Journal articles on the topic 'Logical Key Hierarchy'

Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) are promising communication technologies for distribution automation system (DAS). However, EPONs have very specific security requirements, due to the broadcast character of the transmission medium. Based on the identity-based cryptography (IBC), and utilizing logical key hierarchy (LKH) approach, this paper presents an efficient key establishment scheme for distribution automation system using EPON. And the analysis results are also given in the paper.

By analysing the security needs and the threat model of data provenance, a Key distribution algorithm based on Logical Key Hierarchy(LKH) is brought forward aiming at the confidentiality of provenance. In this paper, we make use of the LKH tree to reduce the storage of the keys for session encryption keys(SEK) of provenance records and decrease the transmission overhead of the provenance chains, which meet the requirement of compressing provenance chains, and then propose the method of dynamic expansion number of auditors that works out the problem of the auditors number dynamic changes existing in the safety requirements for confidentiality of provenance records.

This paper studies network security of the multi-microgrid distribution system (MMDS) composing of a large number of distributed power-islands. First, a hierarchical communication model for MMDS is designed . Then we analyze the security vulnerabilities. Finally, proposes an efficient secure key management protocol by combining Iolus framework and logical key hierarchy (LKH).

Multicasting has become the main mode communication for providing a wide range of Internet services such as video broadcasting and multi-party teleconferencing, where data must be delivered to multiple recipients. The main focus of the work on securing multicast applications has been to control access and to ensure that only authorised users can access the broadcast. The authorised group is not fixed and may change over time and hence efficient methods of re-keying are of very important. Logical Key Hierarchy (LKH) schemes are schemes that use a logical tree to assign keys to users: each user will be attached to a leaf of the tree and will own all the keys allocated to the nodes from that leaf to the root of the tree. In this paper we propose a new LKH scheme in which only a subset of leaves are attached to users. This allows separation of the key sets of the users and providing protection against collusion attack. This property combined with the logarithmic size of the group controller storage makes the approach very attractive. We give a number of constructions, the best of which also has logarithmic cost for users' key storage and communication.

In secure group communication, group keys (GK) are used to ensure the confidentiality of communication. The group key distribution (GKD) is responsible for updating and distributing new group keys when the group membership changes. Most well-known GKD protocols are based on a logical key hierarchy (LKH), where only one group controller (GC) is used. These protocols have various issues, including a single point of failure, meaning that the GC often has a huge workload and can be easily overwhelmed. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical multicast key distribution protocol that supports multi-level controllers to manage a group. Each controller just needs to manage the next-level nodes, and if one fails, the superior controller can replace it with minimal work. The proposed protocol effectively balances the work of controllers, greatly improves the reliability of the group key distribution, and also allows group members to build dynamic conferences without controllers. We provide a security proof of the proposed protocol in a symbolic security model and compare it to other protocols in terms of efficiency, functionality, and security.

With the development of 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT), mobile terminals are widely used in various applications under multicast scenarios. However, due to the limited computation resources of mobile terminals, reducing the computation cost of members in group key distribution processes of dynamic groups has become an important issue. In this paper, we propose a computation-efficient group key distribution (CEGKD) protocol. First, an improved secret sharing scheme is proposed to construct faster encryption and decryption algorithms. Second, the tree structure of logical key hierarchy (LKH) is employed to implement a simple and effective key-numbering method. Theoretical analysis is given to prove that the proposed protocol meets forward security and backward security. In addition, the experiment results show that the computation cost of CEGKD on the member side is reduced by more than 85% compared with that of the LKH scheme.

The Internet of Things may include sensors, actuators, analyzers, logical controllers, which together form distributed network of heterogeneous devices. Group-based approach to authentication may be relevant when the number of nodes is very large and there are constrained devices among them. Post-quantum schemes as candidates in NIST competition are considered. Lattices are chosen as best candidates for building group-oriented schemes for IoT due to high performance, relatively small key sizes, well researched mathematical problem. To give flexibility to the lattice-based group-oriented authentication protocols, the basis delegation mechanism was considered as an approach that takes into account the hierarchy in the Internet of Things systems.

Purpose – Lean manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented toward achieving the shortest possible cycle time by eliminating waste. It is derived from the Toyota Production System and its key thrust is to increase the value-added work by eliminating waste and reducing incidental work. In today's competitive global marketplace, the concept of lean manufacturing has gained vital consciousness to all manufacturing sectors, their supply chains, and hence a logical measurement index system is indeed required in implementing leanness in practice. Such leanness estimation can help the enterprises to assess their existing leanness level and can compare different industries who are adapting this lean concept. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The present work exhibits an efficient fuzzy-based leanness assessment system using generalized interval-valued (IV) trapezoidal fuzzy numbers set. The concept of “degree of similarity” between two IV fuzzy numbers has been explored here to identify ill-performing areas towards lean achievement. Findings – The methodology described here has been found fruitful while applying for a particular industry, in India, as a case study. Apart from estimating overall lean performance metric, the model presented here can identify ill-performing areas towards lean achievement. Originality/value – The major contributions of this work have been summarized as follows: development and implementation of an efficient decision-making procedural hierarchy to support leanness extent evaluation. An overall lean performance index evaluation platform has been introduced. Concept of generalized IV trapezoidal fuzzy numbers has been efficiently explored to facilitate this decision-making. The appraisement index system has been extended with the capability to search ill-performing areas which require future progress.

Although traffic development brings convenience to citizen, problems such as parking, traffic transferring, caused by passenger transport hub have aroused extensive attention from society. Based on teasing parking demand hierarchy and willingness choice, concept of expected utility is introduced to uncover logical relationship among transport hub, influence factors, and parking demand. Data about parking facilities and their characteristics, parker desire, characterization parameters related with hub, are surveyed and collected to analyze and confirm the key influence factors on the basis of urban comprehensive passenger transport hub oriented high-speed rail, for setting up the relation model between parking demand at synthesis passenger hub and its impact factors, which is used to propose the forecasting method of parking demand at the comprehensive passenger transport hub oriented high-speed rail.

Ensuring high quality of service (QoS) of multicast video stream over next generation network is a challenging issue, and how to implement the wire-speed multicast with hardware logical support in the network nodes of every hierarchy is a key solution to achieve high QoS multicast. Currently, the multicast packets are processed in this way, in which they are copied and then scheduled by ports, lastly, sent respectively. But this approach cannot ensure high QoS in real-time applications. Moreover, the traditional hardware solutions do not possess excellent large-scale scalability owning to their own bottlenecks. In this project, we have constructed a wire-speed multicast switching structure based on Multipath Self-routing Switching Structure, and implemented it on a Stratix IV FPGA chip. Additionally, we have designed the signaling system and control mechanism to support the process of self-routing and wire-speed fan-out copy of multicast packets.

The article analyzing the treatise by Meletius Smotrytsky's «Threnos» attempts to systematize the views of the author on the role and place of the Orthodox hierarchy in the formation of Ukrainian national ideology and political tradition.The key idea of the «Threnos» is the idea that social and historical conditions of that time in Ukraine require the appearance of a constellation of prophets or shepherds who are understood by author as spiritual mentors of the people. Their task was to enlighten Ukrainian society and raise its national-religious consciousness. The author of the «Threnos» pays considerable attention to the criticism of the hierarchs of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church when he determines their role in society, therefore, he obviously correlates this role with the expected arrival of the named ecclesiastical and moral leaders, and this gives us reason to suppose that the church should nominate the mentioned spiritual shepherd. Orthodox Church is also versed by Smotrytsky as an authoritative social institution obliged to become the basis for the moral improvement of society and its consolidation before the realization of an external threat. Smotrytsky pays special attention to the condemnation of the actual culprits of the situation that was formed ‑ in fact, the members of the church hierarchy. He distinguishes three main levels of criticism, which are used to judge the degree of decline of the spiritual shepherd - theological, ethical and social. According to Smotrytsky, each of these levels logically follows from the previous one, creating a peculiar hierarchical sequence linking the true shepherd with God, on the one hand, and with the Ukrainian society on the other one. He sees the main cause of evil in forgetting God's covenants. Smotrytsky believes that the indifference to the testaments of God is connected with the ignorance and incompetence of the ministers of the church, devastating to the whole flock. In other words, only the enlightened mind of the shepherd can make him a real mediator of the will of God - "good shepherd". Meanwhile, the ignorance is the cause of the ethical decline of the hierarchs of the Orthodox Church, and as a result, the moral degradation of all classes of Ukrainian society. According to Smotrytsky, the key to understanding the social behavior of the «evil shepherd» is the principle of the formation of the Orthodox hierarchy, namely the practice of selling church positions, for which the applicant was not obliged to undergo a pre-examination and election procedure, which would exclude a bad candidate. The result is logical: the immorality of shepherds, standing at the basis of their social behavior, leads to the humiliation of the authority of the Orthodox hierarchy, which, in turn, stimulates the collapse of the church structure that should cement Ukrainian society. Constructing an oppositional set of properties that relate to the characteristics of a «good shepherd», Smotrytsky draws his image in terms that repeat the foregoing, but receive a qualitatively different ethical sound. If pastorship was based on the authority of ethical perfection, it would provide the opportunity to cure the social diseases that struck the church, the main of which is the sale of church positions. However, though necessary, these steps are insufficient to consolidate the entire Ukrainian society. According to Smotrytsky, as a result of the healing of the Orthodox Church, its shepherds will have the moral right to lead the entire Ukrainian «nation». Thus, the ideas of Meletius Smotrytsky became, in fact, the first fixed attempt of Ukrainian intellectuals to offer their option for the further development of Ukrainian society, designed to ensure the continuity of the process of forming a national ideology and political tradition in conditions of explicit tension in interconfessional relations. The main role in this process is given to the updated Orthodox Church and its expected «good shepherds», who are called not only to improve the Church itself but also to consolidate the Orthodox community. In spite of the expressive motives of Christian providentialism, in the future this concept has found completely secular application, contributing to the ideological justification of the actions of the Orthodox brotherhoods and the Zaporozhian Cossacks, aimed at the restoration of the Orthodox hierarchy as new political elite.

