Journal articles on the topic 'Long Kesh'

The historical era of Kashkadarya-Surkhandarya has existed since ancient times. In particular, poems about Amir Temur and Babur are widely spread. Until now, some of the Bakhshi living in this territory have been written and published, such historical epics as" Oichinar", "About Babur", "Birth of Sahibkiran", "Birth and youth of Amir Temur", " Temur and Boyazid", "Great Amir Temur", " Ahmad Yassavi", " Alisher Navoi", "Makhtumkuli". We wrote and published an epic about the birth and childhood of Amir Temur "the birth of Sahibkiron" from Ruzi Bakhshi Kulturaev, an epic "the birth and youth of Amir Temur" from Chori Bakhshi Umirov. If both epics concerned the birth of the historical person Amir Temur, his childhood, then widely known fantastic inventions, epic sponsors, characteristic of traditional epics, as well as the image of mythological evil forces. First of all, when it became known about the birth of Amir Temur, evil forces, ill-wishers in different kingdoms are trying to destroy him both before and after birth. But no matter how hard they try, epic sponsors, holy spirits, teachers are not enough because of their desire to help Temur and mother Teginabegim. Since Amir Temur's father Taragai Bakhadir went on a long battle journey, he lives with his mother Teginabegim in Amir Chaku's house. Temur grows from childhood strong, energetic, smart. Since childhood, he captivates the minds of children with various national games. Increased is strength. The poem reflects how he lived through his childhood. In the Poems about the birth and youth of Amir Temur, the life, successes of that time, and the way of life of the people are well covered. Along with the names of such historical figures and places as Amir Temur and his saints, father, mother, Amir Chaku, Bayonkulikhan Bukhara, Kesh, Zanjisaray in the epic, there are a number of fantastic images.

In Moksha, methods of experimental phonetics have not been systematically used to study prosody. Fragmentary data available on stress, which were based on durational measurements in Mid-Vad, show that duration might be an important stress correlate. This article treats the relationship between stress and duration in Mid-Vad by using sets of measurement data. It focuses on vowel durations measured in mono-, di-, and trisyllabic words of different structure, which were read in a frame sentence by two speakers. Vowel durations were found to depend on stress – vowels in stressed syllables were longer than in unstressed syllables. Variation was related to word structure – e.g. high vowels (having lower intrinsic duration than low and mid vowels) under stress were as long as unstressed low and mid vowels. The results are useful for the development of prosody research in Moksha

When Sir Kyffin Williams, RA died in 2006 he bequeathed a large section of his estate to the National Library of Wales (NLW) – an institution with which the artist, most known for his landscape paintings of north-west Wales, had a long association. Combined with material already in the NLW’s collections, there are now over 200 works in oil, over 1200 works on paper and a comprehensive archive held at Aberystwyth. The collection’s presence in a library rather than museum or gallery raises questions of how the work can be displayed or exhibited. In this essay I will give some background to this collection and the wider art holdings of the National Library of Wales before discussing how geo-spatial approaches are being used to display this collection digitally. This work is being completed as a collaborative Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarship (KESS) PhD project between Aberystwyth University School of Art and the National Library of Wales. KESS is part-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) through the European Union’s Convergence Programme (West Wales and the Valleys) administered by the Welsh Government.

Using water for body treatments has an especially long tradition in many cultures and, is deeply intertwined with Roman and Ottoman culture. However, it is clear that today it is not possible to attribute bathing – not even a specific type of bathing, such as the hammam steam bath – to one particular culture (ignoring the obvious problems associated with trying to delineate clearly between such blurred constructs as a specific culture or as a discrete entity). Thus, the ‘Turkish bath’ is a widely used term introduced to Europe in the eighteenth century or applied to various different manifestations. The term reflects the European perception of Turkish bathing culture, primarily connected with bathing within a hammam complex or – as the Turkish term goes – a hammami. Bathing in the hammam-style is rather a Roman cultural practice, an element adapted and integrated in Ottoman culture and readapted thereafter into modern Western culture. It is often believed that these practices are rooted in the cultural history of the present state of Turkey (although ancient ‘Turkish bath’ architecture famously exists in Greece or Albania, too1). Furthermore, the geographical or architectural nexus between mosques and hammams and, also, the temporal order of Islamic culture (in which visiting a hammam before various ritual occasions is required) have often suggested seeing the Turkish bath as a religious custom.

The merger of a binary neutron star (BNS) system can lead to different final states depending on the total mass of the binary system and the equation of state (EOS). One of the possible outcomes of the merger is a long-lived (lifetime > 10 ms), compact and differentially rotating remnant. The Komatsu, Eriguchi and Hachisu (1989) differential rotation law (KEH) has been used almost exclusively in the literature to describe such configurations, despite the tension with corresponding rotational profiles reported from numerical simulations. New rotation laws suggested by Uryu et al. (2017) aspire to ease this tension and provide more realistic choices to describe the rotational profiles of BNS merger remnants. We recently started constructing equilibrium models with one of the new rotation laws proposed and comparing their physical properties to the KEH rotation law counterpart models. In addition, building on earlier work, the accuracy of the IWM-CFC conformal flatness approximation with the new differential rotation law was confirmed.

Nowadays, the speech recognition applications can be found in several activities, and their existence as a field of study and research lasts for a long time. Although, many studies deal with different problems, in security-related areas, biometric identification, access to the Smartphone… Etc. In automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems, hidden Markov models (HMMs) have widely used for modeling the temporal speech signal. In order to optimize HMM parameters (i.e., observation and transition probabilities), iterative algorithms commonly used such as Forward-Backward or Baum-Welch. In this article, we propose to use the bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA) to enhance HMM with Gaussian mixture densities. As a global optimization algorithm of current interest, BFOA has proven itself for distributed optimization and control. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach yields a significant improvement of the transcription accuracy at signal/noise ratios greater than 15 dB.

Accurate prediction of water table depth over long-term in arid agricultural areas are very much important for maintaining environmental sustainability. Because of intricate and diverse hydrogeological features, boundary conditions, and human activities researchers face enormous difficulties for predicting water table depth. A virtual study on forecast of water table depth using various neural networks is employed in this paper. Hybrid neural network approach like Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFN) is employed here to appraisal water levels as a function of average temperature, precipitation, humidity, evapotranspiration and infiltration loss data. Coefficient of determination (R2), Root mean square error (RMSE), and Mean square error (MSE) are used to evaluate performance of model development. While ANFIS algorithm is used, Gbell function gives best value of performance for model development. Whole outcomes establish that, ANFIS accomplishes finest as related to RNN and RBFN for predicting water table depth in watershed.

Speech emotion recognition (SER) is a natural method of recognizing individual emotions in everyday life. To distribute SER models to real-world applications, some key challenges must be overcome, such as the lack of datasets tagged with emotion labels and the weak generalization of the SER model for an unseen target domain. This study proposes a multi-path and group-loss-based network (MPGLN) for SER to support multi-domain adaptation. The proposed model includes a bidirectional long short-term memory-based temporal feature generator and a transferred feature extractor from the pre-trained VGG-like audio classification model (VGGish), and it learns simultaneously based on multiple losses according to the association of emotion labels in the discrete and dimensional models. For the evaluation of the MPGLN SER as applied to multi-cultural domain datasets, the Korean Emotional Speech Database (KESD), including KESDy18 and KESDy19, is constructed, and the English-speaking Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture database (IEMOCAP) is used. The evaluation of multi-domain adaptation and domain generalization showed 3.7% and 3.5% improvements, respectively, of the F1 score when comparing the performance of MPGLN SER with a baseline SER model that uses a temporal feature generator. We show that the MPGLN SER efficiently supports multi-domain adaptation and reinforces model generalization.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to predict the appearance of denim fabric after repetitive uses judging the denim cloth behavior and performance in viewpoint of bagging ability. Hence, it attempts to carry out the significant inputs and outputs that have an influence on the bagging behaviors using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique. In this study, the Kawabata Evaluation System parameters such as the frictional characteristics, the bending, compression, tensile and shear parameters are investigated to propose a model highlighting and explaining their impacts on the different bagging properties. To improve the obtained results, the selected significant inputs are also analyzed within their bagging properties using Taguchi experimental design. The linear regressive models prove the effectiveness of the PCA method and the obtained findings. Design/methodology/approach – To investigate the mechanical properties and their contributions on the bagging characteristics, some denim fabrics were collected and measured thanks to the Kawabata evaluation systems (KES-FB1, KES-FB2, KES-FB3 and KES-FB4). These bagging properties were further analyzed applying the method of PCA to acquire factor patterns that indicate the most important fabric properties for characterizing the bagging behaviors of different studied denim fabric samples. An experimental design type Taguchi was, hence, applied to improve the results. Regarding the obtained results, it may be concluded that the PCA method remained a powerful and flawless technique to select the main influential inputs and significant outputs, able to define objectively the bagging phenomenon and which should be considered from the next researches. Findings – According to the results, there are good relationships between the Kawabata input parameters and the analyzed bagging properties of studied denim fabrics. Indeed, thanks to the PCA, it is probably easy to reduce the number of the influent parameters for three reasons. First, applying this technique of selection can help to select objectively the most influential inputs which affect enormously the bagged fabrics. Second, knowing these significant parameters, the prediction of denim fabric bagging seems fruitful and can undoubtedly help researchers explain widely this complex phenomenon. Third, regarding the findings mentioned, it seems that the prevention of this aesthetic phenomenon appearing in some specific zones of denim fabrics will be more and more accurate. Practical implications – This study is interesting for denim consumers and industrial applications during long and repetitive uses. Undoubtedly, the denim garments remained the largely used and consumed, hence, this particularity proves the necessity to study it in order to evaluate the bagging phenomenon which occurs as function of number of uses. Although it is fashionable to have bagging, the denim fabric remains, in contrast with the worsted ones, the most popular fabric to produce garments. Moreover, regarding this characteristic, the large uses and the acceptable value of denim fabrics, their aesthetic appearance behavior due to bagging phenomenon can be analyzed accurately because compared to worsted fabrics, they have a high value and the repetitive tests to investigate widely bagged zones may fall the industrial. The paper has practical implications in the clothing appearance and other textile industry, especially in the weaving process when friction forms (yarn-to-yarn, yarn-to-metal frictions) and stresses are drastic. This can help understanding why residual bagging behavior remained after garment uses due to the internal stress and excessive extensions. Regarding the selected influential inputs and outputs relative to bagging behaviors, there are some practical implications that have an impact on the industrial and researchers to study objectively the occurrence of this aesthetic phenomenon. Indeed, this study discusses the significance of the overall inputs; their contributions on the denim fabric bagged zones aims to prevent their ability to appear after uses. Moreover, the results obtained regarding the fabric mechanical properties can be useful to fabric and garment producers, designers and consumers in specifying and categorizing denim fabric products, insuring more denim cloth use and controlling fabric value. For applications where the subjective view of the consumer is of primary importance, the KES-FB system yields data that can be used for evaluating fabric properties objectively and prejudge the consumer satisfaction in viewpoint of the bagging ability. Therefore, this study shows that by measuring shear, tensile and frictional parameters of KES-FB, it may be possible to evaluate bagging properties. However, it highlights the importance and the significance of some inputs considered influential or the contrast (non-significant) in other researches. Originality/value – This work presents the first study analyzing the bagged denim fabric applying the PCA technique to remove the all input parameters which are not significant. Besides, it deals with the relationship developed between the mechanical fabric properties (tensile, shear and frictional stresses) and the bagging properties behavior. To improve these obtained relationships, for the first time, the regression technique and experimental design type Taguchi analysis were both applied. Moreover, it is notable to mention that the originality of this study is to let researchers and industrials investigate the most influential inputs only which have a bearing on the bagging phenomenon.

