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Zhang, Ying. "Pancreatic islet function in long-chain polyunsaturated [omega-3] fatty acid-depleted rats." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/241307.
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Lewis, Amanda Gloria. "Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia with Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd458.pdf.
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Alvarado-Gilis, Christian A. "Dietary factors affecting tissue profiles of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cattle." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20416.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
J. S. Drouillard
The main goal of this dissertation was to evaluate different methods to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) against biohydrogenation by ruminal microorganisms. The first chapter is a review of literature pertaining to fat and fatty acid metabolism by ruminants and why these fats are relevant in human nutrition. The second chapter discusses effects of supplementing high concentrations of dietary copper to feedlot cattle to assess impact on PUFA profiles in tissues. Two levels of copper (10 or 100 mg/kg) were supplemented to diets with or without flaxseed during the finishing period for beef heifers. Added copper did not affect performance (P > 0.15). Final body weights were similar for cattle fed with or without flaxseed (P > 0.05), but cattle fed diets with flaxseed consumed less feed (P < 0.05), and therefore were more efficient (P < 0.01). Carcass traits were unaffected by treatment. Feeding elevated levels of copper did not appreciably alter proportions of PUFA in plasma, but plasma concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids were greater for heifers fed flaxseed (P < 0.05). Chapter 3 describes the evaluation of 3 novel methods to protect PUFA from microbial biohydrogenation activity within the rumen, including a) coextrusion of flaxseed with molasses; b) mixing with soybean meal followed by induction of a non-enzymatic browning reaction; and c) encapsulation of ground flaxseed within a matrix consisting of dolomitic lime hydrate (L-Flaxseed). The resulting products were evaluated using in vitro methods to estimate resistance to biohydrogenation or in 12- to 14-d feeding studies in which plasma concentrations of [alpha]-linolenic acid (ALA) were measured. Our processing strategies a) and b) did not improve efficiency of omega-3 fatty acid utilization (P > 0.1). The in situ study of L-flaxseed revealed a 2-fold increase in resistance of ALA to ruminal biohydrogenation, and the concentration in plasma after 14 d on feed was more than 4 times that observed in cattle fed ground flaxseed, suggesting the dolomitic lime hydrate was effective as a protective matrix. Chapter 4 evaluated performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing beef heifers in response to feeding diets containing L-Flaxseed. Animals were blocked by weight, randomly assigned to individual pens, and pens to 6 dietary treatments: Control (high concentrate finishing diet), ground flaxseed fed at 3 or 6% of diet DM, L-Flaxseed fed at 2, 4, or 6%. Concentration of ALA in meat increased linearly in response to the level of flaxseed fed (P < 0.05); Moreover, transfer of dietary ALA to tissues increased by 47% when flaxseed was encapsulated within the dolomitic lime matrix. Cattle that were fed diets with 4 or 6% L-Flaxseed consumed less feed than other treatments (P < 0.05), which adversely affected feedlot performance and carcass traits.
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Sandford, Fiona Margaret. "The role of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of rotator cuff tendinopathy." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-longchain-omega3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-in-the-management-of-rotator-cuff-tendinopathy(73f89ba5-022f-4bb0-a42b-f44949df7a83).html.
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Rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy is defined as pain and dysfunction of one or more of the RC tendons (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor). Inflammation has been associated with this condition. Graduated exercise is the main treatment for RC tendinopathy, and comparable outcomes to surgery, have been reported for the range of conditions associated with RC tendinopathy. However both non-surgical and surgical outcomes are frequently sub-optimal and new treatment methods to support current practice and improve outcomes are required. A questionnaire investigation recruited 261 participants with shoulder pain from eight healthcare locations. Information was collected regarding beliefs and use of nutritional supplements. Supplement use was reported by 38% (100/261) respondents. Of those who were taking supplements, 82% (82/100) were taking them for shoulder pain. Fish oil supplements containing long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were the most popular dietary supplements. Long-chain mega-3 PUFAs have been recommended for people with tendinopathy due to their potential to reduce inflammation. This investigation compared exercise and PUFAs to exercise and placebo supplements in the treatment of people with RC tendinopathy. A double-blind placebo controlled randomized controlled trial was conducted in participants with RC tendinopathy recruited from hospital clinics. The active treatment group received nine opaque capsules of MaxEPA providing 1.53g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 1.04g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the placebo group received nine matching placebo capsules where the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids were replaced with oleic acid; all participants attended an eight week exercise programme. Participants were assessed, at pre-randomisation, eight weeks (primary outcome point), three months, six months and 12 months (secondary outcome point). Primary outcome was the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS). Secondary outcomes included; the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), Patient Specific Functional Score, Euro Qol 5D-3L, Short Form 36, global rating of change and impairment measures. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. A total of 73 participants were randomized to treatment and data were available for the analysis of 36 in the PUFA supplement group versus 33 in the placebo. Both groups improved over the time course of the study. Plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA increased in the long-chain omega-3 PUFA supplemented group but not in the placebo, providing evidence that the participants took the supplements. There was no evidence of added benefit from long-chain omega-3 PUFA supplementation for the primary outcome change in OSS -0.23 (95% CI 3.89, 3.43) or in SPADI -1.68 (-12.64, 9.28) at two months. There was some evidence to suggest that SPADI was lower in the treatment group at three months. There was no difference in outcomes between groups at 12 months. Twelve participants undertook semi-structured face to face interviews to explore experiences, barriers, motivators and enablers to supplement use and exercise. The predominant enablers to exercise were found to be the perceived benefit from the exercises and extended follow up, with barriers being lack of suitable equipment and pain. The enablers to supplement taking were found to be the perceived benefit of the supplements and a systematic pill taking routine. Barriers were the size, taste and quantity of supplements, remembering to take them, and, lack of perceived benefit.
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Thompson, Kylie M. "Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammation in Post-menopausal, Obese Women Completing the LAS-O3 Intervention." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1491770537322619.
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Neijat, Mohamed. "Omega-3 fatty acid enrichment of chicken eggs: Regulation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in laying hens." Poultry Science, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/32076.
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Eggs enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly the longer chain PUFA (LCPUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) can boost human consumption of these fatty acids implicated in human health. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) from plant seeds/oils, primarily serve as the source of omega-3 PUFA for hens, however, the scarcity of ALA-rich plants and the limited conversion of ALA to LCPUFA are challenges for egg enrichment. Two major experiments were conducted to determine potential factors regulating egg enrichment of omega-3 LCPUFA based on detailed assessment of PUFA profiles in different lipid pools of hen tissues. In experiment 1, supplementation of graded levels of hempseed products, provided ~ 0.1 to 1.3% of ALA in the diets. Experiment 2, investigated dietary supplementation of flaxseed oil (ALA-rich) and algal DHA (preformed LCPUFA), each providing similar graded levels of total omega-3 PUFA. Both ALA-containing models demonstrated a plateau in DHA enrichment of eggs at higher ALA intakes. ALA-containing diets led to high concentrations of ALA in the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction of eggs and plasma, and the adipose tissue of flaxseed oil-fed hens. In total phospholipid (PL), particularly the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), the levels of EPA and ALA in the yolk were linearly associated with those in the liver. In all tissues, DHA dominated the PE pool, exhibiting a plateau with a strong inverse correlation to the ratio of ALA to EPA in the liver, suggesting limited ALA availability for egg DHA enrichment. The use of algal DHA should therefore permit further accumulation of DHA in the total PL and TAG fractions of yolk. However, enrichment via preformed DHA (at 3.36% algal product) was also limited by hepatic PL resulting in more DHA and EPA being shunted to the adipose TAG, concurrent with elevated hepatic acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL1) expression. As a function of total omega-3 PUFA intakes (regardless of source), similar levels of stearidonic acid (SDA) and particularly EPA accumulated in liver PE. Therefore, hepatic PL regulation, possibly aimed at maintaining EPA level, may potentially be limiting the amount of ALA accumulation in the same pool, hence limiting the endogenous synthesis of DHA and subsequent enrichment in eggs.February 2017
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Slim, Kenna. "The effect of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and long chain omega 3 fatty acids on body weight and inflammation." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/56889/.
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Obesity-associated adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is characterised by macrophage (ATM) infiltration and polarisation from anti-inflammatory (M2) towards pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype. Long chain (LC) n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), exert various beneficial effects on inflammatory and metabolic parameters in relation to obesity. The apolipoprotein Epsilon 4 (APOE4) genotype is associated with a pro-inflammatory state, lower adiposity yet greater metabolic dysfunction in obesity and an altered LC n-3 PUFA status compared to APOE3 genotype. This PhD project aimed to investigate the relationships between APOE genotype, adiposity, LC n-3 PUFA status and inflammation. In an existing data set of 312 participants involved in a fish oil intervention trial [Caslake et al., 2008, Kofler et al., 2012] we demonstrated that age, BMI and habitual oily fish intake, but not APOE Epsilon genotype, determined plasma LC n-3 PUFA status. APOE Epsilon genotype interacted with -219G/T polymorphism (rs405509) to determine plasma apoE and select inflammatory marker concentrations. In human APOE targeted replacement (TR) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) without or with 30 g EPA+DHA / kg of diet (HFD+FO) for 8 weeks, APOE3, but not APOE4, mice develop obesity and impaired glucose tolerance upon HFD feeding that is prevented by dietary fish oil. ATM infiltration and phenotype was similar between APOE3 and APOE4 mice. Fish oil increased the number of ATM without influencing their phenotype. LC n-3 PUFA enrichment of AT was similar, although EPA and DHA levels tended to be 10 – 20% lower in APOE4 mice compared to APOE3 mice on HFD+FO. In primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages the APOE4 genotype was associated with higher prevalence of the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype compared to APOE3 genotype. In conclusion, our findings contribute to the current understanding of the potential mechanisms through which the APOE Epsilon genotype modulates adiposity and its metabolic impact.
