Books: 'Long distance trade'

1

Mancke, Elizabeth. A company of businessmen: The Hudson's Bay Company and long-distance trade, 1670-1730. Winnipeg: Rupert's Land Research Centre, 1988.

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2

Dalton, Heather, ed. Keeping Family in an Age of Long Distance Trade, Imperial Expansion, and Exile, 1550-1850. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463722315.

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Keeping Family in an Age of Long Distance Trade, Imperial Expansion, and Exile, 1550--1850 brings together eleven original essays by an international group of scholars, each investigating how family, or the idea of family, was maintained or reinvented when husbands, wives, children, apprentices, servants or slaves separated, or faced separation, from their household. The result is a fresh and geographically wide-ranging discussion about the nature of family and its intersection with travel over three hundred years -- a period during which roles and relationships, within and between households, were increasingly affected by trade, settlement, and empire building. The imperial project may have influenced different regions in different ways at different times yet, as this collection reveals, families, especially those transcending national ties and traditional boundaries, were central to its progress. Together, these essays bring new understandings of the foundations of our interconnected world and of the people who contributed to it.

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3

Anikpo, Mark. State formation in precolonial Africa: Analysis of long-distance trade and surplus accumulation in South-Eastern Nigeria. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Pam Unique Publishers, 1991.

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4

Spies, Mattias. Oil extraction in extreme remoteness: The organisation of work and long-distance commuting in Russia's northern resource peripheries. Joensuu: Joensuun yliopisto, 2009.

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5

G, Liesegang, Pasch H, and Jones Adam, eds. Figuring African trade: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Quantification and Structure of the Import and Export and Long Distance Trade in Africa, 1800-1913. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1986.

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6

Protecting consumers against slamming: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session, on H.R. 3050 and H.R. 3888, June 23, 1998. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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7

Pydyn, Andrzej. Exchange and cultural interactions: A study of long-distance trade and cross-cultural contacts in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in Central and Eastern Europe. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 1999.

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8

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection. The Internet Services Promotion Act of 2000 and the Internet Access Charge Prohibition Act of 1999: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, on H.R. 1291 and H.R. 4202, May 3, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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9

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. 900 Services Consumer Protection Act of 1991: Report of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on S. 1579. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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10

Terpstra, Taco. Communication and Roman Long-Distance Trade. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195386844.003.0004.

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Chapter 3 argues that scholarship on Roman long-distance trade has been preoccupied by questions of its scale and importance for the overall economy, and that consequently the role and importance of communication for this Roman trade have remained overlooked. Terpstra therefore seeks to recover the nature of this communication—both written and oral—and of the communications network in circumstances that were incomparably harsher than today. Given the near-complete loss of commercial correspondence from classical antiquity, but not from the medieval period, Terpstra draws on material from the latter for evidence. He also assigns a higher value and importance to oral rumor than scholarship has typically favored.

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11

Bellintani, Paolo. Long-Distance Trade Routes Linked to Wetland Settlements. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199573493.013.0047.

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12

The Loneliness Of The Long Distance Book Runner. Parthian, 2012.

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13

Harris, Ron. Going the Distance. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691150772.001.0001.

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Before the seventeenth century, trade across Eurasia was mostly conducted in short segments along the Silk Route and Indian Ocean. Business was organized in family firms, merchant networks, and state-owned enterprises, and dominated by Chinese, Indian, and Arabic traders. However, around 1600 the first two joint-stock corporations, the English and Dutch East India Companies, were established. This book tells the story of overland and maritime trade without Europeans, of European Cape Route trade without corporations, and of how new, large-scale, and impersonal organizations arose in Europe to control long-distance trade for more than three centuries. It shows that by 1700, the scene and methods for global trade had dramatically changed: Dutch and English merchants shepherded goods directly from China and India to northwestern Europe. To understand this transformation, the book compares the organizational forms used in four major regions: China, India, the Middle East, and Western Europe. The English and Dutch were the last to leap into Eurasian trade, and they innovated in order to compete. They raised capital from passive investors through impersonal stock markets and their joint-stock corporations deployed more capital, ships, and agents to deliver goods from their origins to consumers. The book explores the history behind a cornerstone of the modern economy, and how this organizational revolution contributed to the formation of global trade and the creation of the business corporation as a key factor in Europe's economic rise.

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14

The Rise of merchant empires: Long-distance trade in the early modern world, 1350-1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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15

Hiri: Archaeology of Long-Distance Maritime Trade along the South Coast of Papua New Guinea. University of Hawaii Press, 2017.

