Relevant bibliographies by topics / Long spark

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Long spark'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Long spark"

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Zhou, J., G. Brum, A. González, B. S. Launikonis, M. D. Stern, and E. Ríos. "Ca2+ Sparks and Embers of Mammalian Muscle. Properties of the Sources." Journal of General Physiology 122, no. 1 (2003): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308796.

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Ca2+ sparks of membrane-permeabilized rat muscle cells were analyzed to derive properties of their sources. Most events identified in longitudinal confocal line scans looked like sparks, but 23% (1,000 out of 4,300) were followed by long-lasting embers. Some were preceded by embers, and 48 were “lone embers.” Average spatial width was ∼2 μm in the rat and 1.5 μm in frog events in analogous solutions. Amplitudes were 33% smaller and rise times 50% greater in the rat. Differences were highly significant. The greater spatial width was not a consequence of greater open time of the rat source, and was greatest at the shortest rise times, suggesting a wider Ca2+ source. In the rat, but not the frog, spark width was greater in scans transversal to the fiber axis. These features suggested that rat spark sources were elongated transversally. Ca2+ release was calculated in averages of sparks with long embers. Release current during the averaged ember started at 3 or 7 pA (depending on assumptions), whereas in lone embers it was 0.7 or 1.3 pA, which suggests that embers that trail sparks start with five open channels. Analysis of a spark with leading ember yielded a current ratio ranging from 37 to 160 in spark and ember, as if 37–160 channels opened in the spark. In simulations, 25–60 pA of Ca2+ current exiting a point source was required to reproduce frog sparks. 130 pA, exiting a cylindric source of 3 μm, qualitatively reproduced rat sparks. In conclusion, sparks of rat muscle require a greater current than frog sparks, exiting a source elongated transversally to the fiber axis, constituted by 35–260 channels. Not infrequently, a few of those remain open and produce the trailing ember.
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Satoh, H., L. A. Blatter, and D. M. Bers. "Effects of [Ca2+]i, SR Ca2+ load, and rest on Ca2+ spark frequency in ventricular myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 272, no. 2 (1997): H657—H668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.2.h657.

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In heart, spontaneous local increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) called "Ca2+ sparks" may be fundamental events underlying both excitation-contraction coupling and resting Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In this study, resting Ca2+ sparks were analyzed in rabbit and rat ventricular myocytes with laser scanning confocal microscopy and the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fluo 3. During the first 20 s of rest after regular electrical stimulation, both the frequency of Ca2+ sparks and SR Ca2+ content gradually decreased in rabbit. When rabbit SR Ca2+ content was decreased by reduction of stimulation rate. the initial resting spark frequency was also decreased, even though resting [Ca2+]i was unchanged. The rest-dependent decrease in spark frequency in rabbit cells was prevented by inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange (which also prevents SR Ca2+ depletion during rest). These results suggest that elevation of SR Ca2+ content can increase Ca2+ spark frequency. In contrast to rabbit cells, 20 s of rest produced a gradual increase in spark frequency in rat cells, although SR Ca2+ content was constant and Ca2+ influx was completely prevented. This indicates that there is a time-dependent increase in spark probability during rest that is independent of [Ca2+]i or SR Ca2+. This effect was also apparent in rabbit cells when SR Ca2+ depletion was prevented by blocking Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Stimulation of Ca2+ extrusion via Na+/Ca2+ exchange in the rat (by Ca2+-free superfusion, which slowly depletes SR Ca2+ content) converted the normal rest-dependent increase in spark frequency to a decrease. The amplitude of individual Ca2+ sparks increased with increasing SR Ca2+ content. In the Ca2+-overloaded state, fusion of sparks or long-lasting localized increases of [Ca2+]i were observed with increased spark frequency. We conclude that the resting frequency of Ca2+ sparks can be independently affected by changes in SR Ca2+ content, [Ca2+]i, or rest period. The latter may reflect recovery of the SR Ca2+ release channels from inactivation or adaptation.
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Muhammad, Rouf, Rizki Dwi Ardika, Andi Ibrahim Soumi, Wibi Pramanda, and Muhamad Safi'i. "Identifikasi Unjuk Kerja Mesin 4 Langkah Variasi Busi dan Koil Pengapian." JURNAL CRANKSHAFT 7, no. 2 (2024): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/cra.v7i2.12745.

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The most critical component of a motorcycle's combustion process is the spark plug, which fires sparks for the ignition system. In this research, the performance of several spark plug electrode gap diameters and materials was varied to detect how much they affected engine performance, fuel consumption, and emissions. Engine testing was conducted on a 110-cc four-stroke engine. Nickel material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.9 mm, platinum material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.8 mm, iridium material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.7 mm, and two types of ignition coils. The test findings indicated that there is a spark plug with an appropriate gap for engine performance in the form of torque and power in the B2 configuration, which has a gap of 0.8 mm. Increasing the spark plug gap produces a loss in engine performance, but it also increases it. There is an optimal point of fuel consumption in configuration B2, where raising the spark plug gap decreases fuel consumption while increasing the spark plug gap increases fuel consumption. Exhaust emissions likewise experience an optimal point in configuration B2, when exhaust emissions rise as long as the spark plug gap is increased once more, HC and CO levels decrease with an increasing spark plug gap. To examine the study on the impact of spark plugs with electrode gaps and ignition coils on engine performance, fuel consumption, and emissions. This can provide insight into a reference technique for using spark plugs and ignition coils.
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Zhao, Zheng, Chenjie Li, Xinlei Zheng, Anbang Sun, and Jiangtao Li. "Periodical discharge regime transitions under long-term repetitive nanosecond pulses." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 31, no. 4 (2022): 045005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac6050.