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Chen, Xi. "Functional food-related bioactive compounds: effect of sorghum phenolics on cancer cells in vivo and conversion of short- to long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in duck liver in vivo." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38244.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Human Nutrition
Weiqun Wang
Many functional food related bioactive compounds have been discovered and draw the attention of scientists. This dissertation focused on sorghum phenolic compounds and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Study 1: phenolic agents in plant foods have been associated with chronic disease prevention, especially cancer. However, a direct evidence and the underlying mechanisms are mostly unknown. This study selected 13 sorghum accessions and was aim to investigate: (1) the effect of extracted sorghum phenolics on inhibiting cancer cell growth using hepatocarcinoma HepG2 and colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell lines; (2) and the underlying mechanisms regarding cytotoxicity, cell cycle interruption, and apoptosis induction. Treatment of HepG2 and Caco-2 cells with the extracted phenolics at 0-200 M GAE (Gallic acid equivalent) up to 72 hrs resulted in a dose- and time-dependent reduction in cell number. The underlying mechanism of cell growth inhibition was examined by flow cytometry, significant inverse correlations were observed between the decreased cell number and increased cell cycle arrest at G2/M or induced apoptosis cells in both HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. The cytotoxic assay showed that the sorghum phenolic extracts were non-toxic. Although it was less sensitive, a similar inhibitory impact and underlying mechanisms were found in Caco-2 cells. These results indicated for the 1st time that a direct inhibition of either HepG2 or Caco-2 cell growth by phenolic extracts from13 selected sorghum accessions was due to cytostatic and apoptotic but not cytotoxic mechanisms. In addition, these findings suggested that sorghum be a valuable functional food by providing sustainable phenolics for potential cancer prevention. Study 2: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) especially long-chain ω-3 PUFAs, have been associated with potential health benefits in chronic disease prevention. However, the conversion rate from short- to long-chain ω-3 PUFAs is limited in human body. This study was aim to assess the modification of fatty acid profiles as well as investigate the conversion of short- to long-chain ω-3 PUFAs in the liver of Shan Partridge duck after feeding various dietary fats. The experimental diets substituted the basal diet by 2% of flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, beef tallow, or fish oil, respectively. As expected, the total ω-3 fatty acids and the ratio of total ω-3/ ω-6 significantly increased in both flaxseed and fish oil groups when compared with the control diet. No significant change of total saturated fatty acids or ω-3 fatty acids was found in both rapeseed and beef tallow groups. Short-chain ω-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) in flaxseed oil-fed group was efficiently converted to long-chain ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the duck liver. This study showed the fatty acid profiling in the duck liver after various dietary fat consumption, provided insight into a dose response change of ω-3 fatty acids, indicated an efficient conversion of short- to long-chain ω-3 fatty acid, and suggested alternative long-chain ω-3 fatty acid-enriched duck products for human health benefits. In conclusion, the two studies in this dissertation provided a fundamental understanding of anti-cancer activity by sorghum phenolic extracts and the conversion of short- to long-chain ω-3 PUFAs in duck liver, contribute to a long term goal of promoting sorghum and duck as sustainable phenolic and ω-3 PUFAs sources as well as healthy food products for human beings.
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Van, der Merwe Liandre Frances. "Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to gut integrity, growth and cognitive development of rural African children." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2010. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1440242/.
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Background and rationale: Weaning foods fed to infants in rural Gambia are often contaminated, resulting in infections which contribute to initiating a persistent inflammation of the gut. This enteropathy, which causes intestinal damage and malabsorption, is strongly associated with the high degree of growth faltering seen in Gambian infants. There is evidence that supplementary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPs) might ameliorate this damage by reducing gastro-intestinal inflammation. Additionally, n-3 LCPs have been shown to benefit mental development and problem-solving ability in infants, but this has not yet been tested in an African population. Methods: A randomised, double-blind, controlled trial (500mg combined n-3 LCPs per day for six months) was conducted in a population of rural African infants aged 3 months - 9 months. The primary outcomes were infant anthropometric indicators and gut integrity (measured by urinary lactulose-mannitol ratios). Plasma fatty acid status (plasma fatty acid profiles), cognitive development (Willatts Test and an attention assessment at 12 months of age), intestinal mucosal inflammation (faecal calprotectin), and daily morbidities were the secondary outcome measures. Results: One-hundred and seventy-two Gambian infants completed the trial. Except for an increase in mid-upper-arm circumference z-scores in the intervention group (95% Cl: 0.06,0.56; p=0.017), no significant differences between treatment groups were detected for growth and lactulose-mannitol ratios at 9 months. At 12 months mid-upper-arm circumference remained greater in the intervention group, and significant increases in skinfold thicknesses were detected (pSO.022 for ali). Supplementation resulted in a significant increase in plasma n-3 LCP levels (p
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Chu, Hyun Sik Stephano. "Long Chain n-3 PUFA and Oleic Acid Modification Strategies to Enhance Fillet Quality in Tilapia, Oreochromis species." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85868.
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Tilapia are freshwater fish that have become important in aquaculture and as a stable global source of seafood due to their ability to thrive in different environments. However, tilapia are sometimes considered nutritionally undesirable due to their high n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios. A market study was conducted first to determine fatty acid compositions in tilapia fillets in different US markets. Then a research was conducted to enhance nutritional value of tilapia by improving the n-3 and oleic acid contents in fish fillets without compromising fish growth or feed conversion ratios. Feeds were formulated with combinations of high and low n-6, n-3, and oleic acid levels using soybean oil, fish oil, algae oil, and high-oleic sunflower oil. Then 12 diets, including a commercial diet, were assigned to 24 tanks, each with 25 tilapia per tank. A Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) was used to grow the fish for 8 weeks. Fatty acid compositions of tilapia fillets were determined and samples were vacuum packed and stored at -10oC and -20oC to test oxidative degradation and fatty acid compositional changes. The market survey data showed that there were significant differences in fatty acid composition, lipid content, and n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios depending on the country of origin. Samples from USA had ideal n-6:n-3 ratios (1.3 ±0.85) while samples from Southeast Asia had higher n-6:n-3 fatty acids ratio (6.6 ±0.54). Algae oil incorporation significantly increased DHA level while fish oil incorporation significantly increased both EPA and DPA. High-oleic sunflower oil based diets improved oleic acid levels and reduced linoleic acid compared to the soybean oil based diets. Sensory evaluation indicated that lipid source did not significantly impact preference or overall fillet quality, including texture. Interestingly, a survey showed people were interested in value-added tilapia, and would pay up to 30% more for nutritionally enhanced fish compared to the $5.00/lb fresh fillet price currently available in supermarkets. There was no observable oxidation during long term frozen storage. The oxidation study proved that value-addition would not be compromised during the long term storage conditions, even under temperature abuse. It is possible to improve tilapia nutritional quality through diet to provide consumers with value-added products that maintain quality during frozen storage.Ph. D.
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Harden, Charlotte Jane. "n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, appetite control and weight management." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3814/.
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Geppert, Julia. "Evaluation of two supplementation strategies to improve long-chain omega-3 fatty acid status in healthy subjects." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-68271.
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Stamey, Jennifer Anne. "Systemic and Intracellular Trafficking of Long-chain Fatty Acids in Lactating Dairy Cattle." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38689.
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Marine oils are used as ration additives to provide omega-3 fatty acids to dairy
cows. Supplementing dairy cows with omega-3 fatty acid-rich feeds does not easily
increase quantities in milk fat of dairy cows because polyunsaturated fatty acids are
biohydrogenated in the rumen. Lipid encapsulation of omega-3 fatty acids provides
protection from biohydrogenation in the rumen and allows them to be available for
absorption and utilization in the small intestine. Lactating cows were supplemented with
rumen protected algae biomass or algal oil in a 4 Ã 4 Latin Square. Feeding lipid
encapsulated algae supplements increased docosahexaenoic acid content in milk fat while
not adversely impacting milk fat yield; however, docosahexaenoic acid was preferentially
esterified into plasma phospholipid, limiting its incorporation into milk fat. In the second
study, triglyceride emulsions of oils enriched in either oleic, linoleic, linolenic, or
docosahexaenoic acids were intravenously infused to avoid confounding effects of
triglyceride esterification patterns in the small intestine and to compare mammary uptake.
Milk transfer of fatty acids delivered as intravenous triglyceride emulsions was reduced
with increased chain length and unsaturation. Increased target fatty acids were evident in
plasma phospholipid, suggesting re-esterification in the liver. Transfer efficiencies were 37.8, 27.6, and 10.9±5.4% for linoleic, linolenic, and docosahexaenoic acid. Both liver
and mammary mechanisms may regulate transfer of long-chain polyunsaturates.
Intracellular fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) are cytoplasmic proteins that are
hypothesized to be essential for fatty acid transport and metabolism by accelerating longchain
fatty acid uptake and targeting to intracellular organelles, such as the endoplasmic
reticulum for triglyceride esterification. FABP3 mRNA is highly expressed in bovine
mammary and heart tissue, but is not present in MAC-T cells, a bovine mammary
epithelial cell line. When overexpressed in MAC-T cells, FABP3 does not appear to be
rate-limiting for fatty acid uptake in vitro and did not alter lipid metabolism. The function
of FABP3 in the mammary gland remains unclear.Ph. D.
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Nolte, Noreen Kathleen. "Protection of the long chain N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in hake head flour against oxidation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49781.
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Teodorescu, Carmen Aurora Craig-Schmidt Margaret C. "The interactive effects of N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and methylmercury on the cardiovascular system." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1351.
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McCartan, Sheila. "The effects of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on THP-1 and endothelial cell function." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.579794.
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The effects of LC n-3 PUFA, EPA and OHA, on aspects of early stage atherosclerosis including monocyte to endothelial cell adhesion, monocyte to macrophage differentiation, and macrophage cholesterol levels, lipoprotein receptor, and lipid droplet-associated protein expression were investigated. LC n-3 PUFA treatment increased monocyte adhesion to endothelial monolayers and adhesion molecule expression (E-selectin; ICAM-1) in unstimulated HAECs with an opposite effect found in TNF-a stimulated HAECs (ICAM-1; VCAM-l). Adhesion was also decreased upon THP-1 monocyte incubation with LC n-3 PUFA, with no effect on expression of monocyte adhesion molecules. In monocyte to macrophage differentiation immature macro phages were affected at a lower L( n-3 PUFA concentration, and to a greater extent than mature macrophages. Upon L( n-3 PUFA treatment cell-surface expression of the differentiation markers CD11c, CD11b and CD49d on immature and mature macrophages, and (014 mRNA expression on mature macrophages were down- regulated, as was cell-surface expression of the scavenger receptor (036 in immature and mature macrophages, as well as (036 mRNA expression in immature The extent of macrophage differentiation influenced LC n-3 PUFA effects on cholesterol levels and lipoprotein expression. LC n-3 PUFA decreased net cholesterol levels in untreated, immature macrophages, and free cholesterol levels in native LDL treated, immature macro phages; mature macrophages were unaffected. LOX-l and LDLr mRNA expression were also decreased in immature macrophages. DHA increased adipophilin mRNA expression regardless of cell treatment. LC n-3 PUFA treatment during differentiation decreased CD36 cell-surface and mRNA expression in immature macrophages, and CD36 cell-surface and LOX-l mRNA expression in mature macrophages, whereas, post-differentiation treatment reduced LOX-l mRNA expression in immature macrophages with no effect on CD36 expression. LDLr mRNA expression was reduced with treatment during and post- differentiation. Treatment with the LC n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, can decrease monocyte adhesion to the endothelium, the expression of monocyte to macrophage differentiation markers, and cholesterol levels within differentiated macrophages.
