Relevant bibliographies by topics / Long distance trade

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Long distance trade'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Long distance trade"

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Geiss, Immanuel. "The Intercontinental Long-Distance Trade. A Preliminary Survey." Itinerario 10, no. 2 (July 1986): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007531.

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The author of the following paper is not an economic historian. As a general modern historian when teaching history under more global perspective, he became increasingly aware of the importance of the intercontinental longdistance trade by his interests in African history and the history of European expansion overseas. When working on a more elementary, but systematic introduction into world history for undergraduate students and high school pupils (‘Geschichte griffbereit.’ 6 vols. Reinbek b. Hamburg 1979/1983), he was struck by the frequent occurrence of long-distance trade in general, of what is here called ‘intercontinental long-distance trade’ in particular: even in the most superficial treatment of many regions, countries, places of historical importance (cities, ports, straits, isthmuses, rivers, isles and peninsulas) longdistance trade played a central role. If examined closely, it emerges that surprisingly much is known about long-distance trade in general. Direct and indirect consequences of the intercontinental long-distance trade are so manifold and complex in many spheres of history — economic, of course, but also political, naval, military history, history of ideas and religions — that it should become useful to make it a major theme of its own.
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Doi, Shigenori. "The Long Distance Caravan Trade in East Africa." Journal of African Studies 1987, no. 30 (1987): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1987.25.

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Smith, Michael E. "Long-Distance Trade under the Aztec Empire: The Archaeological Evidence." Ancient Mesoamerica 1, no. 2 (1990): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100000183.

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AbstractThis article presents archaeological data on Late Postclassic long-distance trade in central and northern Mesoamerica. Aztec trade goods from the Basin of Mexico (ceramics and obsidian) are widespread, while imports from other areas are much less common, both in the Basin of Mexico and elsewhere. The artifactual data signal a high volume of exchange in the Late Postclassic, and while trade was spatially nucleated around the Basin of Mexico, most exchange activity was apparently not under strong political control. The archaeological findings are compared with ethnohistoric sources to further our knowledge of the mechanisms of exchange, the effect of elite consumption on trade, and the relationship between trade and imperialism.
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Olivelle, Patrick. "Long-distance trade in ancient India: Evidence from Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra." Indian Economic & Social History Review 57, no. 1 (January 2020): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464619892894.

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Much of the significant data for long-distance and maritime trade across South Asia in the ancient period comes from archaeological sources. Nevertheless, textual sources too have some significant things to say about material culture and trade in the ancient world. In a special way, texts give insights into what people thought about trans-regional trade, the globalisation of the ancient world, both the good and the bad that came with it, insights that cannot be culled solely from archaeological data. This article’s focus is on the Arthaśāstra, which Kauṭilya wrote around middle of the first century ce, drawing on sources that predate him by a century or more. The Arthaśāstra does not have a separate section on trade, but trade data are scattered over at least four areas: (a) the treasury and its need for luxury goods: pearls, gems, diamonds, coral, sandalwood, aloe, incense, skins and furs, and cloth; (b) military needs: horses and elephants; (c) developing and guarding land and water routes and shipping; and (d) duties and taxes on imported goods. Significant data on trade are also provided in Kauṭilya’s discussion of trade routes and their protection, as well as data on duties and taxes on imported goods.
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Emberling, Geoff, and Leah Minc. "Ceramics and long-distance trade in early Mesopotamian states." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7 (June 2016): 819–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.02.024.

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Wilson, Andrew. "Saharan trade in the Roman period: short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47, no. 4 (December 2012): 409–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2012.727614.

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SKVIRSKAJA, VERA. "New trade formations: precarity, pragmatic cosmopolitanism and long‐distance trade in the Caucasus." Global Networks 20, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/glob.12267.

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Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich, and Joseph Lehner. "Long-distance trade and communication networks in Late Chalcolithic Anatolia." Heritage Turkey 3 (December 1, 2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18866/biaa2015.070.

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Koerper, Henry C., Donald L. Fife, Clay A. Singer, and Jonathon E. Ericson. "Comments on Cottrell's Long Distance Jasper Trade Hypothesis: In Defense of Renfrew's Trade Models." American Antiquity 52, no. 3 (July 1987): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281604.

