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Journal articles on the topic 'Long spark'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Zhou, J., G. Brum, A. González, B. S. Launikonis, M. D. Stern, and E. Ríos. "Ca2+ Sparks and Embers of Mammalian Muscle. Properties of the Sources." Journal of General Physiology 122, no. 1 (2003): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308796.

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Ca2+ sparks of membrane-permeabilized rat muscle cells were analyzed to derive properties of their sources. Most events identified in longitudinal confocal line scans looked like sparks, but 23% (1,000 out of 4,300) were followed by long-lasting embers. Some were preceded by embers, and 48 were “lone embers.” Average spatial width was ∼2 μm in the rat and 1.5 μm in frog events in analogous solutions. Amplitudes were 33% smaller and rise times 50% greater in the rat. Differences were highly significant. The greater spatial width was not a consequence of greater open time of the rat source, and

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2

Satoh, H., L. A. Blatter, and D. M. Bers. "Effects of [Ca2+]i, SR Ca2+ load, and rest on Ca2+ spark frequency in ventricular myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 272, no. 2 (1997): H657—H668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.2.h657.

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In heart, spontaneous local increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) called "Ca2+ sparks" may be fundamental events underlying both excitation-contraction coupling and resting Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In this study, resting Ca2+ sparks were analyzed in rabbit and rat ventricular myocytes with laser scanning confocal microscopy and the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fluo 3. During the first 20 s of rest after regular electrical stimulation, both the frequency of Ca2+ sparks and SR Ca2+ content gradually decreased in rabbit. When rabbit SR Ca2+ content was decreased

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3

Muhammad, Rouf, Rizki Dwi Ardika, Andi Ibrahim Soumi, Wibi Pramanda, and Muhamad Safi'i. "Identifikasi Unjuk Kerja Mesin 4 Langkah Variasi Busi dan Koil Pengapian." JURNAL CRANKSHAFT 7, no. 2 (2024): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24176/cra.v7i2.12745.

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The most critical component of a motorcycle's combustion process is the spark plug, which fires sparks for the ignition system. In this research, the performance of several spark plug electrode gap diameters and materials was varied to detect how much they affected engine performance, fuel consumption, and emissions. Engine testing was conducted on a 110-cc four-stroke engine. Nickel material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.9 mm, platinum material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.8 mm, iridium material spark plugs with a gap dimension of 0.7 mm, and two types of ignition coils. The

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4

Zhao, Zheng, Chenjie Li, Xinlei Zheng, Anbang Sun, and Jiangtao Li. "Periodical discharge regime transitions under long-term repetitive nanosecond pulses." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 31, no. 4 (2022): 045005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac6050.

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Abstract Intuitively, the nanosecond repetitively pulsed (NRP) corona and spark regimes are sustained successively after onsets due to the high background electron density and/or the surplus heat. In this paper, the NRP discharge unexpectedly swings among different regimes (corona → glow → spark → corona → …) in one pulse train, which is characterized by the periodical spark quench and reestablishment. We have investigated discharge regime instabilities by applying long-term repetitive high-voltage nanosecond pulses of ∼15 ns duration to needle–needle and needle–plane gaps in atmospheric-press

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5

Syssoev V.S., Kuznetsov Yu. A., Naumova M. Yu., et al. "Stand for research of radio emission of a long electric spark." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 4 (2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.04.53173.19070.

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On the created stand, in laboratory conditions, various phases of discharge development characteristic of lightning were simulated using an electric spark in a long air gap. With the help of special radio equipment, the radio emission of a long electric spark was investigated. It is found that at the stages of development of a spark discharge, radio emission is recorded in a long interval up to at least a frequency of 1.4 GHz. Data on radio emission in this range are of great practical importance for such areas as radio communication (during thunderstorm activity), radar, lightning direction f

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6

Shelobolin, A. V. "Long laser spark and electric gas breakdown." Plasma Physics Reports 26, no. 4 (2000): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.952856.

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7

Brookes, Ken. "Long life demands spark probe into tool performance." Metal Powder Report 62, no. 1 (2007): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(07)70022-x.