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Harvey, Jessica C. "The Effects of Fish Oil (EPA+DHA) on Chronic Ventilator Patients in a Long Term Acute Care Setting: A Randomized Control Trial." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1307125476.
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Mavrommatis, Ioannis. "The effects of dietary long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on soluble epoxide hydrolase and related markers of cardiovascular health." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=56261.
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Gibbs, Rachael Ann. "Very long chain N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet and opportunities to increase intake of them." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515778.
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Mariniello, Katia. "Comparative study of synthesis and incorporation of omega-3 and 6- long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by THP-1 and HT29 cells with a specifc focus on the influence of retinoids." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540612.
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Kwaw, Armah Christopher. "Physiological responsiveness of cardiovascular risk factors to long chain N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids : Impact of genotype, gender and age." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515723.
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Pollard, Lucy Victoria. "The influence of long chain N-3 fatty acids on the requirement for vitamin E and its relevance to atherosclerosis." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307772.
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Bourque, Christine. "Evaluation of a functional oil composed of medium chain triacylglycerols, phytosterols and n-3 fatty acids on the cardiovascular risk profile of overweight women." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32765.
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We examined the effect of a functional oil (FctO), with potential weight-controlling and blood lipid-lowering attributes, vs beef tallow as control (C), on the cardiovascular risk profile of overweight women. The FctO comprised energy expenditure-enhancing medium chain triacylglycerols, cholesterol-lowering phytosterols and triacylglycerol-suppressing n-3 fatty acids. In a randomized, single-blind, crossover design, inpatient trial, 17 women consumed each oil as part of a controlled, supervised, energy-adjusted diet for 27 days. Body weight decreased similarly during both dietary periods. Plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels decreased by 4.8% and 10.4% following FctO, and were lower by 9.0% and 16.4% respectively, after FctO vs C. HDL cholesterol and circulating triacylglycerol levels were unaffected by treatment, though HDL:LDL and HDL:total cholesterol ratios increased by 19.5% and 9.4% on FctO. Plasma total homocysteine levels were higher on FctO vs C. Plasma glutathione increased with FctO supplementation.We conclude that consumption of FctO improves the overall cardiovascular risk profile of overweight women.
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McAfee, Alison J. "Contribution of meat (beef and lamb) from grass-fed ruminants to total dietary intake of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.554230.
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The potential of red meat, particularly that produced from grass-fed animals, to contribute to dietary intakes of long chain (LC) n-3 PUF A has become the focus of recent research. However, there remains little information on precise quantities of these fatty acids found in commercially produced red meat, the use of grass finishing diets by producers, or the ability of red meat produced from grass feeding regimes to contribute to LCn-3 PUF A intakes or status in consumers, especially in the UK and Ireland. Extensive fatty acid data were measured for beef and lamb produced in Northern Ireland over a 12 month period and the frequency of a grass diet being offered to animals before slaughter was determined by a survey carried out among a sample of beef and lamb producers. To investigate the effect of consumption of red meat produced from grass-fed animals on LCn-3 PUF A status, a human intervention study was carried out among healthy subjects. In addition, the potential for red meat produced from grass-fed animals to contribute to LCn-3 PUF A intakes in the Irish population was hypothetically assessed based on current intakes of meat. Beef and lamb were reported to contain concentrations ofLCn-3 PUFA similar to levels achieved with grass feeding by other studies. The season of slaughter and, to a lesser extent, the reported finishing diet of the animal were found to cause variation in concentrations ofLCn-3 PUFA and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) found in beef and lamb. The survey revealed that grass finishing diets are commonly offered to animals by producers of beef and lamb, but the frequency of these diets also varied by season. In the human intervention study, consumption of red meat from grass-fed animals was associated with significantly increased plasma and platelet LCn-3 PUF A status among healthy subjects. Based on red meat consumed in the Irish diet being from grass-fed animals, the provision of red meat to LCn-3 PUF A intakes would be modestly increased than if meat consumed were from concentrate-fed animals. In conclusion, the production of red meat from grass-fed animals will contribute to increased LCn-3 PUF A intakes and status among Irish consumers, where red meat is habitually consumed. Further research is warranted to investigate the opportunity to further enhance concentrations ofLCn-3 PUF A within red meat by increased use of grass feeding regimes in beef and lamb production.
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Chauvin, Lucie. "Voies de signalisation impliquées dans la sensibilisation des tumeurs mammaires au docétaxel par les acides gras polyinsaturés n-3." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3309/document.
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La résistance des cellules tumorales à la chimiothérapie constitue une cause majeure d’échec des traitements anticancéreux. Des études précliniques montrent que les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 à longues chaînes (AGPIn-3LC), apportés par l’alimentation, améliorent l’efficacité des chimiothérapies sans majorer les effets secondaires. Cette thèse a eu pour but d’identifier les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’augmentation de la sensibilité des cellules tumorales mammaires au docétaxel. Nous avons montré que le docétaxel induit un mécanisme de résistance via l’activation des voies de signalisation PKC/ERK et Akt impliquées dans la prolifération et la survie cellulaires. La modification de l’environnement lipidique membranaire par la supplémentation en AGPIn-3LC inhibe ces voies de signalisation et augmente l’efficacité du docétaxel dans des lignées tumorales mammaires et dans un modèle préclinique de tumeurs mammaires autochtones chez le rongeur. De plus, dans ce modèle in vivo, nous avons identifié une autre cible moléculaire régulée par les AGPIn-3LC : l’épiréguline, membre de la famille EGF. Les AGPIn-3LC bloquent l’induction de l’épiréguline par le VEGF dans les cellules endothéliales et induisent un remodelage de la vascularisation tumorale. Outre un effet direct des AGPIn-3LC sur les cellules tumorales, les AGPIn- 3LC agissent sur le microenvironnement tumoral. Ces travaux de thèse apportent des arguments supplémentaires pour l’utilisation des AGPIn-3LC comme molécules adjuvantes pour lutter contre la résistance des tumeurs mammaires aux agents anticancéreuxChemotherapy-resistant tumor cells are a major cause of cancer treatment failure. Preclinical studies show that polyunsaturated omega-3 long chain fatty acids (AGPIn-3LC), provided by food, improve the efficacy of chemotherapy without increasing side effects. AGPIn-3LCs are incorporated in cancer and stromal cells. This thesis aimed to identify molecular mechanisms involved in the increased sensitivity of mammary tumor cells to docetaxel. We have shown that docetaxel induces a resistance mechanism via activation of PKC/ERK and Akt pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. Modification of the membrane lipid environment by AGPIn-3LCs supplementation inhibits these signaling pathways and increases the efficacy of docetaxel in mammary tumor cell lines and in a preclinical rodent model of native mammary tumors. Moreover, in this mammary tumor model we have found another molecular target regulated by AGPIn-3LCs: epiregulin, a member of the EGF family. AGPIn-3LCs inhibit epiregulin-VEGF induced in endothelial cells and induce a remodeling of tumor vasculature. Furthermore, AGPIn-3LCs act on the tumor microenvironment directly. This thesis work provides additional arguments for the use of AGPIn-3LCs as adjuvant molecules to reduce the resistance of breast tumors to anticancer agents
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Cherfaoui, Maya. "La synthèse et/ou la lipoperoxydation des acides gras polyinsaturés à très longue chaîne n-3 sont-elles les étapes limitantes de leur dépôt musculaire chez le bovin ?" Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF1MM15.
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Dans une stratégie de diversification des apports en acides gras polyinsaturés très longue chaîne n-3 (AGPI TLC n-3), essentiels à la santé de l'Homme et majoritairement apportés par les produits de la mer, l'objectif de la thèse était de mieux comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires pouvant expliquer la faible teneur en AGPI TLC n-3 présente dans le muscle de bovin, ceci en explorant trois voies métaboliques de ces acides gras potentiellement limitantes (biosynthèse, captage facilité et peroxydation non-enzymatique) par des approches de qPCR ou de transcriptomique. Les principaux résultats montrent que le foie et les muscles de bovin possèdent tout le matériel génétique nécessaire à la synthèse des AGPI TLC n-3 et pourraient donc assurer leur synthèse, sauf chez le mâle entier où l'expression du gène de l'élongase 5 est réprimée par la présence d'hormones sexuelles mâles. D'autre part, les teneurs musculaires en AGPI TLC n-3 plus élevées avec un régime base d'herbe par rapport à de l'ensilage de maïs et dans un muscle glycolitique par rapport à un muscle oxydatif ne semblent pas s'expliquer par une modulation de l'expression des gènes impliqués dans leur biosynthèse, ni dans leur captage facilité et dans la régulation endogène de leur lipoperoxydation. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis de considérablement faire progresser la compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation des dépôts d'AGPITLC n-3 dans les muscles de bovin. Toutefois, ces régulations sont certainement plus complexes et probablement multifactorielles. De nombreuses pistes restent encore à explorer avant d'envisager augmenter la teneur en AGPI TLC n-3 dans la viande bovineN-3 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 VLC PUFA) are essential for human health but are almost exclusively present in seafood. Thus, in a strategy of diversification of n-3 VLC PUFA sources for human, the aim of this thesis was to better understand the cellular mechanisms that may explain the low n-3 VLC PUFA content in bovine muscle, by exploring three potentially limiting metabolic pathways of these fatty acids (biosynthesis, facilited uptake and non-enzymatic peroxidation) by qPCR or transcriptomic approaches. The main results indicate that the liver and muscles of cattle possess all the genetic material necessary for the synthesis of n-3 VLC PUFA and may therefore ensure their synthesis, except in entire males where gene expression of the elongase 5 is suppressed by the presence of male sex hormones. On the other hand, the higher n-3 VLC PUFA content in muscle of cattle with a grass based diet compard to corn silage and in glycolytic muscle compared to oxidative muscle do not seem to be explained by a modulation of gene expression of proteins involved in their biosynthesis or in their facilited uptake or in the endogenous regulation of their lipoperoxidation. In conclusion, this thesis has greatly advance our understanding of mechanisms involved in the regulation of n-3 VLC PUFA deposits in muscles of cattle. However, these regulations are certainly more complex and probably multifactorial. Many tracks remain to be explored before considering increasing n-3 VLC PUFA content in beef
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Roy, Jérôme. "Évaluation des propriétés antiarythmiques de dérives oxygénés des acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT028.