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This paper critically assesses Cottrell's model of prehistoric exchange of jasper said to have been transported through the Mojave Desert to the Tomato Springs site in coastal southern California. We point out numerous conceptual and analytical errors which cast doubt on Cottrell's interpretation of the Tomato Springs site as a control center for the importation, production, and trade of this supposedly nonlocal material. Cottrell has not demonstrated a desert origin for the jasper found at Tomato Springs, and thus has no grounds for testing any of Renfrew's distance-decay models. The presence of local natural sources of jasper better explains the occurrence of this mineral at Tomato Springs and nearby sites.
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ABBATE, ANGELA, LUCA DE BENEDICTIS, GIORGIO FAGIOLO, and LUCIA TAJOLI. "Distance-varying assortativity and clustering of the international trade network." Network Science 6, no. 4 (June 8, 2018): 517–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2018.7.

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AbstractIn this paper, we study how the topology of the International Trade Network (ITN) changes in geographical space, and along time. We employ geographical distance between countries in the world to filter the links in the ITN, building a sequence of subnetworks, each one featuring trade links occurring at similar distance. We then test if the assortativity and clustering of ITN subnetworks changes as distance increases, and we find that this is indeed the case: distance strongly impacts, in a non-linear way, the topology of the ITN. We show that the ITN is disassortative at long distances, while it is assortative at short ones. Similarly, the main determinant of the overall high-ITN clustering level are triangular trade triples between geographically close countries. This means that trade partnership choices and trade patterns are highly differentiated over different distance ranges, even after controlling for the economic size and income per capita of trading partners, and it is persistent over time. This evidence has relevant implications for the non-linear evolution of globalization.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Long distance trade"

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Kingsley, Sean. "Specialized production and long-distance trade in Byzantine Palestine." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324903.

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Neelis, Jason Emmanuel. "Long-distance trade and the transmission of Buddhism through northern Pakistan, primarily based on Kharoṣṭhī and Brāhmī inscriptions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11142.

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Schorle, Katia. "Long-distance trade and the exploitation of arid landscapes in the Roman imperial period (1st - 3rd centuries AD)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5138c044-6331-4c3c-8402-1a80f6215bd6.

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If as argued the Mediterranean consisted in Antiquity of a unity determined by similar environmental factors and crises which were mitigated through established networks of trade and exchange, the border regions of the Roman Mediterranean, particularly to the South and East, were characterised by a radically different environment. This thesis focuses on the development of three of the arid regions bordering the ancient Mediterranean, namely the Fazzan oases in the Libyan Sahara, the Eastern Desert of Egypt and the region of Palmyra in Syria. These arid regions have received considerable archaeological attention in recent years, and a review of them will highlight the factors which enabled these regions to interact with the Roman Empire through trading dynamics, but also through the development of local resources. Central questions within this thesis concern the extent to which the environment would have tailored the potential of these regions, and if the existence of trade routes and social networks both affected and were affected by settlement and exploitation patterns in the region. Trade was created by geographically much broader social requirements for foreign or exotic goods, yet was restricted by the possibility to pass through these regions. Developments were conditioned by the constant need for balance between the state as a power enforcing and representing peace and security and local entities, and what the local social organisation had to offer in term of rent and stability to the state as an institution. After an introduction (Chapter 1) delineating the aims of the thesis, Chapter 2 defines influential theories and models that will be considered for this thesis, namely environmental factors, social networks and institutional economics. The archaeological evidence is then discussed in each relevant chapter: Chapter 3: The Libyan Sahara; Chapter 4: The Eastern Desert of Egypt; Chapter 5: Palmyra. Chapter 6 discusses major factors that may work as explanations for the development of agriculture, the exploitation mineral resources, and trade in these regions. The choice of regions both inside and outside the Roman Empire also allows a discussion on the rise of economic activities linked to the imperial economy. As such, the thesis moves away from a romano-centric perspective and proposes to look instead for internal factors, such as the development of complex societies with organisational frameworks and social networks which enable them to overcome the challenges of their geo-climatic settings. This study concludes that the developments identified in each chapter were not a factor of environmental changes but human agency. The state, or private individuals or communities successfully organised the resources necessary to integrate the regions into wider networks of intense trade in the imperial period. These concerned both physical infrastructure, and the development of far-reaching social networks.
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Morche, Franz-Julius [Verfasser], and Georg [Akademischer Betreuer] Christ. "Profit and Commitment: Lorenzo Dolfin and the Commercial Family in Venetian Long-Distance Trade, c.1399-1475 / Franz-Julius Morche ; Betreuer: Georg Christ." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1202783597/34.