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Abstract Intuitively, the nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) corona and spark regimes are sustained successively after onsets due to the high background electron density and/or the surplus heat. In this paper, the NRP discharge unexpectedly swings among different regimes (corona → glow → spark → corona → …) in one pulse train, which is characterized by the periodical spark quench and reestablishment. We have investigated discharge regime instabilities by applying long-term repetitive high-voltage nanosecond pulses of ∼15 ns duration to needle–needle and needle–plane gaps in atmospheric-pressure N2 and N2–O2 mixtures. Pulse-sequence resolved electrical and optical diagnostics have been implemented to capture transition processes. The initial corona gradually grows into glow and then spark ‘pulse-by-pulse’, however, the spark regime was interrupted after a certain number of voltage pulses until the next reestablishment. Narrow pulse width impedes the discharge instability growth within one pulse, and a certain number of voltage pulses are required for the discharge regime transition. The addition of O2 dramatically boosts the duration length of spark regime. A lower output impedance of the power supply induces a higher deposited energy into a spark, however, not necessarily leads to a longer spark regime duration, although both the energy storage and the average electric field strength are approximate. Polarity effects, conventionally diminished in pulse-periodic discharges, are still evident during the discharge regime transition. The periodical discharge regime transition is qualitatively explained based on the plasma–source coupling and the evolution trajectory along the power transfer curve. Feedback mechanisms and residual-conductivity related screening effect in NRP spark discharges are analyzed based on a simplified 0D simulation. The periodical feature is probably caused by the insufficient average deposited energy per unit distance per one pulse cycle. In-depth understandings of ‘non-binary’ regimes (neither corona nor spark) and memory effect mechanisms of NRP discharges could be reached.
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Syssoev V.S., Kuznetsov Yu. A., Naumova M. Yu., et al. "Stand for research of radio emission of a long electric spark." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 4 (2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.04.53173.19070.

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On the created stand, in laboratory conditions, various phases of discharge development characteristic of lightning were simulated using an electric spark in a long air gap. With the help of special radio equipment, the radio emission of a long electric spark was investigated. It is found that at the stages of development of a spark discharge, radio emission is recorded in a long interval up to at least a frequency of 1.4 GHz. Data on radio emission in this range are of great practical importance for such areas as radio communication (during thunderstorm activity), radar, lightning direction finding. Keywords: Long electric spark, lightning discharge, radio emission, streamer discharge, lead discharge, radio communication.
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Shelobolin, A. V. "Long laser spark and electric gas breakdown." Plasma Physics Reports 26, no. 4 (2000): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.952856.

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Brookes, Ken. "Long life demands spark probe into tool performance." Metal Powder Report 62, no. 1 (2007): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(07)70022-x.

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Danilov, O. B., and S. A. Tul'ski. "An electrical discharge initiated by a long laser spark." Journal of Optical Technology 66, no. 3 (1999): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.66.000187.

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Savel'eva, V. P. "Optical shaping systems for generating a long laser spark." Journal of Optical Technology 66, no. 3 (1999): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.66.000215.

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Hadley, Scott R., Quintin Blood, Monica Rubalcava, et al. "Maternal high-altitude hypoxia and suppression of ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca2+ sparks in fetal sheep pulmonary arterial myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 303, no. 9 (2012): L799—L813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00009.2012.

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Ca2+ sparks are fundamental Ca2+ signaling events arising from ryanodine receptor (RyR) activation, events that relate to contractile and dilatory events in the pulmonary vasculature. Recent studies demonstrate that long-term hypoxia (LTH) can affect pulmonary arterial reactivity in fetal, newborn, and adult animals. Because RyRs are important to pulmonary vascular reactivity and reactivity changes with ontogeny and LTH we tested the hypothesis that RyR-generated Ca2+ signals are more active before birth and that LTH suppresses these responses. We examined these hypotheses by performing confocal imaging of myocytes in living arteries and by performing wire myography studies. Pulmonary arteries (PA) were isolated from fetal, newborn, or adult sheep that lived at low altitude or from those that were acclimatized to 3,801 m for > 100 days. Confocal imaging demonstrated preservation of the distance between the sarcoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and plasma membrane in PA myocytes. Maturation increased global Ca2+ waves and Ca2+ spark activity, with sparks becoming larger, wider, and slower. LTH preferentially depressed Ca2+ spark activity in immature pulmonary arterial myocytes, and these sparks were smaller, wider, and slower. LTH also suppressed caffeine-elicited contraction in fetal PA but augmented contraction in the newborn and adult. The influence of both ontogeny and LTH on RyR-dependent cell excitability shed new light on the therapeutic potential of these channels for the treatment of pulmonary vascular disease in newborns as well as adults.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Long spark"

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Arevalo, Liliana. "Numerical Simulations of Long Spark and Lightning Attachment." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-149171.