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L'infarctus du myocarde constitue la première cause de mortalité cardiovasculaire. Dans ce contexte, depuis plus de 40 ans et les premières études sur les populations du Groenland, il est connu qu'une consommation de poisson riche en acide gras polyinsaturés de type omégas 3 (AGPI n-3) a des effets cardioprotecteurs. De très nombreuses études cliniques, animales et cellulaires ont ensuite confirmé ces résultats cardioprotecteurs des AGPI n-3 qui semblent passer par une prévention des arythmies cardiaques post infarctus.Cependant, du fait de leurs nombreuses doubles liaisons carbone-carbone, les principaux AGPI n-3 que sont l'acide eicosapentaénoïque et l'acide docosahexaénoïque sont très sensibles à l'oxygénation à l'air et peuvent subir une peroxydation non enzymatique spontanée sous condition de stress oxydant qui accompagne notamment l'ischémie/reperfusion lors d'un infarctus du myocarde.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous posons la question de savoir quelle forme d'AGPI a des effets cardioprotecteur : la forme réduite ou oxydée. En effet, les effets des AGPI n-3 sur la fonction cardiaque sont très controversés, notamment due au manque d'information sur les mécanismes impliqués. Particulièrement, on ne sait pas quel lipide est actif : les AGPI n-3 ou un des leurs métabolites oxygénés.Durant l'ischémie reperfusion puis dans les mois qui suivent l'infarctus du myocarde, le stress oxydant est élevé et de nombreux métabolites non enzymatiques dérivés des AGPI n-3 comme les NeuroProstanes sont alors produits à tel point qu'ils sont reconnus comme biomarqueurs du stress oxydant. Ainsi, dans ce travail de recherche, nous spéculons que les NeuroProstanes ne sont pas seulement des biomarqueurs du stress oxydant mais auraient un rôle biologiquement actif qui expliqueraient les effets cardioprotecteurs connus de leurs précurseurs ; les AGPI n-3.Le but de cette thèse est dans un premier temps d'investiguer l'influence de la peroxydation lipidique du DHA sur ses propriétés antiarythmiques in cellulo sur des cellules ventriculaires cardiaques isolées puis in vivo sur des souris ayant subit un infarctus du myocarde par ligature de l'artère coronaire gauche. De la même manière, nous avons évalué les propriétés antiarythmiques des métabolites non enzymatique des AGPI n-3 et notamment le 4(RS)-4F4t-NeuroProstane. Dans un second temps et de manière plus précoce, nous avons observé si une infusion préventive de 4(RS)-4F4t-NeuroP chez le rat, 20 minutes avant un épisode d'ischémie reperfusion peut protéger le myocarde des dommages ischémiques (morts cellulaires), des arythmies et des altérations morpho-fonctionnelles.L'ensemble de ce travail de thèse a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence que un des médiateurs lipidiques des AGPI n-3 ; le 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP peut exercer des effets biologiquement actifs qui passent par une prévention des arythmies dans les mois qui suivent l'infarctus du myocarde ; effets passant par une prévention des modifications post-translationnelles du RyR2 et in fine d'une régulation de l'homéostasie calcique. De manière plus précoce durant l'ischémie reperfusion, nos résultats montrent que le 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP réduit les arythmies ventriculaires, la taille de la zone infarcie et la dysfonction cardiaque, effets cardioprotecteurs qui passent par des mécanismes mitochondriaux.Le travail de cette thèse démontre pour la première fois que le DHA n'exerce pas d'effets cardioprotecteurs mais que ce serait les produits issus de son oxydation non enzymatique tel le 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP pouvant ainsi expliquer l'ensemble des effets connus des AGPI n-3. Cette découverte ouvre de nouvelles perspectives sur les produits oxydés non enzymatiques des AGPI n-3 comme des potentiels médiateurs dans les maladies comme durant l'infarctus du myocarde ou le stress oxydant qui est généré joue un rôle prépondérant dans les altérations physiopathologiques qui en découlentSince 40 years, ω3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are known to have cardioprotective properties in ischemic disease such as cardiac infarction following ischemia/reperfusion period. Many studies in isolated cells or in animals confirmed these effects and it has been suggested that n-3 PUFA have direct effects on targeted proteins such as ionic channels. However, due to the abundance of double carbone bounds, the main n-3 PUFA; eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6 n-3, DHA) are very sensitive to free radical oxidation and can undergo non-enzymatic spontaneous peroxidation under oxidative stress conditions as it occurs in ischemia/reperfusion. In the present work, we addressed the question of the form of DHA having cardioprotective properties: reduced or oxidized. Indeed, the effects of n-3 PUFA on cardiac function are controversial, notably due to the lack of information on the mechanisms involved. Particularly, it is not well understood which is the active lipid: the PUFA or one of its oxygenated metabolites. In the context of oxidative stress, during ischemia/reperfusion and in month following cardiac infarction, a lot of oxygenated metabolites of PUFA like Neuroprostane; 4(RS)-4F4t-NeuroP are produced and used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. This metabolite is associated to a lower atherosclerosis risk suggesting a beneficial role in cardiovascular diseases. In this context we speculate that Neuroprostane are not just a markers of stress conditions but have biological activities.The aim of this thesis was in first time to investigate the influence of DHA peroxidation on its potentially anti-arrhythmic properties in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes and in vivo in post-myocardial infarcted (PMI) mice. In same way, we investigated in cellulo and in vivo anti-arrhythmic properties of oxygenated metabolites of n-3 PUFA such as 4(RS)-4F4t-NeuroP. In second time we investigated if the pericardial delivery 20 minutes before occlusion of 4F4t-NeuroP protects in prevention the myocardium from ischemic damages and arrhythmias during and following an I/R episode in rats.In this study, we challenged the paradigm that spontaneously formed oxygenated metabolites of lipids are undesirable as they are unconditionally toxic. This study reveals that the lipid mediator 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP derived from non-enzymatic peroxidation of DHA, can counteract such deleterious effects through cardiac anti-arrhythmic properties in month following cardiac infarction by preventing deleterious post-translational modification of RyR2 and thus regulating calcium homeostasis. More early, during ischemia/reperfusion, our results show that pericardial delivery of 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP reduced ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias, infarct sizes, and cardiac dysfonction ; cardioprotective effects involving mitchondria mecanisms.This thesis demonstrate for the first time that DHA per se has no anti-arrhythmic effects and 4(RS)-4-F4t-NeuroP as a mediator of the cardioprotection characteristics of DHA. This discovery opens new perspectives for products of non-enzymatic oxidized n-3 PUFA as potent mediators in oxidative stress diseases like during a cardiac infarction, where oxidative stress generated play fundamental role in pathophysiological alterations
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Commere, Oustric Julie. "Apports nutritionnels en acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 et action cellulaire de la vitamine A : effets sur la plasticité cérébrale et la mémoire spatiale chez le rat agé." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14211/document.
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Les acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne (AGPI-LC) de la série n-3 jouent des rôles essentiels dans le fonctionnement du cerveau et notamment dans les processus de plasticité synaptique et de mémoire, altérés au cours du vieillissement. Il est maintenant bien admis que ces AGPI peuvent réguler la transcription génique en se liant à des récepteurs nucléaires spécifiques, les PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), mais aussi aux récepteurs de l’acide 9-cis rétinoïque, les RXR (retinoid X receptors). En tant que partenaires communs d’hétérodimérisation des PPAR et des RAR (récepteurs de l’acide tout-trans rétinoïque), les RXR sont des acteurs clés de la modulation de l’expression génique par les acides gras et les rétinoïdes. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier, au cours du vieillissement chez le rat, les effets d’une supplémentation en AGPI-LC n-3 sur l’activité des voies de signalisation des acides gras et des rétinoïdes, les processus de plasticité cérébrale (plasticité synaptique et neurogenèse) et la mémoire spatiale. Nos principaux résultats montrent qu’une supplémentation en AGPI-LC n-3, pendant 21 semaines chez des rats à mi-vie, maintient dans l’hippocampe les niveaux d’expression des ARNm codant pour RXRγ et GAP-43 (protéine synaptique) altérés au cours du vieillissement. De plus les rats âgés supplémentés en AGPI-LC n-3 présentent une augmentation du nombre de néo-neurones hippocampiques et une amélioration de la mémoire spatiale de travail, comparés aux rats âgés contrôle. Les résultats de cette étude plaident en faveur d’un effet bénéfique des AGPI-LC n-3 sur la mémoire de travail au cours du vieillissement via notamment, une action sur la plasticité cérébrale. De plus, nos travaux suggèrent l’implication des RXR dans l’effet neuroprotecteur des AGPI-LC n-3, qui réguleraient l’expression de certains gènes cibles impliqués dans la plasticité synaptique et les processus de neurogenèse hippocampiqueLong chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the n-3 series play essential roles in brain functions, including brain plasticity and memory processes which are altered during aging. It is now well accepted that these PUFA regulate gene transcription through binding and activating specific nuclear receptors such as PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) and RXR (retinoid X receptors, which also bind 9-cis retinoic acid). As a common heterodimeric partner of both PPAR and RAR (all-trans retinoic acid receptors), RXR is a key factor in the modulation of gene expression by fatty acids and retinoids. In this context, the purpose of this work was to study the effects of a n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation on fatty acid and retinoid signalling pathways and on cerebral plasticity and spatial memory processes. Our main results show that n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation for 21 weeks in mid-life rats, maintains the mRNA levels of RXRγ and GAP-43 (synaptic protein) which were altered in aged rat hippocampus. Besides, supplemented aged rats exhibited increased numbers of newly generated neurons and improved spatial working memory, when compared with control aged rats. To summarize, our results support the neuroprotective effects of n-3 LC-PUFA during aging, in particular on cerebral plasticity and working memory. Furthermore, our works suggest the implication of RXR in the set up of these effects through notably the regulation of some target genes involved in synaptic plasticity and hippocampal neurogenesis processes
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Ribeiro, Teresa Paula Costa. "Rational use of dietary enzymes and lipids to improve broiler performance and meat quality." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3624.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias. Especialidade de Ciências Biológicas e Biomédicas.The importance of carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) and the use of novel enzymes with specific catalytic activities to improve the nutritive value of barley based diets for broilers and the effectiveness of a lipidic supplementation to improve the levels of benefic fatty acids in broilers meat remain to be investigated. In this work we studied the importance of a β-glucan binding domain (CBM11) when appended to three different enzymes (GH26GH5 and GH16, belonging to Clostridium thermocellum, and GH5, belonging to Celvibrio mixtus) to improve the nutritional quality of barley-based diets for broilers. In addition, the crystal structure and biochemical properties of a family 42 carbohydrate binding module (CBM) from Clostridium thermocellum, termed CtCBM42A, were investigated. Data presented here revealed that CBM11 has an important target effect in directing the appended catalytic modules to their target substrates, resulting in an improvement in broiler performance. However, this effect seems to be dependent on the level of supplementation. In addition, barley composition, namely its endogenous β-glucanase activity, influences the response to enzyme supplementation. Thus, exogenous enzymes were shown to be ineffective when used to supplement barleys expressing high endogenous β- glucanase activity. CtCBM42A revealed to be a type C CBM with three subdomains (α, β and γ), with affinity for arabinoxylan (arabinose side chains) and arabinan. The γ subdomain seems to dominate ligand recognition for arabinoxylan while the β and γ subdomains cooperate in arabinan recognition. Thus, CtCBM42A is potentially a good candidate for strategies aimed at improving the nutritive value of wheat-based diets for broilers. In order to improve the fatty acid profile of poultry meat, two different lipidic sources, extruded linseed and a subproduct of a marine alga (DHA goldTM), were used to supplement broiler diets. This experiment allowed the evaluation of the metabolic rates of the biosynthetic pathway of long-chain ómega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA).The supplementation of broiler diets with DHA goldTM and extruded linseed showed that conversion of linolenic acid in LC n-3 PUFA is not effective and, consequently, direct supplementation with LC n-3 PUFA seems to be the best option to enrich and improve LC n-3 PUFA in broilers meat. However, higher incorporation dosages of DHA goldTM could affect meat quality.