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Pydyn, Andrzej. "Exchange and cultural interactions : a study of long-distance trade and cross-cultural contacts in the late Bronze Age and early iron Age in Central and Eastern Europe /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37199814f.

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Verbruggen, Raf. "World cities before globalisation : the European city network, A.D. 1300-1600." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8439.

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This dissertation is a quantitative study of the spatial business strategies of 130 late medieval and 16th-century European commercial and banking firms, the business networks of which have been put together for a structural analysis of the European city network between ca. 1300 and ca. 1600. Concretely this investigation has been carried out through the application of an interlocking network model – specifically developed for the study of the present-day global city network produced by the office networks of business service firms – to this historical case study, in order to challenge predominantly hierarchical conceptualisations of city networks which are often influenced by central place theory. After a methodological section, in which solutions are designed for reconciling the geographical model with the particularities of historical research, a first part of the analysis focuses on agency within the network, identifying and reconstructing the multiple spatial strategies used by the different agents. In a second part the overall structure and dynamics in the network are investigated, revealing the operation of Christaller's traffic principle, as well as a cyclical variation in emphasis on continental and maritime nodes within the European city network. More generally, this study demonstrates that the functioning of dynamic transnational networks based upon complementarity and cooperation rather than competition is not limited to our contemporary globalised world, but can also be found in particular historical societies.
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Elston, Jacqueline Ann. "Communication, trade and steamship operation between Britain and Australia in the Mid 19th century: what were the problems faced by steamship operators on the long distance run to Australia?" Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492455.

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This thesis examines the effect that mid 19th century steamship development had on long distance trade and communication between Britain and Australia. It takes a holistic approach, drawing together a number of diverse but related themes and using much previously unseen material to challenge many former assumptions. This thesis examines in detail the role of one particular steamship, the S.S Great Britain, as pivotal to the development of Australian trade over many years, rather than ts brief period on the trans-Atlantic run, which previous commentators have focused on.
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Santos, Elaine Ribeiro da Silva dos. "Sociabilidades em trânsito: os carregadores do comércio de longa distância na Lunda (1880-1920)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-26082016-153408/.

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Este é um estudo sobre os grupos de carregadores das caravanas do comércio de longa distância na Lunda, em fins do século XIX e início do XX. O objetivo principal é argumentar que esses trabalhadores foram responsáveis pela movimentação da engrenagem do comércio regional no espaço que atualmente compreende o nordeste do território de Angola. Sua importância decorreu do conhecimento especializado que detinham, sem o qual não seria possível a circulação de mercadorias e informações por vastas regiões. O estudo levou em conta os elementos organizadores das caravanas de comércio: diferentes grupos de carregadores, papéis sociais e hierarquias, produtos transportados e itinerários percorridos. O exame destes aspectos possibilitou observar o dinamismo do comércio de longa distância, com o qual se conectavam os negócios internacionais. Em um contexto finissecular, marcado pela pressão da era dos impérios, porque sabiam fazer, os carregadores foram um elemento essencial do comércio de longa distância, muito importante para a vitalidade das sociedades da Lunda.
This study is about long distance porters and the trade in Lunda between 1870 and 1920. I argue that porters played a very important role in the operation of regional trade, being responsible for moving goods and informations in very distance areas. My analysis covers several elements: how porters articulated trade caravans, how they organized themselves in different groups permeated by different social hierarchies, the variety of transported goods and trade routes. These elements reveal the dynamism of long-distance trade - extremely important to the vitality of Lunda societies.
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Jiroudková, Petra. "Zhodnocení použitelnosti kritérií Leading Quality Trails – Best of Europe na dálkové pěší trase v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202122.