Computer gaming is a key component of the rapidly growing entertainment industry. Computer games are a multi-billion pound worldwide part of the entertainment industry. However, they are a relatively new type of software product and as such the manner in which they are designed and developed is still evolving. Computer games can be highly complex software systems that involve the expertise of a wide range of professionals ranging from programmers to animators, artists and musicians. When designing computer games, new game concepts can be difficult to communicate. In addition, the creative process could be benefited if game design ideas were capable of being shared widely and discussed. In this paper, we are to some extent shifting the focus from real world situation to what we shall term game world situation. That is, a logically simulated environment is created by defining situations and events based on the hierarchy structure of the situation. Our study defines event type, causality events and event normalization, and aims to develop a logical simulation method. These methods allow us to understand the communication of new game environment design. Specially, the introduction of the definition of events allows us to approach game design in a structural manner rather than by their classification. The proposed method was implemented in the context of changing among natural phenomena in a game environment.

The results of the study of the lexical and semantic field «Erdölkrise» in German are presented in the article. The field structure of the oil industry terminology and the place of the «Erdölkrise» professional lexical unit, its definitive meaning and origin are characterized. Newspaper and magazine professional articles and television reviews of the economic and socio-political situation in the world in the spring of 2020 were the factual material of the study. Corpus of terms, related to the key concept of «Erdölkrise», is considered as a terminological field in the German-speaking terminology of the oil industry the components of which have been sampled using a semantic-logical criterion. The oil industry's terminology for the term under study is a «field» that gives it precision and uniqueness and beyond which the word loses its characteristic of the term. With regard to the key term «Erdöl», the professional lexical unit «Ölkrise» will be a peripheral, that is, an interdisciplinary term of oil, economic and socio-political terminology. The Erdölkrise terminological field is characterized as a core and margin structure. The core of the field is formed by terms that denote the relationship in the world market and the features of decrease in demand for oil and drop of prices. The periphery of the terminological field is represented by general scientific and economic terms. On the basis of logical and conceptual and subject-semantic features, four lexical-thematic groups are distinguished: basic parameters, oil production and refining, pricing policy, world community. The word-forming types of the studied terms are analyzed: terms-compound words, terms-phrases and terms-abbreviations. The systematic system of the oil industry's terminology and the role of the lexical and semantic field «Erdölkrise», which reflects the interdependence and hierarchy of all concepts of the oil industry, are substantiated.

The paper aims to investigate the international experience of valuation and identification of ecosystem services. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research includes the theory of value and the ecosystem approach. The authors apply the dialectical method, logical abstraction, comparative analysis, grouping method, and the method of analogies. To build the hierarchy of ecosystem services and determine the most important ones in relation to soil and forest ecosystems statistical methods are implemented. The paper presents the results of the analysis of the key projects on valuation of ecosystem services in terms of content, scale and adopted methods; the identification of the most often valuated ecosystem services; and refined classification of ecosystem services and method for their evaluation. The practical significance of the research lies in the improvement of the economic mechanism of the regulation of natural resources management, which is meant to mitigate the negative consequences of climate change, what eventually will increase the probability of attaining the UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. The research findings form the basis for further formulation of the methodological recommendations about valuation of the ecosystem services in different physical-geographical zones.

Wind tunnel tests on building models show that the patterns of cladding pressures are complex and varied. Their reliable representation, in a simple form, for building codes and standards presents a difficult conundrum. Necessarily, code descriptions need to be defined in terms of a few well-chosen parameters. In this paper, an approach is described which answers some of these difficulties. In essence, the actual pressure distributions from a wide variety of building shapes are broken down into systematic patterns of pressures which are inherent in all the distributions. These patterns can be found mathematically from the correlations of pressures at points across the surface. Pressure patterns on individual buildings can be reconstituted by combining these patterns in the right proportions. The proportions vary from building to building in a statistical manner. The important part of the pressure distributions is contained in the fundamental or simplest pattern; the more complicated higher-order patterns "fine tune" the pressure distribution. This hierarchy of patterns provides a logical basis for simplification (by truncation) and appropriate statistical treatment of the uncertainty. An application to the National Building Code of Canada suggests that the results described by the empirical procedures are very reasonable. Further, edge strips of higher pressure are not as statistically significant as first supposed. Key words: wind, tall buildings, local loads, code, statistics, orthogonal functions, variability, reliability.

The development of the regional economy cannot be separated from the support of regional logistics, as the scientific decisions of regional logistics are helpful to promote the healthy development of the regional economy. The comprehensive evaluation of regional logistics competitiveness is the premise and foundation of regional logistics scientific decision-making; the evaluation index system, evaluation data, and index weight are the key links affecting a comprehensive evaluation. In order to improve the quality of a comprehensive evaluation, the study aims at addressing problems such as the evaluation index system of regional logistics competitiveness being complex and scattered, the normalized distribution of the evaluation data being extremely asymmetric and seriously deviating from the normal distribution, and the logic of calculating index weights by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) not being accurate. To do this, a triangle model of regional logistics competitiveness is constructed based on Porter’s diamond model, and the evaluation index system of regional logistics competitiveness is refined from the three dimensions of resource supply, logistics service, and market demand. Based on the concept of symmetry theory, a normalization method of segmental mapping with quartiles as multiple reference points is proposed, which improves the distribution rationality, symmetry, and distance discrimination of normalized data. The dynamic index scale is used to determine the scale of the analytic hierarchy process, and the evaluation matrix is constructed based on the importance level grading table; the index weights are directly solved without a consistency check, which improves the logical accuracy of a subjective evaluation. Based on the data of segment mapping, the comprehensive evaluation value of the evaluation object is calculated, and the competitiveness of regional logistics is compared and ranked, which improves the differentiation and consistency of the results. Through the comparative analysis of the calculation results, it was proven that the improvement of the data standardization method is necessary when the range is too large. The method in this paper can make the distribution of data standardization with a range too large closer to the normal distribution. It was found that the ranking of regional logistics competitiveness is highly consistent with the total social logistics, and that the total amount of regional logistics has an important reference value for the competitiveness of regional logistics. The ranking calculated by the indicators and methods in this paper has a certain reference value for regional logistics decision-making.

This article is devoted to describing results of conceptualization of the idea of mind at the stage of maturity. Delineated the acquisition by the energy system (mind) of stable morphological characteristics, which associated with such a pivotal formation as the discourse. A qualitative structural and ontological sign of the system transition to this stage is the transformation of the verbal morphology of the mind into a discursive one. The analysis of the poststructuralist understanding of discourse in the context of the dispersion of meanings (Foucault) made it possible to formulate a notion of it as a meaning that is constituted by the relation between the discursive practice and the worldview, regarded as a meta-discourse or a global discursive formation. In consequence of this relationship, a discrete and simultaneous scattering of meanings arises, the procedural side of which is a concrete discourse, and its productive aspect is linked with the creation of a local discursive formation. Based on this view it is proposed a logical formula of discourse, which takes into account the entropy of the language and the entropy of the worldview, as a particular manifestation of the mind entropy. Using this formula and considering the reactive nature of discourse, it was developed a classification, which included such types of discourses as reactive, suggestive, synthetic and creative. In turn, the proposed types of discourses are correlated with the specific characteristics of certain activities, as a psychological category. Also, it was considered the translation of the structure of discourse dissipation from the cognitive plan into the affective sphere because of which it is formed a hierarchy of significances, which performs the sense-forming function. It was analyzed the inverse influence of the hierarchy of significances on the structure of meanings dispersion and for respective account it was introduced a conditional coefficient of the value deviation of the significance of the meanings. This parameter reflects the sense correction of the meaning that occurs in the process of the emergence of discourse from discursive practice. Thus, the discourse is presented as a complex dynamic formation of the mind arising at the maturity stage of the system as a result of the combined effect of entropic dispersion of meanings and the value deviation of their significances. Key words: mind, discourse, discursive practice, discursive formation, system, structural ontology, meaning, dispersion of meanings, hierarchy of significances, sense.