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is there a difference in functional outcomes and recurrence rate between conservative versus radical rectal surgery in patients with large deep endometriosis infiltrating the rectum 5 years postoperatively? SUMMARY ANSWER No evidence was found that long-term outcomes differed when nodule excision was compared to rectal resection for deeply invasive endometriosis involving the bowel. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Functional outcomes of nodule excision and rectal resection for deeply invasive endometriosis involving the bowel are comparable 2 years after surgery. Despite numerous previously reported case series enrolling patients managed for colorectal endometriosis, long-term data remain scarce in the literature. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION From March 2011 to August 2013, we performed a two-arm randomized trial, enrolling 60 patients with deep endometriosis infiltrating the rectum up to 15 cm from the anus, measuring >20 mm in length, involving at least the muscular layer in depth, and up to 50% of rectal circumference. Among them, 55 women were enrolled at one tertial referral centre in endometriosis, using a randomization list drawn up separately for this centre. Institute review board approval was obtained to continue follow-up to 10 years postoperatively. One patient requested to stop the follow-up 2 years after surgery. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Patients underwent either nodule excision by shaving or disc excision, or segmental resection. Randomization was performed preoperatively using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes, and patients were informed of randomization results. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients experiencing one of the following symptoms: constipation (1 stool/>5 consecutive days), frequent bowel movements (≥3 stools/day), anal incontinence, dysuria or bladder atony requiring self-catheterization 24 months postoperatively. Secondary endpoints were values taken from the Knowles–Eccersley–Scott-symptom questionnaire (KESS), the gastrointestinal quality of life index (GIQLI), the Wexner scale, the urinary symptom profile (USP) and the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF36). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Fifty-five patients were enrolled. Among the 27 patients in the excision arm, two were converted to segmental resection (7.4%). One patient managed by segmental resection withdrew from the study 2 years postoperatively, presuming that associated pain of other aetiologies may have jeopardized the outcomes. The 5 year-recurrence rate for excision and resection was 3.7% versus 0% (P = 1), respectively. For excision and resection, the primary endpoint was present in 44.4% versus 60.7% of patients (P = 0.29), respectively, while 55.6% versus 53.6% of patients subjectively reported normal bowel movements (P = 1). An intention-to-treat comparison of overall KESS, GIQLI, Wexner, USP and SF36 scores did not reveal significant differences between the two arms 5 years postoperatively. Statistically significant improvement was observed shortly after surgery with no further improvement or impairment recorded 1–5 years postoperatively. During the 5-year follow-up, additional surgical procedures were performed in 25.9% versus 28.6% of patients who had undergone excision or resection (P = 0.80), respectively. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The presumption of a 40% difference concerning postoperative functional outcomes in favour of nodule excision resulted in a lack of power for demonstration of the primary endpoint difference. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Five-year follow-up data do not show statistically significant differences between conservative and radical rectal surgery for long-term functional digestive and urinary outcomes in this specific population of women with large involvement of the rectum. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No specific funding was received. Patient enrolment and follow-up until 2 years postoperatively was supported by a grant from the clinical research programme for hospitals in France. The authors declare no competing interests related to this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This randomized study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT 01291576. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE 31 January 2011. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT’S ENROLMENT 7 March 2011.

Soon after independence in 1963, many firms including those in productive public and private sectors were set up in Kenya to produce goods and services for consumption in Kenya and beyond. Some public and private firms were set up in Kenya’s coastal counties while some were set up in other parts of Kenya. As at June 1990 however, most of these firms were either collapsed and liquidated or were ailing. Few were performing fairly. By 2015, there were 194 public firms which were in operations. Many of these however were formed after 1990. 46.4% of these had poor financial performance as measured by accounting and market ratios (ROE and ROA). About 35 of these firms, among them sugar firms and local authorities had more operating expenses than revenue. Postal Corporation of Kenya for example made KES 2.6b in revenues. Operating expenses however were KES 4.16b. National Oil Corporation of Kenya (NOCK) made KES 24.76b in revenues. Cost of sales excluding operating expenses however were KES 22.95b (Kenya’s treasury department, statement, 2015). In the small enterprise segment, about 300,000 SME’s were set up in 2010. About 350,000 SME’s were set up in 2012. However 2.2m SME’s closed down in six years ending 2015. About 35% of these closed down in 2015. Overall, about 96% of the firms which are set up closed down by the end of their first year in operations. (World Bank Report, 2010). The questions were ‘why did firms underperform and why did these firms fail?’ Published annual financial reports of firms, studies by Kenya National Bureau of Statistic (KNBS) and others attributed the poor financial performance and failure of the firms to many factors; high cost of energy, intense competition, high cost of raw materials, obsolete equipment, poor management, poor technical skills, high cost of finance and other bank charges, inadequate finance, family feuds, lack of succession plan etc. Some empirical studies attributed poor financial performance and failure of firms to financing; the capital structure. None however attributed this to capital structure gearing levels. This constituted a research gap to be filled by this study to add to the body of knowledge and literature. The capital structure gearing level is the proportion of external finance used in financing a firm. This proportion (gearing) may vary between ›0 to 100% (Brealey & Myers, 1991). Some firms however have a proportion ranging between ›0 and <30% (LG), 30%-‹35% (MG1) ≥35%-‹40% (MG2) ≥40%-≤60% (MG3) and ›60% (HG). The external finance may be inform of short term and long term debt and equity finance. Debt carries a fixed slice of earnings. The gearing levels therefore debt levels will carry a proportionate fixed slice of earnings. High gearing (HG) will magnify the effect on earnings and hasten the process of insolvency (Brealey & Myers, 1991). Poor financial performance and failure therefore maybe the result of inappropriate gearing level. Gearing level therefore was the problem. This study sought to do the following: Assess the capital structure of public and the private sector firms in Kenya’s coastal counties. Assess the capital structure gearing levels of public and private sector firms in Kenya’s coastal counties. Determine the effect of the capital structure gearing levels on financial performance of public and private sector firms in Kenya’s coastal counties. This involved a target population of 500 productive firms in Kenya’s Coastal Counties. Using the Cochran’s sample size formula, 50% proportion of the productive public and private sector firms randomly selected, the sample was 139 firms. They were observed for a period of 2003 to 2015. Questionnaires and structured interviews were used as instruments for collecting primary data from finance officers or finance managers or their equivalent of the firms. Secondary data was obtained from financial statements (income statement and the balance sheet). Control variables were; size, tangibility and growth. The basic framework for regression was of the form below; Y= f (gearing levels+ tangibility+ size+ growth) Where, Y= return on assets/return on equity ROA/ROE=f (gearing levels+ tangibility+ size+ growth) Data analysis was done using both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (regression).

