Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Long distance trade / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Long distance trade.

Journal articles on the topic 'Long distance trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 April 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Long distance trade.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Geiss, Immanuel. "The Intercontinental Long-Distance Trade. A Preliminary Survey." Itinerario 10, no. 2 (July 1986): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300007531.

Full text

Abstract:

The author of the following paper is not an economic historian. As a general modern historian when teaching history under more global perspective, he became increasingly aware of the importance of the intercontinental longdistance trade by his interests in African history and the history of European expansion overseas. When working on a more elementary, but systematic introduction into world history for undergraduate students and high school pupils (‘Geschichte griffbereit.’ 6 vols. Reinbek b. Hamburg 1979/1983), he was struck by the frequent occurrence of long-distance trade in general, of what is here called ‘intercontinental long-distance trade’ in particular: even in the most superficial treatment of many regions, countries, places of historical importance (cities, ports, straits, isthmuses, rivers, isles and peninsulas) longdistance trade played a central role. If examined closely, it emerges that surprisingly much is known about long-distance trade in general. Direct and indirect consequences of the intercontinental long-distance trade are so manifold and complex in many spheres of history — economic, of course, but also political, naval, military history, history of ideas and religions — that it should become useful to make it a major theme of its own.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Doi, Shigenori. "The Long Distance Caravan Trade in East Africa." Journal of African Studies 1987, no. 30 (1987): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1987.25.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Smith, Michael E. "Long-Distance Trade under the Aztec Empire: The Archaeological Evidence." Ancient Mesoamerica 1, no. 2 (1990): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100000183.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis article presents archaeological data on Late Postclassic long-distance trade in central and northern Mesoamerica. Aztec trade goods from the Basin of Mexico (ceramics and obsidian) are widespread, while imports from other areas are much less common, both in the Basin of Mexico and elsewhere. The artifactual data signal a high volume of exchange in the Late Postclassic, and while trade was spatially nucleated around the Basin of Mexico, most exchange activity was apparently not under strong political control. The archaeological findings are compared with ethnohistoric sources to further our knowledge of the mechanisms of exchange, the effect of elite consumption on trade, and the relationship between trade and imperialism.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Olivelle, Patrick. "Long-distance trade in ancient India: Evidence from Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra." Indian Economic & Social History Review 57, no. 1 (January 2020): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464619892894.

Full text

Abstract:

Much of the significant data for long-distance and maritime trade across South Asia in the ancient period comes from archaeological sources. Nevertheless, textual sources too have some significant things to say about material culture and trade in the ancient world. In a special way, texts give insights into what people thought about trans-regional trade, the globalisation of the ancient world, both the good and the bad that came with it, insights that cannot be culled solely from archaeological data. This article’s focus is on the Arthaśāstra, which Kauṭilya wrote around middle of the first century ce, drawing on sources that predate him by a century or more. The Arthaśāstra does not have a separate section on trade, but trade data are scattered over at least four areas: (a) the treasury and its need for luxury goods: pearls, gems, diamonds, coral, sandalwood, aloe, incense, skins and furs, and cloth; (b) military needs: horses and elephants; (c) developing and guarding land and water routes and shipping; and (d) duties and taxes on imported goods. Significant data on trade are also provided in Kauṭilya’s discussion of trade routes and their protection, as well as data on duties and taxes on imported goods.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Emberling, Geoff, and Leah Minc. "Ceramics and long-distance trade in early Mesopotamian states." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7 (June 2016): 819–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.02.024.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Wilson, Andrew. "Saharan trade in the Roman period: short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47, no. 4 (December 2012): 409–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2012.727614.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

SKVIRSKAJA, VERA. "New trade formations: precarity, pragmatic cosmopolitanism and long‐distance trade in the Caucasus." Global Networks 20, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/glob.12267.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich, and Joseph Lehner. "Long-distance trade and communication networks in Late Chalcolithic Anatolia." Heritage Turkey 3 (December 1, 2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18866/biaa2015.070.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Koerper, Henry C., Donald L. Fife, Clay A. Singer, and Jonathon E. Ericson. "Comments on Cottrell's Long Distance Jasper Trade Hypothesis: In Defense of Renfrew's Trade Models." American Antiquity 52, no. 3 (July 1987): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281604.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper critically assesses Cottrell's model of prehistoric exchange of jasper said to have been transported through the Mojave Desert to the Tomato Springs site in coastal southern California. We point out numerous conceptual and analytical errors which cast doubt on Cottrell's interpretation of the Tomato Springs site as a control center for the importation, production, and trade of this supposedly nonlocal material. Cottrell has not demonstrated a desert origin for the jasper found at Tomato Springs, and thus has no grounds for testing any of Renfrew's distance-decay models. The presence of local natural sources of jasper better explains the occurrence of this mineral at Tomato Springs and nearby sites.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