The research findings have identified that in the context of modern global realia, the fundamental principles of building innovative support framework for sustainable development of machine-building enterprises are undergoing drastic structural changes. Among the key drivers boosting the transformation of financial relations at the microlevel are the new imperatives of information and innovation economy as well as the processes of globalization and knowledge economy. Each component of the innovative support framework to ensure sustainable development of machine-building enterprises is viewed as a specifically organized set of structural elements (architectonics) together making a whole. It is argued that the characteristics of the system cannot be reduced to the properties of its individual elements in which management functions are embedded. It has been verified that machine-building enterprises should actively implement an innovative support framework to ensure their sustainable development, which is created with an ultimate goal – to attain the performance efficiency, maintain sustainable development and keep the enterprise functional capacity over time. This is partially achieved by differentiation of the main managers’ functions and responsibilities at different management levels. The transition to a new hierarchy level translates into changes in the scope of tasks, the complexity of the functions performed, the degree of responsibility, strategic decisions made, and access to innovative information. The architectonics and structuring of the innovative support framework to ensure sustainable development of machine-building enterprises as a logical combination of management levels (the hierarchy) and the functional areas (management system) should be organized in such a way as to attain the enterprise goals most effectively. From this perspective, management is seen as a set of individual functions, proper implementation of which contributes to gaining sustainable development management effectiveness. It has been emphasized that overcoming the challenges of multivector dimensions in making managerial decisions is often accompanied by radical reorganization of enterprise management through effective application of a management modifying function in the system of building innovative support for ensuring sustainable development of machine-building enterprises.

Bone drilling is a well-known internal fixation procedure to drill a hole, fixing the bone fragments to reduce the susceptibility of permanent paralysis. The success of bone drilling is evaluated based on the extent of osteonecrosis in terms of heat generation, tissue damage, quality of hole, and drilling forces. The appropriate control of cutting conditions, drill geometric parameters, and bone-specific parameters offer bone drilling a viable solution through conventional and non-conventional drilling techniques. The majority of the published research work considers only limited parameters and tries to optimize the drilling parameters and performance measures. However, bone drilling involves numerous conventional and non-conventional drilling parameters and technologies. In order to develop a better understanding of all the studied parameters and performance measures, there is a dire need to develop a framework. The key objective of this review study is to establish a hierarchy of the framework by collecting almost all the parameters studied until now and addressed the relationship between parameters and performance measures to diminish the controversies in the published literature. Therefore, this framework is novel in nature, organizing all the parameters, performance measures, logical comparisons, and limitations of studies. This holistic review can help medical surgeons and design engineers to understand the complicated relationship among parameters and performance measures associated with this state-of-art technologies. Also, modeling, simulations, and optimization techniques are included to explore the application of such techniques in recent advancements in orthopedic drilling.

Wrong decisions or inappropriate selection of equipment may lead to increase in cost and reduction in efficiency and effectiveness. Selecting right equipment has always been a key factor in the success of the process it is used for. In this study, superiority and inferiority ranking (SIR) methodis utilized for evaluation of most suitable offer for procurement of equipment installed inside a facility, whereas, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used to calculate the weights of factors that influence procurement decision. To achieve this target, a methodological framework of a series of interviews are conducted, then two questionnaire surveys are developed for identifying the important factors affecting the selection process of equipment and determining their relative importance. A solution of the problem is then designed in a model using AHP and SIR methods in addition to using the simple additive weighting (SAW) and technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) procedures to generate the superiority and inferiority flows. The model is generic and flexible and is used for the application of the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methods in the procurement process. The model also offers an efficient and convenient tool that aids its users to act in an orderly and methodical thinking, and guides them in making logical and robust decisions. A case study is presented to demonstrate the use of the developed model and sensitivity analysis is carried out to measure the robustness of the model in different scenarios.

This article deals with the actual problem of choosing capital structure of a company, because debt ratio has an influence on making strategic decisions of the long-term company’s development, its investment risks, potential interest conflicts between management, owners and lenders. The article analyzes the principles of the construction of capital structure in terms of classical and modern theories of capital structure using methods of scientific knowledge: system analysis, synthesis, logical analysis, empirical researches. According to the first theory of the capital structure, developed by M. Miller and F. Modigliani through a number of strict preconditions, capital structure does not affect the company’s value. By adding a tax factor authors showed that in this case the choice of capital structure affects the company’s value, because debt capital increases it by the value of the tax shield. According to trade-off theory the main determinants of capital structure are the size of the tax shield, the probability of bankruptcy and the credit rating. According to the theory of the signal the capital structure depends on such factors as the information asymmetry and the credit rating. According to the pecking order theory capital structure the choice of it is determined by the hierarchy of sources of financing: firstly companies prefer to use internal sources of financing, then - debt financing. According to the market timing theory the key factors of capital structure are share price fluctuations. Analysis of various theories of the capital structure has showed that most theories have been developed by economists represented countries with developed markets. But developed countries and emerging countries have a lot of differences, which have an impact on choosing capital structure by companies.

When four key freeways in Southern California were damaged on January 17, 1994, by the Northridge earthquake, state and local agencies implemented a variety of emergency measures to the transportation systems in damaged corridors to ensure some degree of mobility during reconstruction. Travelers who had used damaged routes were faced with a variety of travel choices, such as using primary roadway detours, ridesharing, diverting to other roads, using transit, avoiding travel, telecommuting, or changing time of travel. On the basis of comprehensive travel surveys, traffic monitoring, and data collection, it was determined that travelers responded in significantly different ways in each of the four damaged corridors. In the very heavily traveled I-10 (Santa Monica) Freeway Corridor, even though primary roadway detours could only carry approximately 40 percent of normal freeway capacity, virtually all travelers still drove their automobiles because numerous parallel streets exist in this corridor as alternatives to the freeway. By contrast, research showed that some 7,000 users of the I-5 (Golden State) and SR-14 (Antelope Valley) freeways shifted to commuter trains because parallel roadways were limited. In addition, although most travelers quickly returned to their original trip making choices and mode of travel after damaged freeways were opened, other travelers (including many train riders) chose to remain with the new travel choices for a variety of behavioral reasons, including reliability. Further research indicated that when travelers in Southern California were forced to choose from a variety of new travel choices, their decision making followed a logical hierarchy based on specific trip making requirements and travel time thresholds, as well as their perceptions of the suitability of each choice for their own particular travel needs.

The purpose of the article is to substantiate theoretical and methodological bases for determining the place of social capital in the development of the agricultural sector, as well as the factors influencing its formation Research methods. The research used dialectical methods of cognition of processes and phenomena, including the monographic method (analysis of scientific achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on the problems of social capital development), abstract-logical (theoretical generalizations and conclusions), the method of hierarchy analysis (determining the significance of factors). forming social capital). Research results. The key concepts of the social capital are studied, the author's definition is formulated. The structuring of specific features of social capital has been carried out. Social capital is considered as a set of components (trust, norms, social networks), which act as a means of horizontal and vertical connection between the elements of the hierarchical system of the national economy and its individual areas of activity. Based on the application of the method of analysis of hierarchies, it is proved that the formation of social capital is most influenced by personal and family relations, institutional trust and living conditions. Scientific novelty. The author's definition of the concept of social capital is formulated, its specific features, features of manifestation at different levels of the hierarchical system of the national economy and its spheres, in particular agrarian, as well as the factors that have the greatest influence on its formation. Practical significance. The use of the obtained results will allow to determine the aspects of formation and use of social capital of the agrarian sphere as a kind of basis for the development of rural areas and agrarian entrepreneurship. Tabl.: 7. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 30.

The purpose: the article substantiates the importance of the country’s adoption of the strategic planning document «Strategy for the development of the higher education system in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030».Materials and methods: the research uses theoretical and empirical methods, logical and system analysis, methods of description, prediction and expert assessments. The theoretical basis of the research is the method of strategic management developed by the famous economist, doctor of economic sciences, professor, foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. L. Kvint.Results: the analysis of numerous definitions of the concept and essence of strategy existing in the scientific literature is carried out, and a number of key positions in its definition are highlighted. Justifications are given for the criteria for developing strategies, using the example of the Strategy for the development of the country’s higher education system for the long term. The features of developing a strategy for the development of higher education are defined, and the hierarchy of levels of the strategy system is presented in relation to the strategy for the development of domestic higher education.Discussion: the strategy proposed for adoption should reflect the state and prospects of development of the higher education system, with the definition of Russia’s position in the world educational space, current challenges and threats facing higher education, identify strategic priorities, goals and objectives, mechanisms and stages of implementation of the strategy, propose scenarios for the development of the higher education system, identify sources of resources for the implementation of the strategy, expected results and monitoring of its implementation.Conclusion: it is noted that various state programs, national, Federal and priority projects, and action plans related to the development of the higher education system are being developed and approved in the country. However, there is no key strategic planning document — the Strategy for the development of the higher education system in Russia for the long term (for example, until 2030). In this regard, it is very relevant to develop and adopt this strategy, which undoubtedly takes into account the historically established traditions and features of the national higher school.