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The research work presented here is concerned with numerical simulations of two different electrical phenomena: Long gap electrical discharges under switching impulses and the lightning attachment process associated with positive upward leaders. The development of positive upward leaders and the progression of discharges in long gaps are attributable to two intertwined physical phenomena, namely, the leader channel and the streamer zone. The physical description and the proposed calculations of the above-mentioned phenomena are based on experimental tests conducted in long spark gaps. The methodology presented here proposes a new geometrical approximation for the representation of the streamer and the calculation of the accumulated electrical charge. Furthermore, two different approaches to representing the leader channel are applied and compared. Statistical delays before the inception of the first corona, and random distributions to represent the tortuous nature of the path taken by the leader channel were included based on the behavior observed in experimental tests, with the intention of ensuring the discharge behaved in a realistic manner. A reasonable agreement was found between the physical model and the experimental test results. A model is proposed to simulate the negative discharges produced by switching impulses using the methodology developed to simulate positive leader discharges and the physics underlying the negative leader phenomena. The validation of the method demonstrated that phenomena such as the pilot leader and negative leader currents are successfully represented. In addition, based on previous work conducted on the physics of lightning and the lightning attachment process, a new methodology is developed and tested. In this new approach, the background electric field and the ionized region, considered in conjunction with the advance of the leader segment, are computed using a novel method. The proposed methodology was employed to test two engineering methods that are accepted in international standards, the mesh method and the electro-geometrical method. The results demonstrated that the engineering approximations are consistent with the physical approach. In addition to the electrical phenomena mentioned above, one should remember that, to simplify the calculation, there are certain real effects arising from the lightning attachment process that have not been considered. In fact, when a structure is subjected to a strong electric field, it is possible to generate multiple upward leaders from that structure. This effect has not been taken into account in the numerical models available previously, and therefore the process of generating multiple upward leaders incepted over a structure is incorporated here. The results have shown that a slight advantage from the background electric field is enough for one upward connecting leader to take over, thereby forcing the others to abort the attachment process.
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Петков, Александр Александрович. "Особенности применения многошаговой модели для описания поражения объектов разрядом длинной искры". Thesis, Харківський національний економічний університет ім. Семена Кузнеця, 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/26295.

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В работе обсуждается проблема определения адекватности статистической модели, которая описывает поражение объектов длинной искрой. Показана необходимость дополнительных исследований по выбору методов, которые обеспечивают проверку согласия результатов моделирования и экспериментального распределения точек поражения плоскости.<br>The paper discusses the problem of determining the adequacy of the statistical model, which describes the defeat of objects using long sparks. It has been shown that more research is needed on the choice of methods that provide verification agreement of simulation results and experimental plane distribution points defeat.
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Klasén, Erik. "Modeling and Estimation of Long Route EGR Mass Flow in a Turbocharged Gasoline Engine." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131102.

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Due to the continuous work in the automobile industry to reduce the environmental impact, reduce fuel consumption and increase efficiency, new technologies need to be developed and implemented in vehicles. For spark ignited engines, one technology that has received more attention in recent years is long route Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), which means that exhaust gases after the turbine are transported back to the volume before the compressor in the air intake system of the engine. In this work, the components of the long route EGR system is modeled with mean value engine models in Simulink, and implemented in a existing Simulink engine model. Then different methods for estimating the mass flow over the long route EGR system are compared, and the transport delays for the recirculated exhaust gases in the engines air intake system are modeled. This work is based on measurements done on an engine rig, on which a long route EGR system was installed. Finally, some ideas on how a long route EGR system on a gasoline engine can be controlled are presented based on the results in this thesis work.
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Koutsoumpakis, Georgios. "Spark-based Application for Abnormal Log Detection." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-233335.

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Ericsson is a world-leader in the rapidly-changing environment of communications technology and thus it is important to provide reliable and high quality networks. Automated test loops are executed frequently, trying to find problems  in Ericsson's products but, since test cases alone are not always adequate,  machine learning techniques  are sometimes  used to find abnormal system behaviour. The Awesome Automatic Log Analysis Application (AALAA) tries to find such behaviour by checking the log files produced during the testing, using machine learning techniques. Unfortunately,  its performance is not sufficient as it requires  a lot of time to process the logs and to train the model. This thesis manages to improve AALAAs performance by implementing a new version that uses Apache Spark, a general purpose  cluster  computing system, for both the processing of the data and for the training of the machine learning algorithm.
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Duncan, Tyeliah Elaine. "Modeling and centralization of strategic inventory for repairable and long lead-time spare parts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66067.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2011.<br>Vita. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-60).<br>This thesis develops an optimal inventory model for repairable and long leadtime spare parts for an Engine overhaul business. In addition, it presents a business case for centralization of inventory. Pratt & Whitney purchased the Norway Engine Center (NEC) in 2000. Two new engine centers, the Shanghai Engine Center (SEC) and the Turkey Engine Center (TEC) opened as joint ventures in 2009. While all three engine centers overhaul the same engine, they each make independent decisions regarding material strategy. Operations are expected to grow substantially at the two newest centers. Current inventory practices are not sustainable as operations expand. In addition, the overhaul business is a competitive market and there is growing pressure to decrease engine turn-around-time (TAT). An optimal material strategy is needed to reduce the material sourcing time and therefore reduce overall TAT. This project develops an inventory strategy that will significantly reduce TAT with minimal additional inventory investment. To accomplish this, an inventory model was developed to determine the optimal inventory level and then using this model, the business case for using centralization to reduce both holding cost and material sourcing time was investigated. All inventory in the engine centers were considered in this project, however rotable material became the focus of this research as it has the largest impact on the engine center through its high value and long lead-times. Rotable material is inventory used to buffer against the lead-time of parts out for repair. In the engine overhaul business material sourcing time is built into the process. This means that material is not needed immediately but rather after some specified amount of time. This feature is central to the rotable inventory model. The model determines the mean and variance of the excess lead-time - the portion of the lead-time that occurs after the specified time allotted. The excess lead-time is used to determine the optimal reorder point. Using this model, we show that centralization of rotable material will reduce inventory value by more than 30% over the current decentralized system both using the current TAT as well as the proposed TAT.<br>by Tyeliah Elaine Duncan.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Arcanjo, Marcelo Augusto Sousa. "Corona discharges from grounded rods and 337/777 nm emissions of laboratory long sparks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673993.