RESUMO - Efeito da suplementação enzimática e lipídica de dietas para frangos no desempenho produtivo e na qualidade da carne - Uma melhor adequação da qualidade dos produtos animais, em concreto da carne de frango, às necessidades nutricionais dos consumidores, associada a uma maior eficiência de transformação dos alimentos para animais em produtos edíveis, são aspectos da maior importância prática na avicultura moderna e suscitam uma análise científica detalhada. Neste trabalho estudou-se a aplicação de um módulo de ligação ao β-glucano (CBM11), acoplado a três enzimas diferentes (GH26GH5 e GH16, ambas pertencentes ao Clostridium thermocellum, e a GH5, pertencente ao Celvibrio mixtus) na melhoria do valor nutritivo de dietas à base de cevada para frangos de carne. Foram também determinadas as propriedades bioquímicas e a estrutura cristalográfica do CBM da família 42 do Clostridium thermocellum, CtCBM42A. Os resultados demonstraram que o CBM11 tem um efeito importante no direccionamento do módulo catalítico das enzimas ao substrato, que resulta num aumento da performance zootécnica dos frangos de carne. No entanto, esse efeito parece estar dependente da dose enzimática aplicada. Demonstrou-se também que a composição das cevadas, principalmente a actividade endo-β-glucanásica, influencia o efeito da suplementação enzimática. Em cevadas com actividade endo-β-glucanásica alta a suplementação enzimática tem um efeito redundante não se obtendo melhoria da performance dos frangos de carne. O estudo do CBM42 revelou que se trata dum CBM do tipo C, com três subdomínios (α, β e γ), com afinidade para o arabinoxilano (nas suas cadeias laterais de arabinose) e arabinano. O subdomínio γ parece ser o responsável pela afinidade ao arabinoxilano enquanto o subdomínio β juntamente com o γ parecem interagir pela afinidade ao arabinano, revelando-se como um módulo potencialmente interessante para uma futura utilização na suplementação enzimática de dietas à base de trigo para frangos. Foram efectuados ensaios com frangos de carne cujas dietas foram suplementadas com semente de linho extrudida e um subproduto de algas marinhas (DHA goldTM) para estudar os seus efeitos no perfil dos ácidos gordos da carne e na qualidade da carne. Também se avaliou a extensão da bioconversão dos percursores ácidos linoleico (LA) e linolénico (LNA) nos seus homólogos de cadeia longa. Os resultados mostraram que a conversão dos ácidos gordos não é eficiente e por isso a suplementação directa com uma fonte de ácidos gordos de cadeia longa parece ser a melhor opção para melhorar o conteúdo de ácidos gordos ómega-3 de cadeia longa. No entanto, a qualidade da carne pode estar afectada negativamente em doses de incorporação elevadas de DHA goldTM.
This work was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, grant SFRH/BD/32321/2006, and co-funded by POCI 2010 and FSE from Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior
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Harris, Mary Ann. "The Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Stallion Spermatozoa Survival Following Short- and Long-Term Preservation." Diss., Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1389%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Jang, Cholsoon. "A metabolite of branched chain amino acids drives vascular fatty acid transport and causes glucose intolerance." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:26718711.
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Epidemiological and experimental data implicate branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) in the development of insulin resistance, but the mechanisms underlying this link remain unclear. Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle stems from excess accumulation of lipid species, a process that requires blood-borne lipids to first traverse the blood vessel wall. Little is known, however, of how this trans-endothelial transport occurs or is regulated. Here, we identify 3-hydroxy-isobutyrate (3-HIB), a catabolic intermediate of the BCAA valine, as a novel paracrine regulator of trans-endothelial transport of fatty acids. PGC-1α, a transcriptional co-activator that regulates broad programs of fatty acid consumption, induces the secretion from muscle of 3-HIB, which then triggers fatty acid uptake and transport in endothelial cells. Conversely, inhibiting the synthesis of 3-HIB in muscle cells blocks the promotion of endothelial fatty acid uptake. Providing animals with 3-HIB in drinking water, or inducing 3-HIB levels in skeletal muscle by over-expressing PGC-1α, stimulates muscle to take up fatty acids in vivo, leading to muscle lipid accumulation, and systemic glucose intolerance. 3-HIB levels are elevated in muscle from patients with diabetes. These data thus unveil a novel mechanism that regulates trans-endothelial flux of fatty acids, revealing 3-HIB as a new bioactive signaling metabolite that links the regulation of fatty acid flux to BCAA catabolism and provides a mechanistic explanation for how increased BCAA catabolic flux can cause diabetes.Medical Sciences
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Richter, Chesney K., Kate J. Bowen, Dariush Mozaffarian, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, and Ann C. Skulas-Ray. "Total Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Food Sources in the United States Compared to Recommended Intakes: NHANES 2003–2008." SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626117.
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The American Heart Association recommends consuming fish (particularly oily fish) at least two times per week, which would provide ae 0.5 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Previous analyses indicate that this recommendation is not being met; however, few studies have assessed different ethnicities, subpopulations requiring additional n-3 fatty acid intake (i.e., children and pregnant and/or lactating women), or deciles of intake. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2008 was used to assess n-3 fatty acid intake from foods and supplements in the US population, according to age, sex, and ethnicity. A unique "EPA equivalents" factor, which accounts for potential conversion of shorter-chain n-3 fatty acids, was used to calculate total long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake. Data are reported for 24,621 individuals. More than 90% consumed less than the recommended 0.5 g/day from food sources (median = 0.11 g/day; mean = 0.17 g/day). Among the top 15% of n-3 fatty acid consumers, fish was the largest dietary contributor (71.2%). Intake was highest in men aged 20 years or more, and lowest in children and women who are or may become pregnant and/or are lactating. Among ethnicities, intake was lowest in Mexican-Americans. Only 6.2% of the total population reported n-3 fatty acid supplement use, and this did not alter median daily intake. Additional strategies are needed to increase awareness of health benefits (particularly among Mexican-Americans and women of childbearing age) and promote consumption of oily fish or alternative dietary sources to meet current recommendations.
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Levisson, Renée. "Implementation of a straightforward derivatizationmethod for the simultaneous analysis of short chainfatty acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolitesby LC-qToF-MS." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-93417.
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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites aresmall hydrophilic compounds that play crucial roles in biological species ranging fromenergy metabolism, immune homeostasis to cellular signalling. There is a need for reliableand precise quantification of these metabolites in biological matrices as they can providecrucial information of metabolic status and potentially be used as diagnostic biomarkersfor different pathological and physiological conditions. However, their retention andseparation in traditional reversed-phase system, without chemical derivatization, is oftenproblematic due to their volatile and hydrophilic characteristics. The aim of this studywas to implement a facile and effective derivatization method for the simultaneousquantitation of SCFAs and TCA cycle metabolites by LC-qToF-MS in negative ion mode. Inthis work, 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3-NPH) was employed for preanalyticalderivatization to convert the compounds to their respective 3-nitrophenylhydrazones.Analytical standards and faecal samples were used to assess the linearity, matrix effect,accuracy, extraction efficiency, precision, retention-time shift and short-term stability.The compounds were successfully separated within 6 minutes on a reverse-phase C18column. All the compounds showed good linearity (R2≥ 0.97) in both solvent-only andfaecal samples. The matrix effect was minimal and did not affect the compoundsquantitation. The extraction efficiency ranged from 80% to 110% (CV≤9.7%, n = 6). Theaccuracy of quantitation was determined to be between 82.8% to 113.8% (CV≤9.0%, n =6). The intra-day (CV%) demonstrated good precision for all analytes, the inter-day (%)were more variable due to the derivatives’ chemical instability. However, most of thederivatives were chemical stable up to 5 days in the autosampler (10°C). The method wasalso applied to explore the levels of these metabolites in human faecal samples and mousebrain samples.
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Choi, Seojin. "Flaxseed oil and prevention of pulmonary fibrosis." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15106.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Human Nutrition
Richard C. Baybutt
Weiqun George Wang
Although omega-3 fatty acids have been a hot issue in nutrition for years, there remains a paucity of research on the topic of omega-3 fatty acid and pulmonary fibrosis and the mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this research is to investigate the preventive effects of flaxseed oil for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats and to find the possible underlying mechanisms. There are two experiments demonstrated in this dissertation, one is with various doses of flaxseed oil in the diet (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 % (w/w)), and the other is with different times of sacrificing animals after oropharyngeal bleomycin treatment (days 7 and 21). In the first study, three proteins including transforming growth factor-[beta] (TGF-[beta]), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and [alpha]-smooth muscle actin ([alpha]-SMA), commonly associated with fibrotic inflammation in the lung, were examined by Western blot and fatty acids composition of the diets and tissues were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Fifteen percent of flaxseed oil group significantly reduced septal and vascular thickness and fibrosis in the lung, and significant cardiac fibrosis in the heart. The amount of IL-1 and [alpha]-SMA decreased significantly as the amount of omega-3 fatty acids increased, whereas TGF-[beta] did not change significantly. The next study further reported the time-course effect and potential underlying mechanisms. Both interleukin-6 (IL-6), a protein associated with fibrotic inflammation in the lung, and renin, an enzyme related to renin-angiotensin system, were examined by Western blot. The time-dependent increase of IL-6 in response to bleomycin treatment was reversed by flaxseed oil diet. Although renin was not significantly different in the kidney, it suggested that the renin-angiotensin system may be involved locally. In addition, the profiles of fatty acids in both liver and kidney tissues as measured by lipidomics demonstrated a significant increase of omega-3: omega-6 ratio in the flaxseed oil-fed groups. Overall, these results indicated for the first time that the omega-3 fatty acids rich in flaxseed oil inhibited the formation of pulmonary fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner - however the moderate dose of flaxseed oil was most effective - via anti-inflammatory mechanisms, which appears associated with the modulated fatty acid composition in the tissues.