The article defines the essence and features of the design of digital didactic visual means in the professional activity of the teacher. The fact that there are no pedagogical researches devoted to the specifics of the creation of didactic visual digital means is revealed at the present time, however, the creation of qualitative visual materials requires appropriate competencies, which necessitates disclosure of the specifics of their creation and the corresponding technology. The peculiarity of the design of the digital didactic visual means, which is due to the compositional decisions, typography, coloristics, includes the unity of style and the creation of visual anchors and metaphors. The technology of designing the indicated means consisting of several stages is substantiated, namely: the stage of goal-setting, the stage of didactic design, the stage of visual design, the stage of instrumental design. The stage of goal-setting involves determining the significance and location of the training material in the general structure of the discipline in terms of the relevant topic section; finding out the specifics of the contingent of students; analysis of the complexity of creating a suitable visual tool. The stage of didactic design involves analytical work with information; identification of key elements of informational content; establishing interrelations and hierarchy. The stage of visual design aims to transfer the layout in a visual form and involves taking into account composite decisions, rules of coloring and typography and the adding of visual anchors and metaphors. The final step is to transfer the prototype to a digital format and involves the program realization and receipt of the final product of the digital visual didactic tool. The proposed technology systematizes the process of developing a didactic visual tool and consists of logical interconnected sequential stages which have a certain result. The structure, content and methods of teacher’s design activity at each of the stages are revealed. The proposed technology can be used in the process of training future educators and in the system of postgraduate education.

This article presents the results of a preliminary multidisciplinary research of the specificities of youth’s response to various descriptors. Using the semiotic, in-depth psychological, theological and mathematical analysis of the collected associative chains, the author compares the responses of youth representatives to religious and ethical terms with colloquial lexemes, as well as determines sensitivity to these terms and proclivity for their logical and sensory-emotional perception. Particularly, method of semantic multiplication allows identifying strong and weak descriptors of semiosis under consideration. The author determines the trends that outline a number of structural and psychodynamic characteristics of psychic reality of modern Russian youth. The following conclusions were made in the course of this research: 1. Sensitivity (and corresponding awareness) to religious descriptors was demonstrated by less than half of the respondents, and a fifth of the entire sample of terms appeared to be unfamiliar to the respondents; 2. The analysis of ethical associative chains at the level of interpretation, indicated the existence of such a phenomenon as “indeterminate religiosity”, which implies a certain spiritual pursuit, which at the moment does not comply with the familiar to a respondent religions traditions; 3. The acquired data, on the one hand, correspond to the classic “Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs”, while on the other hand, spiritual pursuit of respondents and simultaneously scarce character of “existential” associations may testify in favor of the dominance of “ethical-spiritual” paradigm in psychic reality of respondents (which also complies with the Maslow’s research of later period in the area of “existential needs” and “peak experiences”; 4. All of the aforementioned means that the key to interaction with modern youth (including didactical and educational) is the paradigm of ethical values, which can also be connected with a latent spiritual pursuit.

Illegal possession of water transport and theft (stealing) of sea or river vessels as a kind of criminal business is almost as profitable as illegal possession of motor transport. The nature of the group with a clear planning, the hierarchy of the participants and the distribution of roles often characterize such crimes. However, the investigation of such crimes in practice causes difficulties involved, including the fact that most of them are made without witnesses by virtue of localization of water transport facilities. In this regard, the establishment and analysis of the elements of the forensic characteristics of such crimes as the systems of information about the forensically significant signs of this category of criminal offenses, and the logical connections between them, which contribute to the effective solution of the problems of investigation, seems relevant. The method of illegal possession of water transport, as a key element of the forensic characteristics, is characterized by the presence of a thorough preparatory stage, which includes the establishment of the characteristics of the storage place of the water vehicle, the selection of tools and technical means for entering the storage facility (parking, mooring), its transportation, etc. The characteristic features of the offender is the presence of certain watercraft management skills, knowledge of its technical equipment and operating features. Most of these crimes are committed in groups. Between the personality of the offender and the victim, the presence of certain ties (professional, personal, friendship, kinship, etc.) is often stated. The characteristics of a typical trace pattern of the thefts under consideration are determined by the specifics of the environment in which they were committed. Since the overwhelming majority of such crimes are committed in poorly populated places and places with little infrastructure, not ideal (testimony of the victim, eyewitnesses), but material traces (traces of weapons, criminals, video recordings, etc.) acquire special significance for the investigation. The situation of the crime characterize the place and time of the commission. Basically, the thieves of water transport are activated at night (with the onset of dusk) on the territory of hangars, garages, summer cottages, sheds, berths, parking lots, piers, bases of security firms, places of storage or temporary stay, etc. Obviously, most of all boats are abducted from unguarded objects.

Purpose – Supply chains (SCs) have become increasingly vulnerable to catastrophic events/disruptions that may be natural or man-made. Hurricanes, tsunamis and floods are natural disasters, whereas man-made disasters may be strikes, terrorist attacks, etc. Failure at any point in the SC network has the potential to cause the entire network to fail. SCs must therefore be properly designed to survive well in the disruption scenario. The capability of successful survival (of the firm’s SC) against those adverse events/happenings is termed as resilience; and, the SC designed under resilience consideration is called a resilient SC. Effective supplier selection is considered as a key strategic consideration in SC management. It is felt that apart from considering traditional suppliers selection criterions, suppliers’ resiliency strategy must be incorporated while selecting a potential supplier which can provide best support to the firm even in the disaster/disruption scenario. The purpose of this paper is to focus aspects of evaluation and selection of resilience supplier by considering general as well as resiliency strategy, simultaneously. Design/methodology/approach – In this work, subjectivity associated with ill-defined (vague) evaluation information has been tackled through logical exploration of fuzzy numbers set theory. Application of VIKOR embedded with fuzzy mathematics has been utilized here. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to reflect the effect of decision-makers’ (DM) risk bearing attitude in selecting the best potential supplier in a resilient SC. A case empirical example has also been presented. Findings – The work attempts to focus on a decision-making procedural hierarchy towards effective supplier selection in a resilient SC. The work exhibits application potential of VIKOR method integrated with fuzzy set theory to select potential supplier based on general strategy as well as resiliency strategy. The final supplier selection score (obtained by considering general strategy) and that of obtained by analyzing resiliency strategy have been combined to get a final compromise solution. The decision-support framework thus reported here also considers DMs’ risk bearing attitude. Practical implications – The study bears significant impact to the industry managers who are trying to adapt resiliency strategy in their SC followed by potential supplier selection in the context of resilient SC. Originality/value – Exploration of VIKOR embedded with fuzzy set theory towards suppliers’ evaluation and selection by considering general and resiliency criteria both. The decision-support module(s) adapted in this paper considers DMs’ risk bearing attitude to arrive the best compromise solution.

The article elaborates the analysis of Ukrainian translations of the Holy Scripture through the prism of Shevchenko’s metabiblical images. Biblical conceptual sphere is defined as a fragment of biblical picture of the world shaped on the basis of Old Hebrew, less frequently Old Greek imagery and represented by the totality of concepts which are connected through overlapping, interrelation, hierarchy and opposition and are thematically grouped. Verbalizers of biblical concepts contain the complex accumulation of senses reflecting correlations between God and people through specific world perception of ancient Hebrews. The mediating link between the Bible prototext and biblical metatexts is created by national translations of the Holy Scripture that shape national biblical conceptual spheres via multiple deviations of the Hebrew and Greek sources. The deviations affect national phraseology as well as individual authors’ interpretations of the Book of Books. Special attention is devoted to recursive deviation which manifests itself when a national biblical conceptual sphere and even national translations of the Bible contain elements of authors’ biblical intertexts. Taras Shevchenko’s poetry is viewed as the primary Ukrainian recursive biblical intertext. His idiostyle is characterized by the verbalization of biblical concepts through overlapping biblical and nationally-bound senses. Metabiblical images of Shevchenko’s idiostyle are tracked down to the Bible translation done by I. Khomenko and edited by I. Kostetskyij and V. Barka. The editors who represented the baroque tradition of the Ukrainian translation domesticated Khomenko’s version and introduced into it elements of the Ukrainian metabiblical conceptual sphere, predominantly Shevchenko’s metabiblical images. I. Khomenko himself did not approve of this strategy and regarded it as a violation of the Word of God. Yet the monastic order of St. Basil the Great that commissioned this translation did not consult the translator before publishing its edited version. Similar domesticating strategy is observed in the first Ukrainian complete translation of the Bible done by P. Kulish, I. Puluj, and I. Nechuj-Levycjkyj in 1903. Shevchenko’s influence is particularly felt in epithets specifying key biblical images, such as enemy (лютий / fierce) and heart (тихе / meek). Though each book of the Holy Scripture in this translation is ascribed to only one translator of the three it seems logical to surmise that P. Kulish, the founder of the baroque translation tradition in Ukraine, was the first to draw images from Shevchenko’s metabiblical conceptual sphere. The article postulates the necessity to perceive Shevchenko’s poetry as a complete Biblical intertext which not only interprets national biblical canon but also generates it.