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The diploma paper, Evaluation of aplicability of Leading Quality Trails - Best of Europe criteria on a long-distance hiking trail in the Czech Republic, deals with the process of certification of long-distance hiking trails in accordance with the norm called Leading Quality Trails - Best of Europe. The norm is based on German norms for certificating long-distance hiking trails which brought remarkable success. So far, there are no such trails in the Czech Republic. The main purpose of this thesis is to provide answers to questions concerning the aplicability of European norms on Czech hiking trails. Specifically, it will focus on the aplication of the norms on the long-distance hiking trail Stezka podel Luznice and its evaluation.
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LeSage, James P., and Manfred M. Fischer. "Conventional versus network dependence panel data gravity model specifications." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6828/1/2019%2D2%2D11_v12_panel_gravity_model.pdf.

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Past focus in the panel gravity literature has been on multidimensional fixed effects specifications in an effort to accommodate heterogeneity. After introducing conventional multidimensional fixed effects, we find evidence of cross-sectional dependence in flows. We propose a simultaneous dependence gravity model that allows for network dependence in flows, along with computationally efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimation methods that produce a Monte Carlo integration estimate of log-marginal likelihood useful for model comparison. Application of the model to a panel of trade flows points to network spillover effects, suggesting the presence of network dependence and biased estimates from conventional trade flow specifications. The most important sources of network dependence were found to be membership in trade organizations, historical colonial ties, common currency and spatial proximity of countries.
Series: Working Papers in Regional Science
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Books on the topic "Long distance trade"

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Mancke, Elizabeth. A company of businessmen: The Hudson's Bay Company and long-distance trade, 1670-1730. Winnipeg: Rupert's Land Research Centre, 1988.

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Dalton, Heather, ed. Keeping Family in an Age of Long Distance Trade, Imperial Expansion, and Exile, 1550-1850. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722315.

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Keeping Family in an Age of Long Distance Trade, Imperial Expansion, and Exile, 1550--1850 brings together eleven original essays by an international group of scholars, each investigating how family, or the idea of family, was maintained or reinvented when husbands, wives, children, apprentices, servants or slaves separated, or faced separation, from their household. The result is a fresh and geographically wide-ranging discussion about the nature of family and its intersection with travel over three hundred years -- a period during which roles and relationships, within and between households, were increasingly affected by trade, settlement, and empire building. The imperial project may have influenced different regions in different ways at different times yet, as this collection reveals, families, especially those transcending national ties and traditional boundaries, were central to its progress. Together, these essays bring new understandings of the foundations of our interconnected world and of the people who contributed to it.
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Anikpo, Mark. State formation in precolonial Africa: Analysis of long-distance trade and surplus accumulation in South-Eastern Nigeria. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Pam Unique Publishers, 1991.

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Spies, Mattias. Oil extraction in extreme remoteness: The organisation of work and long-distance commuting in Russia's northern resource peripheries. Joensuu: Joensuun yliopisto, 2009.

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G, Liesegang, Pasch H, and Jones Adam, eds. Figuring African trade: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Quantification and Structure of the Import and Export and Long Distance Trade in Africa, 1800-1913. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1986.

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Protecting consumers against slamming: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session, on H.R. 3050 and H.R. 3888, June 23, 1998. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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Pydyn, Andrzej. Exchange and cultural interactions: A study of long-distance trade and cross-cultural contacts in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in Central and Eastern Europe. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 1999.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection. The Internet Services Promotion Act of 2000 and the Internet Access Charge Prohibition Act of 1999: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, on H.R. 1291 and H.R. 4202, May 3, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. 900 Services Consumer Protection Act of 1991: Report of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on S. 1579. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Terpstra, Taco. Communication and Roman Long-Distance Trade. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195386844.003.0004.

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Chapter 3 argues that scholarship on Roman long-distance trade has been preoccupied by questions of its scale and importance for the overall economy, and that consequently the role and importance of communication for this Roman trade have remained overlooked. Terpstra therefore seeks to recover the nature of this communication—both written and oral—and of the communications network in circumstances that were incomparably harsher than today. Given the near-complete loss of commercial correspondence from classical antiquity, but not from the medieval period, Terpstra draws on material from the latter for evidence. He also assigns a higher value and importance to oral rumor than scholarship has typically favored.
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Book chapters on the topic "Long distance trade"

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Dillian, Carolyn D., Charles A. Bello, and M. Steven Shackley. "Long-Distance Exchange of Obsidian in the mid-Atlantic United States." In Trade and Exchange, 17–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1072-1_2.

