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Journal articles on the topic 'Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Schuchardt, Jan Philipp, and Andreas Hahn. "Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 89, no. 1 (July 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.010.

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2

Serini, Simona, and Gabriella Calviello. "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and cancer." Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 21, no. 2 (March 2018): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000439.

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3

Chen, Xi, Xue Du, Jianliang Shen, Lizhi Lu, and Weiqun Wang. "Original Research: Effect of various dietary fats on fatty acid profile in duck liver: Efficient conversion of short-chain to long-chain omega-3 fatty acids." Experimental Biology and Medicine 242, no. 1 (October 4, 2016): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370216664031.

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Omega-3 fatty acids, especially long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, have been associated with potential health benefits for chronic disease prevention. Our previous studies found that dietary omega-3 fatty acids could accumulate in the meat and eggs in a duck model. This study was to reveal the effects of various dietary fats on fatty acid profile and conversion of omega-3 fatty acids in duck liver. Female Shan Partridge Ducks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments, each consisting of 6 replicates of 30 birds. The experimental diets substituted the basal diet by 2% of flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, beef tallow, or fish oil, respectively. In addition, a dose response study was further conducted for flaxseed and fish oil diets at 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively. At the end of the five-week treatment, fatty acids were extracted from the liver samples and analyzed by GC-FID. As expected, the total omega-3 fatty acids and the ratio of total omega-3/omega-6 significantly increased in both flaxseed and fish oil groups when compared with the control diet. No significant change of total saturated fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids was found in both rapeseed and beef tallow groups. The dose response study further indicated that 59–81% of the short-chain omega-3 ALA in flaxseed oil-fed group was efficiently converted to long-chain DHA in the duck liver, whereas 1% of dietary flaxseed oil could produce an equivalent level of DHA as 0.5% of dietary fish oil. The more omega-3 fatty acids, the less omega-6 fatty acids in the duck liver. Taken together, this study showed the fatty acid profiling in the duck liver after various dietary fat consumption, provided insight into a dose response change of omega-3 fatty acids, indicated an efficient conversion of short- to long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, and suggested alternative long-chain omega-3 fatty acid-enriched duck products for human health benefits.

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4

Kuratko, Connye N., Coleen C. Nolan, and Norman Salem. "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular health." Nutrafoods 13, no. 2 (May 29, 2014): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13749-014-0020-7.

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5

Innis, S. M., E. M. Novak, and B. O. Keller. "Long chain omega-3 fatty acids: Micronutrients in disguise." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 88, no. 1 (January 2013): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.007.

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6

Liu, J. C., S. M. Conklin, S. B. Manuck, J. K. Yao, and M. F. Muldoon. "Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Blood Pressure." American Journal of Hypertension 24, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 1121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajh.2011.120.

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7

HOWE, Peter, Jon BUCKLEY, and Barbara MEYER. "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in red meat." Nutrition & Dietetics 64, s4 The Role of (September 2007): S135—S139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0080.2007.00201.x.

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8

Harris, William S., Yongsoon Park, and William L. Isley. "Cardiovascular disease and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids." Current Opinion in Lipidology 14, no. 1 (February 2003): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200302000-00003.

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9

Pavlovic, D. M., Aleksandra Pavlovic, and Maja Lackovic. "Omega 3 fatty acids in psychiatry." Archives of Biological Sciences 65, no. 1 (2013): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1301043p.

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Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (?-3 LC-PUFAs) are thought to be important for normal dopaminergic, glutamatergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Depression is less prevalent in societies with high fish consumption, and depressed patients have significantly lower red blood cell ?-3 levels. Studies with ?-3 supplementation have led to controversial results. A significantly longer remission of bipolar symptomatology has been confirmed from a high-dose DHA and EPA mixture. Greater seafood consumption per capita has been connected with a lower prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders. Reduced levels of ?-6 and ?-3 PUFAs were found in patients with schizophrenia.

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10

Patsalos, Olivia, Theodoros Mavrogiannidis, Bethan Dalton, Catherine J. Field, and Hubertus Himmerich. "PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE CONTAINING LONG CHAIN OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS: A TREATMENT ADJUNCT FOR PATIENTS WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA?" Psychiatria Danubina 32, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.55.

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11

Pacifico, L., S. Giansanti, A. Gallozzi, and C. Chiesa. "Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 14, no. 999 (October 13, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557514666141013125101.

