progressively various, which is related with its source, bearer and vehicle - a man, with his intentionally solid willed nature and passionate mental motivations.