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This thesis presents an investigation on the signatures of corona discharges from grounded rods under thunderstorms and in the laboratory, with optical detections in the 337/777 nm wavelengths for high voltage sparks. This PhD project is contextualized in the European program: Science and Innovation with thunderstorms (SAINT), funded by the Horizon 2020 / Marie Sklodowska Curie Action (Grant agreement ID: 722337). Under conditions of electrification, charged clouds produce an enhancement of the electric field at the ground level. That, in turn, can lead to corona discharges that produce a space charge layer in the vicinity of grounded structures. The study of this phenomenon is useful for the understanding of lightning-related processes and attachment. In addition to the electrical current obtained from the discharges, another important variable is the optical signature generated by the plasma channels. Emissions in many spectra lines associated with reactions of streamers and leaders with the main components of the atmosphere are relevant for visual observations. This work presents a chapter for current literature review of the processes associated with lightning and the main concepts applied. Then, a detailed description of the instrumentation available for the tests carried out in the laboratory and in the field is provided. The first article of this compendium presents data obtained with experiments of a grounded rod under high background electric field in the laboratory and the field. A limited number of works in the literature have presented such data. An analysis correlating pulse frequency, electric field level and average wind speed is the main novelty of the article. A congress paper annexed in the thesis complements the findings comparing the discharges observed at two other experimental sites. The second article describes a compilation of results obtained in the laboratory for investigating optical signatures in two specific lines of the spectra (337 nm and 777 nm), the ones with stronger emissions in lightning-like events. There is special relevance of such experiments for supporting satellite-based observations of lightning by the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) that perform optical measurements in the same wavelength ranges and the operational lightning imagers such as Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) and the future Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager (MTG-LI). The conclusions are presented, together with the prospects for future work following the original results achieved with this PhD. This thesis ends with a detailed description of the dissemination activities (presentation at seminars and conferences, coauthored publications in journals and at conferences) and training activities received throughout this project. Finally, the appendix present additional developments and applications of the sensor developed during this doctorate, comprising experiments performed during a two-month internship at the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), and one section with results for the use of photometers to determine the initiation of an upward leader. Such experiments are particularly interesting for understanding space charge production and in the validation of lightning rods. The concepts applied to the development of a corona discharge current sensor were patented together with Dena Desarrollos, the company where the investigations were carried out during this doctorate.<br>Esta tesis presenta una investigación sobre las huellas de descargas de corona en pararrayos durante tormentas eléctricas y en el laboratorio, con detecciones ópticas en las longitudes de onda de 337/777 nm para descargas de alto voltaje. Este proyecto de doctorado se contextualiza en el programa europeo: Science and Innovation with thunderstorms (SAINT), financiado por la Acción Horizon 2020 / Marie Sklodowska Curie (Acuerdo de subvención ID: 722337). En condiciones de electrificación, las nubes cargadas producen un aumento del campo eléctrico a nivel del suelo. Eso, a su vez, puede ocasionar descargas de corona que producen una capa de carga espacial en las proximidades de las estructuras conectadas a tierra. El estudio de este fenómeno es útil para comprender los procesos y la conexión de los canales de los rayos. Además de la corriente eléctrica obtenida de las descargas, otra variable importante es la huella óptica (las señales ópticas a lo largo del tiempo) generada por los canales de plasma. Las emisiones en muchas líneas espectrales asociadas con reacciones de streamers y líderes con los componentes principales de la atmósfera son relevantes para las observaciones visuales. Este trabajo presenta un capítulo de revisión de la literatura actual sobre los procesos asociados a las descargas atmosféricas y los principales conceptos aplicados. A continuación, se realiza una descripción detallada de la instrumentación disponible para las pruebas realizadas en laboratorio y en campo. El primer artículo de este compendio presenta datos obtenidos con experimentos de una varilla puesta a tierra sujeta a un campo eléctrico de fondo elevado en laboratorio y en campo. Un número limitado de trabajos en la literatura han presentado dichos datos. Un análisis que correlaciona la frecuencia del pulso, el nivel del campo eléctrico y la velocidad media del viento es la principal novedad del artículo. Un artículo presentado en congreso adjunto a la tesis complementa los resultados y realiza una comparación de las descargas observadas en otros dos sitios experimentales. El segundo artículo presenta una recopilación de resultados obtenidos en el laboratorio para la investigación de la huella óptica en dos líneas específicas de los espectros (337 nm y 777 nm), las que tienen emisiones más intensas en los rayos. Existe una relevancia especial de dichos experimentos para respaldar las observaciones de rayos basadas en satélites por el Monitor de Interacciones Atmosfera-Espacio (ASIM) que realiza mediciones ópticas en los mismos rangos de longitud de onda y los generadores de imágenes de rayos operacionales como Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) y el futuro Meteosat Third Generation Lightning Imager (MTG-LI). Se presentan las conclusiones, junto con las perspectivas de trabajo futuro siguiendo los resultados originales alcanzados con este doctorado. Esta tesis finaliza con una descripción detallada de las actividades de difusión (presentación en seminarios y congresos, publicaciones en coautoría en revistas y congresos) y actividades formativas recibidas a lo largo de este proyecto. Finalmente, el apéndice presenta desarrollos y aplicaciones adicionales del sensor desarrollado durante este doctorado, que comprende experimentos realizados durante período de prácticas de dos meses en la Universidad Tecnológica de Eindhoven (TU/e), y un apartado con resultados para el uso de fotómetros para determinar la iniciación de un líder ascendente. Estos experimentos son particularmente interesantes para comprender la producción de cargas espaciales y en la validación de pararrayos. Los conceptos aplicados al desarrollo del sensor de corriente de descarga corona fueron patentados junto con Dena Desarrollos, empresa donde se llevaron a cabo las investigaciones durante este doctorado.<br>Enginyeria Elèctrica
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Dubuc, Clémence. "A Real- time Log Correlation System for Security Information and Event Management." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300452.