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16

Dalton, Heather, ed. Keeping Family in an Age of Long Distance Trade, Imperial Expansion, and Exile, 1550–1850. Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9789048544257.

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17

Dalton, Heather, ed. Keeping Family in an Age of Long Distance Trade, Imperial Expansion, and Exile, 1550-1850. Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9789048544257.

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18

1938-, Tracy James D., ed. The Rise of merchant empires: Long-distance trade in the early modern world, 1350-1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

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19

Hermanson, Dave. The Mobilgas Economy Run: A History of the Long Distance Fuel Efficiency Competition, 1936-1968. McFarland, 2014.

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20

Schiltz, Michael. Accounting for the Fall of Silver: Hedging Currency Risk in Long-Distance Trade with Asia, 1870-1913. Oxford University Press, 2020.

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21

McDougal, Topher L. Trade Networks and the Management of the Combat Frontier. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792598.003.0007.

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This chapter fleshes out the causal mechanisms motivating the results of Chapter 5 with interviews of traders who cross the Maoist territorial border. It contends the hierarchical form of the caste-based Indian society gives rise to trade networks in which a caste-based division of labor arises: lower-castes engage in local trade, higher-castes in long-distance trade. By enforcing the caste bar on tribal people in long-distance trade, long-distance traders ensure that trade taking place between Maoist-held hinterlands and government-controlled cities remains in the hands of an elite few. Those elite long-distance traders can then strike deals with Maoist cells for trade access, thereby incentivizing Maoists to firmly hold onto their own territory, while discouraging them from taking over such profitable towns. Moreover, this mechanism helps explain why well-connected towns are less violently targeted by rebels: they tend to have more upper-caste traders, limiting their bargaining power vis-à-vis Maoist cell leaders.

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22

Justyna, Baron, and Lasak Irena, eds. Long distance trade in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age: Conference materials, Wrocław, 19-20th April 2005. Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2007.

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23

Long distance trade in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age: Conference materials, Wrocław, 19-20th April 2005. Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2007.

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24

James, Jerry L. Selecting a long distance telephone carrier: How to evaluate services, costs, benefits and trade-offs for your business. National Association of Broadcasters, 1985.

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25

Tracy, James D. The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long Distance Trade in the Early Modern World 13501750 (Studies in Comparative Early Modern History). Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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26

Tracy, James D. The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long Distance Trade in the Early Modern World 13501750 (Studies in Comparative Early Modern History). Cambridge University Press, 1993.

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27

Tracy, James D. Trade across Eurasia to about 1750. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0017.

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This article discusses trade across Europe and Asia up to 1750. It describes merchants, towns, and mercantile strategy in ca. 3500–143 bce; trade under the aegis of empire, ca. 560 bce–600 ce; China, Islam, and the Mongols in 589–1500; and Europe in the East, ca. 1100–1750. In Asia Minor, distribution clusters near the source-points, then fall off in proportion to distance. What is clear is that the habit of exchange extends far back into the human past. This article's discussion deals with long-distance traffic in luxury goods, and only for Eurasia and parts of Africa. While evidence of ancient trade is not lacking elsewhere, it is only for Eurasia that one can track the local connections that would eventually be knitted into a global framework. From about 3500 bce, commercial institutions slowly radiated outwards from southern Mesopotamia.

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28

Figuring African trade: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Quantification and Structure of the Import and Export and Long Distance Trade in Africa, 1800-1913 (Kolner Beitrage zur Afrikanistik). D. Reimer, 1986.

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29

Figuring African trade: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Quantification and Structure of the Import and Export and Long Distance Trade in Africa, 1800-1913 (Kolner Beitrage zur Afrikanistik). D. Reimer, 1986.

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30

Hancock, David. Atlantic Trade and Commodities, 1402–1815. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0019.

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This article reviews the transfer of goods and services between the continents bordering the Atlantic Ocean. It shows that the demands of long-distance trade, particularly but not solely across the Atlantic, encouraged innovation in technologies and methods, transformed commercial institutions, and required traders to develop novel ways of managing their businesses. After regaining independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal created a transatlantic trading system that was more vigorous than what had existed before 1580. The long eighteenth century witnessed a precipitate decline of France as an Atlantic commercial power and a steady rise of England. Paradoxically, France's Atlantic trading burgeoned, at least at first. While Britain and France struggled for Atlantic control, the Netherlands flourished, albeit in slightly different channels than before. The increase in the efficiency of shipping, the dematerialisation of finance, and the spread of information were substantial results of a burgeoning Atlantic trade. They also forced changes in traders' and governments' ideas about how commerce should be managed.