ABBATE, ANGELA, LUCA DE BENEDICTIS, GIORGIO FAGIOLO, and LUCIA TAJOLI. "Distance-varying assortativity and clustering of the international trade network." Network Science 6, no. 4 (June 8, 2018): 517–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nws.2018.7.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractIn this paper, we study how the topology of the International Trade Network (ITN) changes in geographical space, and along time. We employ geographical distance between countries in the world to filter the links in the ITN, building a sequence of subnetworks, each one featuring trade links occurring at similar distance. We then test if the assortativity and clustering of ITN subnetworks changes as distance increases, and we find that this is indeed the case: distance strongly impacts, in a non-linear way, the topology of the ITN. We show that the ITN is disassortative at long distances, while it is assortative at short ones. Similarly, the main determinant of the overall high-ITN clustering level are triangular trade triples between geographically close countries. This means that trade partnership choices and trade patterns are highly differentiated over different distance ranges, even after controlling for the economic size and income per capita of trading partners, and it is persistent over time. This evidence has relevant implications for the non-linear evolution of globalization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Santarosa, Veronica Aoki. "Financing Long-Distance Trade: The Joint Liability Rule and Bills of Exchange in Eighteenth-Century France." Journal of Economic History 75, no. 3 (August 27, 2015): 690–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050715001072.

Full text

Abstract:

Over time, international trade expanded beyond the reach of an individual's personal networks. How was long-distance trade among strangers financed without using banks? I argue that the joint liability rule enabled the medieval bill of exchange to become a major form of payment and credit in the early modern period which in turn supported an unparalleled expansion of trade. This article empirically examines the role that joint liability played in ameliorating fundamental information problems in long-distance trade finance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Alstola, Tero. "Judean Merchants in Babylonia and Their Participation in Long-Distance Trade." Die Welt des Orients 47, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/wdor.2017.47.1.25.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Rosen, Steven A., Robert H. Tykot, and Michael Gottesman. "Long distance trinket trade: Early Bronze Age obsidian from the Negev." Journal of Archaeological Science 32, no. 5 (May 2005): 775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.01.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

McGowan, Winston. "The Establishment of Long-Distance Trade Between Sierra Leone and its Hinterland, 1787–1821." Journal of African History 31, no. 1 (March 1990): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700024762.

Full text

Abstract:

One of the principal objectives of foreign settlements in nineteenth-century West Africa was the establishment of extensive regular trade with Africans, especially residents of the distant, fabled interior. The attainment of this goal, however, proved very difficult. The most spectacular success was achieved by the British settlement at Sierra Leone, which in the early 1820s managed to establish substantial regular trade with the distant hinterland. Its early efforts to achieve this objective, however, were unsuccessful. Until 1818 the development of long-distance trade with the hinterland was impeded by the desultory nature of such efforts, Sierra Leone's opposition to slave trading, competition from established coastal marts, obstructions caused by intermediate states and peoples, and the weaknesses and limitations of the Colony's policy towards commerce and the interior. By 1821, however, the marked decline of the Atlantic slave trade in the neighbourhood of Sierra Leone, the active co-operation of Futa Jallon and Segu, two major trading states in the hinterland, and certain other important developments in the Colony and the interior, combined to establish such trade on a regular basis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Belzer, Michael H., and Stanley A. Sedo. "Why do long distance truck drivers work extremely long hours?" Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 1 (September 18, 2017): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304617728440.