Implementation of Performance-based Contracts (PBC) for road maintenance in Indonesia still requires various studies, especially related to potential long-term cost efficiencies that can be achieved by the road agencies by shifting the application of traditional contracts to PBC. This study assesses the effectiveness of PBC compared to traditional contract implementation based on a case study on one of the PBC pilot projects in Indonesia. The effectiveness of the PBC reviews in terms of project life cycle cost efficiency was calculated. LCC calculations were conducted by considering the influence of the length of contracted road, the initial conditions of contracted road, and the duration of PBC project. The LCC calculation shows that the implementation of PBC generally has the potential to generate LCC efficiency compared to the traditional contract. This study also proved that the implementation of PBC can guarantee the performance of road services during multi-year contracts and also provide other benefits for the road agency and road users. ABSTRAK: Pelaksanaan Kontrak Berasaskan Prestasi (PBC) bagi penyelenggaraan jalan di Indonesia masih memerlukan pelbagai kajian, terutama berkaitan potensi keberkesanan perbelanjaan jangka panjang yang dapat dicapai oleh pihak agensi jalan dengan mengalihkan penerapan kontrak tradisional ke PBC. Kajian ini menilai keberkesanan PBC berbanding dengan pelaksanaan kontrak tradisional berdasarkan kajian kes pada salah satu projek perintis PBC di Indonesia. Keberkesanan ulasan PBC ini adalah dari segi kecekapan kos kitaran hayat projek. Pengiraan LCC dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan pengaruh panjang jalan yang dikontrak, keadaan awal jalan terkontrak, dan jangka waktu projek PBC. Pengiraan LCC menunjukkan bahawa pelaksanaan PBC secara amnya berpotensi untuk menghasilkan kecekapan LCC berbanding dengan kontrak tradisional. Kajian ini juga membuktikan bahawa pelaksanaan PBC dapat menjamin prestasi perkhidmatan jalan selama kontrak multi-tahun dan juga memberi manfaat lain untuk agensi jalan dan pengguna jalan raya.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan model pengenalan pembelajaran lompat jauh pada siswa sekolah dasar (SD) kelas atas tahun pelajaran 2013/2014 di Kecamatan Srumbung, Kabupaten Magelang. Model pembelajaran yang dikembangkan diharapkan untuk digunakan guru SD sebagai salah satu bentuk pembelajaran lompat jauh yang baik dan efektif. Penelitian pengembangan ini dilakukan dengan mengadaptasi langkah-langkah penelitian pengembangan sebagai berikut: (1) pengumpulan informasi di lapangan, (2) melakukan analisis terhadap informasi yang telah dikumpul-kan, (3) mengembangkan produk awal (draf model), (4) validasi ahli dan revisi, (5) uji coba lapangan skala kecil dan revisi, (6) uji coba lapangan skala besar dan revisi, dan (7) pembuatan produk final. Uji coba skala kecil dilakukan terhadap siswa kelas 5 SD N Tegalrandu dan SD N Polengan, Kecamatan Srumbung yang berjumlah 31 siswa. Uji coba skala besar dilakukan terhadap siswa kelas 5 SD N Tegalrandu, SD N Polengan, SD N Pucanganom, SD N Pandanretno, SD N Soka 1 yang berjumlah 81 siswa. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu; (1) pedoman wawancara, (2) skala nilai, (3) pedoman observasi model pembelajaran, (4) pedoman observasi keefektifan model pembelajaran. Teknik analisis data yang dilakukan yaitu analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini berupa buku dan video model pengenalan dalam pembelajaran lompat jauh pada SD kelas atas. Berdasarkan penilaian ahli materi cabang olahraga atletik dan guru penjasor-kes, produk model pengenalan dalam pembelajaran lompat jauh pada SD kelas atas, sudah sesuai dan layak untuk digunakan oleh guru penjasorkes dalam mengajarkan materi lompat jauh kepada siswanya dengan nilai rata-rata 98,1%. Kata kunci: pengembangan, permainan, model pengenalan pembelajaran lompat jauh INTRODUCTION MODELS IN LEARNING GAMES OF LONG JUMP IN UPPER CLASS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Abstract This study aims to produce introduction models of the learning long jump at the upper class of elementary school students in the Academic Year 2013/2014 in Srumbung District, Magelang regency. The developed models are expected to be used by elementary school teachers to teach long jump well and effectively. The study was conducted by adapting the development steps of research development as follows: (1) collecting information in the field, (2) analyzing information that has been collected, (3) developing initial products (draft model), (4) validating by experts and revising, (5) small-scale field trials and revisions, (6) large-scale field trials and revisions, and (7) making the final product. Small-scale trials were carried out to the 5th grade students at SD N Tegalrandu and SD N Polengan, District Srumbung totaling 31 students. Large-scale trials were carried out to the 5th grade students of Tegalrandu, SD N Polengan, SD N Pucanganom, SD N Pandanretno, SD N Soka 1, amounting to 81 students. Data collection instruments used were; (1) interview guide line, (2) the scale of values, (3) learning models observation guide line, (4) observation guide line of the effectivenes learning models. The data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. The final products of the research are in the form of books and videos of introduction models of the learning long jump at the upper class of elementary schools. The developed products were considered suitable and appropriate to be used by SD N teaches based on to judgement by material experts of athletics and penjasorkes teachers with the mean scale 98,1%. Keywords: development, game, introduction model of learning long jump

PENJADWALAN PRODUKSI DENGAN ALGORITMAHEURISTIK POUR (STUDI KASUS: KONVEKSI ONE WAY –MALANG)ANDRI SULAKSMI, ANNISA KESY GARSIDE*, DAN FITHRIANY HADZIQAHJurusan Teknik Industri, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Muhammadiyah MalangJl. Raya Tlogomas 246, Malang, Jawa Timur 65144Email: sulaksmiandri@gmail.com, anisa_garside@yahoo.com, fitriany17@yahoo.comABSTRAKKonveksi One Way memproduksi berbagai jenis kaos berdasarkan order yang datang dari konsumen.Dalam memenuhi order tersebut, perusahaan menggunakan aturan First Come First Serve dalammenjadwalkan urutan pengerjaan ordernya. Aturan ini sering tidak menguntungkan bagi order yangmembutuhkan waktu proses yang pendek karena apabila order tersebut berada di belakang antrian makaharus menunggu yang lama sebelum diproses dan menyebabkan waktu penyelesaian seluruh order menjadilebih panjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjadwalkan urutan pengerjaan kaos di konveksi OneWay dengan menggunakan algoritma heuristik Pour sehingga waktu penyelesaian menjadi lebih singkatdan order kaos bisa selesai tepat waktu. Tahapan-tahapan penelitian terdiri dari pengumpulan data,perhitungan waktu standar, perhitungan total waktu proses berdasarkan order, penjadwalan denganmetode awal perusahaan, penjadwalan dengan metode heuristik pour, dan perbandingan makespan antarakedua metode. Berdasarkan hasil penjadwalan menggunakan heuristik Pour diperoleh penghematanmakespan sebesar 8,09 jam atau 19,25% dibanding makespan dengan metode perusahaan saat ini.Kata kunci: penjadwalan produksi, first come first serve, heuristik pour, makespanABSTRACT“One Way Convection” is a garment company which produces many kinds of t-shirt based on thecustomer’s order. In order to fulfill the order, the company applies role of First-Come First-Serve forscheduling the order production sequence. This role is often disadvantageous for the order with shortprocess time because if it is dispatched after the order with long process time, then it will take longer in queueand causes the completion time of all order to be longer. This research aims to schedule t-shirt’s sequenceoperation in “One Way Convection” company by using Pour heuristic algorithm so that completion timebecomes shorter and order fulfillment can be accomplished on-time. The steps in this methodology consistof collecting data, calculating standard time and total process time according to the order, scheduling usinginitial method proposed by company, scheduling using Pour heuristic algorithm, and comparing makespanof both approaches. According to the Pour Heuristic method, saving is obtained in makespan as 8.09 hoursor 19.25% compared with initial method proposed by company.Key words: production scheduling, first come first serve, pour heuristic, makespan