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31

Tadman, Michael. Internal Slave Trades. Edited by Mark M. Smith and Robert L. Paquette. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0029.

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This article reviews scholarship on internal slave trades in the Americas. Intra-regional slave trades in the Americas have often left few records and have been little noticed by historians. In many cases, historians have probably ignored significant inter-regional trades that pre-dated the era of abolition. The internal slave trades that have been most researched are long-distance trades that operated under the critical attention of active abolitionist movements, and they are trades that flourished after the supply of slaves from Africa had terminated or been much restricted. The internal trade was most prominent in North America from 1807 (the abolition of the African trade) to 1865, in Brazil from 1850 (the ending of African importation) to 1888, and in the British Caribbean from 1807 (again the abolition of the African trade) to 1833.

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32

Wilson, Andrew, and Alan Bowman, eds. Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.001.0001.

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This interdisciplinary volume presents nineteen chapters by Roman historians and archaeologists, discussing trade in the Roman Empire in the period c.100 BC to AD 350, and in particular the role of the Roman state, in shaping the institutional framework for trade within and outside the Empire, in taxing that trade, and in intervening in the markets to ensure the supply of particular commodities, especially for the city of Rome and for the army. The chapters in this volume address facets of the subject on the basis of widely different sources of evidence—historical, papyrological, and archaeological—and are grouped in three sections: institutional factors (taxation, legal structures, market regulation, financial institutions); evidence for long-distance trade within the Empire, in wood, stone, glass, and pottery; and trade beyond the frontiers, with the East (as far as China), India, Arabia, and the Red Sea, and the Sahara. Rome’s external trade with realms to the east emerges as being of particular significance to the fisc. But in the eastern part of the Empire at least, the state appears, in collaboration with the elite holders of wealth, to have adapted the mechanisms of taxation, both direct and indirect, to support its need for revenue. On the other hand, the price of that collaboration, which was in effect a fiscal partnership, in slightly different forms in East and West, in the longer term fundamentally changed the political character of the Empire.

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33

Reynolds, Paul. The Supply Networks of the Roman East and West. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0012.

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This chapter provides a synthesis, on a scale that has not been attempted before, across both the eastern and western Mediterranean, of the picture provided by ceramic data, using amphorae, finewares, and cookwares, for long-distance trade from the second to seventh centuries AD. The chapter examines the degree to which exchange in different products spanned the entire Mediterranean, or only particular basins within it, at different periods, and traces the evolution of regional exchange networks. It examines the impact of state-driven supply both for imperial Rome, and for the military annona in the early Byzantine period, on wider private trade circuits.

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34

McDougal, Topher L. Interstitial Economies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792598.003.0008.

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The first conclusion chapter draws out the implications of Chapter 7 more fully, putting them in comparative perspective with the lessons drawn from the West African cases. In particular, it draws an explicit link between transportation networks (the “hardware” of rural–urban trade) and the social systems that inform trade relations (the “software”). This chapter argues that ranked-society trade networks may be better able to exploit redundant transportation networks, since there is no taboo against long-distance trade amongst second-tier cities. By contrast, the radial trade networks that formed in the unranked society of West Africa seem to exacerbate monopsonistic and monopolistic relationships between rural and urban areas, since interethnic trade becomes more risky. It concludes with implications for managing coercive violence, as well as the effects of the rural–urban divide on state identity.

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35

Auerbach, Jeffrey A. Voyages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827375.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 contends that long-distance voyages became increasingly tedious during the nineteenth century as navigational techniques improved and as the novelty of sailing to India and Australia wore off. Whereas in the eighteenth century ships had made frequent stops for water and provisions and to engage in trade, by the nineteenth century voyages to the East were generally made nonstop and out of sight of land for almost the entire distance. Shipboard diaries make clear that the worst part about these journeys was not the storms or cramped cabins, but the boredom of spending day after day out on the water with nothing to break up the monotony. If in the seventeenth and eighteenth century a voyage to India was a treacherous journey into the unknown, by the mid-nineteenth century it had become a cheerless interlude.

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36

Barfield, Thomas J. Nomadic pastoralism. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0010.