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Plys, Kristin, and Charles Lemert. "Long-Distance Trade and the Transition to Capitalism." In Capitalism and its Uncertain Future, 61–66. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003198291-7.

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Gibbs, Matt. "Caravans and long-distance trade in Roman Egypt." In Caravans in Global Perspective, 106–21. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003229810-7.

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Nol, Hagit. "Long distance trade in the Early Medieval period: A general introduction." In Medieval and Post-Medieval Mediterranean Archaeology, 17–36. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.mpmas-eb.5.128665.

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Hicks, Carol B., Kenneth Bloem, Godshen R. Pallipparambil, and Heather M. Hartzog. "Reported Long-Distance Flight of the Invasive Oriental Fruit Fly and Its Trade Implications." In Area-Wide Management of Fruit Fly Pests, 9–25. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2020]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429355738-3.

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Perez-Garcia, Manuel. "Silver, Rogues, and Trade Networks: Sangleyes and Manila Galleons Connecting the Spanish Empire and Qing China." In Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, 123–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7865-6_4.

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Abstract This chapter examines the structure of trade in the South China Sea region through an analysis of merchant networks operating in this geographical area. Trade networks were long-distance partnerships that changed over time after the early arrival of Spanish and European missionaries to the Philippines, Macao, and Canton
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Coulon, Damien. "Ruling Class and Long-Distance Trade in Barcelona at the End of the Middle Ages." In Urban Elites and Aristocratic Behaviour in the Spanish Kingdoms at the End of the Middle Ages, 133–42. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.seuh-eb.1.101194.

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Vincentelli, Irene. "LONG DISTANCE TRADE:." In Nubian Archaeology in the XXIst Century, 127–34. Peeters Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1q26wt1.10.

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"German Long-Distance Migration." In Trade in Strangers, 1–36. Penn State University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv14gp45c.8.

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"Cooperation in Long-Distance Trade." In A Dissimulated Trade, 116–47. BRILL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004504110_006.

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Conference papers on the topic "Long distance trade"

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Kim, Taehwan, Pavan Bhargava, and Vladimir Stojanovic. "Optimal Spectral Estimation and System Trade-Off in Long-Distance Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Lidar." In ICASSP 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8461653.

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Guthrie, Lindsey Rae, Jennifer Kahn, and Brent E. Owens. "NEAR & FAR: UNDERSTANDING LONG-DISTANCE TRADE AND INTERACTION WITHIN THE SOCIETY ISLANDS THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE." In 65th Annual Southeastern GSA Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016se-273366.

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Pacini, Francesco, Giacomo Paoli, Iván Cayón, Tamara Rivera, Beatriz Sarmiento, Konstantin Kebkal, Oleksiy Kebkal, et al. "The SWARMs Approach to Integration of Underwater and Overwater Communication Sub-Networks and Integration of Heterogeneous Underwater Communication Systems." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78772.

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The management of a heterogeneous mix of underwater vehicles needs a robust and reliable communication network, able to connect the remote command and control station (typically ashore or on board of a support ship) with nodes and vehicles in the deep sea. On the basis of this scenario, the infrastructure shall satisfy requirements such as: medium to extremely long distances between the control room and the area of operation; management of a variable number and type of nodes and vehicles (mobile, fixed, underwater, surfaced); a guaranteed bandwidth to send commands and receive platform status and tasks execution information with minimum latency; a high bitrate to transfer sensor data, pictures and videos in “near real time”; etc. Compared to the available solutions used nowadays for radio communication systems, the underwater environment imposes several constraints on the maximum achievable bandwidth and distance, drastically reducing data transfer rates. This means that the full communication network is a trade-off between different requirements and performances. The SWARMs project approach to this problem is to select, combine and integrate different and heterogeneous communication technologies, components and solutions, in order to obtain the best performances for the management and control of underwater vehicles during the execution of different missions and tasks. The network is mainly based on commercial components, but specific adaptations were made in order to fulfil the requirements of ad hoc underwater and overwater sub networks in maritime specific scenarios. Several experiments and sea trials have allowed the verification of the performance of the full network and the optimization of its configuration according to the mission needs.
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Yücel, Mustafa, Yaşar Aktaş, and Neslişah Taner. "What are the New Functions of Agriculture Cooperatives in the Progress of Globalization? The Case of Agriculture Cooperatives of Kastamonu." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01231.