Abstract: Behavior is the second major factor that affects the health status of an individual or society. Good behavior in maintaining oral hygiene will have a positive impact on the status of children’s oral health. One of the efforts to reduce the number of caries is through the Usaha Kesehatan Gigi Sekolah (UKGS) program. This study was aimed to obtain the oral health care behavior of elementary school students with UKGS and without UKGS. This was a literature review study. There were four relevant literatures with related topics obtained from different databases, as follows: Google Scholar, PubMed, and Garba Rujukan Digital. The results showed that the UKGS program was effective in increasing the status of students’ oral health. Besides education about oral health at schools, parents and the media played some important roles in providing information of oral care. In conclusion, oral health care behavior of elementary school students with and without UKGS were in good category as long as teachers, parents, and internet media as well as print media were involved.Keywords: behavior; oral health; Usaha Kesehatan Gigi Sekolah (UKGS) Abstrak: Perilaku merupakan faktor kedua terbesar yang berpengaruh terhadap status kese-hatan individu atau masyarakat. Perilaku yang baik dalam pemeliharaan kebersihan mulut akan berdampak positif pada derajat kesehatan gigi mulut anak. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk menurunkan angka karies yaitu melalui program Usaha Kesehatan Gigi Sekolah (UKGS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi mulut siswa SD dengan UKGS dan tanpa UKGS. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review. Terdapat empat pustaka yang relevan dengan topik terkait. Pustaka dalam penelitian didapat dari database Google Scholar, PubMed, dan Garba Rujukan Digital. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan program UKGS efektif dalam meningkatkan derajat kesehatan gigi mulut siswa. Pendidikan tentang kesehatan gigi mulut tidak hanya berasal dari sekolah, tetapi orang tua dan media berperan penting dalam memberikan informasi tentang pemeliharaan gigi mulut. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah perilaku pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi mulut siswa SD dengan UKGS dan tanpa UKGS keduanya dalam kategori baik sepanjang adanya keterlibatan guru, orang tua, dan media internet maupun cetak.Kata kunci: perilaku; kesehatan gigi mulut; Usaha Kesehatan Gigi Sekolah (UKGS)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the challenges of Nigerian Professional Football League teams at the club level, with a view to aligning this with developments at the country level, and especially so in the aftermath of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil – an international event – where Nigeria participated alongside four others – Algeria, Cameroon, Ghana and Ivory Coast. Design/methodology/approach – The meta-analysis adopts a qualitative research approach, drawing upon a review of secondary data sources and the observation technique. Findings – Although Nigeria’s first team players ply their trade in Europe, there remains a challenge epitomised by the “disconnect” between the domestic league and the national team composition. As a consequence, brand ambassadors are proposed as one of the key conduits for re-aligning the identified disconnect. Research limitations/implications – The dual focus on club level and a single country – albeit in the light of Nigeria, former African champions, poses a limitation as the domestic league in that country may not be representative of others across the continent. However, some insight is also derived from developments in another African football giant – i.e. Ghana, runners-up of the recently concluded 2015 African Nations Cup. Practical implications – In the long history of the FIFA Football World Cup, only three African teams have ever reached the quarter-finals – notably Cameroon in 1990, Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010. Although the Super Eagles relished the label of African Champions going in the World Cup finals, they remain incapacitated, having failed to “fly” into the round of 16 since their 1994 debut. Furthermore, the alignment at the micro or club level to the meso or country level remains to be investigated at both scholarly and policy levels. Social implications – There are success stories on the management and development of football in Africa and as the case of Nigeria demonstrates, Stephen Keshi, the national coach, symbolises missed opportunities – i.e. brand ambassadors – to increase visibility and engagement with the domestic league. Originality/value – This is one of the very few studies that have sought to highlight the misalignment between club and country within the research context of Africa. It is also one of the few papers that have called on the need for brand ambassadors as a means of bridging the gap in this area.

Kakamega County is one of the most densely populated regions in Kenya and most people are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. High population has led to continuous cultivation hence depletion of nutrients through the removal of crop residues, leaching and soil erosion. Inorganic fertilizers can restore soil fertility but are unaffordable for the majority of smallholder farmers living with 1240 KES (10.32 EUR) per month. However, despite government and NGOs interventions towards promoting the use of organic fertilizers in Kakamega County, the adoption rates are still low due to the long waiting period before the compost manure is ready. This study aimed at solving the problem of the period taken by the locally available organic matter to decompose and consequently the quality of the compost manure produced from various treatments. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of EM and Biochar on the rate of decomposition of locally available organic materials under Berkeley composting technique; and to evaluate the nutrient content of compost manure produced from the different treatments. Experimental design was used to examine the effects of EM and Biochar on the rate of decomposition under Berkeley composting technique and to evaluate the nutrient content of compost manure produced from different treatments. Four treatments; (i) Normal Berkeley (Control) (ii) EM+Berkeley (iii) Biochar+Berkeley, and (iv) EM+Biochar+Berkeley were evaluated in a completely randomized block design replicated three times. Nutrient content analysis used; Wet chemistry, LDPSA, PXRF and Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. Berkeley Hot/Rapid composting was the most adopted composting technique (28.65%), significance (χ2 = 66.500). Combining Biochar and EM (T4) significantly (P<0.05) accelerated the rate of decomposition of organic matter by attaining the highest temperature of 60°C on the 4th day, followed by compost heap with biochar alone (T3) and compost heaps with EM (T2) which attained the highest temperature of 58°C respectively on the 6th day compared to compost piles without biochar or EM at a temperature of 55°C on 8th day. The results suggest that Biochar and EM accelerate the composting process. pH, total N, K and CEC were not significantly affected by the composting treatments, while Total Carbon was significantly (p<0.05) highest in the Biochar+Berkeley treatment, followed by EM+Berkeley treatment and lowest in EM+Biochar+Berkeley treatment. Phosphorus and Total carbon were also higher in EM compost (1.8% and 5.4%) (p<0.05) compared to non-EM compost (1.2% and 5.0%).

<p><strong>Pendahuluan:</strong><strong> </strong><em>Stroke</em> adalah penyebab utama kecacatan jangka panjang dengan dampak klinis dan sosial ekonomi yang signifikan di seluruh dunia. Hiperlipidemia dan inflamasi memainkan peranan penting dalam patofisiologi <em>stroke</em> iskemik. Meskipun <em>high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein </em>(hs-CRP) dan kadar lipid merupakan penentu risiko penyakit pembuluh darah, kekuatan penggunaan <em>biomarker</em> ini dalam penentuan prognosis <em>stroke </em>iskemik belum dapat dipastikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar hs-CRP dan profil lipid pada pasien <em>stroke </em>iskemik akut di Rumah Sakit Universitas Sebelas Maret dan memahami hubungan antara <em>biomarker</em> tersebut dengan <em>outcome</em> jangka pendek.</p><p><strong>Metode penelitian:</strong><strong> </strong>Penelitian <em>cross-sectional</em> dilakukan pada 34 pasien dengan serangan <em>stroke</em> iskemik pertama kali. Profil lipid dan hs-CRP diukur pada hari pertama masuk rumah sakit. Defisit neurologis diukur menggunakan <em>National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale</em> (NIHSS) dan <em>outcome</em> diukur menggunakan Barthel <em>Index</em> pada hari ke-7 perawatan di unit <em>stroke</em>. Selanjutnya, kadar serum hs-CRP dan profil lipid dianalisis korelasinya dengan defisit neurologis dan <em>outcome</em> jangka pendek.</p><p><strong>Hasil penelitian:</strong><strong> </strong>Pasien <em>stroke</em> iskemik memiliki kadar hs-CRP, kolesterol total (TC), trigliserida (TG), <em>low-density lipoprotein</em> (LDL) yang lebih tinggi; serta kadar <em>high-density lipoprotein</em> (HDL) yang lebih rendah dari kriteria normal. Berdasarkan uji korelasi Pearson, LDL memiliki korelasi signifikan dengan NIHSS (r = 0,447; p = 0,008) sedangkan hs-CRP memiliki korelasi signifikan yang lebih kuat dengan Barthel <em>Index </em>daripada NIHSS (r = -0,412; p = 0,015). TC dan HDL juga memiliki korelasi signifikan dengan NIHSS.</p><p><strong>Kes</strong><strong>impulan:</strong><strong> </strong>Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa profil lipid dan hs-CRP dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor prognosis <em>outcome stroke </em>iskemik akut.</p><p> </p><p>Introduction: Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability with significant clinical and socioeconomic impact worldwide. Hyperlipidemia and inflammation play major roles in ischemic stroke. While high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) and lipid levels are established risk determinants for vascular disease, the relative strength of these biomarkers for ischemic stroke is uncertain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of hs-CRP levels and lipid profile in acute ischemic stroke patients and understand correlation between those markers and short-term outcome.</p><p>Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 34 first-timer ischemic stroke patients. Lipid profiles and hs-CRP were measured on admission day. The neurological deficit was quantified using National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and outcome was quantified using Barthel Index at the 7th day in stroke unit. Serum level of hs-CRP and lipid profile were estimated and correlated with neurological deficit and short-term outcome.</p><p>Results: Ischemic stroke patients had higher levels of hs-CRP, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL); and lower level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) than normal criteria. Based on Pearson correlation test, LDL had significant correlation with NIHSS (r=0.447; p=0.008) while hs-CRP had stronger significant correlation with Barthel Index than NIHSS (r=-0.412; p=0.015). TC and HDL also had significant correlation with NIHSS.</p><p>Conclusions: This research suggests that lipid profile and hs-CRP can be used as predictors of prognosis for acute ischemic stroke outcome. Keywords: Barthel index, C-reactive protein, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, lipid profile, ischemic stroke.</p>