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12

Heird, William C. "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Older Children." Journal of Pediatrics 150, no. 5 (May 2007): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.01.030.

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13

Koletzko, Berthold, Elvira Larqué, and Hans Demmelmair. "Placental transfer of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA)." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 35, s1 (February 1, 2007): S5—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm.2007.030.

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AbstractConsiderable evidence exists for marked beneficial effects of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) during pregnancy. The omega-3 LC-PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is incorporated in large amounts in fetal brain and other tissues during the second half of pregnancy, and several studies have provided evidence for a link between early DHA status of the mother and visual and cognitive development of her child after birth. Moreover, the supplementation of omega-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy increases slightly infant size at birth, and significantly reduces early preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation by 31%. In our studies using stable isotope methodology in vivo, we demonstrated active and preferential materno-fetal transfer of DHA across the human placenta and found the expression of human placental fatty acid binding and transport proteins. From the correlation of DHA values with placental fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP 4), we conclude that this protein is of key importance in mediating DHA transport across the human placenta. Given the great importance of placental DHA transport for infant outcome, further studies are needed to fully appreciate the effects and optimal strategies of omega-3 fatty acid interventions in pregnancy, dose response relationships, and the potential differences between subgroups of subjects such as women with gestational diabetes or other gestational pathology. Such studies should contribute to optimize substrate intake during pregnancy and lactation that may improve pregnancy outcome as well as fetal growth and development.

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14

Calder, Philip C. "Very long chain omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and human health." European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 116, no. 10 (September 12, 2014): 1280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400025.

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15

Howe, Peter, and Jon Buckley. "Metabolic Health Benefits of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." Military Medicine 179, no. 11S (November 2014): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-14-00154.

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16

Muldoon, Matthew F., Christopher M. Ryan, Jeffrey K. Yao, Sarah M. Conklin, and Stephen B. Manuck. "Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Optimization of Cognitive Performance." Military Medicine 179, no. 11S (November 2014): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-14-00168.

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17

Harris, William S. "International recommendations for consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids." Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 8, Suppl 1 (September 2007): S50—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/01.jcm.0000289274.64933.45.

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18

Saccone, Gabriele, and Vincenzo Berghella. "Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Prevent Preterm Birth." Obstetrics & Gynecology 125, no. 3 (March 2015): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000000668.

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19

McNamara, Robert K., and Jeffrey R. Strawn. "Role of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatric practice." PharmaNutrition 1, no. 2 (April 2013): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2012.10.004.

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20

Reese, Imke, and Thomas Werfel. "Do long-chain omega-3 fatty acids protect from atopic dermatitis?" JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 13, no. 9 (August 27, 2015): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddg.12780.

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21

Parker, G., and B. Hegarty. "S03-03 Long-chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Perinatal Depression." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 4 (July 2011): S8—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1876-2018(11)60035-x.

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22

Buckley, J. D., and P. R. C. Howe. "Anti-obesity effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids." Obesity Reviews 10, no. 6 (November 2009): 648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00584.x.

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23

Tocher, Douglas R. "Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective." Aquaculture 449 (December 2015): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010.

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24

Wall, Rebecca, R. Paul Ross, Gerald F. Fitzgerald, and Catherine Stanton. "Fatty acids from fish: the anti-inflammatory potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids." Nutrition Reviews 68, no. 5 (April 28, 2010): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00287.x.

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25

Liu, S., V. E. Baracos, H. A. Quinney, and M. T. Clandinin. "Dietary omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids modify fatty acyl composition and insulin binding in skeletal-muscle sarcolemma." Biochemical Journal 299, no. 3 (May 1, 1994): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2990831.