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While production and markets have been becoming more integrated since barriers to the international trade reduced, capital movements and the speed of spreading of technology increased with the progress of globalization, issues regarding to agriculture, environment, women, employment, and education became more critical. In this research, “by which functions and missions can agricultural cooperatives sustain their assets under globalized conditions” is the major research question. In the research, 19 cooperatives were chosen among 308 cooperatives, depending on their distance to Kastamonu, foundation year, and the amount of member. Subjects were determined by their traits and occupations. 164 subjects were interviewed via survey questions in 2014-2015. In research, “The situation-specific approach” model, developed by Hartmut Albrecht was applied. Because of the progress of change in organizational values, agriculture cooperatives have to undertake new functions in addition to maintaining agricultural production. The functions can be classified into 4 categories as socio-economic (taking local goods to international markets, recording incomes in the agriculture sector, and creating new employment positions to reduce migration to urban), international relations (developing new projects toward internationalizing to collaborate with other cooperatives), planning (making long-term strategic plans), and education (training women in rural areas, and obtaining their collaboration in cooperative campaigns, and educating future's cooperative managers).
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Wang, Frank Fan. "Force Air Cooled Electronic Equipment Under Loss of Cooling Condition With Blocked Air Duct." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33070.

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There are many electronic equipments are cooled by forced cooling airs. Some equipment’s forced cooling air is supplied by air ducts, where air blower is located at a distance. In many cases, when the remote blower is out of order, the buoyancy of heated air cannot generate enough pressure to overcome the long air ducts and the blower. There is no air flow at all through the normal cooling air duct. That is called loss of cooling thermal condition. Loss of cooling condition is usually the worst case thermal challenge. In aerospace applications, most forced convection cooled electronic equipments need to meet the loss of cooling operation requirement. During loss of cooling, the electronic equipment needs to obtain cooler ambient surrounding air from a different inlet other than the supply air inlet. However, the passive cooling air inlet cannot interfere with the normal cooling situation. In normal cooling situation, forced cooling air is provided to lower the electronics temperature to a level of meeting the mean time between failure (MTBF) requirements. This paper will discuss a few trade studies of how different design approaches meet this loss of cooling air challenges; present a detailed CFD calculation of one of the design options. Many other considerations are also to be presented other than just thermal design concerns.
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Fu, Yu, Huan Liu, Qi Hu, and Jiecheng Xie. "Photo-vibrational sensing of trace chemicals and explosives by long-distance differential laser Doppler vibrometer." In SPIE Defense + Security, edited by Augustus W. Fountain and Jason A. Guicheteau. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2261783.

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Kyprianidis, Konstantinos G., and Andrew M. Rolt. "On the Optimisation of a Geared Fan Intercooled Core Engine Design." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26064.

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Reduction of CO2 emissions is strongly linked with the improvement of engine specific fuel consumption, as well as the reduction of engine nacelle drag and weight. One alternative design approach to improving specific fuel consumption is to consider a geared fan combined with an increased overall pressure ratio intercooled core performance cycle. Thermal benefits from intercooling have been well documented in the literature. Nevertheless, there is little information available in the public domain with respect to design space exploration of such an engine concept when combined with a geared fan. The present work uses a multidisciplinary conceptual design tool to further analyse the option of an intercooled core geared fan aero engine for long haul applications with a 2020 entry into service technology level assumption. The proposed design methodology is capable, with the utilised tool, of exploring the interaction of design criteria and providing critical design insight at engine-aircraft system level. Previous work by the authors focused on understanding the design space for this particular configuration with minimum specific fuel consumption, engine weight and mission fuel in mind. This was achieved by means of a parametric analysis, varying several engine design parameters — but only one at a time. The present work attempts to identify “globally” fuel burn optimal values for a set of engine design parameters by varying them all simultaneously. This permits the non-linear interactions between the parameters to be accounted. Special attention has been given to the fuel burn impact of the reduced HPC efficiency levels associated with low last stage blade heights. Three fuel optimal designs are considered, based on different assumptions. The results indicate that it is preferable to trade overall pressure ratio and pressure ratio split exponent, rather than specific thrust, as means of increasing blade height and hence reducing the associated fuel consumption penalties. It is interesting to note that even when considering the effect of HPC last stage blade height on efficiency there is still an equivalently good design at a reduced overall pressure ratio. This provides evidence that the overall economic optimum could be for a lower overall pressure ratio cycle. Customer requirements such as take-off distance and time to height play a very important role in determining a fuel optimal engine design. Tougher customer requirements result in bigger and heavier engines that burn more fuel. Higher overall pressure ratio intercooled engine cycles clearly become more attractive in aircraft applications that require larger engine sizes.
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Koerfer, Thomas, Hartwig Busch, Joschka Schaub, Mauro Scassa, and Ender Nadir. "FEV Diesel EMotion '“ Serial Hybrid Solution for heavy Light-Duty Vehicle Applications." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-adm-053.