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Nomadic pastoralists live in societies in which the husbandry of grazing animals is viewed as an ideal way of making a living and the regular movement of all or part of the society is considered a normal and natural part of life. Pastoral nomadism is commonly found where climatic conditions produce seasonal pastures but cannot support sustained agriculture. This article discusses nomads and the sedentary world; levels of social and political complexity among nomads; nomadic empires and china; long-distance trade; nomadic dynasties; and the decline of nomads in history.

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37

Gupta, Sunil. The Archaeological Record of Indian Ocean Engagements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.46.

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With the Bay of Bengal littoral as its focus, this chapter reviews the archaeological evidence for human expansions, migrations, formation of exchange networks, long-distance trade, political impulses, and transmissions of technocultural traditions in deep time, from around 5000 bc to 500 ad. In doing so, the author offers the idea of the Bay of Bengal Interaction Sphere, a “neutral” model of analysis that sets aside the constraints of the old Indianization debate for South-Southeast Asian interaction and situates the Bay within a broader global framework extending from the Mediterranean to the Far East in a new narrative of contact and change.

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38

Cordes, Albrecht, and Philipp Höhn. Extra-Legal and Legal Conflict Management among Long-Distance Traders (1250–1650). Edited by Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.22.

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Pre-modern merchants faced the experience of legal pluralism and conflicting legal regimes when they traded over huge distances. This chapter suggests seeing this not as structural deficit as legal historians have done but as an opportunity, which enabled merchants to enforce their interests and shape their strategies. Merchants were often combining different strategies to enforce their interests. In the second part, the chapter focuses on the actors and their interests. Empirically, the assumed tension between legal professionals and economic actors seemed to have few consequences. Furthermore, it is shown that mercantile conflict regulation can only be analysed as a part of the social embeddedness of economics into religious and political frames. Thus, violence and long disputes were also integral for mercantile conflict regulation as for the pre-modern societies in general. By studying this embeddedness, the chapter criticizes current research based on new institutional economics from a historical-anthropological perspective.

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39

Harris, William V. The Indispensable Commodity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0007.

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A model for the timber trade in the Roman Empire must distinguish between fuel wood (often in the form of charcoal) and timber used for building and making things. It must also cohere with whatever idea we form about Roman-era deforestation. The high level of demand for fuel wood is clear from the high levels of iron, silver, lead, copper and glass production reached in the Roman world, especially from the first to third centuries AD. These resources were renewable, but only because of rising levels of technical knowledge, woodland management and commercial complexity. As for timber, demand for specific types of wood created a large volume of medium- and long-distance trade (though only in rare instances, apparently, between east and west). Alert officials seem to have often given thought to timber supply of both kinds.

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40

MacLeod, Christine, and Allesandro Nuvolari. Technological Change. Edited by William Doyle. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199291205.013.0026.

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During the eighteenth century Europeans embarked on a revolutionary phase of economic growth and social change, the full environmental costs of which are only just beginning to be recognized. Breaking free from an essentially subsistence economy to embrace the market and long-distance trade, they led the world into sustained economic growth. This has allowed the unprecedented phenomenon of long-term population increase in tandem with a rising standard of living; previously one type of gain had always been at the other's expense, as never before had it been possible to expand an economy fast enough to accommodate both. The causes of this shift into sustained (if ultimately unsustainable) economic growth are still debated, but there can be no doubt that the fundamental driver has been technological change. This article explores the nature of those new technologies and reasons why Europeans began to invest (literally and metaphorically) in technical innovation.

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41

Aubert, J. J. Law, Business Ventures and Trade. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.50.

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This chapter concentrates less on producing and distributing goods than on storing and transporting them within and across the Roman Empire. Roman law seems to have provided an adequate legal framework for activities linked with managing storage space and organising the transport of commodities over short and long distances. This is an area of law where juristic opinions can be confronted with documentary evidence such as inscriptions (leges horreorum), tablets (Puteolan archive of the Sulpicii), and papyri (maritime loans), as well as archaeological remains. Storage and transport involved capital investment and know-how, and required special attention to the nature of the goods and the activities of people as economic actors.

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42

Barrett, James H. Medieval Fishing and Fish Trade. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.5.

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This article discusses major developments in British marine (and to a lesser degree freshwater) fishing and fish trade between ad 1050 and 1550. Much information derives from study of fish bones recovered by archaeological excavation. Historical evidence is also important, as is information regarding human diet based on stable isotope analysis of skeletal remains. By combining these sources it is possible to infer the initial growth of marine fishing (especially of herring, cod, and related species), the emergence of long-range fish trade, and the late-medieval reorientation of traditional fisheries to harvest ever more distant grounds. Concurrently, it is possible to document a declining catch of freshwater fish, as they became more exclusively associated with elite consumption.