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Fappi, Alan. "Efeitos do ácido graxo ômega-3 na prevenção da atrofia muscular induzida pela dexametasona." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-13012014-114428/.
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Várias condições podem estar associadas com a atrofia muscular, tais como inatividade, envelhecimento, septicemia, diabetes, câncer e uso de glicocorticoides. Todas estas condições levam a atrofia muscular através de mecanismos que incluem aumento da degradação proteica e/ou redução na síntese proteica, envolvendo pelo menos cinco sistemas: lisossomal, da calpaína, das caspases, metaloproteinases e o sistema ubiquitina-proteasoma (SUP). Glicocorticoides, tais como a dexametasona, acarretam atrofia muscular atuando em quase todos esses sistemas, com significante ativação do SUP e lisossomal, afetando uma importante via de trofismo muscular, a via do IGF-1/PI-3K/Akt/mTOR. Ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, como o Ômega-3 (ômega-3), têm sido utilizados de forma benéfica na atenuação da atrofia muscular que ocorre na septicemia e na caquexia associada ao câncer, no entanto, sua atuação sobre a atrofia muscular induzida por glicocorticoides ainda não foi avaliada. Objetivo: Avaliar se a suplementação do ácido graxo ômega-3 influenciaria o desenvolvimento da atrofia muscular induzida pela dexametasona em ratos. Metodologia: Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar suplementados e não suplementados com ômega-3 (40 dias) foram submetidos à administração de dexametasona subcutânea (5mg/Kg/dia) nos últimos 10 dias, formando assim quatro grupos: Controle (CT), dexametasona (DX), ômega3 e dexametasona+ômega3 (DX+ômega3). Através de estudo de comportamento motor, histológico, PCR em tempo real e Western Blotting foram avaliados respectivamente, o número de grandes e pequenos movimentos em campo aberto; a área de secção transversa das fibras musculares (fibras I, IIA e IIB); a expressão dos genes MyoD, Miogenina, MuRF-1, Atrogina-1 e Miostatina; e a expressão de proteínas relacionadas com a via do IGF-1/PI-3K/Akt/mTOR: Akt, GSK3beta, FOXO3a e mTOR, totais e fosforiladas. Resultados: A dexametasona produziu diminuição na quantidade de pequenos movimentos, atrofia muscular em fibras do tipo IIB e diminuição na expressão de P-Akt, P-GSK3ômega e P-FOXO3a/FOXO3a total. A suplementação com Ômega-3 não se mostrou eficaz na atenuação de tais alterações. Por outro lado, o Ômega-3 associado à dexametasona (grupo DX+3) induziu a maior expressão de atrogenes (MuRF-1 e atrogina-1) causando, adicionalmente, maior atrofia muscular em fibras do tipo I e IIA, além de menor expressão gênica de Miogenina. O Ômega-3 de forma isolada conduziu de forma significativa a maior expressão de Miostatina e MyoD, e de forma não significante elevou a expressão proteica de mTOR total e induziu menor ganho de peso corporal dos animais ao fim do estudo. Conclusão: A suplementação de Ômega-3 não foi capaz de atenuar as alterações comportamentais, atrofia muscular e perda de peso corporal causadas pela administração de dexametasona, levando por outro lado a maior atrofia das fibras musculares e aumento na expressão de atrogenes. Desta forma, este estudo sugere que suplementos alimentares usualmente considerados benéficos para saúde, tal como o ácido graxo Ômega-3, podem agir em interação com alguns medicamentos, como os glicocorticoides, potencializando seus efeitos colateraisMany conditions can be related to muscle atrophy, such as inactivity, aging, sepsis, diabetes, cancer, as well as, glucocorticoid treatment. All these conditions lead to muscle atrophy through mechanisms that include increase of protein degradation and/or decrease of protein synthesis involving at least five systems: lysossomal, calpain, caspases, metaloproteinases and ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone cause muscle atrophy acting in almost all of these systems, with a significant UPS activation and affecting an important pathway related to muscular trophism, IGF-1/PI-3k/Akt/mTOR pathway. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as Omega-3 (omega-3), have been used beneficially to attenuation of muscle atrophy that occur in sepsis and cachexia related to cancer, however, its action in the glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy, has never been evaluated. Objective: Assess whether the omega-3 supplementation would influence the development of dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in rats. Methods: Twenty four Wistar rats supplemented and non-supplemented with omega-3 (40 days) were submitted to dexamethasone administration (5mg/kg/day) during the last 10 days, thus establishing 4 groups: control (CT), dexamethasone (DX), omega-3 and dexamethasone+omega-3 (DX+ omega-3). The amount of large and small movements in open field; muscle fiber cross sectional areas (I, IIA and IIB); MyoD, Myogenin, MuRF-1, Atrogin-1 and Myostatin gene expression; and protein expression of Akt, GSK3omega, FOXO3a and mTOR, total and phosphorylated forms were assessed, respectively, by: motor behavior testing, histological reactions, Real-time PCR and Western Blotting analysis. Results: Dexamethasone administration induced significant decrease of small motor movements, atrophy in type IIB muscle fibers and decrease of P-Akt, P-GSK3omega and P-FOXO3a/total FOXO3a expression. Omega-3 supplementation was not able to attenuate these changes. Instead, omega-3 associated to dexamethasone (DX+ omega-3 group) additionally induced higher muscle atrophy in type I, IIA muscle fibers, and reduced expression of Myogenin. The isolated use of Omega-3 led to a significant higher expression of Myostatin and MyoD, and a non-significant increase of total mTOR protein expression and less body weight gain at end of study. Conclusion: Supplementation of omega-3 was not able to attenuate motor behavioral changes, muscle atrophy and loss of body weight caused by dexamethasone administration, leading on the other hand to higher muscle fibers atrophy and increase in atrogenes expression. Therefore, this study suggests that food supplements, usually considered benefic to the health, such as Omega-3 fatty acid, may interact with some medications, such as glucocorticoids, potentiating its side effects
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Bainbridge, Melissa Lee. "Enhancing The Content Of Bioactive Fatty Acids In Bovine Milk For Human Health Promotion And Disease Prevention." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/695.
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Consumer awareness of the link between dietary fats and health outcomes has led to increased demand for food products enriched with bioactive fatty acids (FA). Ruminant-derived fats, such as dairy fats, contribute significantly to the American diet and contain many unique beneficial FA, such as short- and medium-chain FA, n-3 FA, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), vaccenic acid (VA), as well as odd-and branched-chain FA (OBCFA). Increasing these FA in dairy products by altering farm management practices, such as breed, lactation stage, and nutrition, may improve human health without a change to the diet. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to evaluate on-farm strategies to increase the content of bioactive FA in bovine milk.
The first objective was to enrich milk fat with bioactive FA via supplementation with echium oil, a terrestrial oil rich in n-3 FA. Treatments were 1.5% and 3.0% dry matter as lipid encapsulated echium oil (EEO) which were compared to a control (no EEO). Milk fat contents of n-3 FA increased with EEO supplementation but the transfer of n-3 FA from EEO into milk fat was rather low (< 5%). In a subsequent trial, ruminal protection of EEO and post-ruminal release of EEO-derived FA was examined. EEO-derived FA were preferentially incorporated into plasma lipid fractions unavailable to the mammary gland. Moreover, fecal excretion of EEO-derived FA ranged from 7-14% of intake, and VA and CLA, the biohydrogenation and metabolism products of n-3 FA, increased in milk and feces with EEO supplementation. Therefore, lipid-encapsulation provided inadequate digestibility and low transfer efficiency of n-3 FA into milk. The second objective was to compare the bacterial community structure and unique bioactive FA in bacterial membranes and milk fat between Holstein (HO), Jersey (JE), and HO x JE crossbreeds (CB) across a lactation. Lactation stage had a prominent effect on rumen bacterial taxa, with Firmicutes being most abundant during early lactation. The FA composition of bacterial cells was affected by both lactation stage and genetics, and OBCFA in bacterial cells were positively correlated with several bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum. HO and CB exhibited greater contents of various bioactive FA in milk than JE. The highest content of all bioactive FA occurred at early lactation, while OBCFA were highest at late lactation. The third objective was to determine the effects of grazing a monoculture vs. a diverse pasture on rumen bacterial and protozoal taxa, their membrane FA composition, and milk FA. Microbial communities shifted in response to grazing regime accompanied with changes in their membrane FA profiles. Rumen microbiota from cows grazing a diverse pasture had higher contents of n-3 FA and VA, but lower contents of OBCFA. Microbial membrane FA correlated with microbial taxa, the contents of ALA and n-3 FA were positively correlated with the bacterial genus Butyrivibrio and the protozoal genus Eudioplodinium. Milk contents of CLA and n-3 FA increased when cows grazed a diverse pasture, while grazing a monoculture led to greater milk contents of OBCFA.
In conclusion, grazing cows on a diverse pasture, when compared to genetic effects and lipid supplementation, was the most efficacious strategy to increase the content of bioactive FA in milk.
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Wernig, Florian [Verfasser], Eckhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Boles, Eckhard [Gutachter] Boles, and Claudia [Gutachter] Büchel. "Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of medium-chain fatty acids and their derivatives / Florian Wernig ; Gutachter: Eckhard Boles, Claudia Büchel ; Betreuer: Eckhard Boles." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-611928.
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Almeida, Bianca Bellizzi de. "Ações do óleo de peixe e triglicerídeos de cadeia média na esteatose hepática e estresse oxidativo induzidos pela dieta hiperlipídica em ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17138/tde-22112011-102759/.