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Feeding animals with diets high in saturated fat induces insulin resistance, and replacing saturated fat isocalorically with poly-unsaturated fat, especially long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, will prevent the development of insulin resistance in skeletal-muscle tissue. To investigate the mechanism, rats were fed on high-fat (20%, w/w) semipurified diets for 6 weeks. Diets containing ratios of polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fatty acid of 0.25 (low-P/S diet) and 1.0 (high-P/S diet) were used to study the effect of the level of saturated fat. To study the effects of omega-3 fatty acids, diets with a low-P/S ratio containing either 0 (low-omega-3 diet) or 3.3% (high-omega-3 diet) long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil were fed. Plasma membrane from skeletal muscle was purified. The content of fatty acids in sarcolemmal phospholipid was significantly related to the dietary composition. Insulin binding to intact sarcolemmal vesicles prepared from rats fed on diets high in omega-3 fatty acids increased 14-fold compared with animals fed on the low-omega-3 diet (P < 0.0001). Feeding rats on a diet with a high P/S ratio increased sarcolemmal insulin binding by 2.3-fold (P < 0.05). Increased insulin binding was due to increased receptor number at the low-affinity high-capacity binding site. Dietary effects on insulin binding were eliminated when studies were carried out on detergent-solubilized membranes, indicating the importance of the phospholipid fatty acyl composition for insulin binding. The results suggest that dietary omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids increase insulin binding to sarcolemma by changing the fatty acyl composition of phospholipid surrounding the insulin receptor, and this might be the mechanism by which dietary fatty acids modify insulin action.

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26

Heller, Axel R., Hermann J. Theilen, and Thea Koch. "Fish or Chips?" Physiology 18, no. 2 (April 2003): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/nips.01419.2002.

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Cell membranes are not simply barriers separating intracellular from extracellular space. Rather, they represent a dynamic high-turnover system that adapts to current demands. During inflammation, prostaglandins and leukotrienes are formed from membrane-derived phospholipids. Encouraging improvements in critically ill patients were observed after nutritional replacement of long-chain omega-6 fatty acids with long-chain omega-3-fatty acids, contained in fish oil.

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27

Fuentes-Albero, Milagros, María Isabel Martínez-Martínez, and Omar Cauli. "Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder." Brain Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9050120.

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Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) play a central role in neuronal growth and in the development of the human brain, and a deficiency of these substances has been reported in children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). In this regard, supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is used as adjuvant therapy in ADHD. Seafood, particularly fish, and some types of nuts are the main dietary sources of such fatty acids in the Spanish diet. In order to assess the effect of the intake of common foods containing high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a food frequency questionnaire was administered to parents of children with ADHD (N = 48) and to parents of normally developing children (control group) (N = 87), and the intake of dietary omega-3 LC-PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was estimated. Children with ADHD consumed fatty fish, lean fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and chicken eggs significantly less often (p < 0.05) than children in the control group. The estimated daily omega-3 LC-PUFA intake (EPA + DHA) was significantly below that recommended by the public health agencies in both groups, and was significantly lower in children with ADHD (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.45) compared to normally developing children. Dietary intervention to increase the consumption of fish and seafood is strongly advised and it is especially warranted in children with ADHD, since it could contribute to improve the symptoms of ADHD.

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28

Patel, Alok, Dimitra Karageorgou, Emma Rova, Petros Katapodis, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, and Leonidas Matsakas. "An Overview of Potential Oleaginous Microorganisms and Their Role in Biodiesel and Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Based Industries." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030434.

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Microorganisms are known to be natural oil producers in their cellular compartments. Microorganisms that accumulate more than 20% w/w of lipids on a cell dry weight basis are considered as oleaginous microorganisms. These are capable of synthesizing vast majority of fatty acids from short hydrocarbonated chain (C6) to long hydrocarbonated chain (C36), which may be saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), depending on the presence and number of double bonds in hydrocarbonated chains. Depending on the fatty acid profile, the oils obtained from oleaginous microorganisms are utilized as feedstock for either biodiesel production or as nutraceuticals. Mainly microalgae, bacteria, and yeasts are involved in the production of biodiesel, whereas thraustochytrids, fungi, and some of the microalgae are well known to be producers of very long-chain PUFA (omega-3 fatty acids). In this review article, the type of oleaginous microorganisms and their expertise in the field of biodiesel or omega-3 fatty acids, advances in metabolic engineering tools for enhanced lipid accumulation, upstream and downstream processing of lipids, including purification of biodiesel and concentration of omega-3 fatty acids are reviewed.

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29

Delgado-Lista, Javier, Pablo Perez-Martinez, Jose Lopez-Miranda, and Francisco Perez-Jimenez. "Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review." British Journal of Nutrition 107, S2 (May 17, 2012): S201—S213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512001596.