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8

Danilov, O. B., and S. A. Tul'ski. "An electrical discharge initiated by a long laser spark." Journal of Optical Technology 66, no. 3 (1999): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.66.000187.

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9

Savel'eva, V. P. "Optical shaping systems for generating a long laser spark." Journal of Optical Technology 66, no. 3 (1999): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.66.000215.

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10

Hadley, Scott R., Quintin Blood, Monica Rubalcava, et al. "Maternal high-altitude hypoxia and suppression of ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca2+ sparks in fetal sheep pulmonary arterial myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 303, no. 9 (2012): L799—L813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00009.2012.

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Ca2+ sparks are fundamental Ca2+ signaling events arising from ryanodine receptor (RyR) activation, events that relate to contractile and dilatory events in the pulmonary vasculature. Recent studies demonstrate that long-term hypoxia (LTH) can affect pulmonary arterial reactivity in fetal, newborn, and adult animals. Because RyRs are important to pulmonary vascular reactivity and reactivity changes with ontogeny and LTH we tested the hypothesis that RyR-generated Ca2+ signals are more active before birth and that LTH suppresses these responses. We examined these hypotheses by performing confoc

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11

Huang, Shengfang, Zhibo Zhang, Huimin Song, Yun Wu, and Yinghong Li. "A Novel Way to Enhance the Spark Plasma-Assisted Ignition for an Aero-Engine Under Low Pressure." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (2018): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091533.

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Finding a new ignition strategy for ignition enhancement in a lean-burn combustor has always been the biggest challenge for high-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It is of great importance for the development of high-altitude, long-endurance aircraft to improve the secondary ignition ability of the aero-engine at high altitude where the ignition capability of the aero-engine igniter rapidly declines. An innovative ignition mode is therefore urgently needed. A novel plasma-assisted ignition method based on a multichannel discharge jet-enhanced spark (MDJS) was proposed i

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12

Hopland, Arnt O. "Long-run relationship between investment and maintenance in local governments." Facilities 34, no. 11/12 (2016): 703–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-02-2015-0006.

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Purpose The purpose of the paper is to analyze the relationship between maintenance of existent and investment in new infrastructure in Norwegian local governments. Design/methodology/approach A reduced form vector autoregressive system is estimated using a 29-year-long panel data set for the Norwegian local governments. Findings The data reveal that increased investment in new infrastructure sparks little, if any, increase in maintenance. The results also indicate that increased maintenance expenditures spark new investments. Because more investments mean more infrastructure and adequate main

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13

Wuerker, R. F., J. Chen, W. Beam, and E. Nichols. "Pulsed energy storage antennas for ionospheric modification." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 1 (2005): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-101-2005.

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Abstract. Interesting, "new", very high peak-power pulsed radio frequency (RF) antennas have been assembled at the HIPAS Observatory (Alaska, USA) and also at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA, USA); namely, a pair of quarter wavelength (λ/4) long cylindrical conductors separated by a high voltage spark gap. Such a combination can radiate multi-megawatt RF pulses whenever the spark gap fires. The antenna at HIPAS is 53m long (λ/2) with a central pressurized SF6 spark gap. It is mounted 5 meters (λ/21) above a ground plane. It radiates at 2.85MHz. The two antenna halves are char

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14

Bogatov, Nikolay, Vladimir Syssoev, Marat Bulatov, and Dmitry Sukharevsky. "Microwave diagnostics of the streamer zone of a long spark." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 11007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193011007.

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Microwave diagnostics was first applied to the study of long spark and some new parameters of this discharge not available by the traditional experimental methods in this field were measured. The conditions of applicability of the method of measuring the high-frequency conductivity of the streamer zone by absorption of probing microwave radiation were theoretically analyzed.

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15

Cheng, Chen, Hengxin He, Bin Luo, et al. "Temperature measurements of long sparks in air using time-resolved moiré deflectometry." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 26 (2022): 265201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac5bcb.