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Introdução: A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica é caracterizada pelo acúmulo hepático de lipídeos, principalmente na forma de triglicerídeos. Devido à atividade inflamatória progressiva pode evoluir para uma forma mais grave, a esteatohepatite não alcoólica. Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 são associados a efeitos metabólicos positivos para redução da esteatose hepática, no entanto, são mais susceptíveis a peroxidação lipídica. Os triglicerídeos de cadeia média (TCMs) promovem a prevenção do bloqueio da beta-oxidação de ácidos graxos e redução da peroxidação lipídica, no entanto os efeitos na redução da esteatose ainda são controversos. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as implicações da dieta hiperlipídica (HL+) com óleo de peixe ou com óleo de TCM no desenvolvimento da esteatose hepática, no perfil de ácidos graxos hepáticos e no estresse oxidativo em ratos. Metodologia: Cinquenta ratos machos da linhagem wistar foram divididos em 5 grupos. Os animais receberam água e comida a vontade durante 45 dias. A adaptação a dieta HL+ foi realizada nos primeiros 15 dias. A composição da dieta do grupo que recebeu somente a gordura animal (HL+GA) era de 50% de gordura animal, e a dieta dos grupos HL+OS, HL+TCM e HL+OP era composta por 35% de gordura animal e 15% de óleo de soja, óleo de TCM e óleo de peixe, respectivamente. Resultados: Todos os grupos que receberam as dietas hiperlipídicas apresentaram maior acúmulo de gordura total e de triglicerídes hepaticos e somente os grupos HL+GA e HL+TCM apresentaram maior acúmulo de colesterol total hepático em relação ao controle. O grupo HL+TCM apresentou maior acúmulo percentual de gordura e um exacerbado acúmulo de triglicerídeos hepáticos em relação aos grupos alimentados com as dietas HL+. A redução do colesterol total sérico foi observada nos grupos HL+TCM e HL+OP, comparados ao controle. A maior incorporação hepática dos ácidos graxos EPA e DHA no grupo HL+OP contribuiu para o aumento do Índice de Peroxibilidade dos ácidos graxos e das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico livres e totais e para a depleção da vitamina E no fígado. A maior razão AGS/AGPI hepática observada no grupo HL+TCM contribuiu para a preservação dos antioxidantes hepáticos. A alanina aminotransferase, um marcador de dano hepático, apresentou-se aumentada em todos os grupos que receberam as dietas HL+. Conclusões: A dieta hiperlipídica foi eficiente na indução do acúmulo de gordura hepática. O uso do óleo de TCM foi associado a uma maior concentração de lipídeos e preservação dos antioxidantes hepáticos. A dieta hiperlipídica com óleo de peixe foi associada ao aumento significativo na peroxidação lipídica, apesar do menor acúmulo de colesterol e triglicerídeos hepaticos.Introduction: The Non-alcoholic Fatty liver disease is characterized by hepatic accumulation of lipids, mainly in the form of triglycerides. The disease may progress to a more severe form, the Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, due to progressive inflammatory activity. Many authors have shown positive metabolic effects associated with the use of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and reduction in hepatic steatosis. However, these fatty acids are more susceptible to lipid peroxidation. The medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) are able to block beta-oxidation of fatty acids and reduce lipid peroxidation, but the MCT effects in steatosis are still controversial. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the implications of high-fat diet (HF+) with fish oil or with MCT oil in the development of hepatic steatosis, liver fatty acid profile and oxidative stress markers in rats. Methodology: Fifty wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups. The animals had free access to food and water for 45 days. The first 15 days was dedicated for adaptation to high-fat diet. The HF+AF group received high-fat diet with 50% of animal fat and the other high-fat diets were made with 35% of animal fat plus 15% of other types of fat: soybean oil (HF+SO), MCT oil (HF+MCT) and fish oil (HF+FO). Results: The high-fat groups had higher hepatic total fat and triglycerides accumulation and only the groups HF+AF and HF+MCT had higher accumulation of hepatic cholesterol compared to control. The HF+MCT group had the highest percentage of hepatic fat accumulation and an exacerbated triglyceride accumulation in the liver among HF+ groups. The serum total cholesterol decreased in groups HF+MCT and HF+FO compared with the control group. The highest incorporation of hepatic fatty acids EPA and DHA in the HF+FO group contributed to the increased fatty acids peroxidizability index and total and free hepatic TBARS and depletion of hepatic vitamin E. The biggest ratio SFA/PUFA of liver fatty acids observed in the HF+MCT group contributed to the preservation of hepatic antioxidants. The alanine aminotransferase is a liver damage marker and was increased in all high-fat groups. Conclusions: The high-fat diet was effective to increase the hepatic fat concentration. The consumption of MCT oil can increase the hepatic lipid concentration and hepatic antioxidants. There was a significant increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation in the HF+FO group, although hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased.
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Brei, Christina [Verfasser], Johann J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hauner, Johann J. [Gutachter] Hauner, and Regina [Gutachter] Ensenauer. "Effect of changing the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in the maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation on child body composition and neurodevelopment: long-term results from the INFAT study / Christina Brei ; Gutachter: Johann J. Hauner, Regina Ensenauer ; Betreuer: Johann J. Hauner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149252316/34.
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Muriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. "A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
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The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.
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Senanayake, S. P. J. Namal. "Enzyme-assisted synthesis of structured lipids containing long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids /." 2000.
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Debicki, Donna Monica. "Electrophysiological effects of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rabbits in vivo." 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=370422&T=F.
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Kartikasari, Lilik Retna. "Assessment of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation in broiler chicken meat following the consumption of omega-3 rich vegetable oils." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/56829.
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Dietary omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), have beneficial health effects and hence increasing the consumption of these fatty acids is recommended by health authorities. The most common dietary source of EPA, DPA and DHA is seafood, but few Australians habitually consume fish and on average eat less than one meal of fish per week. Thus if Australians are to meet the dietary guidelines for n-3 fatty acid intake, there is a need to develop a source of n-3 rich foods that fit into a typical Australian diet. Feeding fish oils rich in n-3 LCPUFA to chickens has proven problematic due to alteration in organoleptic properties. The incorporation of vegetable oils rich in n-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) into the diet of chickens is potentially an alternative way to provide meat rich in n-3 LCPUFAs as ALA is the precursor of EPA and DHA. However, most vegetable oils also contain the n-6 (n-6) PUFA, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) which competes with ALA for the same enzymes in their metabolism to LCPUFA. This thesis addressed two crucial issues relating to the conversion of ALA into EPA, DPA and DHA of chicken tissues. The objectives of the first experiment were to examine the effects of increasing the ALA content of diets on the conversion of ALA into EPA, DPA and DHA by measuring their accumulation in chicken meat (breast and thigh) and to determine if there was an optimum level of ALA (at a fixed level of LA) in this process. The ratio of LA to ALA of the diets ranged from 10.5:1 to 0.6:1. The findings in this study demonstrated that there was no optimum level of dietary ALA and as indicated by the observation that EPA, DPA and DHA continued to increase in breast and thigh as the ratio of LA to ALA decreased in the diet. In general, DPA achieved higher levels than DHA. The experimental diets with the lowest LA to ALA ratio elevated the incorporation of EPA and DHA into breast and thigh meat to levels 5 and 4-fold, respectively relative to birds fed the highest LA to ALA ratio. In contrast, arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) in all groups reduced with decreasing LA to ALA ratio in the diets. The results indicated that the dietary treatments did not significantly change the growth performance of chickens. The objective of the second experiment was to assess the regulatory effect of dietary LA on the conversion of ALA into EPA, DPA and DHA. While in the first experiment the diets varied in the level of ALA but had a constant LA level, in this experiment the level of ALA in the diets was held constant and the level of LA was varied. The LA to ALA ratio of experimental diets ranged from 1.4:1 to 2.1:1. The results of this study indicated that the highest LA to ALA ratio (2.1:1) resulted in the lowest n-3 LCPUFAs, EPA, DPA and DHA in meat samples. For example, the total n-3 LCPUFA levels in the breast meat of birds fed with the lowest LA to ALA ratio was 16% higher than the n-3 LCPUFA in the breast of birds fed the highest LA to ALA ratio. This study indicated that the strongest influence on EPA, DPA and DHA accumulation in chicken tissues was the level of ALA in the diet. The experimental diets did not appear to affect the growth performance of chickens. In conclusion, increasing the ALA content of chicken diets may result in a meat source high in n-3 LCPUFAs that may reduce pressure on diminishing marine stocks as well as offering health benefits to Australians.http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1369065
Thesis (M.Ag.Sc.) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2009
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DeGrado, Timothy Richard. "Measurement of myocardial utilization of long chain fatty acids using [omega]-labeled radioanalogs." 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18667246.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1988.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-171).
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Martinho, Joana Paiva. "Neurobiological effects of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/26249.