<p class="Default"><strong> ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="Default"><strong>Pendahuluan:</strong> Prevalensi dan keparahan penyakit alergi terus meningkat secara global, terutama di negara dengan pendapatan rendah sampai menengah. Terapi alergi saat ini seperti kortikosteroid banyak memberikan efek samping dalam penggunaan jangka panjang. Ekstrak daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava) berpotensi sebagai antihistamin yang dapat menjadi terapi alternatif penyakit alergi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek antihistamin ekstrak daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava) pada tikus putih (Rattus novergicus) yang diinduksi ovalbumin dinilai dari jumlah eosinofil jaringan kulit. </p><p class="Default"><strong>Metode: </strong>Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian <em>quasi experimental design</em> dengan rancangan <em>post test only with control group design. </em>Subjek penelitian tikus putih jantan<em>, </em>umur 3-4 bulan, dan berat badan 200-300 gram. Sampel 24 ekor tikus putih dibagi secara random menjadi enam kelompok. Kelompok kontrol normal (K) tanpa perlakuan, kontrol negatif (KN) hanya diinduksi ovalbumin, kontrol positif (KP) diberikan metilprednisolon, dan kelompok perlakuan (KP1, KP2, KP3) diberikan ekstrak daun jambu biji dengan dosis berikut 27 mg/200 gramBB, 54 mg/200 gramBB, dan 108 mg/200 gramBB. Efek antihistamin dinilai melalui gambaran histopatologi jaringan kulit berupa rata-rata jumlah infiltrasi eosinofil dengan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji <em>Kruskal Wallis</em> dan dilanjutkan uji <em>Post Hoc Mann Whitney</em> (α= 0,05).</p><p class="Default"><strong>Hasil: </strong>Uji <em>Kruskal Wallis </em>menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan di antara enam kelompok perlakuan (p=0,00). Uji <em>Post Hoc Mann Whitney </em>menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan di antara semua pasangan kelompok (p=&lt;0,05). KP3 menunjukkan rerata jumlah eosinofil lebih rendah daripada KP dan signifikan (p=0,021). </p><p class="Default"><strong>Kes</strong><strong>impulan: </strong>Ekstrak daun jambu biji (<em>Psidium guajava</em>) memiliki efek antihistamin dengan menurunkan infiltrasi eosinofil pada jaringan kulit tikus putih (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) yang dinduksi ovalbumin.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>Ekstrak daun jambu biji, eosinofil, tikus putih, histopatologi kulit.</p><p align="center"><strong> </strong><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p class="Default"><strong><em>Introduction</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>The prevalence and severity of allergic diseases continues to increase globally, especially in countries with low to middle income. Current allergic therapies such as corticosteroids have many side effects in long-term use. Guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava) has the potential as an antihistamine which can be an alternative therapy for allergic diseases. This study aims to determine the effect of antihistamine extract of guava leaves (Psidium guajava) on white rats (Rattus novergicus) induced by ovalbumin assessed from the number of eosinophils of skin tissue.</em><em></em></p><p class="Default"><em> </em></p><p class="Default"><strong><em>Methods</em></strong><em>: </em><em>This research was a quasi experimental design with a post test only design with control group design. The research subjects were male white rats, aged 3-4 months, and weighing 200-300 grams. Samples of 24 white rats were randomly divided into six groups. Normal (K) control group without treatment, negative control (KN) was only induced by ovalbumin, positive control (KP) was given methylprednisolone, and treatment groups (KP1, KP2, KP3) were given guava leaf extract with the following dosage 27 mg / 200 gram BW, 54 mg / 200 gram BW, and 108 mg / 200 gram BW. The effect of antihistamines was assessed through histopathology of skin tissue in the form of an average number of eosinophil infiltrations using a light microscope. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test and followed by the Mann Whitney Post Hoc test (α = 0.05).</em><em></em></p><p class="Default"><strong><em>Result</em></strong><em>: </em><em>The Kruskal Wallis test showed significant differences between the six treatment groups (p = 0.00). The Mann Whitney Post Hoc test showed significant differences between all group pairs (p = &lt;0.05). KP3 shows the average number of eosinophils lower than KP and significant (p = 0.021).</em><em> </em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><em>: Guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava) has an antihistamine effect by reducing eosinophil infiltration in ovalbumin-induced white rat (Rattus norvegicus) skin tissue.<strong></strong></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><strong><em>Guava leaf extract; eosinophil; skin histopathology</em></strong></p>

AbstractWe discuss the origin of strong crustal magnetic field in one of central compact objects (CCOs)—a neutron star PSR J1852+0040 in the supernova remnant Kes 79. Taking into account its relatively long present day spin period we conclude that the field could not be generated via a dynamo mechanism. If this neutron star indeed is a magnetar with field submerged during a strong fall-back episode, then it argues against the dynamo field origin in magnetars. Otherwise, Kes 79 is not a close relative of normal magnetars. A discovery of an anti-magnetar with a millisecond period and strong crustal field identifiable, for example, due to large pulse fraction, would be the proof of the dynamo field origin. Existence of such sources is in correspondence with the present standard picture of neutron star unification. However, the fraction of magnetars with submerged fields can be small—few percent of the total number of CCOs.

Beauty has very important role in our life. Hair plays very vital role in our beauty. A human body without hair would be seen just as a tree without leaves. So everyone has an ambition that his/her hair should be long, black and thick. As the hair is a beauty for women as well as men also, hair plays a significant role in personality. From the ancient time, hair has got exceptional place in our poetry especially for describing the beauty of women. In Ayurveda hairs are known as Kesha and the drugs which are suitable to hairs, are known as Keshya drugs. In this article we have made an effort to compile all the Keshya drugs which are described in Bhava Prakasha Nighantu.Â

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a recently evolving technology characterized by very high speed data rate that allows users to access internet through their mobile as well as through other electronic devices. Such technology is intended to support variety of IP-based heterogeneous traffic types. Traffic scheduling plays an important role in LTE technology by assigning the shared resources among users in the most efficient manner. This paper discusses the performance of three types of scheduling algorithms namely: Round Robin, best Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) and Proportional Fair (PF) schedulers representing the extreme cases in scheduling. The scheduling algorithms performances on the downlink were measured in terms of throughput and block error rate using a MATLAB-based system level simulation. Results indicate that the best CQI algorithm outperforms other algorithms in terms of throughput levels but on the expense of fairness to other users suffering from bad channel conditions. ABSTRAK: Teknologi baru Evolusi Jangka Panjang (LTE) sentiasa berubah dan ia bercirikan kelajuan kadar data sangat tinggi yang membolehkan pengguna mengakses internet melalui telefon bimbit dan peranti elektronik lain. Teknologi seperti ini bertujuan menyokong pelbagai jenis trafik heterogen berasaskan IP. Penjadualan trafik memainkan peranan penting dalam teknologi LTE bagi mengagihkan sumber perkongsian secara paling berkesan di kalangan pengguna. Kertas ini membincangkan prestasi tiga jenis algoritma penjadualan iaitu: pusingan Robin, penunjuk kualiti saluran (CQI) terbaik dan penjadualan berkadar adil (PF) yang merupakan kes ekstrem dalam penjadualan. Prestasi penjadualan Algoritma di pautan turun diukur dari segi daya pemprosesan dan kadar ralat blok melalui simulasi sistem menggunakan MATLAB. Hasil kajian menunjukkan algoritma CQI adalah yang terbaik berbanding hasil algoritma lain dari segi tahap daya pemprosesan tetapi algoritma ini menyebabkan pengguna lain mengalami keadaan saluran buruk.KEYWORDS: LTE; round robin; best CQI; proportional fair; scheduling; resource blocks

Human –wildlife conflicts (HWC) affect the social-economic aspects of millions of people across the world and is one of the most important challenges facing wildlife conservation. Long-term data collection provides an opportunity to critically understand HWC trends and enable wildlife stakeholders to create evidence-based solutions for co-existence of people and wildlife. We used Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) data for the 2010-2018 period to analyse trends in typology, seasonality and economic costs of HWC in Kajiado and Laikipia Counties in Kenya. A total of 953 HWC reported cases in the two counties were analysed. Wildlife threats to human life, crop damage and livestock predation were the common form of HWC, contributing 65.7% (n=626), 21.7% (n=207), and 7.7% (n=73) respectively. Apart from livestock predation (t=2.431; P=0.028) all other types of HWC did not show any significant differences in the two counties over the nine-year period. Elephants were responsible for the highest conflict cases (79%, n=753) followed by baboons (6.9%, n=66). Elephants contributed to the highest human fatality and injuries (43%, n=10); while snakes and buffalo were second, each contributing to 17% (n=4) of the total cases. Majority of the HWC occurred in the dry season months of July (n=114), January (n=99) and October (n=96). The overall trend indicated increasing HWC cases over the 9 years in both counties. The analysis of economic cost of HWC showed that a total of 64.09 hectares of crops were damaged in 2010-2018, with 70% of the cases reported in Kajiado County. In terms of predation, Kajiado lost livestock worth KES 1,785, 000 (U$ 16,780.53) while Laikipia lost KES 407,000 (U$ 3826.15). This study provides empirical evidence that can be used to develop strategies for mitigating HWC based on types, seasons and conflict species.

Stunting merujuk pada kondisi tinggi anak yang lebih pendek dari tinggi badan seumurannya, yang disebabkan kekurangan asupan gizi dalam waktu lama pada masa 1000 hari pertama kehidupan (HPK). Ketika dewasa, anak yang mengalami stunting rentan terhadap serangan penyakit tidak menular seperti jantung, stroke, diabetes, ataupun gagal ginjal; menghambat bonus demografis Indonesia dimana rasio penduduk usia tidak bekerja terhadap penduduk usia kerja menurun; ancaman pengurangan tingkat intelejensi sebesar 5-11 poin. Selain faktor gizi, stunting disebabkan karena kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat terutama, ibu hamil, ibu balita dan kader posyandu. Tujuan pemberdayaan masyarakat ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan kader posyandu dan masyarakat melalui promosi kesehatan dengan media kartu integrating card. Metode kegiatan adalah cross sectional. Sampel adalah kader sebanyak 50 orang di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Jatinagor, Kabupaten Sumedang, dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2018. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa Pengetahuan kader terbanyak cukup (40%). Simpulan pada penelitian ini bahwa promosi kesehatan dengan media integrating card meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu balita dan kader posyandu Kata kunci : integrating card, kader posyandu, pencegahan, stunting STUNTING PREVENTION MOVEMENT THROUGH COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENTIN JATINANGOR SUB-DISTRICT, SUMEDANG DISTRICT Dra. Sri Astuti, M. Kes1*, Ginna Megawati, dr., M. Kes1, Samson CMS., M.I.Kom 2,1Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, 2 Faculty of Communication Sciences, Padjadjaran UniversityCorrespondence: sriastuti29a@gmail.comABSTRACTStunting refers to the condition of a child's height that is shorter than his age, which is caused by a lack of nutritional intake for a long time during the first 1000 days of life (HPK). When adults, Children who experience stunting are prone to non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes or kidney failure; inhibiting Indonesia's demographic bonus where the ratio of the population of non-working age to working age population decreases; threat of reducing intelligence levels by 5-11 points.In addition to nutritional factors, stunting is caused by a lack of knowledge of the community, especially pregnant women, mothers of toddlers and posyandu cadres. The aim of community empowerment is to increase the knowledge of posyandu cadres through health promotion with integrating card media. The method of activity is cross sectional. The sample is 50 cadres in the work area of Jatinagor Primary Health Center, Sumedang District, held in November 2018. The results have been an increase in the knowledge of the most cadres was sufficient (40%). Conclusions in this study that health promotion with an integrating media card increases the knowledge of mothers of toddlers and posyandu cadres.Keywords: integrating cards, posyandu cadres, prevention, stunting