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Abstract This paper presents an original investigation into time-resolved moiré deflectometry (MD) for gas temperature measurements of long sparks in air. In order to perform a rigorous comparative investigation with the widely used quantitative schlieren (QS) method, we set up an orthogonal optical measurement system. The impacts of spatial resolution and exposure time on the measurement accuracy are investigated by comparing the measured radial distribution of the gas temperature and its time evolution during the same spark discharge event. It is found that the time-resolved MD with an expos

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16

Yavuz, Alişan, and Serkan Dağdelen. "Investigation of the Effects of Reaction (Spark) and Calisthenic Training on Performance Development in 12-14 Year Old Wrestlers." International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 8, no. 3 (2025): 247–56. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1633914.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of reaction (spark) and calisthenic training on performance development in wrestling athletes aged 12-14. Fifteen male wrestling athletes who trained regularly and participated in reaction (spark) and calisthenic training at least once during these trainings participated voluntarily in our study. In addition to standard wrestling training, the athletes were given reaction and calisthenic training for 10 weeks and their performances were evaluated with pre-post tests. The measurement parameters include spark reaction test, push-ups, sit-ups, p

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17

Medvedev, M. A., E. V. Parkevich, A. V. Oginov, S. M. Zakharov, and I. S. Baidin. "Internal Microstructure of Current Channel of the Long Spark Discharge." Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute 48, no. 12 (2021): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068335621120034.

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18

Bazelyan, E. M., and N. A. Popov. "Stepwise Development of a Positive Long Spark in the Air." Plasma Physics Reports 46, no. 3 (2020): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x20030022.

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19

Piskarev, I. M. "Spark plasma radiation-induced formation of long-lived active species." High Energy Chemistry 50, no. 5 (2016): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001814391605012x.

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20

Hall, Amanda Joyce. "Students Are the Spark: Anti-apartheid in the Long 1980s." Journal of African American History 108, no. 3 (2023): 369–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/725828.

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21

Wachowicz, Joanna. "Spark Plasma Sintering – new technology for obtaining tool materials." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 109 (March 31, 2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3262.

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Spark Plasma Sintering – new technology for obtaining tool materials. Cemented carbides are a valued tool material used for tools to process, among others, wood-based materials. They are traditionally obtained using high temperatures and long periods. New electric current activated sintering methods make it possible to obtain sinters with good mechanical properties in a short time and low temperature. This paper presents a comparative analysis of conventional and advanced SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) technology of obtaining cemented carbides.

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22

Luthfi Hadi Ramadhan and Khambali Khambali. "Pengaruh Konduktivitas Thermal Busi dan Persentase Octane Booster terhadap Gas Buang Sepeda Motor 108 CC." Intellektika : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa 2, no. 4 (2024): 237–48. https://doi.org/10.59841/intellektika.v2i4.1469.

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Motorbikes produce exhaust gases that are dangerous for humans over the long term. Motorcycle exhaust gas is produced from incomplete combustion in the combustion chamber. The aim of this research is to anticipate the effects of exhaust gas produced by varying the thermal conductivity of the spark plug electrode and adding a percentage of octane booster to the fuel. This research uses quantitative concepts with experimental methods. Process the data using Microsoft Excel. This research was carried out at idle engine speed. The results show that emissions of CO have decreased significantly. The

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23

Service, Robert F. "Did black volcanic rock help spark early life?" Science 376, no. 6598 (2022): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.add3748.

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24

Wang, Wenqiang, Yifeng Yang, Cancan Liu, et al. "Study of Coating Growth Direction of 6061 Aluminum Alloy in Soft Spark Discharge of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation." Materials 17, no. 12 (2024): 2947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17122947.

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Conventional plasma electrolytic oxidation treatments produce oxide coatings with micron-scale discharge pores, resulting in insulation and wear and corrosion resistance far below that expected of highly dense Al2O3 coatings. The introduction of cathodic polarization during the plasma electrolytic oxidation process, especially when the applied cathode-to-anode current ratio (Rpn) is greater than 1, triggers a unique plasma discharge phenomenon known as “soft sparking”. The soft spark discharge mode significantly improves the densification of the anode ceramic layer and facilitates the formatio

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25

Chwist, Mariusz, Michał Gruca, Michał Pyrc, and Borys Borowik. "Analysis of Ignition Spark Parameters Generated by Modern Ignition System in SI Engine Fueled by Ammonia." Energies 18, no. 13 (2025): 3521. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133521.