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Introduction: Cardiovascular disease remains the commonest health problem in developed countries, and residual risk after implementing all current therapies is still high. The use of marine omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) has been recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk by multiple mechanisms. Objectives: To update the current evidence on the influence of omega-3 on the rate of cardiovascular events. Review Methods: We used the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to identify clinical trials and randomized controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids (with quantified quantities) either in capsules or in dietary intake, compared to placebo or usual diet, equal to or longer than 6 months, and written in English. The primary outcome was a cardiovascular event of any kind and secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiac death and coronary events. We used RevMan 5·1 (Mantel-Haenszel method). Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2and Chi2tests. We included 21 of the 452 pre-selected studies. Results: We found an overall decrease of risk of suffering a cardiovascular event of any kind of 10 % (OR 0·90; [0·85–0·96],p = 0·001), a 9 % decrease of risk of cardiac death (OR 0·91; [0·83–0·99];p = 0·03), a decrease of coronary events (fatal and non-fatal) of 18 % (OR 0·82; [0·75–0·90];p < 1 × 10− 4), and a trend to lower total mortality (5 % reduction of risk; OR 0·95; [0·89–1·02];p = 0·15. Most of the studies analyzed included persons with high cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: marine omega-3 fatty acids are effective in preventing cardiovascular events, cardiac death and coronary events, especially in persons with high cardiovascular risk.

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30

Rangel-Huerta, Oscar D., Concepcion M. Aguilera, Maria D. Mesa, and Angel Gil. "Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on inflammatory biomakers: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials." British Journal of Nutrition 107, S2 (May 17, 2012): S159—S170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512001559.

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Inflammation is part of the normal host response to infection and injury. Eicosanoids, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and other inflammatory molecules are frequently produced during this process. Numerous studies in humans have documented the inflammation-limiting properties of omega-3 fatty acids, but only a few have been randomised clinical trials. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic search of randomised clinical trials on omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory biomarkers in all subjects including healthy and ill persons up to February 2011 using PubMed and LILACS databases, defined by a specific equation using MeSH terms and limited to randomised clinical trials; there was no any a priori decision to include some diseases and not others. The quality of each publication was validated by using the JADAD scale and the CONSORT checklist. Inflammatory biomarkers were considered as primary outcomes. Twenty-six publications of the last 10 years were selected. Studies included healthy subjects and patients with cardiovascular disease and other chronic and acute diseases; all reported the number of subjects, type of study, type and doses of omega-3 fatty acids, main outcomes and major inflammatory biomarkers. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids are associated with plasma biomarker levels, reflecting lower levels of inflammation and endothelial activation in cardiovascular disease and other chronic and acute diseases, including chronic renal disease, sepsis and acute pancreatitis. However, further research is required before definitive recommendations can be made about the routine use of omega-3 fatty acids in critically ill patients or with neurodegenerative or chronic renal disease.

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31

Murphy, Rachel A., Prasad P. Devarshi, Shauna Ekimura, Keri Marshall, and Susan Hazels Mitmesser. "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid serum concentrations across life stages in the USA: an analysis of NHANES 2011–2012." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e043301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043301.

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ObjectiveTo determine reference ranges of circulating long-chain (LC) omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a nationally representative population of Americans. To provide context, serum concentrations of LC omega-3 were compared with concentrations associated with consuming the recommended amount of EPA and DHA by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) and the Omega-3 Index (EPA+DHA).DesignCross-sectional population-based study.SettingThe National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012 cycle.ParticipantsParticipants with fatty acids measured in serum: 945 children, age 3–19 years, and 1316 adults, age 20 and older.Main measureSerum EPA, DPA, DHA and sum of LC omega-3 fatty acids expressed as per cent of total fatty acids.ResultsAmong children, mean (SE) serum concentrations of EPA, DHA and omega-3s were 0.28% (0.01), 1.07% (0.02) and 1.75% (0.03). Among adults, mean (SE) of EPA, DHA and omega-3s were 0.61% (0.02), 1.38% (0.05) and 2.43% (0.08), all of which were significantly higher than corresponding serum fatty acid concentrations in children (p<0.001). Despite recommendations for higher intake, pregnant and/or breastfeeding women had mean (SE) EPA, DHA and LC omega-3 concentrations of 0.34% (0.07), 1.52% (0.08) and 2.18% (0.15), which were comparable to women of childbearing age; p=0.17, p=0.10 and p=0.73. Over 95% of children and 68% of adults had LC omega-3 concentrations below those associated with the DGA recommendation. Approximately 89% of adults had an Omega-3 Index in the high cardiovascular risk category.ConclusionsContemporary reference ranges for circulating LC omega-3s are critical for setting public health recommendations. Our findings show the need for continued emphasis on regular consumption of LC omega-3s among Americans, particularly considering the importance of LC omega-3s in cardiovascular health, brain health and development throughout life.