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The correlation of several events in a period of time is a necessity for a threat detection platform. In the case of multistep attacks (attacks characterized by a sequence of executed commands), it allows detecting the different steps one by one and correlating them to raise an alert. It also allows detecting abnormal behaviors on the IT system, for example, multiple suspicious actions performed by the same account. The correlation of security events increases the security of the system and reduces the number of false positives. The correlation of the events is made thanks to pre- existing correlation rules. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the feasibility of using a correlation engine based on Apache Spark. There is a necessity of changing the actual correlation system because it is not scalable, it cannot handle all the incoming data and it cannot perform some types of correlation like aggregating the events by attributes or counting the cardinality. The novelty is the improvement of the performance and the correlation capacities of the system. Two systems are proposed for correlating events in this project. The first one is based on Apache Spark Structured Streaming and analyzed the flow of security logs in real- time. As the results are not satisfactory, a second system is implemented. It uses a more traditional approach by storing the logs into an Elastic Search cluster and does correlation queries on it. In the end, the two systems are able to correlate the logs of the platform. Nevertheless, the system based on Apache Spark uses too many resources by correlation rule and it is too expensive to launch hundreds of correlation queries at the same time. For those reasons, the system based on Elastic Search is preferred and is implemented in the workflow.<br>Korrelation av flera händelser under en viss tidsperiod är en nödvändighet för plattformen för hotdetektering. När det gäller attacker i flera steg (attacker som kännetecknas av en sekvens av utförda kommandon) gör det möjligt att upptäcka de olika stegen ett efter ett och korrelera dem för att utlösa en varning. Den gör det också möjligt att upptäcka onormala beteenden i IT- systemet, t.ex. flera misstänkta åtgärder som utförs av samma konto. Korrelationen av säkerhetshändelser ökar systemets säkerhet och minskar antalet falska positiva upptäckter. Korrelationen av händelserna görs tack vare redan existerande korrelationsregler. Målet med den här avhandlingen är att utvärdera genomförbarheten av en korrelationsmotor baserad på Apache Spark. Det är nödvändigt att ändra det nuvarande korrelationssystemet eftersom det inte är skalbart, det kan inte hantera alla inkommande data och det kan inte utföra vissa typer av korrelation, t.ex. aggregering av händelserna efter attribut eller beräkning av kardinaliteten. Det nya är att förbättra systemets prestanda och korrelationskapacitet. I detta projekt föreslås två system för korrelering av händelser. Det första bygger på Apache Spark Structured Streaming och analyserade flödet av säkerhetsloggar i realtid. Eftersom resultaten inte var tillfredsställande har ett andra system införts. Det använder ett mer traditionellt tillvägagångssätt genom att lagra loggarna i ett Elastic Searchkluster och göra korrelationsförfrågningar på dem. I slutändan kan de två systemen korrelera plattformens loggar. Det system som bygger på Apache Spark använder dock för många resurser per korrelationsregel och det är för dyrt att starta hundratals korrelationsförfrågningar samtidigt. Av dessa skäl föredras systemet baserat på Elastic Search och det implementeras i arbetsflödet.
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Bock, Anna [Verfasser], Annette [Akademischer Betreuer] Menzel, and Tim H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Sparks. "Detection of the impacts of climate change on plants from novel unexploited long-term datasets / Anna Bock. Gutachter: Annette Menzel ; Tim H. Sparks. Betreuer: Annette Menzel." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/105149687X/34.

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Pospíšilová, Iva. "Mezinárodní standardy účetního výkaznictví versus česká úprava dlouhodobého majetku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221962.

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The master´s thesis deals with long-term assets. It contains analysis of differences in appreciation of the long-term assets between czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards IFRS/IAS, and succesive application of ascertained differences into the corporate enterprise with the target to find out the impact on trading income.
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CHEN, SHIH-HSUAN, and 陳世軒. "Integrating Latent Semantic Indexing and Clustering Algorithms to Develop a Long-Term Care 2.0 App based on Spark." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wnw89d.

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碩士<br>國立虎尾科技大學<br>資訊工程系碩士班<br>107<br>The main reason for the low usage rate of long-term care 2.0 is that most people do not understand the long-term care 2.0 system, and how to improve the awareness and usage of long-term care is the main purpose of this study. This study proposes to Integrating LSI, K-means and K-NN into Semantic Cloud Framework (ILKKSCF) to solve the above problems. The main of the system is to use the Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), K-means and K-NN in Machine Learning and combine the Semantic Web, and to analyze Big Data based on cloud computing. Collect articles related to long-term care and divide them into words through Jieba. Matrix Market Format is used to transform words into matrix vectors, and TF-IDF is used to calculate the weights of words. Then LSI module is established to find out the hidden association between words, and then K-means algorithm is used to cluster the words. This research constructs a Long-Term Care Application Platform (LCAP), collects the user's problems about Long-Term 2.0 through LCAP, inputs them to the built LSI module, and classifies the problems by through K-NN algorithm. Finally, find out the matching articles through the Cosine Similarity to reply to the user. In addition, the user information collected by LCAP and the long-term care sites in Open Data are integrated into the long-term care sites and services recommended by Semantic Web. Due to the huge amount of data accumulated over the years, Spark is used to integrate Machine Learning and Semantic Web into cloud computing to improve the speed, and the K-value settings of Spark in LSI, K-means and cloud performance tests under different data volumes are compared. In this study, the accuracy and satisfaction of the survey are evaluated systematically. According to the results, LSI and K-means can meet the needs of the system at K=300, and the total satisfaction score of 5 is 4.15, which verifies the feasibility of ILKKSCF.
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Books on the topic "Long spark"

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Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Internal Combustion Engine Division Technical. Proceedings of the 2004 Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division: Presented at Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division, October 24-27, 2004, Long Beach, California, USA. ASME, 2004.