TThe filter cake removal is of primary concern in a horizontal oil producer. It has been highlighted in many publications that the cleanup process in long horizontal and multilateral wells is a challenging task. Many chemical solutions have been used to remove the polymeric and bridging agents in oil producers. Due to their nonspecific characteristics, the chemical solutions have their limitations and in some cases have affected the well productivity. Thus an enzyme treatment using Pullulanase had been applied to degrade the mud filter cake of drill-in fluids, which comprised starch and xanthan gum. In this research work, static fluid loss and soaking tests were performed at temperatures ranging from 75°F to 250°F. The experimental results revealed that the efficiency of the cleaning solution comprising Pullulanase in degrading starch and xanthan gum was influenced by solution temperature and its concentration. For 6% concentration of Pullulanase, the highest degrading efficiencies experienced were 63%, 74%, 87%, 66% and 59% at temperatures of 75°F, 100°F, 150°F, 200°F, and 250°F respectively. In terms of concentration, it was found that 6% of Pullulanase gave the optimum efficiency as compared to 7% and 8% concentrations at temperature of 150°F. The experimental results also proved that enzyme stabilizer and viscoelastic surfactant could prevent the deactivation of enzyme activity at temperatures above 150 °F. Penyingkiran kek turas menjadi perhatian utama dalam pengeluar mendatar minyak. Permasalahan ini telah diketengahkan dalam banyak penerbitan yang menyatakan bahawa proses pembersihan telaga mendatar yang panjang dan telaga berbilang sisi ialah suatu tugas yang mencabar. Pelbagai larutan kimia telah digunakan untuk menyingkir agen polimer dan agen penitian dalam pengeluar minyak. Berikutan ciri-cirinya yang tak khusus, larutan kimia mempunyai penggunaan yang terbatas dan dalam kes tertentu telah menjejaskan kebolehpengeluaran telaga. Sehubungan itu, rawatan enzim yang menggunakan Pullulanase telah diaplikasi untuk menurunkan kek turas bendalir gerudi yang mengandungi kanji dan gam xantan. Dalam penyelidikan ini, ujian kehilangan bendalir statik dan ujian rendaman telah dilaksanakan pada suhu yang berjulat dari 75°F hingga ke 250°F. Hasil kajian membuktikan bahawa kecekapan larutan pembersih yang mengandungi Pullulanase dalam menurunkan kanji dan gam xantan adalah dipengaruhi oleh suhu larutan dan kepekatannya. Untuk kepekatan 6% Pullulanase, kecekapan penurunan tertinggi yang dialami ialah 63%, 74%, 87%, 66%, dan 59% masing-masing pada suhu 75°F, 100°F, 150°F, 200°F, dan 250°F. Dari segi kepekatan, Pullulanase dengan kepekatan 6% telah memberikan kecekapan optimum yang lebih baik berbanding kepekatan 7% and 8% pada suhu 150 °F. Hasil kajian turut membuktikan bahawa penstabil enzim dan surfaktan likat-anjal berupaya mencegah daripada berlakunya penyahaktifan aktiviti enzim pada suhu yang melebihi 150°F.

Teesid: Artikkel keskendub A. H. Tammsaare „Tõe ja õiguse“ pentaloogia I osas leiduvale murdelisele tegelaskõnele. Murdeline tegelaskõne on ilukirjanduslik võte, mis lähtub autori loomingulistest taotlustest ning on seega lahutamatu teose sisust. Keele- ja kirjandusteadust ühendades pakub artikkel seni puudu nud kontekstisidusa käsitluse „Tõe ja õiguse“ I osa tegelaskõnes kasutatud murdepärasuste omadustest ning funktsioonist teose sisu ja kompositsiooni toetamisel. Murdeline tegelaskõne osutab geograafiliselt kesk- ja läänemurde alale, iseloomustab tegelasi kui talurahva hulka kuulujaid, taotleb külaühiskonna realistlikku esitlust, toetab keeleliselt Vargamäe Ees- ja Tagapere ning vanade ja noorte vastandust. SU M M A R Y The use of language in Part I of A. H. Tammsaare’s five-volume novel Truth and Justice (Tõde ja Õigus) has received quite a bit of scholarly attention. However, up till now there have been few treatments of dialect in characters’ speech that also take into account the coherence of context and the writer’s aesthetic goals. Features of dialect in characters’ speech have been noticed by many researchers, but they mostly limited themselves to giving descriptive accounts of dialect words. These earlier accounts often approached these passages as authentic specimens of dialect, and did not interpret them in context or as aspects of literary form.This article is based on the literary dialect theory of linguist and literary scholar Sumner Ives, who argues from the principle that dialect phenomena in literature cannot be studied as authentic specimens of dialect. In literature, when characters speak in dialect, this serves goals related to the content and composition of the work, and does not attempt to be a precise representation of real dialect speech. In this spirit, I will examine dialect in the characters’ speech in the first volume of Tammsaare’s cycle of novels Truth and Justice, and connect linguistics and literary theory to include the context and literary aims in my analysis.The basis for context-coherence was the statistical analysis and description of dialect phenomena in the speech of the novel’s characters. First, all dialectal linguistic forms were inventoried and systematized according to their connection with characters, linguistic levels, and geographical indications. This article draws its conclusions from 57 different dialect phenomena, and 80 dialect words in 53 speeches of characters.Based on the analysis of geographical indicators carried by dialect in characters’ speech, we can claim that the novel has mainly made use of dialect features from of central and western Estonia. Previous researchers who have studied Part I of the novel have noticed typical traits of the author’s home dialect from Järva-Madise parish, which is located in the core area of the central Estonian dialect. Though autobiographical influences on the speech of characters are plausible , the claim that all of these derive from the Järva-Madise parish dialect would be much too broad a statement. In addition, Tammsaare’s understanding of dialect speech was most likely influenced by his parents’ language use, influenced by the western and Mulgi dialects. We can also not exclude the possibility that Tammsare may have consulted scholarly sources on dialects.Social references that avail themselves through characters’ dialect speech should be considered more important than geographical references. In fact, when dialect is used in literary texts, one can make the following distinction: Use of dialect that points to a very specific geographical location is a designator of a character’s place of origin. If, however, the dialect speech constructed in the literary text contains linguistic traits shared by a particular social group spread over a large area, dialect functions mainly as a social indicator. The dialect phenomena found in Part I of Truth and Justice are shared across a wide area. Therefore the use of dialect in the text is first and foremost a social marker which locates the characters of the novel among the peasantry.In his journalistic writings, Tammsaare’s diverse views on language and style enable us to argue that the writer considered the content and form of a literary work as inseparable, and that for him language played an important role in rendering the atmosphere, characters, and events more believable. This principle justifies the dialect-rich dialogues in Part I of Truth and Justice. In order to make the representation of rural people of the second half of the 19th century more convincing and true to life; in order to confer a sense of the era, the surroundings, and the temperament of the people, Tammsaare used traits of dialect when constructing the characters’ speech.When we consider these dialect elements in the context of the novel’s content, more specific goals come into view. In addition to identifying the characters as farm folk, geographically locating them in the area of central and western dialects, and representing 19th century village society as truthfully as possible, dialect in the speech of characters also serves comedy and satire. Furthermore, it illustrates the linguistic hierarchies prevalent at the time the events took place and undergirds oppositions among the characters. As is true more generally when literary texts make use of dialect, in Truth and Justice Part I the various purposes of dialect use are intertwined. Most important, however, is the pursuit of realism, which encompasses all other indicators and the language-based opposition that structures the entire work: the opposition between the the two farm families at Vargamäe, Ees- and Tagapere (the family in the „front“ and the family in the „back“ of Vargamäe).Social hierarchies are reinforced by the language use of educated characters, which is closer to the written language, and by the peasants’ use of dialect speech. This is not intended to judge peasant language as inferior, but to represent the social reality of the time truthfully. Tammsaare’s personal views indicate that he considered the expressive possibilities of dialect to be less extensive than that of written language. However, since the characters’ speech serves the purpose of verisimilitude, it is perhaps more accurate to say that the novel represents natural use of language. In this context, Tammsaare leaves space in his representation of social reality for satire and mockery of those characters who aspire to be like the Germans, and makes fun of their language use.The characters’ speech in dialect supports many of the pervasive motifs in the novel. One of the main goals is to differentiate the two farmowners at Vargamäe, Oru Pearu and Mäe Andres and build an opposition between them. The linguistic opposition is expressed by the diphthongisation of the long, low vowels (characteristic of the central Estonian dialect), as in the speech of Pearu and his wife, while this element is absent from the direct speech of Andres’ family. The fact that the writer used this feature primarily to construct an opposition between main characters is further supported by the speech of other inhabitants of the area, in which the diphthongized forms should have been predominant.The nuancing feature of dialect was introduced into the novel in the interest of strengthening its sense of realism; sketching the outlines of characters, their surroundings, and ideational structures attests to the author’s skill in using formal features, and confirms that the writer submitted the dialect speech of the characters to firm creative purposes. Similarly, the analysis of the speech of characters as a fragment of structure allows us to conjecture about how consciously Tammsaare represented the different layers of form in Truth and Justice Part I.