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32

Turchini, Giovanni M., Peter D. Nichols, Colin Barrow, and Andrew J. Sinclair. "Jumping on the Omega-3 Bandwagon: Distinguishing the Role of Long-Chain and Short-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 52, no. 9 (September 2012): 795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.509553.

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33

Shek, Lynette P., Mary Foong-Fong Chong, Jia Yi Lim, Shu-E. Soh, and Yap-Seng Chong. "Role of Dietary Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Infant Allergies and Respiratory Diseases." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/730568.

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Maternal nutrition has critical effects on the developing structures and functions of the fetus. Malnutrition during pregnancy can result in low birth weight and small for gestational age babies, increase risk for infection, and impact the immune system. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to have immunomodulatory effects. Decreased consumption of omega-6 PUFAs, in favor of more anti-inflammatory omega-3 PUFAs in modern diets, has demonstrated the potential protective role of omega-3 PUFAs in allergic and respiratory diseases. In this paper, we examine the role of PUFAs consumption during pregnancy and early childhood and its influence on allergy and respiratory diseases. PUFAs act via several mechanisms to modulate immune function. Omega-3 PUFAs may alter the T helper (Th) cell balance by inhibiting cytokine production which in turn inhibits immunoglobulin E synthesis and Th type 2 cell differentiation. PUFAs may further modify cellular membrane, induce eicosanoid metabolism, and alter gene expression. These studies indicate the benefits of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation. Nevertheless, further investigations are warranted to assess the long-term effects of omega-3 PUFAs in preventing other immune-mediated diseases, as well as its effects on the later immunodefense and health status during early growth and development.

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34

Islam, Ariful, Takanori Kodama, Yui Yamamoto, Majid Ebrahimi, Hirofumi Miyazaki, Yuki Yasumoto, Yoshiteru Kagawa, Tomoo Sawada, Yuji Owada, and Nobuko Tokuda. "Omega-3 fatty acids transport through the placenta." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 1 (May 15, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i1.27561.

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The placenta is a temporary vital organ for sustaining the development of the fetus throughout gestation. Although the fatty acid composition delivered to the fetus is largely determined by maternal circulating levels, the placenta preferentially transfers physiologically important long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), particularly omega-3 (n-3) FAs. The precise mechanisms governing these transfers were covered in a veil, but have started to be revealed gradually. Several evidences suggest fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs), placental specific membrane bound fatty acid binding proteins (pFABPpm) and fatty acid translocases (FAT/CD36) involved in LC-PUFAs uptake. Our studies have shown that the placental transfer of omega-3 FAs through the trophoblast cells is largely contributed by fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3). Recently there are considerable interests in the potential for dietary omega-3 FAs as a therapeutic intervention for fetal disorders. In fact, prenatal supply of omega-3 FAs is essential for brain and retinal development. Recent findings suggest a potential opportunity of omega-3 FA interventions to decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes in future generations. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism of transportation of omega-3 FAs through the placenta and how omega-3 FAs deficiency/supplementation impact on fetal development.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 1-8

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35

Giordano, Elena, and Francesco Visioli. "Long-chain omega 3 fatty acids: Molecular bases of potential antioxidant actions." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 90, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2013.11.002.

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36

Sanders, A. E., S. R. Shaikh, and G. D. Slade. "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and headache in the U.S. population." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 135 (August 2018): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2018.06.008.

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37

Iafelice, Giovanna, Maria F. Caboni, Raimondo Cubadda, Tiziana Di Criscio, Maria C. Trivisonno, and Emanuele Marconi. "Development of Functional Spaghetti Enriched with Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids." Cereal Chemistry Journal 85, no. 2 (March 2008): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cchem-85-2-0146.

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38

Mori, Trevor A., and Lawrence J. Beilin. "Long-chain omega 3 fatty acids, blood lipids and cardiovascular risk reduction." Current Opinion in Lipidology 12, no. 1 (February 2001): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200102000-00003.

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39

Qi, Baoxiu, Tom Fraser, Sam Mugford, Gary Dobson, Olga Sayanova, Justine Butler, Johnathan A. Napier, A. Keith Stobart, and Colin M. Lazarus. "Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants." Nature Biotechnology 22, no. 6 (May 16, 2004): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt972.