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This paper analyzes the influence of the number of ignition coils and spark discharge energy on the Coefficient of Variation of Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (COVIMEP) of an SI internal combustion piston engine. A modern electronically controlled induction ignition system is used during the test. Two fuels are used in the experiment. The reference fuel is gasoline and the tested fuel is ammonia. For the traditional fuel, using an additional ignition coil does not improve COVIMEP. This parameter for gasoline has an almost constant value for different ignition system charging times. The situ

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26

Syssoev, V. S., E. V. Basov, A. I. Orlov, et al. "Experimental simulation of the generation of microwave radiation during the interaction of a lightning discharge with an aircraft." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 17, no. 1 (2024): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2024-17-1-49-57.

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On a specialized testing installation — a high-voltage Marx generator, which allows the formation of a spark discharge up to 20 meters long, the process of the impact of lightning radio emission in the microwave range on an aircraft (AC) is simulated. A metal AC model made on a scale of 1:50 was placed in a 9 m long rod-plane spark gap. A positive voltage pulse was applied to the high-voltage electrode from the generator (front 100 μsec, duration 7500 μsec). The generated spark discharge passed through the AC model. It was found that when the spark channel passes through the body of the model,

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27

Baranov, M. I. "Calculation and experimental determination of the speed of advancement of the plasma leader channel of a pulse spark discharge in atmospheric air." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 2 (February 24, 2024): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2024.2.07.

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Goal. Calculation and experimental determination of middle speed vL of advancement of plasma leader channel of a pulse spark discharge in the long air interval of the double-electrode discharge system (DEDS) «tip-plane». Methodology. Bases of the theoretical electrical engineering and electrophysics, electrophysics bases of technique of ultra- and high-voltage and high pulse currents, bases of high-voltage pulse technique and measuring technique. Results. The close calculation and experimental method of determination of middle speed vL of advancement of plasma leader channel of an electric pul

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28

Liu, Kun, Jan Boehm, and Christian Alis. "CHANGE DETECTION OF MOBILE LIDAR DATA USING CLOUD COMPUTING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 9, 2016): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b3-309-2016.

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Change detection has long been a challenging problem although a lot of research has been conducted in different fields such as remote sensing and photogrammetry, computer vision, and robotics. In this paper, we blend voxel grid and Apache Spark together to propose an efficient method to address the problem in the context of big data. Voxel grid is a regular geometry representation consisting of the voxels with the same size, which fairly suites parallel computation. Apache Spark is a popular distributed parallel computing platform which allows fault tolerance and memory cache. These features c

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29

Liu, Kun, Jan Boehm, and Christian Alis. "CHANGE DETECTION OF MOBILE LIDAR DATA USING CLOUD COMPUTING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 9, 2016): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b3-309-2016.

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Change detection has long been a challenging problem although a lot of research has been conducted in different fields such as remote sensing and photogrammetry, computer vision, and robotics. In this paper, we blend voxel grid and Apache Spark together to propose an efficient method to address the problem in the context of big data. Voxel grid is a regular geometry representation consisting of the voxels with the same size, which fairly suites parallel computation. Apache Spark is a popular distributed parallel computing platform which allows fault tolerance and memory cache. These features c

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30

Rohlena, Karel, and Martin Mašek. "Ambient fields generated by a laser spark." Nukleonika 61, no. 2 (2016): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2016-0021.

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Abstract The electric and magnetic fields surrounding a laser spark formed after an optical breakdown due to a focused nanosecond laser beam in a gaseous environment are examined in order to assess their possible influence on the processes going on in the gas medium, mainly chemical reactions triggered by the spark plasma radiation. The magnetic field is generated by the standard mechanism of crossed electron density and temperature gradients, the electric field is supposed to be produced by the plasma polarization due to its radial expansion across the self-generated magnetic field. A simple

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31

Nakamura, Taizo, Eiichi Takahashi, Makihito Nishioka, and Tokuyuki Teraji. "Long gap spark discharge ignition using a boron-doped diamond electrode." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 54, no. 40 (2021): 405204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac12f5.