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The public and governmental pressure for lowering GHG emissions from the transportation sector is continuously increasing. Since the release of the new CO2 target figures from the European Commission (EC), formulating massive reduction degrees in the next decade (-15% in 2025 and -37,5% in 2030), substantial initiatives have been engaged to ensure proper achievement and compliance with these ambitious targets. Diesel powered vehicles and, in particular, light-duty Diesel engines have been the major driver for continuous year-to-year fuel consumption reduction rates in the recent past. These achievements so far were mainly based on continuous enhancement of combustion efficiency and reduction of mechanical losses. Based on this experience, it appears unlikely to realize further substantial improvements by extension and prolongation of this technical approach, like requested by the legal authorities for the mid-term future. Double digit lowering rates request for implementation of new features and technologies. As purely electric propulsion systems gain increasing attractiveness for small light-duty applications, due to a better balanced trade-off between costs and daily operational duties, heavier light-duty vehicles, often used for commercial needs, demand different powertrain concepts, especially if heavy goods transportation, long distance driving and/or trailer towing demands are requested as well from the end-user side. In order to safeguard both, upcoming legal GHG reduction norms as well as all-day operational duties, new powertrain configurations are requested. One attractive conceptual layout is found by the mixed-serial hybrid topology, labeled Diesel EMotion. This powertrain concept features a tailored cost-optimized Diesel engine with a strong electric machine as a serial hybrid, while featuring in conjunction with a simple one-speed transmission a direct, highly efficient coupling of the engine with the drive wheels. The vehicle is mainly driven by the electrical machine, especially in urban regimes, but, as soon as vehicle speed and load exceed certain threshold values, the direct connection between engine crankshaft and driving wheels is enacted to realize best fuel efficiency. The paper in hand describes at first the conceptual layout of the advanced powertrain topology for heavy Light-Duty vehicle applications, balancing functional performance in the limited engine operational map with corresponding cost reduction measures. Furthermore, initial functional performance figures, especially in comparison to conventional powertrain definitions as well as to classical serial hybrid designs are displayed. The paper concludes with a summary and parameter ranking in order to determine next steps in realization and industrialization PREPARERD FOR: FISITA 2020 – PRAGUE/CZECH 2020 Topics • Stringent EU CO2 targets in transport sector • New propulsion system topology • Mixed-serial Diesel hybrid layout
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Grosvenor, Courtney E., Melissa C. Lott, and Michael E. Webber. "A Methodology for Evaluating the Environmental Trade-Offs for Different Travel and Information Communication Technologies (ICT) Options." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54423.