Full text

Abstract:

While other research has shown that higher paid truck and bus drivers are safer, this is the first study showing why higher paid drivers are safer. We estimate the labour supply curve for long-haul truck drivers in the United States, applying two-stage least squares regression to a national survey of truck drivers. We start with the standard model of the labour supply curve and then develop two novel extensions of it, incorporating pay level and pay method, and testing the target earnings hypothesis. We distinguish between long-haul and short-haul jobs driving commercial motor vehicles. Truck and bus drivers choose between long-distance jobs requiring very long hours of work away from home and short-distance jobs generally requiring fewer hours. The labour supply curve exhibits a classic backward bending shape, reflecting drivers’ preference to work until they reach target earnings. Above target earnings, at a ‘safe rate’ for truck drivers, they trade labour for leisure, working fewer hours, leading to greater highway safety. Drivers work fewer hours at a higher pay rate and likely have less fatigue. Pay rates also have implications for driver health because worker health deteriorates as working time exceeds 40 hours. JEL Codes: I14, J28, J33, J88, L92, M55

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Axhausen, K. W., H. Köll, M. Bader, and M. Herry. "Workload, Response Rate, and Data Yield: Experiments with Long-Distance Diaries." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1593, no. 1 (January 1997): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1593-05.

Full text

Abstract:

Workload, response rate, data yield, and data quality of travel diaries are interacting variables. It has long been suspected that it is impossible to maximize all variables at the same time. Still, empirical work trying to improve understanding of the trade-offs among them has been rare. Results are reported of experiments with long-distance diaries, which aim to clarify some of the possible relationships. The object of experimentation is surveys of long-distance travel behavior, which are currently of particular interest in Europe and elsewhere. The development of the tourism industry, deregulation of the long-distance modes, and infrastructure concerns require improved data about long-distance travel, both in improved inventories and in improved behavioral understanding. The experiments undertaken varied the workload of the respondents by varying the number of items to be reported about any long-distance journey, the duration of the survey period, and the temporal orientation of the survey. The results indicate that the response rate and the data yield, that is, the number of reported journeys and stages, change systematically with changes in the experimental variables (reduced response rates for prospective surveys, reduced number of reported journeys, and stages for retrospective surveys). Detailed results for these trade-offs are given. The trade-offs force the designer of such surveys to choose carefully and to invest time and effort in correcting for the potential biases resulting from this systematic behavior.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

MILLAR, FERGUS. "CARAVAN CITIES: THE ROMAN NEAR EAST AND LONG-DISTANCE TRADE BY LAND." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 42, Supplement_71 (February 1, 1998): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1998.tb01697.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

BEDFORD, IAN. "Parasitism and Equality; Some Reflections on Pastoral Nomadism and Long-distance Trade." Mankind 17, no. 2 (May 10, 2010): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1987.tb01288.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Svendsen, Gunnar Lind Haase, and Gert Tinggaard Svendsen. "How did trade norms evolve in Scandinavia? Long-distance trade and social trust in the Viking age." Economic Systems 40, no. 2 (June 2016): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.03.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Kimbrough, Erik O., Vernon L. Smith, and Bart J. Wilson. "Historical Property Rights, Sociality, and the Emergence of Impersonal Exchange in Long-Distance Trade." American Economic Review 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 1009–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.3.1009.

Full text

Abstract:

This laboratory experiment explores the extent to which impersonal exchange emerges from personal exchange with opportunities for long-distance trade. We design a three-commodity production and exchange economy in which agents in three geographically separated villages must develop multilateral exchange networks to import a good only available abroad. For treatments, we induce two distinct institutional histories to investigate how past experience with property rights affects the evolution of specialization and exchange. We find that a history of unenforced property rights hinders our subjects' ability to develop the requisite personal social arrangements to support specialization and effectively exploit impersonal long-distance trade. (JEL C90, D23, D51, P14)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Håkanson, Lars. "The role of psychic distance in international trade: a longitudinal analysis." International Marketing Review 31, no. 3 (May 6, 2014): 210–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-04-2013-0079.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the importance to international trade of impediments related to, first, geographic distance, such as freight and other costs related to the movement of physical goods, and second, “psychic distance”, such as the costs and difficulties of transferring and interpreting the information necessary to effect international transactions. Design/methodology/approach – The paper highlights that psychic distance perceptions between countries are not symmetric and that both exporters’ and importers’ perceptions are important. The empirical analysis covers international trade in three categories of goods among 25 major trading nations for the period 1962-2008, employing structural equation modeling, incorporating the mutual interdependence of the distance measures. Findings – Exporters’ perceptions are more important for trade in differentiated products than for standardized goods, which conversely are more strongly influenced by those of importers. Over time, the impact of both types of psychic distance has declined due to the dramatic improvements in communication and information technologies of recent decades. International markets have thereby become increasingly transparent, facilitating the matching of geographically proximate buyers and sellers in order to minimize transportation costs. These changes fundamentally affect the competitive landscape both for firms that seek to market their goods and services internationally and for domestic firms that face new and more intense competition from foreign rivals. Originality/value – The paper employs simultaneously a statistical methodology novel to the field and – for the first time in the literature – asymmetric measures of psychic distances as perceived by importers and exporters, respectively. Applying the methodology to different categories of goods demonstrates long-term trends in the differential impact of geographic and psychic distances.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Gagnon, Christian M., Michael E. Steiper, and Herman Pontzer. "Elite swimmers do not exhibit a body mass index trade-off across a wide range of event distances." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1882 (July 4, 2018): 20180684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0684.