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32

Borisov, M. F., V. M. Gromovenko, M. F. Danilov, and V. A. Lapshin. "Interaction of a long laser spark with an atmospheric electric field." Journal of Optical Technology 66, no. 3 (1999): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.66.000210.

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33

Winands, G. J. J., Z. Liu, A. J. M. Pemen, E. J. M. van Heesch, and K. Yan. "Long lifetime, triggered, spark-gap switch for repetitive pulsed power applications." Review of Scientific Instruments 76, no. 8 (2005): 085107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2008047.

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34

Lee, Kern, Kyoung-Jae Chung, Y. S. Hwang, and C. Y. Kim. "Underwater spark discharge with long transmission line for cleaning horizontal wells." Journal of Applied Physics 121, no. 24 (2017): 243302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4986634.

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35

Zakuskin, Aleksandr S., Andrey M. Popov, and Timur A. Labutin. "Emission spectroscopy of long cylindrical laser spark with additional coaxial excitation." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 157 (July 2019): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2019.05.007.

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36

Mareev, E. A., Yu V. Shlyugaev, M. V. Shatalina, et al. "X-Ray Radiation of Long Spark Discharges in a Laboratory Experiment." Plasma Physics Reports 51, no. 2 (2025): 219–29. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1063780x24602256.

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37

George Done, Bogdan, and Ion Copae. "Performances of a Research CFR Octane Rating Unit Engine and Dacia Single Cylinder SI Engine Ignited by a LASER System." E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911201009.

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At this time, the severe legislation regarding the level limits of the waste and exhaust gases released by thermal engines and also the necessity of engines efficiency improvement boost the engine research domain to bring in front the use of new technologies that can be used to control the in-cylinder combustion process. Now, the new technologies is represented by LASER spark plug systems which can be successfully used at petrol engines. LASER spark plug technology can have many advantages for engine operation control, an ignition system that could provide improved combustion is the one using

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38

Liu, Peng, Shuai Ye, Can Wang, and Zongwei Zhu. "Spark-Based Parallel Genetic Algorithm for Simulating a Solution of Optimal Deployment of an Underwater Sensor Network." Sensors 19, no. 12 (2019): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122717.

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Underwater sensor networks have wide application prospects, but the large-scale sensing node deployment is severely hindered by problems like energy constraints, long delays, local disconnections, and heavy energy consumption. These problems can be solved effectively by optimizing sensing node deployment with a genetic algorithm. However, the genetic algorithm (GA) needs many iterations in solving the best location of underwater sensor deployment, which results in long running time delays and limited practical application when dealing with large-scale data. The classical parallel framework Had

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39

Marples, David R. "Catastrophe and Denial in Belarus." Current History 119, no. 819 (2020): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2020.119.819.282.

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The long-ruling president has manipulated World War II history and downplayed the lasting effects of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. His similarly dismissive approach to the pandemic provided a spark for an unprecedented election challenge and popular resistance.

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40

Bennett, John. "Additives for Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition engine fuels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 1 (2017): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017732265.

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Fuel additives for automotive applications have been in use for almost as long as the automobile has existed. They provide significant benefits, both in making fuels fit for purpose and to deliver protection and performance benefits. Performance benefits can range from protection against degradation, through recovery of lost performance, all the way to enhanced engine function. This has become particularly important with the tension between increasingly stringent long emissions requirements, the encouragement of renewable biofuel content and the drive to improved engine efficiency and reduce f

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41

Denisov, Vyacheslav A., Aleksandr Yu Kostyukov, and Roman N. Zadorozhniy. "Restoration of cylinder liners for automotive tractors engines in modern conditions." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-1-122-133.