The purpose of the article is to study the systems and methods of diagnostics of the crisis conditions of the aviation enterprise, to justify the role of controlling as a management accounting system in the detection and prevention of crisis phenomena, to clarify the mechanism and iterations of diagnostics of the crisis conditions taking into account the use of appropriate management systems. Methodology. The key provisions of economic and financial theory, methodological and methodological principles of crisis diagnosis of enterprises, presented in the works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, were used as the theoretical basis of the study. The application of a systemic approach allowed to analyze the essence of diagnostics of crisis conditions, its purpose and objectives. The methods of logical generalization used in the research process allowed to formulate the conclusions on the conditions for the effective implementation of diagnostics of crisis conditions based on improving of the functioning of management accounting systems and management systems. Results. The study allowed us to analyze the factors that causing crisis conditions in the aviation industry. The main methods for diagnosing crisis conditions are analyzed placing emphasis on the special place that belongs to management accounting and the use of management systems when diagnosing crisis conditions. The basic provisions of effective organization of management accounting at aviation enterprises to form the information base at development of the strategy for crisis prevention or recovering from crisis conditions are defined. The peculiarities of diagnostic analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise as a system of diagnostic methods are identified; on the basis of a systemic approach, they allow to establish causal changes in the economic system through quantitative and qualitative measurement of the influence of factors on adjustments and development. Features of different types of diagnostic analysis depending on the hierarchy in the management system, goals and directions of analysis, as well as the availability of information about the problem areas of the enterprise, are discussed. Tasks that need to be implemented to achieve the goal of diagnostic analysis are specified. The necessity of diagnostics of possible crisis conditions of the aviation enterprise with simultaneous risk research and its influence on financial stability of the investigated object is justified. The system of indicator values for diagnostics of a financial condition of the aviation enterprise is offered. The sequence of calculations for the implementation of monitoring and controlling process of the financial condition of aviation enterprises is presented. Practical implications. The approach for diagnosing financial condition of the enterprise, which allows to identify the symptoms and threats of the financial crisis and to develop the policy for prevention (anticipation) of weak signals of a crisis situation based on the analysis, is justified. The conditions of effective application of management accounting systems on the basis of monitoring and controlling and modern methods of diagnostics of the financial condition of aviation enterprises are determined. The directions for improvement of analytical activity on the basis of information systems and technologies for the aviation industry are justified. Value/originality. Results given in the article can be used for further research on the problem of diagnosing the crisis conditions of aviation enterprises.

AbstractFollowing our [6], though with somewhat different methods here, further variants of Goodstein sequences are introduced in terms of parameterized Ackermann–Péter functions. Each of the sequences is shown to terminate, and the proof-theoretic strengths of these facts are calibrated by means of ordinal assignments, yielding independence results for a range of theories: PRA, PA, $\Sigma ^1_1$ -DC $_0$ , ATR $_0$ , up to ID $_1$ . The key is the so-called “Hardy hierarchy” of proof-theoretic bounding finctions, providing a uniform method for associating Goodstein-type sequences with parameterized normal form representations of positive integers.

The species taxon was introduced in virus classification as late as 1991 when it was endorsed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The official definition of virus species was as follows: “A virus species is a polythetic class of viruses that constitute a replicating lineage and occupy a particular ecological niche”. Its key feature was that it incorporated the notion of polythetic class also known as a cluster class. Whereas monothetic classes are defined by one or a few properties that are both necessary and sufficient for membership in the class, polythetic classes are defined by a variable set of statistically covariant properties, none of which is a defining property necessarily present in every member of the class. Since a virus species class is a conceptual construction, it cannot be described by its physical or material properties and can only be defined by listing certain properties of the viruses that are its members. Properties used for defining virus species are properties of viruses that can be altered by a few mutations, such as their natural host range, pathogenicity, mode of transmission and small differences in the viral genome. This means that these species-defining properties vary considerably in different members of the same virus species. Since higher taxa such as genera and families have more viruses as members than species taxa, they require fewer defining properties than species taxa which require more properties to meet the qualifications for membership. The logical principle that increasing the number of qualifications decreases membership invalidates the claim that a single property could be sufficient for defining a virus species.The bionominalist school of thought which claims that species are individuals instead of classes is examined and it is concluded that bionominalism does not provide a useful framework for classifying viruses. Since large numbers of sequences of viral genomes have become available, many attempts are currently made to establish species solely on the basis of genome data obtained from putative members of a viral species. Since the nucleic acid sequence present in a virus particle is part of the phenotype of the virus, a virus classification based on nucleotide sequences is a phenotypic classification that relies on molecular sequences rather than on the morphological and biological properties of viruses. Since it is not possible to infer the phenotypic properties of a virus from its genome sequence, a genome-based classification which privileges phylogeny is actually a classification of viral genomes rather than a classification of viruses.In recent years, it has been suggested that it should be possible to define a virus species monothetically by a single species-defining property such as a genome nucleotide motif and that the term ‘polythetic’ should therefore be removed from the official species definition. In 2013, the ICTV ratified the following new definition of virus species: “A virus species is a monophyletic group of viruses whose properties can be distinguished from those of other species by multiple criteria”. Since every virus species, genus or family could be considered to be a monophyletic group, this was actually a definition of ‘virus taxon’ instead of virus species. Many objections were raised against this new species definition and these are available on the ICTV website. A major concern was that ‘polythetic class’ in the earlier definition had been replaced by ‘group’ of viruses, because a group is a collection of viruses that are linked by a part-whole relation, whereas the term class implies the logical relations of class membership and class inclusion used in all hierarchical classifications. The authors of the new definition actually claimed that the term class should be used only to denote a category in the classification hierarchy, above the category order and below the category phylum. Examples were also given of the pernicious consequences that followed from the fact that new species could now be established on the basis of a single criterion of nucleotide sequence similarity in viral genomes.In 1998, the ICTV introduced species names that differed from virus names only by typography, with the result that measles virus became officially a member of the species Measles virus (italicized, with a capital initial). This led to considerable confusion and the ICTV subsequently agreed that its Study Groups in charge of the taxonomy and nomenclature of individual virus families could propose non-Latinized binomial names (NLBNs) for species in certain virus genera. Such NLBNs, which had been used unofficially for 50 years, are obtained by replacing the terminal word ‘virus’ that occurs in all common English virus names with the name of the genus to which the virus belongs, which also ends in -virus. Measles virus thus became a member of the species Measles morbillivirus which was more easily recognized as a species name since binomial names in biology are associated with taxonomic species names. In the last four years, numerous species NLBNs have been introduced in several virus families.

Almost without exceptions office buildings in the world investigate the approaches of optimizing the building operation and property facilities in order to maintain the best conditions of the building from the first day of opening. For sustainable buildings, how to make continuous profit must rely on the maintenance and improvement of facilities to satisfy users. However, building managers often have trouble prioritizing improvement projects toward their sustainable objectives due to the large number of facilities that have different durability years and the importance and satisfaction of these facilities to users are also different. In the past, financial consideration was usually the only one that matters when improvement of facilities was brought up. Users feedback of satisfaction was not taken into consideration, resulting in huge expenditures did not bring in high user satisfaction. This research, by scientific analysis of the data from user feedback, applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) using TAIPEI 101 Tower as a case study to explore the key factors affecting tenants’ willingness to lease office buildings by distributing questionnaires to real estate experts. By filtering out key indicators related to property facilities that users care about, this study used Importance and Satisfaction Analysis (IS Analysis) to identify items that need urgent improvement. This innovative analysis methodology can systematically and logically find out the priority of improvement projects, assisting building managers effectively invest limited resources in projects with substantial benefit, which is helpful for sustainable property management.