Full text

Abstract:

There is a trade-off reflected in the contrasting phenotypes of elite long-distance runners, who are typically leaner, and elite sprinters, who are usually more heavily muscled. It is unclear, however, whether and how swimmers' bodies vary across event distances from the 50 m swim, which is about a 20–30 s event, to the 10 000 m marathon swim, which is about a 2 h event. We examined data from the 2012 Olympics to test whether swimmers’ phenotypes differed across event distances. We show that across all swimming event distances, from the 50 m sprint to the 10 000 m marathon, swimmers converge on a single optimal body mass index (BMI) in men's and women's events, in marked contrast with the strong inverse relationship between BMI and event distance found in runners. The absence of a speed–endurance trade-off in the body proportions of swimmers indicates a fundamental difference in design pressures and performance capability in terrestrial versus aquatic environments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Wanklyn, M. D. G. "THE SEVERN NAVIGATION IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: LONG-DISTANCE TRADE OF SHREWSBURY BOATS." Midland History 13, no. 1 (January 1988): 34–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mdh.1988.13.1.34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Standaert, Samuel, Stijn Ronsse, and Benjamin Vandermarliere. "Historical trade integration: globalization and the distance puzzle in the long twentieth century." Cliometrica 10, no. 2 (May 28, 2015): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11698-015-0130-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Puga, Diego, and Daniel Trefler. "International Trade and Institutional Change: Medieval Venice’s Response to Globalization*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 2 (March 7, 2014): 753–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju006.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract International trade can have profound effects on domestic institutions. We examine this proposition in the context of medieval Venice circa 800–1600. Early on, the growth of long-distance trade enriched a broad group of merchants who used their newfound economic muscle to push for constraints on the executive, that is, for the end of a de facto hereditary Doge in 1032 and the establishment of a parliament in 1172. The merchants also pushed for remarkably modern innovations in contracting institutions that facilitated long-distance trade, for example, the colleganza. However, starting in 1297, a small group of particularly wealthy merchants blocked political and economic competition: they made parliamentary participation hereditary and erected barriers to participation in the most lucrative aspects of long-distance trade. Over the next two centuries this led to a fundamental societal shift away from political openness, economic competition, and social mobility and toward political closure, extreme inequality, and social stratification. We document this oligarchization using a unique database on the names of 8,178 parliamentarians and their families’ use of the colleganza in the periods immediately before and after 1297. We then link these families to 6,959 marriages during 1400–1599 to document the use of marriage alliances to monopolize the galley trade. Monopolization led to the rise of extreme inequality, with those who were powerful before 1297 emerging as the undisputed winners.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Schmidt, Johannes, Katharina Gruber, Michael Klingler, Claude Klöckl, Luis Ramirez Camargo, Peter Regner, Olga Turkovska, Sebastian Wehrle, and Elisabeth Wetterlund. "A new perspective on global renewable energy systems: why trade in energy carriers matters." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 7 (2019): 2022–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee00223e.

Full text

Abstract:

Recent modelling studies suggest a decline of long-distance trade in energy carriers in future global renewable energy systems, compared to today's fossil based systems. In contrast, we discuss four important drivers of trade in such systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Masucci, Maria A. "Marine Shell Bead Production and the Role of Domestic Craft Activities in the Economy of the Guangala Phase, Southwest Ecuador." Latin American Antiquity 6, no. 1 (March 1995): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971601.