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Mirghelenj, S. A., A. Golian, and V. Taghizadeh. "Enrichment with long chain omega-3 fatty acids and sensory evaluation of chicken meat." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030696.

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N-3 fatty acids are essential for normal growth and development, and may play an important role in prevention of coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and cancer in humans (Simopoulos, 1999). Fatty acid profiles of broiler meat may be modified by adding fish oils to the diet (Lopez-Ferrer et al., 2001). When meat is enriched with PUFA, particularly n-3 long-chain fatty acids (C≥20), all sources of added vegetable oils seem to be less effective than marine oils (Bou. R et al., 2004). The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of dietary fish oil on fatty acid composition of thigh and breast meat in broiler chickens.

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Lapillonne, Alexandre, and Sissel J. Moltu. "Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Clinical Outcomes of Preterm Infants." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 69, Suppl. 1 (2016): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448265.

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Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) play specific roles during the perinatal period and are very important nutrients to consider. The possible effects of LCPUFAs, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on various clinical outcomes of preterm infants are discussed in this paper. Since DHA accumulates in the central nervous system during development, a lot of attention has focused on the effects of DHA on neurodevelopment. Experimental studies as well as recent clinical trials show that providing larger amounts of DHA than currently and routinely provided is associated with better neurological outcomes at 18 months to 2 years. This early advantage, however, does not seem to translate into detectable change in visual and neurodevelopmental outcomes or behavior when assessed in childhood. There is growing evidence that, in addition to effects on development, omega-3 LCPUFAs may reduce the incidence or severity of neonatal morbidities by affecting different steps of the immune and anti-inflammatory response. Studies in preterm infants suggest that the omega-3 LCPUFAs may play a significant role by reducing the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis and possibly retinopathy of prematurity and sepsis. Overall, evidence is increasing to support the benefits of high-dose DHA for various health outcomes of preterm infants. These findings are of major clinical relevance mainly because infants born preterm are at particularly high risk for a nutritional deficit in omega-3 fatty acids, predisposing to adverse neonatal outcomes. Further studies are warranted to address these issues as well as to more precisely determine the LCPUFA requirement in order to favor the best possible outcomes of preterm infants.

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Woodward, A. D., B. D. Nielsen, C. I. O'Connor, C. D. Skelly, S. K. Webel, and M. W. Orth. "Supplementation of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids high in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increases plasma DHA concentration and may increase trot stride lengths in horses." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 4, no. 2 (May 2007): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478061507811443.

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AbstractTwelve mature and six 2-year-old Arabian horses were used to determine the effect of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma fatty acids and lameness. Lameness scores and stride lengths were measured on day 0. Horses were striated and pair-matched according to age, gender, stride length and, for mature horses, lameness score, and each horse was fed either a treatment diet containing 5.95 g of stabilized omega-3 fatty acids plus a fat carrier (FA), for a total of 19.4 g fat, or a control diet containing 49 g of corn oil (CO) for 75 days. Horses were exercised 5 d week− 1, and blood samples were drawn and body weights recorded on days 0, 25, 50 and 75. Lameness scores and stride lengths were recorded again on day 75. Total plasma omega-3 fatty acid concentrations were higher on all days in FA horses than in CO horses. Total plasma omega-6 fatty acids increased from days 0 to 25, remained elevated through day 50 and returned to baseline on day 75 in all horses. The ratio of plasma omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids was lower in FA horses. Horses on FA had increased plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on days 25, 50 and 75. No difference in walk stride length was noted; however, FA horses tended to have a longer trot stride after supplementation when compared with CO horses. No differences were seen in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) metabolite or tumour necrosis factor-α as measured in blood serum. In summary, supplementing omega-3 fatty acids increases plasma DHA, although there was no overall increase in omega-3 in FA horses. While a trend to increase trot stride length was seen, no differences in lameness scores between treatments were noted.

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Shapiro, Haim, Miryam Tehilla, Joelle Attal-Singer, Rafael Bruck, Rachel Luzzatti, and Pierre Singer. "The therapeutic potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease." Clinical Nutrition 30, no. 1 (February 2011): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2010.06.001.

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Alagawany, Mahmoud, Shaaban S. Elnesr, Mayada R. Farag, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Asmaa F. Khafaga, Ayman E. Taha, Ruchi Tiwari, et al. "Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids in Poultry Nutrition: Effect on Production Performance and Health." Animals 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2019): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080573.