The image on the cover of this second issue of JOLCEL shows a detail from the so-called Franks Casket, an early eight-century Anglo-Saxon chest made out of whale’s bone, possibly designed to hold a psalter. This artefact constitutes a truly breath-taking nexus of cultural traditions, juxtaposing tableaus as varied as Romulus and Remus being suckled by the shewolf, the mythical Germanic Wayland the Smith at work on his anvil, and the Adoration of the Magi. The scene which has been reproduced here depicts the consequences of the Roman emperor Titus’ sacking of the city of Jerusalem. The inscription in the upper righthand margin starts out in the Latin tongue and script: “hic fugiant hierusalim” (“Here flee from Jerusalem…”). This phrase is then continued vertically, still in Latin but rendered in Anglo-Saxon runes: “ᚪᚠᛁᛏᚪᛏᚩᚱᛖᛋ,” which can be transcribed as “(h)abitatores” (“…its inhabitants”). If we also were to take a look at the left side of this panel (not included here), we would encounter further runic inscriptions in Anglo-Saxon that describe the ancient siege itself. Clearly, Latin and its cultural past are being represented here as being part of a larger and more complex whole, a whole in which, at first sight, they do not even seem to occupy a central position. This leads us to the present volume’s overarching topic, ‘Latin on the margins’, which has its earliest origins in the Telling Tales Out of School-conference organised by RELICS in 2017. It might come as a surprise to the reader that, only having arrived at our second issue, we turn to the aspect of Latin on the margins. However, by placing these topics at the centre of our journal, and in dialogue with texts that are traditionally considered key texts of the Latin tradition, we seek to reconsider the aspect of centre versus margin in Latin literature, with a particular focus on how education in Latin played a crucial role in this. Indeed, the three articles we present to the reader in this issue deal with texts that are generally viewed as examples of the use of Latin in the margins. The margins in question are either geographical ones (Tlatelolco in Mexico City) or chronological ones (nineteenthcentury Sweden). This issue hopes to show that what we have come to define as ‘marginal’ is only a question of perspective. In the formation of writers that we consider today to be at the margin of the Latin tradition, Latin education still was—or had recently become—a central element. Andrew Laird (Brown University) and Heréndira Tellez Nieto (Cátedras Conacyt), in their respective articles, draw attention to the College of Tlatelolco, located in Mexico City. The use of Latin for the instruction of the Nahua peoples was never regarded as a ‘marginal’ phenomenon; on the contrary, Latin was a crucial medium to enhance mutual understanding, which in turn created a new and vibrant dynamic, far from Europe. This explains how Tlatelolco became a new centre for the study of the Latin language and its literatures, in interaction with the indigenous traditions of native Mexicans. Chronologically and geographically, nineteenth-century Sweden is, undoubtedly, at the margin of the Latin tradition; but, as Arsenii Vetushko-Kalevich (Lund University) explores in his article, for someone like Carl Georg Brunius, author of the longest Latin poem ever written in Sweden, the attempt to rewrite Nordic mythology in classical Latin hexameters probably felt more like a natural reflex than as an anachronism. By reinterpreting the classical echoes in the epic De diis arctois as more than mere “metrical necessities,” Vetushko-Kalevich seeks to give new meaning to the poem. Finally, in his illuminative response to the articles of this issue, Alejandro Coroleu (ICREA—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) reflects more deeply on the consequences of this thinking in terms of what he calls “beyond Europe, beyond the Renaissance, and beyond the vernacular.” He makes a plea for the inclusion of these texts that are usually left out of the picture, in order to get a better insight in the aspects which make the Latin tradition a cosmopolitan one. The second issue of JOLCEL focuses on texts from the (early) modern period, but intentionally goes beyond those of the Italian humanist ideals. The articles analyse the use of Latin in contexts where the idea of translatio imperii is at first sight no longer a logical one: the Latin tradition has to impose itself on already existing traditions, such as the Nahua mythology or Nordic sagas. Interestingly, this imposition soon shifts to a renegotiation of the hierarchy of traditions. Latin, then, becomes a medium in which new traditions emerge.

Logistics is an important service sector, contributing to improving the competitiveness of the economy. Therefore, along with increasing the application of technology and effective business models, it is necessary to increase the connectivity of the infrastructure systems of industrial parks, roads, and seaports of regions and the country. Over the past decades, Vietnamese businesses have been step-by-step going through many stages from production, packaging, quality, hygiene, and safety to grasping new stages in the domestic and global value chain. In many industries, businesses are increasing the content of their own designs, exploiting brands, and approaching consumption networks in the target market. The role of the distribution center is becoming more and more important in ensuring a seamless and flawless supply chain. In particular, the distribution center is the most sensitive contact point between supply and demand in each enterprise. Therefore, the key mission of a distribution center is to reconcile supply and demand requirements. Distribution center location selection problems usually involve multiple quantitative and qualitative criteria that the decision maker must take into account for assessing the symmetrical impact of the criteria to reach the most accurate result. In this study, the authors propose a hybrid MCDM model based on Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (SF-AHP) and Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) Algorithm to support the distribution location selection problem of perishable agricultural products. The proposed model is then applied to the numerical case study of the sweet potato product of the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam to demonstrate the feasibility of the model. The contribution of this research is to propose an MCDM model for improving the efficiency of the agricultural supply chain through selecting a location distribution center. This proposed model can be applied to the agricultural supply chain around the world.

Wireless broadcast is an effective approach to disseminate data to a number of users. To provide secure access to data in wireless broadcast services, symmetric key - based encryption is used to ensure that only users who own the valid keys can decrypt the data. Regarding various subscriptions, an efficient key management to distribute and change keys is in great demand for access control in broadcast services. In this paper, we propose an efficient key management scheme (namely KTR) to key distribution with regarding to complex subscription options and user activities. KTR has the following advantages. First, it supports all subscription activities in wireless broadcast services. Second, in KTR, a user only needs to hold one set of keys for all subscribed programs, instead of separate sets of keys for each program. Third, KTR identifies the minimum set of keys that must be changed to ensure broadcast security and minimize the rekey cost. Our simulations show that KTR can save about 45% of communication overhead in the broadcast channel and about 50% of decryption cost for each user, compared with logical key hierarchy based approaches.

This article is an extended promenade strolling along the winding roads of identity, equality, nameability and completeness, looking for places where they converge. We have distinguished between identity and equality; the first is a binary relation between objects while the second is a symbolic relation between terms. Owing to the central role the notion of identity plays in logic, you can be interested either in how to define it using other logical concepts or in the opposite scheme. In the first case, one investigates what kind of logic is required. In the second case, one is interested in the definition of the other logical concepts (connectives and quantifiers) in terms of the identity relation, using also abstraction. The present paper investigates whether identity can be introduced by definition arriving to the conclusion that only in full higher-order logic a reliable definition of identity is possible. However, the definition needs the standard semantics and we know that with this semantics completeness is lost. We have also studied the relationship of equality with comprehension and extensionality and pointed out the relevant role played by these two axioms in Henkin’s completeness method. We finish our paper with a section devoted to general semantics, where the role played by the nameable hierarchy of types is the key in Henkin’s completeness method.

Real time implementation of Ad-hoc Wireless Sensor Network has increased with great potential. Application areas of WSN’s are military warfare, disaster management, battle field, forest fire detection and other several monitoring area. Key challenge in WSN is to minimize the use of limited battery resources. Several energy efficient routing algorithms have been proposed till date. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering protocol that divides the network into logical clusters and keeps rotating the cluster head selection to send data to sink. In this paper we propose a new technique of cluster formation based on organizational setup structure. New Network structure proposed will show an efficient increase in minimizing the node energy dissipation of signal transmission and will lead to maximize the system lifetime. We also propose a mix of Round-Robin algorithm into the cluster head selection for data transmission to base station. We compare the newly proposed clustering algorithm with the traditional LEACH algorithm.

AbstractThis paper introduces the Polylmide-Ceramic substrate for NEC SX Supercomputers. In case of high performance system such as supercomputers and top end machines in general purpose computer, sophisticated packaging technologies are essential to achieve fastest operations as well as to use highestspeed, highly integrated LSIs.Wiring substrate which mounts and interconnects LSIs is the key to back up LSI's higher logical-operations.The high speed interconnection wirings and high density LSI mounting are requested for substrate.The Polyimide-Ceramic substrate had been developed to meet these demands and have many features of high density thin film wiring, high power supply, high thermal conductivity and huge number of I/Os, in addition to high speed wiring.25μm wide 75μm center-to-center spacing, two signal layers, 6ns/m signal transmissions, 2.5W/cm2 high power density, 2177 I/Os on a 100mm square substrate have been achieved by using this super substrate technology.The packaging hierarchy, the first level packaging of TAB LSI, the second level of multi-chip packaging by using Polyimide-Ceramic substrate and liquid cooling module, and the third level of board assemblies are introduced.