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One of the most promising technologies for restoring machine parts and cylinder liners is electric spark treatment as the most versatile technology that provides high-quality restoration of worn parts with wear up to 0.5 mm. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing a technology for restoring various cylinder liners by means of electric spark processing, selecting optimal modes and electrode materials that allow improving the quality of repair and increasing the post-repair life of the sleeve. (Materials and methods) It was taken into account when conducting research aimed at re

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42

Robert, Anthony, Karine Truffin, Nicolas Iafrate, Stephane Jay, Olivier Colin, and Christian Angelberger. "Large-eddy simulation analysis of knock in a direct injection spark ignition engine." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 7 (2018): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418796323.

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Downsized spark ignition engines running under high loads have become more and more attractive for car manufacturers because of their increased thermal efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. However, the occurrence of abnormal combustions promoted by the thermodynamic conditions encountered in such engines limits their practical operating range, especially in high efficiency and low fuel consumption regions. One of the main abnormal combustion is knock, which corresponds to an auto-ignition of end gases during the flame propagation initiated by the spark plug. Knock generates pressure waves which

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43

Cirigliano, Daniele, Aaron M. Frisch, Feng Liu, and William A. Sirignano. "Diesel, Spark-Ignition, and Turboprop Engines for Long-Duration Unmanned Air Flights." Journal of Propulsion and Power 34, no. 4 (2018): 878–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.b36547.

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44

Borisov, M. F., V. M. Gromovenko, V. A. Lapshin, Yu A. Rezunkov, V. P. Savel'eva, and V. V. Stepanov. "Long laser spark for controlling the trajectory of an atmospheric electric discharge." Journal of Optical Technology 66, no. 3 (1999): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.66.000203.

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45

Bondiou, A., and I. Gallimberti. "Theoretical modelling of the development of the positive spark in long gaps." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 27, no. 6 (1994): 1252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/27/6/024.

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46

Arevalo, Liliana, Vernon Cooray, Dong Wu, and Bjorn Jacobson. "A new static calculation of the streamer region for long spark gaps." Journal of Electrostatics 70, no. 1 (2012): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2011.07.013.

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47

Larigaldie, S., A. Roussaud, and B. Jecko. "Mechanisms of high‐current pulses in lightning and long‐spark stepped leaders." Journal of Applied Physics 72, no. 5 (1992): 1729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351696.

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Trenkin A. A., Almazova K. I., Belonogov A. N., Borovkov V. V., Gorelov E. V., and Dolotov A. S. "Microchannel structure of a spark discharge in a pin to plane " gap at different air pressures." Technical Physics 67, no. 11 (2022): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.11.55173.184-22.

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Using high-speed photography and shadow photography, the structure of the glow and the microstructure of the spark discharge in a 1.5 mm long &quot;pin(cathode)-plane&quot; gap in air in the pressure range from 300 to 760 Torr has been studied. The presence of a microchannel structure of the discharge in the indicated pressure range was established --- the discharge is a aggregation of a large number of micron-diameter channels. It is shown that with decreasing pressure, the evolution of the microstructure and glow of the discharge lags behind the onset of breakdown, however, their mor

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Castillo, Luis, Gabriella Cortellessa, and Neil Yorke-Smith. "The 2008 Scheduling and Planning Applications Workshop (SPARK'08)." AI Magazine 30, no. 1 (2009): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v30i1.2215.

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SPARK'08 was the first edition of a workshop series designed to provide a stable, long-term forum where researchers could discuss the applications of planning and scheduling techniques to real problems. Animated discussion characterized the workshop, which was collocated with Eighteenth International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS-08) held in Sydney, Australia in September 2008.

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Shen, Christine P., Monica Romero, Alexander Brunelle, et al. "Long-term high-altitude hypoxia influences pulmonary arterial L-type calcium channel-mediated Ca2+ signals and contraction in fetal and adult sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 314, no. 3 (2018): R433—R446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00154.2017.

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Long-term hypoxia (LTH) has a profound effect on pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction in the fetus and adult. Dysregulation in Ca2+ signaling is important during the development of LTH-induced pulmonary hypertension. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that L-type Ca2+ channels (CaL), which are voltage dependent and found in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle, are important in the adaptation of pulmonary arterial contractions in postnatal maturation and in response to LTH. Pulmonary arteries were isolated from fetal or adult sheep maintained at low or high altitude (3,801 m) for &g

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