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43

Mufwene, Salikoko S. Population Movements, Language Contact, Linguistic Diversity, Etc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0018.

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This chapter argues that languages move with people for various reasons, including nomadism, long-distance trade, colonization, exile and refuge, and deportations. While not necessarily mutually exclusive, these categories enable a better understanding of the differential evolution of languages at home and in the diasporas, owing to differing population structures and other ecological conditions resulting from different kinds of migrations within, into, and out of Africa in particular. In contrast with the fragility of its languages in the diaspora, the continent has been remarkable for the resilience of its indigenous vernaculars relative to the prestigious European colonial languages and the urban varieties that European colonization generated. This resilience is due to the division of labor in communicative functions as well as to stagnation of African economies, both of which have sustained multilingualism through socioeconomic and cultural segregation. From this theoretical foundation, the chapter then engages with the previous contributions to the volume.

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44

Algaze, Guillermo, and Timothy Matney. Titriş Höyük: The Nature and Context of Third Millennium B.C.E. Urbanism in the Upper Euphrates Basin. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0046.

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This article discusses findings from excavations at Titriş Höyük. At the time of its foundation as an urban center in the Middle Early Bronze Age, Titriş Höyük possessed the combined advantages of locally available timber, multiple perennial water sources and associated year-round cultivable floodplains suited to garden crops, and broad, rain-fed arable tracts suited to grain cultivation. Additionally, the site was surrounded by gentle limestone hills well suited to viticulture and livestock grazing. However, this benign framework provided a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of the site. The sufficient condition was the city's location along the road to the Samsat ford, which made it a natural arbiter of a portion of long-distance east–west trade across the northern fringes of “Greater Mesopotamia” in the third millennium—a fact attested by the number and variety of imports found in excavated mortuary and domestic contexts across the city.

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45

Bian, He. Know Your Remedies. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691179049.001.0001.

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This book presents a panoramic inquiry into China’s early modern cultural transformation through the lens of pharmacy. In the history of science and civilization in China, pharmacy—as a commercial enterprise and as a branch of classical medicine—resists easy characterization. While China’s long tradition of documenting the natural world through state-commissioned pharmacopeias, known as bencao, dwindled after the sixteenth century, the ubiquitous presence of Chinese pharmacy shops around the world today testifies to the vitality of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Rejecting narratives of intellectual stagnation or an unchanging folk culture, the book argues that pharmacy’s history in early modern China can best be understood as a dynamic interplay between elite and popular culture. Beginning with decentralizing trends in book culture and fiscal policy in the sixteenth century, the book reveals pharmacy’s central role in late Ming public discourse. Fueled by factional politics in the early 1600s, amateur investigation into pharmacology reached peak popularity among the literati on the eve of the Qing conquest in the mid-seventeenth century. The eighteenth century witnessed a systematic reclassification of knowledge, as the Qing court turned away from pharmacopeia in favor of a demedicalized natural history. Throughout this time, growth in long-distance trade enabled the rise of urban pharmacy shops, generating new knowledge about the natural world.

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46

Sharma, Jayeeta. Food and Empire. Edited by Jeffrey M. Pilcher. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199729937.013.0014.

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Between 1926 and 1933, the Empire Marketing Board used a myriad of advertisements, posters, exhibits, and films to promote the empire's food products to British homes. The publicity campaigns were intended to show that tea from India or fruit from Australia was not foreign, but also British. Whether the Board was successful in its bid to promote intra-imperial food consumption, indeed, whether those efforts were needed in the first place, was not clear. This article focuses on foods from Asia and America that were originally thought to be exotic in Europe, initially served as indicators of elite status, and their gradual dissemination downwards. It also examines the role of long-distance trade and modern technologies in the production and distribution of new agro-industrial foods across networks of imperial knowledge and commodity circulation. The article concludes by assessing the impact of global food corporations' domination in the contemporary era, which in many ways can be seen as the equivalent of the European and American empire of the past.

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47

Feys, Torsten. The Battle for the Migrants. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781927869000.001.0001.