In recent years, social networks based on images are the most popular social interfaces. With colossal pictures transferred regular, understanding client’s inclinations on client produced pictures and causing suggestions to have become a critical need. In fact, many composite models have been proposed to intertwine different sorts of side data like image visual representation, social networks and client-image historical behavior for developing the performance of image recommendation. However, due to the special attributes of the client produced images in social interfaces, prior studies failed to identify the complex angles that impacts the client’s preferences. In addition, the greater part of these half and half models depended on predefined loads in consolidating various types of data, which for the most part brought about problematic suggestion execution in this paper we construct a recommended model based on the hierarchy of social images. In addition to latent client intrigue demonstrating in the well-known matrix factorization-based proposal, we distinguish three key angles (i.e., Trending history, user’s appraisal and owner admiration) that influence every client's latent preferences, where every aspect summarizes a logical factor from the complex connections among clients and images. From that point forward, we structure a hierarchical attention network that normally reflects the hierarchical relationship of client’s latent interest with the distinguished key viewpoints. Finally, we identified three social contextual aspects that influence a client’s preference to an image from heterogeneous data: Trending history, user’s appraisal and relevance recommendation, we designed a hierarchical attention network to recommend images according to client preference.

I. The Fidelity Reflex When Robert Stam entitles one of his recent efforts to theorise adaptation “Beyond Fidelity,” he could be speaking for a wide range of critics (54). Indeed, as the editor of two major adaptation anthologies, he is speaking for them. Stam’s principal objection is the covert moralising of fidelity discourse: “The conventional language of adaptation criticism has often been profoundly moralistic, rich in terms that imply that the cinema has somehow done a disservice to literature. … The standard rhetoric has often deployed an elegiac discourse of loss, lamenting what has been ‘lost’ in the translation from novel to film” (“Introduction”, 3). There are problems with fidelity discourse beyond its implied moralising. For Robert B. Ray and Dudley Andrew, the problem with fidelity is that it makes for boring criticism. “Unquestionably the most frequent and most tiresome discussion of adaptation (and of film and literature relations as well) concerns fidelity and transformation” (31). Part of what makes this discussion tiresome is its unswaying commitment to the historically dubious and logically unnecessary assumption that “the task of adaptation is the reproduction in cinema of something essential about an original text” (Andrew, 31). Linda Hutcheon, similarly bored with fidelity discussions, highlights the same logical flaw: “Of more interest to me is the fact that the morally loaded discourse of fidelity is based on the implied assumption that adapters aim simply to reproduce the adapted text” (7). Hutcheon may be writing 25 years after Andrew, but she still has something to gain by attacking what was, until recently, “the critical orthodoxy in adaptation studies” (7)—what Stam calls “the conventional language” and “the standard rhetoric” (3); what Ray calls (citing Jonathan Culler) “an endless series of twenty-page articles” (47). What she has to gain is the ability to talk about what interests her: “there appears to be little need to engage directly in the constant debate over degrees of proximity to the ‘original’” (7). This is a personal victory, not a disciplinary one (“Of more interest to me;” “I have always had a strong interest in what has come to be called ‘intertextuality’” [xii]). Still, it is a victory, if only on that scale. Andrew, by contrast, hoped his attacks on fidelity discourse would change the discipline. “Let us not use [adaptation] to fight battles over the essence of the media or the inviolability of individual artworks. Let us use it as we use all cultural practices” (37). Reviewing Andrew’s essay in 1984, Christopher Orr was more pessimistic about attempts to change adaptation studies, and blunt about his disciplinary aims: “Given the problematic nature of the discourse of fidelity, one is tempted to call for a moratorium on adaptation studies” (72). And looking back on Andrew and Orr, Ray agreed that harsh measures were necessary for the field, but he more or less blamed Andrew for offering a fillip to fidelity in his call for more sociologically aware studies of adaptation. “I think we more urgently need to know something else” (48). And yet the discipline resists. “All the various manifestations of ‘theory’ over the last decades should logically have changed this negative view of adaptation. … Yet … disparaging opinions on adaptation as a secondary mode—belated and therefore derivative—persist” (Hutcheon, xii-xiii, citing Stam). What I am calling the fidelity reflex, though, is not the persistence of the discourse, but the persistent call for it to end. For adaptation theory to have any chance of success, it must do two things. First, it must account for the persistence of fidelity discourse despite decades of resourceful argument against it. Second, it must account for its own blind spot: What has the campaign against fidelity failed to get at? And given this consistent failure to achieve its goals, why do critics persist in calling for an end to fidelity? II. The Conversation of Judgment How could adaptation studies have resisted such an onslaught—not simply of Hutcheon, Stam, Andrew, Orr, Naremore, Ray, and McFarlane, but also of Irigaray, Kristeva, Foucault, Derrida, Bakhtin, and Barthes? (Hutcheon, 21; Stam, 8-9). Ray’s answer is that the field of film and literature has remained in a “pre-paradigmatic state,” held there by the New Criticism’s “veneration of ‘art’.” (44-5). The “exigencies of the academic market” have given us a mountain of case studies that fail to add up to anything. They are the tribute paid to literature by those who would institutionalise film studies; adaptation studies make film acceptable to literature departments looking to “maintain declining enrollments in the humanities” (47), while “shor[ing] up literature’s crumbling walls” (46). As total an explanation as this is, indeed, as damning as Ray’s indictment of the field may seem, even he finds the origin of the fidelity discourse outside the academy. It lies in our ordinary discussions of adaptations: “Without the benefit of a presiding poetics, film and literature scholars could only persist [there it is again] in asking about individual movies the same unproductive layman’s question (How does the film compare with the book?) getting the same unproductive answer (The book is better)” (44). For Ray, the layman’s question has poisoned academic criticism because it rests on a comparison: “Most of the articles written could have used a variation of the words in the title ‘But Compared to the Original.’” (45). Hence the danger of Andrew’s position for Ray, which offered not freedom from comparison but a typology of relationships. “But Compared to the Original” is the title of an article by William Fadiman from 1965 that attempted to nip fidelity discourse in the bud. Yet as an instance of the fidelity reflex, Fadiman was already late to the game. The locus classicus is George Bluestone’s Novel into Film of 1957. Here, we find those same “unproductive laymen” making “such statements as ‘The film is true to the spirit of the book’; ‘It’s incredible how they butchered the novel’; ‘It cuts out key passages, but it’s still a good film’; ‘Thank God they changed the ending’—these and similar statements are predicated on certain assumptions which blur the mutational process” (Bluestone, 5; Metz, 112). They not only blur the mutational process; these statements make a terrible category error. “Changes are inevitable the moment one abandons the linguistic for the visual medium” (Bluestone, 6). “It is as fruitless to say that film A is better or worse than novel B as it is to pronounce Wright’s Johnson Wax Building better or worse than Tchaikovsky’s Swan Lake. In the last analysis, each is autonomous” (5-6). Or so Bluestone argues. None of our contemporary critics take such a hard line on medium specificity; for them, the crucial term is “intertextuality”. But whether they are partisans of a modernist medium specificity or a postmodern intertextuality (or intermediality), such critics are all dedicated to the proposition that there can be no hierarchy between textual instances. For the modernists, such rankings are impossible because there is an unbridgeable gap between media; for the postmodernists, because everything exists in a general citational field. Only fidelity discourse seems to require such impossible rankings. As Orr makes clear: “the danger of fidelity criticism, even when it is dealing with the most ‘faithful’ of film adaptations, is that it impoverishes the film’s intertextuality” (72). And if Orr weren’t clear enough, the editors at Wide-Angle chose that passage as a pull quote. Still, like a vampire, fidelity did not die. Let us back up. The joke Ray tells at the expense of his academic critic assumes that while the comparison of film with book has both a technical and an evaluative aspect, nevertheless the surreptitious evaluations of fidelity discourse corrupt even its technical conclusions. Yet it seems odd to claim that fidelity necessarily entails a surreptitious evaluation, even if it has done so in every case. For fidelity to seem a compelling standard, there would necessarily be an antecedent evaluation of the merits of the version the commenter had first encountered. No one would bother to discuss whether a book or film or any other version of a story were faithful unless she already had some allegiance to that story in some form—that would indeed be tiresome. I am saying that fidelity debates provide a way of avoiding questions of quality. Something is faithful or it’s not. At least, whether something is faithful seems an easier question to settle than whether something is better than something very different. Whether and how Cruel Intentions (Roger Kumble, 1999) is faithful to Choderlos de Laclos’ 1782 source novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses is an easier question to settle than whether the Johnson Wax Building is better than Swan Lake. Indeed, a person who shifts the conversation from a discussion of merits to a discussion of matching demonstrates an anxiety about settling questions of art. In that case, what is unsettling about the adaptation is not so much its relative goodness (in most cases, that would be quickly settled) as its ability to make us question a judgment we made of the prior work by providing a more-or-less systematic set of alternatives to and deviations from the prior work. (Here I mean prior, not “source” or “adapted” work. Whether we experience the adapted text or the adaptation