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Omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids are important components of cell membranes. They are essential for health and normal physiological functioning of humans. Not all fatty acids can be produced endogenously owing to the absence of certain desaturases; however, they are required in a ratio that is not naturally achieved by the standard diet of industrialized nations. Poultry products have become the primary source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), with one of the most effective solutions being to increase the accretion of PUFAs in chicken products via the adjustment of fatty acids in poultry diets. Several studies have reported the favorable effects of ω-3 PUFA on bone strength, bone mineral content and density, and semen quality. However, other studies concluded negative effects of LC-PUFA on meat quality and palatability, and acceptability by consumers. The present review discussed the practical application of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids in poultry diets, and studied the critical effects of these fatty acids on productive performance, blood biochemistry, immunity, carcass traits, bone traits, egg and meat quality, and semen quality in poultry. Future studies are required to determine how poultry products can be produced with higher contents of PUFAs and favorable fatty acid composition, at low cost and without negative effects on palatability and quality.

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Shrestha, Pushkar, Xue-Rong Zhou, Sapna Vibhakaran Pillai, James Petrie, Robert de Feyter, and Surinder Singh. "Comparison of the Substrate Preferences of ω3 Fatty Acid Desaturases for Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 22, 2019): 3058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123058.

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Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3) are important fatty acids for human health. These ω3 LC-PUFAs are produced from their ω3 precursors by a set of desaturases and elongases involved in the biosynthesis pathway and are also converted from ω6 LC-PUFA by omega-3 desaturases (ω3Ds). Here, we have investigated eight ω3-desaturases obtained from a cyanobacterium, plants, fungi and a lower animal species for their activities and compared their specificities for various C18, C20 and C22 ω6 PUFA substrates by transiently expressing them in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Our results showed hitherto unreported activity of many of the ω3Ds on ω6 LC-PUFA substrates leading to their conversion to ω3 LC-PUFAs. This discovery could be important in the engineering of EPA and DHA in heterologous hosts.

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Zhang, Alexis Ceecee, and Laura E. Downie. "Preliminary Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake in Eye Care Practice." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040817.

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Clinical recommendations relating to dietary omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFAs) should consider an individual’s baseline intake. The time, cost, and practicality constraints of current techniques for quantifying omega-3 levels limit the feasibility of applying these methods in some settings, such as eye care practice. This preliminary validation study, involving 40 adults, sought to assess the validity of a novel questionnaire, the Clinical Omega-3 Dietary Survey (CODS), for rapidly assessing long-chain omega-3 intake. Estimated dietary intakes of long-chain omega-3s from CODS correlated with the validated Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiology Studies (DQES), Version 3.2, (Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia) and quantitative assays from dried blood spot (DBS) testing. The ‘method of triads’ model was used to estimate a validity coefficient (ρ) for the relationship between the CODS and an estimated “true” intake of long-chain omega-3 EFAs. The CODS had high validity for estimating the ρ (95% Confidence Interval [CI]) for total long-chain omega-3 EFAs 0.77 (0.31–0.98), docosahexaenoic acid 0.86 (0.54–0.99) and docosapentaenoic acid 0.72 (0.14–0.97), and it had moderate validity for estimating eicosapentaenoic acid 0.57 (0.21–0.93). The total long-chain omega-3 EFAs estimated using the CODS correlated with the Omega-3 index (r = 0.37, p = 0.018) quantified using the DBS biomarker. The CODS is a novel tool that can be administered rapidly and easily, to estimate long-chain omega-3 sufficiency in clinical settings.

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Wang, Qian, Bing Zhou, Qiliang Cui, and Chao Chen. "Omega-3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Meta-analysis." Pediatrics 144, no. 1 (June 4, 2019): e20190181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0181.

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Arab-Tehrany, Elmira, Muriel Jacquot, Claire Gaiani, Muhammad Imran, Stephane Desobry, and Michel Linder. "Beneficial effects and oxidative stability of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids." Trends in Food Science & Technology 25, no. 1 (May 2012): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2011.12.002.

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McNamara, Robert K. "Mitigation of Inflammation-Induced Mood Dysregulation by Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 34, sup1 (September 15, 2015): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1080527.

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Flock, Michael R., William S. Harris, and Penny M. Kris-Etherton. "Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: time to establish a dietary reference intake." Nutrition Reviews 71, no. 10 (October 2013): 692–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nure.12071.

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