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Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Internal Combustion Engine Division Technical. Proceedings of the 2004 Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division: Presented at 2004 Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division : October 24-27, 2004, Long Beach, California, USA. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2004.

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ʼBrug Sgar Dpe-mdzod-khaṅ (Darjeeling, India), ред. Zla thoʼi tshes khoṅs re la ʼchar baʼi lṅa bsdus gtsoʼi rten ʼbrel ñi ma spar sme sa bdag sogs gsal bar ston paʼi me loṅ bi ha ra tisma. ʼBrug Sgar Dpe-mdzod-khaṅ nas dpar du bskrun, 2004.

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Weisbrod, Roberta. Clean Transportation for New York : A Long Road Ahead. INFORM, Inc, 2000.

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Brier, Shawanda. Starting a Long Distance Relationship : Step-By-Step Guide on How to Keep the Spark of Love Alive: How to Survive a Long Distance Relationship for a Long Time. Independently Published, 2021.

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Harris, Shauna J. Speaking of Sex: Reignite the Spark in Your Relationship, Spice up Your Sex Life, and Create Long-Lasting Love. Explore Intimacy, 2021.

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Royce, Gregory E. How to Have Great Sex: Discover Secrets to Making Love and Reigniting the Spark in a Long Term Relationship. Independently Published, 2022.

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Phillips, Kendall R. Controversial Cinema. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400631719.

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At the heart of any history of controversial films is a strange paradox: while films, especially popular and mainstream films, are often portrayed as meaningless products of popular culture, those popular films involved in public controversies become the focal point of enormous cultural energy, political attention, and profoundly conflicting sets of principles. The ongoing culture wars continue to shape the American political landscape, and controversial films continue to be a major point of conflict. Controversial Cinema: The Films that Outraged America traces the history of controversial films and offers insights into why it is that certain films spark controversies, and how Americans typically react to controversial moviemaking. Since the widespread banning of DW Griffith's The Birth of a Nation, the American film industry has found itself embroiled in one political controversy after another. These controversies have centered on everything from the portrayal of the past, as in Griffith's film, to depictions of sex and sexuality, to the use of graphic violence, and issues of race, religion, and politics. In turn, segments of the American public have been driven to boycott, picket, and even censor those films they felt challenged their sense of decency. At the heart of this history of controversial films is a strange paradox: while films, especially popular and mainstream films, are often portrayed as meaningless products of popular culture, popular films involved in public controversies become the focal point of enormous cultural energy and political attention. The ongoing culture wars thus continue to shape the American political landscape, and controversial films continue to be a major point of conflict. In the course of this wide-ranging work, Kendall Phillips offers insights into the kinds of films that spark controversies, and the ways that Americans typically react to them. Organized around broad controversial themes and with particular attention to mainstream films since the dissolution of the Motion Picture Production Code in the mid-1960s, Controversial Cinema explores why films spark broad cultural controversies, how these controversies play out, and the long-term results. The four broad areas of controversy examined in the work are: Sex and Sexuality, Violence, Race, and Religion. Each chapter offers a broad overview of the history of these topics in controversial American films as well as more in-depth examinations of recent examples, including The Silence of the Lambs, Natural Born Killers, Do the Right Thing, and The Passion of the Christ. A final section of the book considers the broader issues of cultural politics in light of the long history of controversial cinema.
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Aksamit, Inga. The Hungry Spork: A Long Distance Hiker's Guide to Meal Planning. Pacific Adventures Press, 2017.

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Harrington, James C., and Sidney G. Hall III. Three Mystics Walk into a Tavern. Hamilton Books, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780761877967.

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In Three Mystics Walk into a Tavern, Jalal ad-Din Rumi, Moses de León, and Meister Eckhart—three of the greatest mystics of all time—meet in Venice for an imaginary night-long conversation that will inspire everyday individuals of the twenty-first century to find their own spirituality and realize that everyone can be a mystic. Although the mystics came from different backgrounds and religious traditions (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity), their spiritual paths led them to similar understandings of a union with the Divine. The three mystics have a timeless and timely message for people who walk the earth eight centuries after they did, no matter an individual’s religious background or even if they have none. It is a message of connecting with the “divine spark” deep within us and within the universe.
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Book chapters on the topic "Long spark"

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van Deinsen, Lieke. "Female Faces in the Fraternity. Printed Portraits Galleries and the Construction and Circulation of Images of Learned Women in the Republic of Letters." In Gender and Cultural Mediation in the Long Eighteenth Century. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46939-8_5.

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AbstractHow women tried to secure a place in the early modern male-dominated intellectual field has been the subject of numerous studies over the last decade. The most visible sign of their growing presence in the intellectual field—their printed portraits—has, however, received surprisingly little critical attention. This chapter discusses printed portraits of learned women as vehicles of public image in the male-dominated Republic of Letters. It unravels how the inclusion of the likenesses of four prominent contemporary learned women—Luise Gottsched, Emilie Du Châtelet, Laura Bassi and Magdalena Sibylla Rieger—in one of the most ambitious printed portrait galleries of the eighteenth century, the Bilder-Sal, contributed to their representation as intellectual authority in the Republic of Letters. Especially due to their visual nature their portraits proved ideal vehicles to readily disseminated representations of female intellectual authority across regional, national and linguistic borders, finding their ways to the study rooms of prominent scholars. As such, they contributed to a more inclusive image of the intellectual across Europe. It remained, however, a fine line between embodying intellectual authority and maintaining female modesty. Besides reflections on their intellectual capacities, these women’s portraits continued to spark discussions on their physical—and evidently female—appearances.
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Ran, Kun, Yingbo Cui, Zihang Wang, and Shaoliang Peng. "Performance Evaluation of Spark, Ray and MPI: A Case Study on Long Read Alignment Algorithm." In Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0798-0_4.