first, we form our judgments about it, and those are the judgments that are under pressure.) Questions of matching or mis-matching address the viewer’s ability to recognise the systematicity of the differences between source and adaptation; questions of judgment speak to the perceptiveness of the viewer in recognising both the systematicity of the individual works and the grounds for her own judgments. Such recognitions are hard-won and evanescent; what was true for adaptation theorists is true for the laymen. III. Induction, Authority, and the Case Study If we see fidelity discourse as an avoidance of judgment, then, the repeated critical injunction against fidelity because it is surreptitiously judgmental is not an antidote to, but a reiteration of, the fundamental move. We may substitute something new for fidelity—sociology, medium specificity, textual openness—but we may not have improved our position. Indeed, one of the least attractive aspects of the campaign against fidelity is an unwillingness to see at all such “layman’s questions” as efforts to take the aesthetic seriously. If Ray shares Bluestone’s desire to end the conversation of judgment, what is more striking about his piece is that it represents an uncharacteristic step backward from Bluestone’s argument on the same issue. Leading into his dialogue excerpts, Bluestone notes that quantitative analyses of films based on books, or of books sold upon the release of a film “tell us nothing about the mutational process, let alone how to judge it” (5). One might say about Bluestone’s interlocutors that they tell us something, although not much, about the mutational process, and something else, although again not much, about how to judge it. They may be mere laymen, but they exist on a continuum with Bluestone’s own work. What distinguishes Bluestone is twofold: a closer attention to the “mutational process,” and a restriction of our judgment to comparisons within a single medium (5). For Ray, again, the problem with comparisons is not that they are inattentive but that they import precisely the evaluative stance Bluestone is attempting to rule out through a belief in medium specificity. Still, both are wary of the ordinary conversation about adaptations because it is improperly judgmental. For them, the passage from technical comparison to evaluative comparison is a slippery one. Better to hold off any consideration of merit, either through the wall of the medium or the archaeology of knowledge. Yet neither Ray nor Bluestone nor any of the other adaptation theorists has recognised the role fidelity discourse plays in the layman’s discussion, a role that is less the surreptitious evaluation of an adaptation than an attempt at an objective justification of the prior evaluation. When Orr offers a backhanded defense of a limited kind of fidelity criticism—“Fidelity to the letter, in contrast to fidelity to the spirit, can after all be verified” (74)—this is an extension, not a repudiation, of the layman’s discourse. Part of the reason that the evaluation of the worth of a work of art or the success of a story is difficult lies in the search for grounds of comparison. What exactly would make this a better book? A better film? A better game? A better story? And part of the reason that adaptation studies, or laymen’s discussions about the relative merits of two versions of a story, are useful is that multiple versions of the same story make it possible to examine aesthetic alternatives. (What would work better?) Adaptations put the options on the table; they suggest particular alternatives, and (despite Ray’s despair) over time they may provide cumulative support for notions of adaptive success and failure at various levels of generality. Adaptation studies efficiently model the need for induction. If comparisons are the first steps toward theorisation, fidelity discussions are the stalking horses for questions of authority, questions that might be (and are) answered sociologically or anthropologically or economically. Why is the first Harry Potter movie too faithful? Because Rowling successfully negotiated with Warner Bros. to get script approval (Pendreigh). In this frame, fidelity questions should be all the things Ray fears they are not: cumulative, heuristic, and, although he does not put it this way, worth the effort of professionalisation. IV. Fidelity without Borders If fidelity studies are the products of a New Critical “paradigm”, they are an important transformation of it. Where the New Critic might demonstrate the systematicity of a particular work of art, the adaptation critic would displace that systematicity to the relationships between works. No wonder that the attribution of fidelity to an adaptation has suggested to everyone since Bluestone that the next move in the argument should be a turn to the modes through which the system imposes itself—what Bluestone calls “the mutational process,” what Andrew calls “sociology.” Pragmatic questions of mode, process, or sociology frequently appear as pacifications of skeptical questions of knowledge and being. This debate is no exception. One skeptic here is Ray, who initially asks “Why had the cinema committed itself almost exclusively to storytelling?” and then rephrases thus, “Why was commercial filmmaking so eager to make feature-length fictional narrative seem the inherent definition of the cinema?” (42). The latter question is modal, but not in the same way the Harry Potter question was. It displaces its concern from the mode of adaptation to the discourse about that mode, and by doing so it makes the question a more pressing one, one that likely has a particular, historical answer. Ray’s answer is that commercial filmmaking turned to realistic storytelling to appeal to a middle-class audience, to hide its operations, and to solidify its self-regulating industrial oligopoly (45). Here, the denigration of the middle-class audience takes the place of the injunction against fidelity discourse. In this view, middle-class moralists are the perfect complement to an industry always looking for a way to reduce its risks and to find stories that are pre-sold. Yet that image of the industry is both partial and underthought. It is partial because the adapted film does not simply hope to find the same audience its source first located—it wants many more and must expect many others. And it is underthought because when a film turns to literature as a way of guaranteeing an audience, it solicits an audience that is in a unique position to judge it. That audience might find the film worse, better, or somehow irrelevant, but those opinions respond to the film’s openness to judgment in the first place. To be sure, realistic or studio-based cinema might have solicited comparisons only with other films (or with reality, or with the possibilities of film), but that is not, it seems, what occurred. Instead, the cinema in its most commercial forms opened itself up to judgment relative to the novel and the theater. It was a desperately bold move that paid off with startling rapidity. Kamilla Elliott spends the great majority of Rethinking the Novel/Film Debate in an argument that might liberate the discipline from skepticisim. How can adaptation be impossible and pervasive (134)? As an answer, she finds a productive “tension” in criticism between adherence to the theory that the content of a story cannot be separated from its form (hence cannot be carried from novel to film) and heretical arguments that show how it is that content peels off and finds new forms (134). The “heresies” are modes of adaptation that Hutcheon, Stam, and other postmodernist critics would recognise (ventriloquist, de(re)composing, genetic, etc.). Indeed, for Elliott, these heresies that are “so marginalised in the novel and film debate are central to its dynamics” (183). The move “away from categorical models” toward “critical rhetoric and aesthetic practices” (244) and her attempt to write “beyond fidelity” are both seemingly conventional. But for Elliott, the fidelity debate is misguided not because fidelity asks the impossible but because at bottom critics of fidelity seek to purge cinema of its literariness. Her refusal to do that positions her more firmly outside fidelity discourse than any other adaptation theorist. Instead of a rivalry between novel and film, she suggests we imagine literature and cinema to be “reciprocal looking glasses” (209-12). Such an analogy would “ensure … an endless series of inversions and reversals” (212). Fidelity may be gone, but its “endless” parade of case studies remains, yet not because the skeptical question went unasked. “Is adaptation possible?” may be pacified as we turn to practice, but when it comes time to determine exactly which analogies are fruitful because they are endless and which “have a pernicious tendency to invert and twist endlessly” “further clarification” (Elliott, 244) and “further study” (Elliott, 183) will always be needed. If laymen have persisted in judging adaptations and in raising fidelity questions when those judgments slip away, critics have persisted in their attempts to silence that conversation of judgment. Yet once criticism is freed from fidelity discourse’s judgmental “bad conscience,” it can only offer more of itself, endlessly. Questions of practice, authority, and generality float away from their original and insistent occasions. And when our conversation turns to judgments of adaptations, we will no longer have the criticism we most need, one that could let us know when we have reached the end of someone’s persuadability so we might stop trying. References Andrew, Dudley. “Adaptation.” Naremore 28-37. Bazin, André. “Adaptation, or the Cinema as Digest.” Naremore 19-27. ———. “In Defense of Mixed Cinema.” What Is Cinema? Sel. and trans. Hugh Gray. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. 53-75. Bluestone, George. Novels into Film. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1957. Fadiman, William. “But Compared to the Original.” Films and Filming 11.5 (1965): 21-3. Hutcheon, Linda. A Theory of Adaptation. New York: Routledge, 2006. McFarlane, Brian. Novel to Film: An Introduction to the Theory of Adaptation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Naremore, James. Film Adaptation. Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 2000. Orr, Christopher. “The Discourse on Adaptation.” Wide Angle 6.2 (1984): 72-6. Pendreigh, Brian. “Hogwarts ’n’ All.” Iofilm 9 Nov. 2001. 9 Mar. 2007 http://www.iofilm.co.uk/feats/filmmaking/harry_potter.shtml>. Ray, Robert. “The Field of Literature and Film.” Naremore 38-53. Stam, Robert. “Beyond Fidelity: The Dialogics of Adaptation.” Naremore 54-78. ———. “Introduction: The Theory and Practice of Adaptation.” Literature and Film: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Adaptation. Ed. Robert Stam and Alessandra Raengo. New York: Blackwell, 2005. 1-52. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Connor, J.D. "The Persistence of Fidelity: Adaptation Theory Today." M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/15-connor.php>. APA Style Connor, J. (May 2007) "The Persistence of Fidelity: Adaptation Theory Today," M/C Journal, 10(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/15-connor.php>.