Full text

Abstract:

Spondylus and Strombus shells are believed to have been sacred items in Latin American societies, often traded over long distances. Studies of the manufacturing sites of these and other prized marine shells have been mainly undertaken to investigate the long distance trade networks and symbol systems of the ancient societies. In contrast, this report examines evidence from small, inland sites of the Regional Developmental Period-Guangala Phase in southwest Ecuador to understand the role of shell working as a craft activity within the local socioeconomic system. It is shown that this activity, which involves interaction between littoral and inland dwellers, played an important role in subsistence adaptations to the semi-arid southwest coast of Ecuador. These findings will also be of interest to scholars of the subsequent period seeking to understand the organization of the late prehistoric Ecuadorian trading chiefdoms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Grajetzki, W. "Tomb 197 at Abydos, Further Evidence for Long Distance Trade in the Middle Kingdom." Ägypten und Levante 24 (2015): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/s159.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

MAKKI, FOUAD. "The Spatial Ecology of Power: Long-Distance Trade and State Formation in Northeast Africa." Journal of Historical Sociology 24, no. 2 (June 2011): 155–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.2011.01394.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

McPherson, Naomi. "Myth, Primogeniture and Long Distance Trade-Friends in Northwest New Britain, Papua New Guinea." Oceania 77, no. 2 (July 2007): 129–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2007.tb00009.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Sobolev, Vladislav. "Trade contacts of the population of Kotorsk." Archaeological news 28 (2020): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2020-28-366-376.

Full text

Abstract:

This article presents a review of the long-distance trade goods found in the west of the Novgorod Land. The finds include domestic items, parts of armament, objects of male and female decoration, ornaments, and textiles. The artefacts that occurred at Kotorsk Pogost during trade operations were recovered both from the cultural level of the settlement and from burials dated to the 10th — late 12th century.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Gerritsen, Anne. "From Long-Distance Trade to the Global Lives of Things: Writing the History of Early Modern Trade and Material Culture." Journal of Early Modern History 20, no. 6 (November 25, 2016): 526–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342521.

Full text

Abstract:

Until quite recently, the field of early modern history largely focused on Europe. The overarching narrative of the early modern world began with the European “discoveries,” proceeded to European expansion overseas, and ended with an exploration of the factors that led to the “triumph of Europe.” When the Journal of Early Modern History was established in 1997, the centrality of Europe in the emergence of early modern forms of capitalism continued to be a widely held assumption. Much has changed in the last twenty years, including the recognition of the significance of consumption in different parts of the early modern world, the spatial turn, the emergence of global history, and the shift from the study of trade to the commodities themselves.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Boräng, Frida, Sara Kalm, and Johannes Lindvall. "Unions and the rights of migrants in the long run." Journal of European Social Policy 30, no. 5 (November 2020): 557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928720954699.

Full text

Abstract:

We use historical data on union density and new historical data on policies toward migrants to study the long-run relationship between the strength of trade unions and the social and economic rights of migrants in the Global North. In countries with strong trade unions, there was, for a long time, a widening distance between the rights of migrants and the rights of citizens, probably because the rights of citizens expanded sooner and more quickly than the rights of migrants. Over time, however, the differences between countries with strong and weak unions have diminished, and in more recent years, the ‘rights gap’ between citizens and migrants has in fact been smaller in countries with strong unions than in countries with weak unions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Fourie, DJ, and R. Schoeman. "The South African long distance trucking industry’s response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2014): 196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v9i2.1146.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of the paper is to provide substantiated information to the long distance trucking industry on the impact that HIV/AIDS has or may have on their businesses. The current and future impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the long distance trucking industry is unknown. The extent any action taken within the industry to mitigate and manage the effects of HIV/AIDS is also unknown, but thought to be minimal. Unless businesses and other entities in business (trade unions or associations) together with government become informed and proactive regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS on their businesses, the epidemic could run the worst course within the sector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Ganbaatar, Bayarmaa, Juan Huang, Chuanmin Shuai, Asad Nawaz, and Madad Ali. "Empirical Analysis of Factors Affecting the Bilateral Trade between Mongolia and China." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 4051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13074051.