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Salomon, Anton, Mykhaylo Motylenko, Martin Thümmler, and David Rafaja. "Interface Reactions Between the Metal Melt and the Filter Surface Activated by a Spark Plasma Sintering Process." In Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_7.

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AbstractThe reactions between newly developed filter materials and metal melts containing various inclusions were analyzed under laboratory conditions. For the melt production, a Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) apparatus was utilized. The SPS process provides very high heating rates, which emulate the thermo-shock during a real filtration process, and variable reaction times, which allows to simulate both, short and long filtration processes. The short-time filtration processes are relevant for die-casting, where one ton of a steel passes the filter in approx. 15 s, the long-term ones for continuous casting taking several hours. In the SPS process, the convection of the steel melt is suspended, which makes the interpretation of the interfacial reactions and reaction kinetics more straightforward and trustworthy. Furthermore, the SPS process allows speeding up the reaction diffusion kinetics by using tiny diffusion couples having the form of powder mixtures that contain the metal or alloy and the functional filter material under study. In such samples, the equilibrium state that is suitable for a direct comparison with the results of thermodynamic simulations can be achieved very quickly.
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Stevens, Laura M. "“Spare his life to save his soul”: Enthralled Lovers and Heathen Converts in “The Four Indian Kings Garland”." In Atlantic Worlds in the Long Eighteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137014610_7.

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Chawla, Suruchi. "Deep Web Search Log Mining Using Spark for Efficient and Scalable Web Information Retrieval." In Computational Vision and Bio-Inspired Computing. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9819-5_2.

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Widyawasta and Alief Wikarta. "The Effect of the Wing Taper Ratio to Spar Strength for a Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAV." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7898-0_59.

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Ahamada Rachid, Nahdhoit, Hilal Erdogan, and Nihal Dogruoz Gungor. "Microorganisms: Saviors of the Globe Facing the Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Change." In Ecological Dynamics in the Face of Climate Change. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359258.1.

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Climate change refers to long-term changes in atmospheric conditions, surface temperatures, sea levels, and weather patterns around the world. This change results from natural processes accelerated by anthropogenic activities. These changes have a serious impact on natural ecosystems and endanger life on Earth by causing great pressure on biodiversity and loss of biodiversity. Microorganisms contribute to vital cycles such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is worrying that the disruption of these cycles and ecological balances by the impact of climate change will negatively affect critical processes such as the food webs in both terrestrial and aquatic environments or soil bioremediation capacity. Research has provided a better understanding of the ability of microorganisms to adapt to climate change and its impacts on ecosystem functions. Even in the face of these extreme conditions caused by global warming, the microbial world continues to spare no effort to help mitigate the consequences of this global scourge.
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Weber, D., B. Kirsch, C. R. D‘Elia, B. S. Linke, M. R. Hill, and J. C. Aurich. "Simulation-Based Investigation of the Distortion of Milled Thin-Walled Aluminum Structural Parts Due to Residual Stresses." In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Physical Modeling for Virtual Manufacturing Systems and Processes. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35779-4_9.

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AbstractNowadays, aluminum components in aircraft are mainly found in the form of thin-walled monolithic structural parts of the internal fuselage and the wings as spars and ribs [1]. This is because these components have excellent material properties for lightweight applications, such as a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance [2]. A typical manufacturing process to produce such structural components is milling. For these weight-optimized, monolithic components, up to 95% of the material is removed by machining [3]. The challenge with these thin-walled structural components, which are up to 14 m long, is that part distortion can occur because of the manufacturing-specific process chain [4]. Residual stresses due to machining and upstream processes such as forming, and heat-treatments are known to be the key factor for causing those distortions [5].In this research the effect of the residual stresses, the machining strategy, the part topology and the geometry, including the wall-thickness, on distortion were investigated experimentally, and simulatively by validated virtual models based on the finite-element method. Those models can then be used to predict the distortion. At the end distortion minimization techniques were derived.
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Johnson, Erica L. "Wreckognition: Archival Ruins in Dionne Brand’s The Blue Clerk." In Chronotropics. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32111-5_3.

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AbstractDionne Brand’s The Blue Clerk: Ars Poetica in 59 Versos (2018) is an exquisite address to the problem of the colonial archive and the challenges it poses to literature. Brand has long engaged this issue in her writing, and in her recent work of poetry she structures her interrogation with two figures, the “author” and the “clerk.” The author and clerk sometimes spar and sometimes mirror one another in their ongoing arguments and conversations about the poet’s writing and the clerk’s duty to the unwritten record of what is left out of the archive. The structuring debate between the clerk, the archivist and keeper of bales of paper, and the author, the keeper of memory and experience, addresses the fact that in a Caribbean context, archival records are not so much historical evidence as they are remains and ruins of histories untold. Remnants, ruins, and wrecks, colonial archives entice artists and writers to do counter-archival work that dives into the wreck, that does the work Brand does in The Blue Clerk, of what I call in this chapter, wreckognition.
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Bazelyan, E. M., and Yu P. Raizer. "Long Streamers." In Spark Discharge. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203739075-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Long spark"

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T, Smaznova Kh, and E. V. Parkevich. "Increasing the sensitivity of spark discharge diagnostics during the transition to the long-wave region." In 2024 International Conference Laser Optics (ICLO). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclo59702.2024.10624272.

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Qiao, J. J., Q. Yang, and Q. Xiong. "Vibrational excitation of N2 in the spark-and-glow phases of a long-pulse air discharge at atmospheric pressure." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icops58192.2024.10627013.