Introduction: Bubbles and Sport The ephemeral materiality of bubbles – beautiful, spectacular, and distracting but ultimately fragile – when applied to protect or conserve in the interests of sport-media profit, creates conditions that exacerbate existing inequalities in sport and society. Bubbles are usually something to watch, admire, and chase after in their brief yet shiny lives. There is supposed to be, technically, nothing inside them other than one or more gasses, and yet we constantly refer to people and objects being inside bubbles. The metaphor of the bubble has been used to describe the life of celebrities, politicians in purpose-built capital cities like Canberra, and even leftist, environmentally activist urban dwellers. The metaphorical and material qualities of bubbles are aligned—they cannot be easily captured and are liable to change at any time. In this article we address the metaphorical sporting bubble, which is often evoked in describing life in professional sport. This is a vernacular term used to capture and condemn the conditions of life of elite sportspeople (usually men), most commonly after there has been a sport-related scandal, especially of a sexual nature (Rowe). It is frequently paired with connotatively loaded adjectives like pampered and indulged. The sporting bubble is rarely interrogated in academic literature, the concept largely being left to the media and moral entrepreneurs. It is represented as involving a highly privileged but also pressurised life for those who live inside it. A sporting bubble is a world constructed for its most prized inhabitants that enables them to be protected from insurgents and to set the terms of their encounters with others, especially sport fans and disciplinary agents of the state. The Covid-19 pandemic both reinforced and reconfigured the operational concept of the bubble, re-arranging tensions between safety (protecting athletes) and fragility (short careers, risks of injury, etc.) for those within, while safeguarding those without from bubble contagion. Privilege and Precarity Bubble-induced social isolation, critics argue, encourages a loss of perspective among those under its protection, an entitled disconnection from the usual rules and responsibilities of everyday life. For this reason, the denizens of the sporting bubble are seen as being at risk to themselves and, more troublingly, to those allowed temporarily to penetrate it, especially young women who are first exploited by and then ejected from it (Benedict). There are many well-documented cases of professional male athletes “behaving badly” and trying to rely on institutional status and various versions of the sporting bubble for shelter (Flood and Dyson; Reel and Crouch; Wade). In the age of mobile and social media, it is increasingly difficult to keep misbehaviour in-house, resulting in a slew of media stories about, for example, drunkenness and sexual misconduct, such as when then-Sydney Roosters co-captain Mitchell Pearce was suspended and fined in 2016 after being filmed trying to force an unwanted kiss on a woman and then simulating a lewd act with her dog while drunk. There is contestation between those who condemn such behaviour as aberrant and those who regard it as the conventional expression of youthful masculinity as part of the familiar “boys will be boys” dictum. The latter naturalise an inequitable gender order, frequently treating sportsmen as victims of predatory women, and ignoring asymmetries of power between men and women, especially in homosocial environments (Toffoletti). For those in the sporting bubble (predominantly elite sportsmen and highly paid executives, also mostly men, with an array of service staff of both sexes moving in and out of it), life is reflected for those being protected via an array of screens (small screens in homes and indoor places of entertainment, and even smaller screens on theirs and others’ phones, as well as huge screens at sport events). These male sport stars are paid handsomely to use their skill and strength to perform for the sporting codes, their every facial expression and bodily action watched by the media and relayed to audiences. This is often a precarious existence, the usually brief career of an athlete worker being dependent on health, luck, age, successful competition with rivals, networks, and club and coach preferences. There is a large, aspirational reserve army of athletes vying to play at the elite level, despite risks of injury and invasive, life-changing medical interventions. Responsibility for avoiding performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) also weighs heavily on their shoulders (Connor). Professional sportspeople, in their more reflective moments, know that their time in the limelight will soon be up, meaning that getting a ticket to the sporting bubble, even for a short time, can make all the difference to their post-sport lives and those of their families. The most vulnerable of the small minority of participants in sport who make a good, short-term living from it are those for whom, in the absence of quality education and prior social status, it is their sole likely means of upward social mobility (Spaaij). Elite sport performers are surrounded by minders, doctors, fitness instructors, therapists, coaches, advisors and other service personnel, all supporting athletes to stay focussed on and maximise performance quality to satisfy co-present crowds, broadcasters, sponsors, sports bodies and mass media audiences. The shield offered by the sporting bubble supports the teleological win-at-all-costs mentality of professional sport. The stakes are high, with athlete and executive salaries, sponsorships and broadcasting deals entangled in a complex web of investments in keeping the “talent” pivotal to the “attention economy” (Davenport and Beck)—the players that provide the content for sale—in top form. Yet, the bubble cannot be entirely secured and poor behaviour or performance can have devastating effects, including permanent injury or disability, mental illness and loss of reputation (Rowe, “Scandals and Sport”). Given this fragile materiality of the sporting bubble, it is striking that, in response to the sudden shutdown following the economic and health crisis caused by the 2020 global pandemic, the leaders of professional sport decided to create more of them and seek to seal the metaphorical and material space with unprecedented efficiency. The outcome was a multi-sided tale of mobility, confinement, capital, labour, and the gendering of sport and society. The Covid-19 Gilded Cage Sociologists such as Zygmunt Bauman and John Urry have analysed the socio-politics of mobilities, whereby some people in the world, such as tourists, can traverse the globe at their leisure, while others remain fixed in geographical space because they lack the means to be mobile or, in contrast, are involuntarily displaced by war, so-called “ethnic cleansing”, famine, poverty or environmental degradation. The Covid-19 global pandemic re-framed these matters of mobilities (Rowe, “Subjecting Pandemic Sport”), with conventional moving around—between houses, businesses, cities, regions and countries—suddenly subjected to the imperative to be static and, in perniciously unreflective technocratic discourse, “socially distanced” (when what was actually meant was to be “physically distanced”). The late-twentieth century analysis of the “risk society” by Ulrich Beck, in which the mysterious consequences of humans’ predation on their environment are visited upon them with terrifying force, was dramatically realised with the coming of Covid-19. In another iteration of the metaphor, it burst the bubble of twenty-first century global sport. What we today call sport was formed through the process of sportisation (Maguire), whereby hyper-local, folk physical play was reconfigured as multi-spatial industrialised sport in modernity, becoming increasingly reliant on individual athletes and teams travelling across the landscape and well over the horizon. Co-present crowds were, in turn, overshadowed in the sport economy when sport events were taken to much larger, dispersed audiences via the media, especially in broadcast mode (Nicholson, Kerr, and Sherwood). This lucrative mediation of professional sport, though, came with an unforgiving obligation to generate an uninterrupted supply of spectacular live sport content. The pandemic closed down most sports events and those that did take place lacked the crucial participation of the co-present crowd to provide the requisite event atmosphere demanded by those viewers accustomed to a sense of occasion. Instead, they received a strange spectacle of sport performers operating in empty “cathedrals”, often with a “faked” crowd presence. The mediated sport spectacle under the pandemic involved cardboard cut-out and sex doll spectators, Zoom images of fans on large screens, and sampled sounds of the crowd recycled from sport video games. Confected co-presence produced simulacra of the “real” as Baudrillardian visions came to life. The sporting bubble had become even more remote. For elite sportspeople routinely isolated from the “common people”, the live sport encounter offered some sensory experience of the social – the sounds, sights and even smells of the crowd. Now the sporting bubble closed in on an already insulated and insular existence. It exposed the irony of the bubble as a sign of both privileged mobility and incarcerated athlete work, both refuge and prison. Its logic of contagion also turned a structure intended to protect those inside from those outside into, as already observed, a mechanism to manage the threat of insiders to outsiders. In Australia, as in many other countries, the populace was enjoined by governments and health authorities to help prevent the spread of Covid-19 through isolation and immobility. There were various exceptions, principally those classified as essential workers, a heterogeneous cohort ranging from supermarket shelf stackers to pharmacists. People in the cultural, leisure and sports industries, including musicians, actors, and athletes, were not counted among this crucial labour force. Indeed, the performing arts (including dance, theatre and music) were put on ice with quite devastating effects on the livelihoods and wellbeing of those involved. So, with all major sports shut down (the exception being horse racing, which received the benefit both of government subsidies and expanding online gambling revenue), sport organisations began to represent themselves as essential services that could help sustain collective mental and even spiritual wellbeing. This case was made most aggressively by Australian Rugby League Commission Chairman, Peter V’landys, in contending that “an Australia without rugby league is not Australia”. In similar vein, prominent sport and media figure Phil Gould insisted, when describing rugby league fans in Western Sydney’s Penrith, “they’re lost, because the football’s not on … . It holds their families together. People don’t understand that … . Their life begins in the second week of March, and it ends in October”. Despite misgivings about public safety and equality before the pandemic regime, sporting bubbles were allowed to form, re-form and circulate. The indefinite shutdown of the National Rugby League (NRL) on 23 March 2020 was followed after negotiation between multiple entities by its reopening on 28 May 2020. The competition included a team