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The impacts of the U.S. transportation and electricity generation sectors include air emissions and water consumption. Information and communication technologies (ICT) such as advanced video teleconferencing have the potential to displace some activities that have historically required transportation. While ICT can reduce environmental impacts compared to transportation options in many cases, there are non-obvious environmental trade-offs associated with replacing transportation with ICT. These tradeoffs are the consequence of many factors, including the particular local electricity mix, meeting duration, number of meeting participants, travel distances, travel modes, motive transport conversion technologies, and transport fuels. Identifying and quantifying these trade-offs is the focus of this research. For this study, a nomenclature and methodology were developed to compare environmental trade-offs associated with transportation and ICT. The nomenclature was designed to facilitate side-by-side comparison of the environmental impacts of travel and ICT and to allow expansion of the nomenclature for future study. The methodology considered a variety of conversion technologies for motive transport including spark-ignition, compression-ignition, fuel cells, and electric motors. Both conventional and developing fuels were considered including gasoline, ethanol, diesel, biodiesel, natural gas, hydrogen, and electricity. Likewise, electricity consumption for ICT included both traditional and developing electricity generation technologies. Carbon dioxide emissions and water consumption for ICT were assessed for comparison with transportation in a case study that demonstrated use of this methodology by considering three distinct scenarios for a particular business meeting: 1. Two meeting attendees travel to the meeting by diesel city bus while two travel in a private vehicle. 2. All four meeting attendees travel by private vehicle powered by compressed natural gas. 3. The four meeting attendees do not travel, but instead meet their clients virtually via ICT. The case study analyzed in this manuscript considers only the water and carbon dioxide impacts, but the nomenclature developed allows future expansion for analysis of other greenhouse gases. The three scenarios revealed that, compared to short travel distances, use of ICT does not always generate fewer carbon dioxide emissions. Depending on the mode of electricity generation, travel proved to be preferable from an emissions standpoint for scenarios in which travel distances were small. However, in cases that required long distances to travel, ICT often allowed businesses and individuals to reduce their environmental impacts, especially if electric power generation in that location utilized large amounts of relatively low-emissions technologies such as hydroelectric dams, wind, solar, and nuclear. Finally, it should be noted that, in addition to comparing ICT and travel impacts, this methodology can be used to calculate the environmental tradeoffs of various transportation options when travel is a necessity.
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Cole, Samuel, Gavin Hess, and Martin Wosnik. "Design of a Controllable One-Meter Scale Research Wind Turbine." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69560.

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A research wind turbine of one meter diameter was designed for the UNH Flow Physics Facility (FPF), a very large flow physics quality turbulent boundary layer wind tunnel (W 6m, H 2.7m, L 72m), which provides excellent spatial and temporal resolution, low flow blockage and allows measurements of turbine wakes far downstream due its long fetch. The initial turbine design was carried out as an aero-servo model of the NREL 5MW reference turbine, with subsequent modifications to both the hub to accommodate blade mounting and pitch-adjustment, and increases in model blade chord to achieve sufficiently high Reynolds numbers. A trade-off study of turbine design parameters in scale space was conducted. Several candidate airfoil profiles were evaluated numerically with the goal to reach Reynolds-number independence in turbine performance in the target operating range. The model turbine will achieve Reynolds numbers based on blade chord, an important consideration for airfoil performance and near-wake evolution, greater than 100,000, and Reynolds numbers based on turbine diameter, important for far-wake transport, on the order of 1,000,000. The blockage ratio is less than 5% based on swept area. A motor and controller combination was implemented that allows to precisely prescribe the turbine tip-speed ratio (at maximum power coefficient for optimum blade chord), which can remain stable and absorb the generated electric power for long periods of time. The turbine nacelle was designed with a blade mounting mechanism which allows for precise manual adjustment of blade pitch angle, while allowing for future implementation of actuated pitch control. The O(1m) turbine scale is viewed as a cost-effective compromise between size, driven by the need for sufficiently high Reynolds number, and the need for detailed measurements for significant distances downstream of the turbine under controlled conditions.
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Reports on the topic "Long distance trade"

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Díaz de Astarloa, Bernardo, Nanno Mulder, Sandra Corcuera-Santamaría, Winfried Weck, Lucas Barreiros, Rodrigo Contreras Huerta, and Alejandro Puente. Post Pandemic Covid-19 Economic Recovery: Enabling Latin America and the Caribbean to Better Harness E-commerce and Digital Trade. Edited by Marcee Gómez. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003436.

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This report shows that Latin America and the Caribbean faces critical policy challenges going forward. It must accelerate the digital transformation to allow businesses and consumers to adapt to a new normal and leverage pandemic recovery to create stronger economies, and also tackle long-standing barriers to adopting digital technologies and bridging digital divides. These have impeded sustained and equitable economic growth even before the pandemic struck. This crisis should be a wake-up call for governments, the private sector, civil society, and international development partners to come together and take concerted actions to advance on consistent, long-term, and sustainable e-commerce strategies that are at the forefront of national and regional productive development agendas. Just as digital solutions allowed countries to overcome the increased role of distance within the context of the pandemic in shaping consumption and business, they should also be harnessed to increase regional economic integration beyond this emergency situation.
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