Full text

Abstract:

This study analyzes the factors influencing the bilateral trade between Mongolia and China using the trade gravity model, principle component analysis (PCA), unit root test, bound test, and the estimation of coefficients in a panel data set from 1996–2019. A total of 9 variables including exports, gross domestic product (GDP), population, geographical distance, cultural distance, trade agreements, tariffs, trade facilitation index of China and Mongolia-China trade cost were considered for all models. The results indicate that the cultural distance between Mongolia and China and the population of Mongolia are stationary at level. The coefficient of GDP (income) of both countries is positive and statistically significant with exports. Moreover, trade facilitation has significant positive impact on exports of both countries. These findings reveal that efforts in improving excellence of border administration, arrangements would make a positive contribution in trade of goods. Another major influencing factor is tariffs, which was negatively significant for exports, suggesting that if China imposes 1% tariffs on Mongolian exports, it will result in 24% decrease of Mongolian exports. The results of regression coefficients show that there is long run association between variables. This indicates that China adopted a more restrictive trade policy on the flow of goods from Mongolia with an increase population of China. The study suggests a free trade agreement and relaxation of export/import procedures for Mongolia in order to increase the GDP of Mongolia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Shackley, M. Steven. "Comment on “Tomato Springs: The Identification of a Jasper Trade and Production Center in Southern California”." American Antiquity 52, no. 3 (July 1987): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281603.

Full text

Abstract:

Marie Cottrell's recent (1985) proposal that prehistoric long distance exchange of jasper occurred between the California coast and inland deserts is most unlikely in light of the presence of abundant secondary siliceous sediment sources (including jasper) along the nearby southern California coast. The obsidian hydration based site chronology at Tomato Springs, founded on non-source provenienced obsidian, is equally problematic. A number of other lesser potential fallacies serve to undermine the assumption of long distance transport of a raw material that was available locally.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Hogendorn, Jan, and James D. Tracy. "The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 23, no. 2 (1992): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205286.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Israel, Jonathan I., and James D. Tracy. "The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750." Hispanic American Historical Review 71, no. 4 (November 1991): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2515785.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Clough, Monica, James D. Tracy, and Derek Massarella. "The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750." Economic History Review 44, no. 3 (August 1991): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597568.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Ford, Anne. "Hiri: Archaeology of Long-Distance Maritime Trade along the South Coast of Papua New Guinea." Australian Archaeology 86, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2020.1789931.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Brunelle, Gayle, and James D. Tracy. "The Rise of Merchant Empires. Long Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750." Sixteenth Century Journal 22, no. 3 (1991): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2541499.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Singer-Avitz, Lily, and Yoram Eshet. "Beersheba – A Gateway Community in Southern Arabian Long-Distance Trade in the Eighth Century B.C.E." Tel Aviv 26, no. 1 (March 1999): 3–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/tav.1999.1999.1.3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Israel, Jonathan I. "The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750." Hispanic American Historical Review 71, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-71.4.884.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Elliott, John H., and James D. Tracy. "The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750." William and Mary Quarterly 48, no. 4 (October 1991): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2938126.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Fitzgerald, Richard T., Terry L. Jones, and Adella Schroth. "Ancient long-distance trade in Western North America: new AMS radiocarbon dates from Southern California." Journal of Archaeological Science 32, no. 3 (March 2005): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Sharpe, Ashley E., Kitty F. Emery, Takeshi Inomata, Daniela Triadan, George D. Kamenov, and John Krigbaum. "Earliest isotopic evidence in the Maya region for animal management and long-distance trade at the site of Ceibal, Guatemala." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 3605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713880115.