from another nation-state (the Warriors from Aotearoa/New Zealand) in creating an international sporting bubble on the Central Coast of New South Wales, separating them from their families and friends across the Tasman Sea. Appeals to the mental health of fans and the importance of the NRL to myths of “Australianness” notwithstanding, the league had not prudently maintained a financial reserve and so could not afford to shut down for long. Significant gambling revenue for leagues like the NRL and Australian Football League (AFL) also influenced the push to return to sport business as usual. Sport contests were needed in order to exploit the gambling opportunities – especially online and mobile – stimulated by home “confinement”. During the coronavirus lockdowns, Australians’ weekly spending on gambling went up by 142 per cent, and the NRL earned significantly more than usual from gambling revenue—potentially $10 million above forecasts for 2020. Despite the clear financial imperative at play, including heavy reliance on gambling, sporting bubble-making involved special licence. The state of Queensland, which had pursued a hard-line approach by closing its borders for most of those wishing to cross them for biographical landmark events like family funerals and even for medical treatment in border communities, became “the nation's sporting hub”. Queensland became the home of most teams of the men’s AFL (notably the women’s AFLW season having been cancelled) following a large Covid-19 second wave in Melbourne. The women’s National Netball League was based exclusively in Queensland. This state, which for the first time hosted the AFL Grand Final, deployed sport as a tool in both national sports tourism marketing and internal pre-election politics, sponsoring a documentary, The Sporting Bubble 2020, via its Tourism and Events arm. While Queensland became the larger bubble incorporating many other sporting bubbles, both the AFL and the NRL had versions of the “fly in, fly out” labour rhythms conventionally associated with the mining industry in remote and regional areas. In this instance, though, the bubble experience did not involve long stays in miners’ camps or even the one-night hotel stopovers familiar to the popular music and sport industries. Here, the bubble moved, usually by plane, to fulfil the requirements of a live sport “gig”, whereupon it was immediately returned to its more solid bubble hub or to domestic self-isolation. In the space created between disciplined expectation and deplored non-compliance, the sporting bubble inevitably became the scrutinised object and subject of scandal. Sporting Bubble Scandals While people with a very low risk of spreading Covid-19 (coming from areas with no active cases) were denied entry to Queensland for even the most serious of reasons (for example, the death of a child), images of AFL players and their families socialising and enjoying swimming at the Royal Pines Resort sporting bubble crossed our screens. Yet, despite their (players’, officials’ and families’) relative privilege and freedom of movement under the AFL Covid-Safe Plan, some players and others inside the bubble were involved in “scandals”. Most notable was the case of a drunken brawl outside a Gold Coast strip club which led to two Richmond players being “banished”, suspended for 10 matches, and the club fined $100,000. But it was not only players who breached Covid-19 bubble protocols: Collingwood coaches Nathan Buckley and Brenton Sanderson paid the $50,000 fine imposed on the club for playing tennis in Perth outside their bubble, while Richmond was fined $45,000 after Brooke Cotchin, wife of team captain Trent, posted an image to Instagram of a Gold Coast day spa that she had visited outside the “hub” (the institutionally preferred term for bubble). She was subsequently distressed after being trolled. Also of concern was the lack of physical distancing, and the range of people allowed into the sporting bubble, including babysitters, grandparents, and swimming coaches (for children). There were other cases of players being caught leaving the bubble to attend parties and sharing videos of their “antics” on social media. Biosecurity breaches of bubbles by players occurred relatively frequently, with stern words from both the AFL and NRL leaders (and their clubs) and fines accumulating in the thousands of dollars. Some people were also caught sneaking into bubbles, with Lekahni Pearce, the girlfriend of Swans player Elijah Taylor, stating that it was easy in Perth, “no security, I didn’t see a security guard” (in Barron, Stevens, and Zaczek) (a month later, outside the bubble, they had broken up and he pled guilty to unlawfully assaulting her; Ramsey). Flouting the rules, despite stern threats from government, did not lead to any bubble being popped. The sport-media machine powering sporting bubbles continued to run, the attendant emotional or health risks accepted in the name of national cultural therapy, while sponsorship, advertising and gambling revenue continued to accumulate mostly for the benefit of men. Gendering Sporting Bubbles Designed as biosecurity structures to maintain the supply of media-sport content, keep players and other vital cogs of the machine running smoothly, and to exclude Covid-19, sporting bubbles were, in their most advanced form, exclusive luxury camps that illuminated the elevated socio-cultural status of sportsmen. The ongoing inequalities between men’s and women’s sport in Australia and around the world were clearly in evidence, as well as the politics of gender whereby women are obliged to “care” and men are enabled to be “careless” – or at least to manage carefully their “duty of care”. In Australia, the only sport for women that continued during the height of the Covid-19 lockdown was netball, which operated in a bubble that was one of sacrifice rather than privilege. With minimum salaries of only $30,000 – significantly less than the lowest-paid “rookies” in the AFL – and some being mothers of small children and/or with professional jobs juggled alongside their netball careers, these elite sportswomen wanted to continue to play despite the personal inconvenience or cost (Pavlidis). Not one breach of the netballers out of the bubble was reported, indicating that they took their responsibilities with appropriate seriousness and, perhaps, were subjected to less scrutiny than the sportsmen accustomed to attracting front-page headlines. National Netball League (also known after its Queensland-based naming rights sponsor as Suncorp Super Netball) players could be regarded as fortunate to have the opportunity to be in a bubble and to participate in their competition. The NRL Women’s (NRLW) Premiership season was also completed, but only involved four teams subject to fly in, fly out and bubble arrangements, and being played in so-called curtain-raiser games for the NRL. As noted earlier, the AFLW season was truncated, despite all the prior training and sacrifice required of its players. Similarly, because of their resource advantages, the UK men’s and boy’s top six tiers of association football were allowed to continue during lockdown, compared to only two for women and girls. In the United States, inequalities between men’s and women’s sports were clearly demonstrated by the conditions afforded to those elite sportswomen inside the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) sport bubble in the IMG Academy in Florida. Players shared photos of rodent traps in their rooms, insect traps under their mattresses, inedible food and blocked plumbing in their bubble accommodation. These conditions were a far cry from the luxury usually afforded elite sportsmen, including in Florida’s Walt Disney World for the men’s NBA, and is just one of the many instances of how gendered inequality was both reproduced and exacerbated by Covid-19. Bursting the Bubble As we have seen, governments and corporate leaders in sport were able to create material and metaphorical bubbles during the Covid-19 lockdown in order to transmit stadium sport contests into home spaces. The rationale was the importance of sport to national identity, belonging and the routines and rhythms of life. But for whom? Many women, who still carry the major responsibilities of “care”, found that Covid-19 intensified the affective relations and gendered inequities of “home” as a leisure site (Fullagar and Pavlidis). Rates of domestic violence surged, and many women experienced significant anxiety and depression related to the stress of home confinement and home schooling. During the pandemic, women were also more likely to experience the stress and trauma of being first responders, witnessing virus-related sickness and death as the majority of nurses and care workers. They also bore the brunt of much of the economic and employment loss during this time. Also, as noted above, livelihoods in the arts and cultural sector did not receive the benefits of the “bubble”, despite having a comparable claim to sport in contributing significantly to societal wellbeing. This sector’s workforce is substantially female, although men dominate its senior roles. Despite these inequalities, after the late March to May hiatus, many elite male sportsmen – and some sportswomen - operated in a bubble. Moving in and out of them was not easy. Life inside could be mentally stressful (especially in long stays of up to 150 days in sports like cricket), and tabloid and social media troll punishment awaited those who were caught going “over the fence”. But, life in the sporting bubble was generally preferable to the daily realities of those afflicted by the trauma arising from forced home confinement, and for whom watching moving sports images was scant compensation for compulsory immobility. The ethical foundation of the sparkly, ephemeral fantasy of the sporting bubble is questionable when it is placed in the service of a voracious “media sports cultural complex” (Rowe, Global Media Sport) that consumes sport labour power and rolls back progress in gender relations as a default response to a global pandemic. Covid-19 dramatically highlighted social inequalities in many areas of life, including medical care, work, and sport. For the small minority of people involved in sport who are elite professionals, the only thing worse than being in a sporting bubble during the pandemic was not being in one, as being outside precluded their participation. Being inside the bubble was a privilege, albeit a dubious one. But, as in wider society, not all sporting bubbles are created equal. Some are more opulent than others, and the experiences of the supporting and the supported can be very different. The surface of the sporting bubble may be impermanent, but when its interior is opened up to scrutiny, it reveals some very durable structures of inequality. Bubbles are made to burst. They are, by nature, temporary, translucent structures created as spectacles. As a form of luminosity, bubbles “allow a thing or object to exist only as a flash, sparkle or shimmer” (Deleuze, 52). In echoing Deleuze, Angela McRobbie (54) argues that luminosity “softens and disguises the regulative dynamics of neoliberal society”. The sporting bubble was designed to discharge that function for those millions rendered immobile by home confinement legislation in Australia and around the world, who were having to deal with the associated trauma, risk and disadvantage. 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