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Tese de mestrado em Biologia Humana e Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016Os ácidos gordos polinsaturados, conhecidos por PUFA (do inglês, polyunsaturated fatty acids), contêm duas ou mais ligações duplas de carbono e incluem os ácidos gordos essenciais, ómega-6 (n-6) e ómega-3 (n-3). O ómega-6 deriva do ácido linoleico (LA, 18:2n-6) e origina o ácido araquidónico (AA) como metabolito final. O ómega-3 deriva do ácido linolénico (ALA, 18:3n-3) e tem como metabolitos principais o ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA, 20:5n-3) e ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA, 22:6n-3), que são ácidos gordos de cadeia longa (LC-PUFA, do inglês, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids). Os metabolitos do n-6 e do n-3 são originados através de uma cascata de reacções de dessaturação, alongamento e oxidação, com enzimas específicas. O n-6 produz também alguns eicosanóides com propriedades pró-inflamatórias e pró-trombóticas: lipoxinas (LXs), prostaglandinas (PGs), thromboxanos (TXs) e leucotrienos (LTs), que são contrabalançados pelos eicosanóides anti-inflamatórios do n-3. Os PUFA são considerados ácidos gordos essenciais porque não conseguem ser sintetizados de novo pelo nosso organismo e precisam de ser obtidos através da dieta. As melhores fontes de ácidos gordos são o peixe gordo e os seus óleos, os óleos vegetais, como óleo nozes, chia, canola e linhaça e também óleo ou extracto de algas marinhas. Os PUFA podem também ser encontrados em suplementos alimentares e no leite materno. O rácio de ingestão n-6/n-3 é considerado um factor de promoção da saúde humana, sendo os níveis baixos deste rácio recomendados para se obterem os efeitos protectores destes ácidos gordos, nomeadamente ao nível das suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias, cardiovasculares e neurobiológicas. Na dieta ocidental moderna existe um consumo excessivo de n-6 relativamente ao n-3, o que origina uma desregulação do metabolismo normal destes ácidos gordos, onde o n-6 compete com o n-3 pelas mesmas enzimas e leva ao aumento dos eicosanóides pró-inflamatórias do n-6. Há, no entanto, estudos recentes que colocam em causa o papel do rácio n-6/n-3 e reforçam a ideia do consumo de EPA e DHA em maior quantidade, ao invés de n-3 sob a forma de ALA. Actualmente é recomendado o consumo de 1g/ dia de n-3 PUFa, sob a forma de EPA+DHA, para se obterem efeitos benéficos no sistema cardiovascular. O consumo de óleo de peixe, rico em EPA e DHA, tem sido associado a efeitos protectores no sistema nervoso central, promovendo o desenvolvimento dos circuitos corticais e afectando o funcionamento de neurotransmissores (serotonina, adrenalina, noradrenalina e dopamina), tendo consequentemente um impacto positivo na progressão de patologias neurológicas do foro inflamatório e também comportamental, como a depressão, ansiedade, stress e perturbações de humor. Condições como a depressão, a ansiedade e o stress têm um impacto negativo na sociedade, podendo levar a situações fatais. Assim, é necessário avaliar o impacto dos ácidos gordos de cadeia longa na prevenção destes distúrbios. A maior parte dos estudos sobre EPA e DHA foca-se na toma conjunta destes ácidos gordos e, por isso, não clarificam o papel individual de cada um destes compostos sobre a saúde. O objectivo principal deste trabalho é, portanto, explorar os efeitos benéficos da toma de EPA e DHA, comparando a sua acção isolada com a sua acção conjunta, na promoção de comportamentos activos, opostos aos encontrados em situações de depressão e outros distúrbios comportamentais. Para este trabalho foram usados 32 ratos Wistar como modelo de estudo, distribuídos aleatoriamente por 4 dietas diferentes (com 8 animais por grupo) e ricas em ácidos gordos de diferentes origens, de forma a avaliar qual destes compostos tem um efeito benéfico maior sobre o comportamento: óleo de peixe, rico em EPA+DHA (grupo Fish Oil), óleo de Nannochloropsis, uma microalga marinha rica em EPA (grupo Nanno) e óleo de Schizochytrium, uma alga marinha rica em DHA (grupo Schyzo). Uma dieta pobre em EPA e DHA (grupo Milk Fat) foi usada como controlo negativo. Os animais foram pesados duas vezes por semana durante dois meses, registando-se igualmente a quantidade de alimento ingerido nesse período. Para avaliar estado de actividade/passividade dos animais recorreu-se a um teste de natação forçada (Forced Swimming Test, FST, em inglês), em que os animais são colocados numa piscina com 30 cm água, num ambiente controlado e do qual não podem escapar. O teste foi realizado em duas fases, em dois dias consecutivos (pré-teste de 15 minutos + teste de 5 minutos), sendo o segundo teste gravado para análise dos movimentos natatórios, frequência de movimentos, tempo de latência e tempo de imobilidade dos animais. O maior tempo de imobilidade está associado a um estado menos activo e pode ser interpretado como uma maior tendência para um comportamento depressivo. Posteriormente, os animais foram sacrificados e procedeu-se à recolha dos seus órgãos e sangue, usados para análise do perfil de ácidos gordos, quantificação de parâmetros bioquímicos e análise dos níveis de serotonina e catecolaminas. As fezes (previamente recolhidas) foram também analisadas para determinar o perfil de ácidos gordos e a eventual absorção destes pelo organismo. Os resultados do teste comportamental revelam um maior poder benéfico no consumo conjunto de EPA+DHA, uma vez que o grupo Fish Oil revelou tempos de imobilidade menores e uma maior latência de imobilidade. O grupo Schyzo, rico em DHA, teve valores próximos, embora inferiores, aos encontrados no grupo Fish Oil, tendo os grupos Milk Fat e Nanno uma pior prestação global no teste comportamental. Os resultados nas fezes revelam um maior poder de absorção para o grupo Fish Oil e menor para o grupo Nanno. A análise ao plasma revelou valores mais baixos de lípidos totais, colesterol total, triglicéridos e glucose para o grupo rico em EPA+DHA, bem como níveis mais altos de dopamina e adrenalina, associados a um maior índice de actividade e motivação. O grupo Nanno, rico em EPA, apresentou bons resultados nos parâmetros ligados à saúde cardiovascular, o que pode indicar um papel mais benéfico deste ácido gordo, relativamente à toma de DHA. Os eritrócitos e o cérebro apresentaram também níveis elevados de EPA e DHA para o grupo Fish Oil, em comparação com os níveis encontrados nos outros grupos, revelando uma maior incorporação de ácidos gordos por parte da dieta rica em óleo de peixe. Pode concluir-se que a toma conjunta de EPA+DHA é mais benéfica para a saúde cardiovascular geral e para melhorar os níveis de actividade nos indivíduos do que a toma isolada destes compostos, uma vez que o grupo alimentado com EPA+DHA apresentou melhores resultados em todos os parâmetros analisados, comparativamente aos que apenas tomavam EPA ou DHA.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids include the essential omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, which are not synthesised by our body and must be obtained through diet. The most abundant sources of PUFA are fish, plant and algae oils. Omega-3 has an important anti-inflammatory power and is known for its benefit effect on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The main n-3 metabolites are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6,n-3), the long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA), mainly found in fish oil and known to have a protective role regulating brain development and neurotransmitter functioning. Therefore, LC-PUFA are implied for the prevention of neurodegenerative and neurological conditions, as well as behavioural disturbances like depression and anxiety-related disorders. However, there is a lack of information about the individual role of these fatty acids on these stated conditions. The purpose of this work was to test and compare the effects of EPA and DHA, in form of isolated and combined diet, on the promotion of active behaviours, favourable in neurologic disorders. An experimental design was made using 32 Wistar rats, divided into 4 different diets to assess the specific effects of each fatty acid: Milk Fat, the negative control diet without EPA or DHA added; Fish Oil, the positive control diet, rich in EPA+DHA; Nanno group, rich in EPA; Schyzo group, rich in DHA. A behavioural Forced Swimming Test (FST) was performed to evaluate the active/passive state in rats. The animals were later euthanized, with their blood and organs removed for biochemical analysis. Fatty acid profile in faeces, erythrocytes and brain, as well as biochemical markers, serotonin and catecholamines levels were determined. Behavioural FST revealed benefit effects of the EPA+DHA intake, rather than individual fatty acid intake, since Fish Oil group presented a better overall performance. Both Milk Fat and Nanno groups presented the worse results in FST, with higher immobile levels, low latency times and higher frequencies. Schyzo group has more similar results to Fish Oil group than Nanno group, which might indicate a better role of individual DHA, contrarily to individual EPA, on promoting active behaviours. Plasma metabolites, as well as dopamine and epinephrine levels, also presented better results in Fish Oil group, with Nanno group having similar results as Fish Oil regarding plasma metabolites related with cardiovascular health. It can be concluded that an EPA+DHA diet is more adequate for the promotion of global health, as well as increasing active behaviours, which can be benefit for neurologic conditions.
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Tsai, Hsin-Pei, and 蔡欣蓓. "Production of long chain omega-3 fatty acids and carotenoids in tropical areas by a new heat-tolerant microalga Tetraselmis sp. DS3." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2qgzuj.
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Geppert, Julia [Verfasser]. "Evaluation of two supplementation strategies to improve long chain omega-3 fatty acid status in healthy subjects / vorgelegt von Julia Geppert." 2007. http://d-nb.info/984578390/34.
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Warnakulasuriya, Sumudu Nirosha. "ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID ACYLATED DERIVATIVES OF QUERCETIN-3-O-GLUCOSIDE." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/35441.
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Quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Q3G), a glycosylated derivative of quercetin, is a polyphenolic compound known to possess diverse biological activities. Its moderately hydrophilic nature is a critical factor governing the accessibility to the active sites of oxidative damages in vivo. It was hypothesized that biological activities of Q3G can be further enhanced by regioselective acylation with fatty acids which gives more lipophilicity. Q3G was acylated with six selected long chain fatty acids: stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, ?-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), using Candida antactica lipase. The derivatives were evaluated for their potential in inhibiting lipid oxidation in food systems and human low density lipoprotein (LDL), and cytoprotection and anti-inflammatory effect in cell culture model systems. The fatty acid derivatives of Q3G possessed greater effectiveness in inhibiting lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions, and better cytoprotective effect against H2O2- and cigarette smoke toxicant-induced cytotoxicity when compared to Q3G.
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Vollhardt, Christiane [Verfasser]. "The effect of lowering the ω-6/ω-3 [omega-6/omega-3] long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in the diet of pregnant and lactating women on fatty acid levels and body composition of the women and their newborns / Christiane Vollhardt." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1004942060/34.
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Pauga, Melanie. "The effect of consuming farmed salmon compared to salmon oil capsules on long chain omega 3 fatty acid and selenium status in humans : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1230.
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Salmon is a good source of long chain (LC) omega 3 fatty acids and selenium; these are well recognised for their health benefits. Recommendations for LC omega 3 fatty acid intakes presume equivalence between fish and fish oil. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of consuming salmon with salmon oil capsules on LC omega 3 fatty acid and selenium status. Forty four healthy subjects were randomly assigned to consume either two servings of 120 g farmed New Zealand King (FNZK) salmon/week or 2, 4 or 6 capsules of salmon oil/day for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measures, food consumption habits information and blood pressure (BP) measurements were obtained at the study commencement and ending. Each subject’s intake of LC omega 3 fatty acids and selenium was determined by analysing the fatty acid and selenium content of duplicate portions of cooked salmon and capsules. The amount of salmon consumed was then calculated by subtracting unconsumed amounts of salmon and then calculating the intake of LC omega 3 fatty acids as grams of LC omega 3 fatty acids consumed per day. Percentage of compliance to capsule intake, based on counts of unconsumed capsules, was calculated to determine the amount of LC omega 3 fatty acids consumed per day from capsules. Change in red blood cells (RBC) LC omega 3 fatty acid levels from equivalent amounts of LC omega 3 fatty acids consumed from capsules and salmon were compared using linear regression analysis predictive models fitted to the capsule data. Omega 3 index was calculated. LC omega 3 fatty acid intakes from salmon and 2, 4 and 6 capsules were 0.82, 0.24, 0.47 and 0.68 g/day, respectively. Equal amounts of LC omega 3 fatty acids consumed from salmon and capsules resulted in similar increases in RBC LC omega 3 fatty acids and omega 3 index (RBC eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): 0.80 [0.58 – 1.02] vs. 1.00 [0.71 – 1.27] %; RBC docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): 0.93 [0.58 – 1.29] vs. 0.99 [0.68 – 1.31] %; omega 3 index: 1.92 [1.46 – 2.38] vs. 2.25 [1.65 – 2.83] %). The capsules did not contain selenium, but the salmon provided 6.84 µg selenium/day. Plasma selenium concentrations increased significantly in the salmon group compared to the capsule