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Rizvi, Md Imbesat, Xiaodan Zhu, and Iryna Gurevych. "SpaRC and SpaRP: Spatial Reasoning Characterization and Path Generation for Understanding Spatial Reasoning Capability of Large Language Models." In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.261.

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Beroual, A., J. H. Rakotonandrasana, and I. Fofana. "Modeling laboratory negative long spark discharges." In 2009 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.2009.5377846.

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Waters, R. T. "The long spark and lightning simulation." In IEE Colloquium on Advances in HV Technology. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19960998.

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Nakai, Meroji, Yasuhiko Nakagawa, Kyugo Hamai, and Masazumi Sone. "Stabilized Combustion in a Spark Ignited Engine through a Long Spark Duration." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/850075.

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Agafonov, A. V., A. V. Oginov, A. A. Rodionov, and K. V. Shpakov. "Current filaments in a long spark in air." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2015.7179538.

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Truman, K. P., and M. W. Niehaus. "Development of a long-life triggered spark gap." In The 33rd IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, 2006. ICOPS 2006. IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2006.1707019.

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Rager, Jochen, Jochen Böhm, Thomas Kaiser, Alexander Flaig, and Frank Mücklich. "Design and Materials for Long-Life Spark Plugs." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0617.

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Truman, Keith, and Matthew Niehaus. "Development of a Long Life Triggered Spark Gap." In 2006 Twenty-Seventh International Power Modulator Symposium. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/modsym.2006.365285.

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Reports on the topic "Long spark"

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Biagi, C., and M. Uman. Observations and Modeling of Long Negative Laboratory Discharges: Identifying the Physics Important to an Electrical Spark in Air. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1034491.

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Beshouri and Huschenbett. PR-309-06201-R01 Pre-Production and Production Ion Sense Hardware and Cylinder Level Sensing. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010544.

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In 2001, the Compressor and Pump Station Technical Committee (CAPSTC) recognized the importance of cylinder level sensing and control to minimize NOx emissions while maintaining optimum engine performance, therefore, a CAPSTC member brought the concept of ion sense to the committee as an alternative to fiber optic pressure sensors for continuous combustion performance monitoring. Derived from automotive technology, ion sense utilizes post ignition ionization measurements from a standard spark plug to monitor the combustions process. Based on successful feasibility tests at Colorado State University�s (CSU) GMV-4, the commercialization team focused their efforts on developing a product for Open Combustion Chamber (OCC) Two Stroke Cycle (2SC) lean burn engines. By 2010, the commercialization team of Advanced Engine Technologies Corporation (AETC), Altronic, and Mecel developed commercial hardware and conducted extensive mapping and long term testing on three different 2SC OCC engines operated by three different companies.
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Mercer, Elaine. Exploring Female-headed Households’ Sanitation Needs, Tasikmalaya. The Sanitation Learning Hub, Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2023.015.

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Female-headed households often get left behind in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programming and policy. This SLH Learning Paper presents findings and recommendations for action, from the participatory video research project, ‘Sanitation, health and livelihood issues for female-headed households in Tasikmalaya’. The project supported eight women in Awiluar village, Tasikmalaya, (a peri-urban community in west-Java, Indonesia), to explore the challenges they face and ideas for solution using a participatory video process. The process included activities to develop personal confidence, teamwork, collective and visual storytelling, reflective enquiry, communication skills and audio-visual technical skills. The women collectively created a video to communicate their sanitation, health and livelihood priorities, which was screened with local government officials and community members promoting vital dialogue and encouraging action. The aim of the project was to ensure that the specific needs and long-term interests of female-headed households are better met going forward. Further details on the approach can be found in the accompanying SLH Learning Paper, 'Using participatory video for empowerment in sanitation programming'; this describes key activities involved and their value to programming. It aims to spark sanitation and hygiene researchers’ interest in the potential for using participatory video.
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Leveque, E., M. Zarea, R. Batisse, and P. Roovers. IPC-BST-R01 Burst Strength of Gouges in Low Toughness Gas Transmission Pipes. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011781.

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EPRG research aimed at establishing a limit on the toughness value that separates toughness-dependent from toughness-independent failure behavior. More specifically, one objective is to evaluate the toughness-dependent Battelle formula for burst resistance of gouges for (very) low toughness values. This mainly experimental project checks this behavior on several gas transmission pipes, a small diameter one, 150 mm, a medium diameter one, 350 mm, and a large diameter one, 900 mm. Pipe material is carefully characterized in terms of tensile properties, Charpy energy, and shear area. Then, based on the toughness independent criterion, a set of gouges is defined, of different depths/lengths, so as to span the different regions of the criterion, covering both short and long defects. These defects are manufactured by spark erosion, resulting in thin slits. Each such slit is incorporated into a vessel that is submitted to a burst test, with a number of additional measurements, like strain gauges on the pipe surface, a clip gauge et the center of the defect. For the small and medium sized pipes, temperature is also controlled during the test, to ensure it is as low as practically feasible, without heavy infrastructure. The results are interpreted both in terms of comparison with the criteria, and also in terms of analysis of the failure surface, to identify failure mechanisms.
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Funaro, Rita. Ideas for Development in the Americas (IDEA): Volume 10 : May-August, 2006: Bond Markets: A Spare tire for the Domestic Financial System? Inter-American Development Bank, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008219.

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Bond development in Latin America presents something of a mixed picture. This edition of IDEA looks at how local bond markets have grown in size and liquidity but continue to lag behind emerging economies in Asia in a number of dimensions. How long will it take Latin America to develop deep and liquid bond markets? In addressing this question, the newsletter draws heavily on the 2007 issue of the Economic and Social Progress Report titled Living with Debt and on the results of the Latin American Research Network project on the Development of Bond Markets in Latin America.
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