Full text

Abstract:

This study uses a multiisotope (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium) approach to examine early animal management in the Maya region. An analysis of faunal specimens across almost 2,000 years (1000 BC to AD 950) at the site of Ceibal, Guatemala, reveals the earliest evidence for live-traded dogs and possible captive-reared taxa in the Americas. These animals may have been procured for ceremonial functions based on their location in the monumental site core, suggesting that animal management and trade began in the Maya area to promote special events, activities that were critical in the development of state society. Isotopic evidence for animal captivity at Ceibal reveals that animal management played a greater role in Maya communities than previously believed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Lobo Bittencourt, Mauricio Vaz, and Paula Andrea Mosquera Agudelo. "The impacts of the exchange rate volatility on colombian trade with its main trade partners." econoquantum 18, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18381/eq.v18i2.7209.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective: To investigate the main impacts of the bilateral exchange rate (er) volatility on Colombian exports for its main trade partners for the period 2001-2019, with the use of control variables in addition to er volatility measure, such as countries’ gdp, distance, and dummy variables for contiguity and common language. Methodology: Pooled ols, Fixed and Random Effects Panel models, and Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood model. Results: The results showed that er volatility is harmful to the commercial relationship between Colombia and its trading partners. An increase of 1 % in the long term exchange rate volatility can reduce Colombian exports by 0.25-0.4%. Results also suggest that past information is particularly relevant in order to assess the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade. As expected, exporter and importer incomes can increase trade, and distance can reduce trade. Limitations: Sectoral data used can be better explored. Originality: For the first time this methodology and data analysis is used to investigate the impact of er volatility on Colombian trade. Conclusions: Results add another empirical evidence to the literature of exchange rate and trade, where economic policies that aim to stabilize the exchange rate are likely to increase the volume of trade for Colombia and its trade partners.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes, and Marcos Martinón-Torres. "Amber Sources and Trade in the Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula." European Journal of Archaeology 15, no. 2 (2012): 187–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957112y.0000000009.

Full text

Abstract:

The use of amber is documented in the Iberian peninsula since the Palaeolithic. The procurement and trade of this fossil resin has often been considered in discussions of long-distance trade and the emergence of social complexity, but so far no comprehensive view of the Iberian evidence has been produced to allow a more overarching interpretive model. This paper presents the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of archaeological amber from three Iberian prehistoric sites: a necklace recovered from the megalithic site of Palacio III (Almadén de la Plata, Sevilla), a pommel from PP4 Montelirio (Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla), and a necklace from the Muricecs de Cellers cave (Llimiana, Pallars Jussà, Lleida). Based on these new data and a review of the literature, we present an overview that outlines fluctuations in the use of amber since the Upper Palaeolithic and demonstrates long-distance amber exchange connecting Iberia with northern Europe and the Mediterranean region since the Chalcolithic period at least. We discuss changes in the origins and cultural use of amber and their implications for the consolidation of trade networks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Hodges, Richard. "Adriatic Sea trade in a European perspective." Scottish Archaeological Journal 32, no. 2 (October 2010): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2010.0012.

Full text

Abstract:

This article is a summary of the Dalrymple Lectures given in 2009. It reviews the archaeology of north-west European economics, and then contrasts this with the new evidence for 7th- to 9th-century long-distance commerce in the Adriatic Sea region and its implications for the changing economic circumstances in peninsula Italy. The essay attempts to take a new stance on my book Dark Age Economics (1982) and, using new archaeological evidence, offers new interpretations of the rise of the Carolingian economy as well as the limited capacity of the western Middle Byzantine economy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Stoner, Wesley D., and Deborah L. Nichols. "POTTERY TRADE AND THE FORMATION OF EARLY AND MIDDLE FORMATIVE STYLE HORIZONS AS SEEN FROM CENTRAL MEXICO." Ancient Mesoamerica 30, no. 2 (2019): 311–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536118000330.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractWe explore the relationship between long-distance pottery trade and the formation of Early and Middle Formative style horizons in Mesoamerica. A sample of 1,154 ceramics mostly from Early and Middle Formative contexts in the central Mexican highlands was irradiated at the University of Missouri Research Reactor with a subsample (n = 313) for petrographic analysis. We conclude that: (1) most sites and regions display more than one process for making pottery; (2) there is a small amount of intraregional exchange among central Mexican sites, with the southeastern Basin of Mexico making the largest portion of pottery intended for trade within the region; and (3) interregional imports found at several sites likely come from the metamorphic region of southwestern Puebla with smaller numbers imported from the southern Gulf Coast, Morelos, and possibly Oaxaca. The trend over time from Early Formative to the end of the Middle Formative is one of decreasing intensity of long-distance interaction and decreasing geographic range of trade. These two trends contribute to the regional divergence of ceramic styles that peaks by the Late Formative in Mesoamerica.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!