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This book approaches the well-documented study of European mass migration to the United States of America from the viewpoint of mass migration as a business venture. The overall purpose is to demonstrate that maritime and migration histories are interlinked and dependent on a deeper understanding of the social, economic, and political factors at work in the nineteenth century Atlantic community. It centres on both the evolution of the port of Rotterdam as a migration gateway, and the crucial role of the Holland-America line as a regulator of the North American passenger trade. The first part of the book explores the simultaneous rise of transatlantic mass migration and long-distance steamshipping between 1830 to 1870. The second part, divided into five chapters, explores how mass migration became a big business between 1870 and 1914, and scrutinises how steamship companies organised and provided initiatives for transoceanic migration, plus the role of shipping agents and agent-networks, and how passenger services were constructed within transatlantic networks. Over the course of the text it becomes increasingly clear that by approaching mass migration as a trade issue, the role of steamship companies in the facilitation of transatlantic migration is rendered both intrinsic and pivotal. It consists of an introduction containing contextual information, two sections providing historical overviews, five chapters exploring different aspects of the shipping industry’s response to mass migration, conclusion, bibliography, and six appendices of passenger, destination, agent, and advertising statistics.

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48

Brück, Joanna. Personifying Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768012.001.0001.

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The Bronze Age is frequently framed in social evolutionary terms. Viewed as the period which saw the emergence of social differentiation, the development of long-distance trade, and the intensification of agricultural production, it is seen as the precursor and origin-point for significant aspects of the modern world. This book presents a very different image of Bronze Age Britain and Ireland. Drawing on the wealth of material from recent excavations, as well as a long history of research, it explores the impact of the post-Enlightenment 'othering' of the non-human on our understanding of Bronze Age society. There is much to suggest that the conceptual boundary between the active human subject and the passive world of objects, so familiar from our own cultural context, was not drawn in this categorical way in the Bronze Age; the self was constructed in relational rather than individualistic terms, and aspects of the non-human world such as pots, houses, and mountains were considered animate entities with their own spirit or soul. In a series of thematic chapters on the human body, artefacts, settlements, and landscapes, this book considers the character of Bronze Age personhood, the relationship between individual and society, and ideas around agency and social power. The treatment and deposition of things such as querns, axes, and human remains provides insights into the meanings and values ascribed to objects and places, and the ways in which such items acted as social agents in the Bronze Age world.

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Denemark, Robert A. World System History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.367.

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World system history is a perspective on the global sociopolitical and economic system with a structural, long-term and transdisciplinary nature. The intellectual origins of the study of world system history can be characterized by three general trajectories, beginning with the work of global historians who have worked to write a “history of the world.” Attempts were also made by scholars such as Arnold Toynbee to write global history in terms of “civilizations”. A second pillar of world system history emerged from anthropology, when many historians of the ancient world, anthropologists, and archaeologists denied the importance of long-distance relations, especially those of trade. A third pillar emerged from the social sciences, including political science and sociology. One of the central ideas put forward was that sociopolitical and economic phenomena exhibited wave-like behavior. These various intellectual strands became self-consciously intertwined in the later 1980s and 1990s, when scholars from all of these traditions began to cross disciplinary boundaries and organize their own efforts under the rubric of world system history. This period saw Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills questioning the value of identifying a uniquely modern system based on a transition to capitalism that was said to have occurred in the West. Frank and Gills introduced the “continuity hypothesis,” which suggests that too much scholarly emphasis has been placed on the search for and elucidation of discontinuities and transitions. World system history faces two important challenges from determinism and indeterminacy, and future research should especially address the implications of the latter.

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Bresson, Alain. The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy. Translated by Steven Rendall. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.001.0001.

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This comprehensive introduction to the ancient Greek economy revolutionizes our understanding of the subject and its possibilities. The book combines a thorough knowledge of ancient sources with innovative new approaches grounded in recent economic historiography to provide a detailed picture of the Greek economy between the last century of the Archaic Age and the closing of the Hellenistic period. Focusing on the city-state, which the author sees as the most important economic institution in the Greek world, the book addresses all of the city-states rather than only Athens. An expanded and updated English edition of an acclaimed work originally published in French, the book offers a ground-breaking new theoretical framework for studying the economy of ancient Greece; presents a masterful survey and analysis of the most important economic institutions, resources, and other factors; and addresses some major historiographical debates. Among the many topics covered are climate, demography, transportation, agricultural production, market institutions, money and credit, taxes, exchange, long-distance trade, and economic growth. The result is an unparalleled demonstration that, unlike just a generation ago, it is possible today to study the ancient Greek economy as an economy and not merely as a secondary aspect of social or political history. This is essential reading for students, historians of antiquity, and economic historians of all periods.

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Books on the topic 'Long distance trade'

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