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Books on the topic 'Long-term side effects'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Hinkelbein, Wolfgang, Gregor Bruggmoser, Hermann Frommhold, and Michael Wannenmacher, eds. Acute and Long-Term Side-Effects of Radiotherapy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84892-6.

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2

Schneider, Barbara. Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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3

Schneider, Barbara. Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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4

Schneider, Barbara. Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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5

Schneider, Barbara. Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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6

Schneider, Barbara. Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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7

Schneider, Barbara. Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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8

Schneider, Barbara. Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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9

Schneider, Barbara. Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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10

Holt, Alfredo, and Maureen Vaughn. Prescription Drugs: Global Perspectives, Long-Term Effects and Abuse Prevention. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2017.

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11

1948-, Hinkelbein W., ed. Acute and long-term side-effects of radiotherapy: Biological basis and clinical relevance. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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12

Wheeler, Donna L. The short- and long-term effects of methotrexate on the rat skeleton. 1993.

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13

Wannenmacher, Michael, Wolfgang Hinkelbein, Gregor Bruggmoser, and Hermann Frommhold. Acute and Long-Term Side-Effects of Radiotherapy: Biological Basis and Clinical Relevance. Springer, 2011.

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14

Hinkelbein, W., G. Bruggmoser, and H. Frommhold. Acute and Long-Term Side-Effects of Radiotherapy: Biological Basis and Clinical Relevance (Recent Results in Cancer Research). Springer-Verlag, 1993.

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15

The extent of population exposure to assess clinical safety: For drugs intended for long-term treatment fo non-life-threatening conditions. [Rockville, Md.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, 1995.

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16

Zeltzer, Paul M. Brain Tumors: Finding the Ark. Meeting the Challenges of Treatment Choices, Side Effects, Childrens Issues, Healthcare Costs and Long Term Survival. Shilysca Press, Encino, CA, 2006.

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17

Castle, David J., Peter F. Buckley, and Fiona P. Gaughran. Effects of antipsychotic medications on physical health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198811688.003.0006.

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Antipsychotic medications are a crucial part of the core platform upon which effective treatments for schizophrenia are built. While the marketed agents have established efficacy for reduction in the symptoms of schizophrenia, they all carry some side effects. Such effects differ across medications and between individuals. Prescribers need to be aware of the side effect profile of the medications they use, and ensure patients are also aware, so that a true shared decision-making model can be followed in terms of medication choice. Appreciation of long-term risk is required, with treatment choice in the short term having a view to the long term.

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18

Emily, Amerman, Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, and United States. Administration on Aging, eds. Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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19

Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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20

Clinical protocol series for care managers in community based long-term care. Philadelphia, PA (642 North Broad St., Philadelphia 19130-3409): Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, 1995.

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21

1947-, Walsh T. Declan, ed. Symptom control. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1988.

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22

Symptom control. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1989.

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23

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Complications of long-term central venous lines and chemotherapy extravasation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0037.

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Describes the need for central venous access. The types of devices in common use together with their strengths and weaknesses. Describes, symptoms and signs of complications such as thrombosis or infection of lines. Outlines investigation and therapy strategies. Describes problem of extravasation of chemotherapy drugs into peripheral tissues. Outlines immediate therapy guidelines and describes long term consequences of this side effect

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24

Welch, Mary R., and Craig Nolan. Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0143.

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Neurotoxicity is a common problem in oncology practice and neurologists who care for cancer patients encounter a wide range of symptoms attributable to the side effects of radiation and/or chemotherapy. Complications involving the nervous system may be debilitating. Though generally improved by dose reduction or cessation of an offending agent, such symptoms can be irreversible and frequently have a profound impact on quality of life. The appropriate balance between therapeutic efficacy and drug or radiation toxicity requires close attention to the patient’s complaints as well as a thorough understanding of long-term consequences of both the disease and a given treatment’s side effects.

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25

Gordon, David, Ahmad Khattab, and Magdalena Anitescu. Bupivacaine and Glucocorticoid-Induced Myonecrosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0035.

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The most frequently used medications for chronic pain are local anesthetics (LA) and glucocorticoids. Common adverse events from LA, such as seizures and cardiotoxicity, are well known. A lesser known side effect is local tissue reaction to the LA concentration. Myotoxicity is one of the common denominators of direct tissue reaction to LA; it results from the disruption of the mitochondria in the muscle cells. All LA produce some degree of myotoxicity; bupivacaine has the greatest effect and procaine the least. If LA is combined with glucocorticoid, muscle breakdown is even more extensive showing a synergistic effect. Myotoxicity depends primarily on LA concentration, is time dependent, and is enhanced by preexisting altered metabolism. It affects mostly young patients. Potential effects of long-term or repeated administration of the combination LA/glucocorticoids medications should always be considered and discussed with patients.

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26

Wagg, Adrian, and Shashi Gadgil. Acute pain in the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0011.

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Physiological changes that occur with age affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs used in acute pain management. Elderly patients are often reluctant to complain of pain and seek treatment and may sometimes be unable to express pain due to impaired cognition or language. Evidence suggests the elderly as a group that receive inadequate analgesia and are often in pain. Health care professionals are often reluctant to administer sufficient analgesia due to fear of encouraging addiction or inducing side effects. The approach to pain management in this group should follow the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder with close monitoring for potential side effects and with escalation of treatment till sufficient analgesia is achieved. Choice of drugs and the route of administration should be tailored to the individual patient and should consider the nature of their pain and any disability or co-morbidity that will affect their response to the chosen agent. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be used with extreme caution, monitoring for potential gastrointestinal (GI) and renal side effects and long-term use should be avoided if possible. Opioids are effective analgesics and should not be denied to the elderly but their use should be monitored carefully and side effects such as nausea and constipation anticipated and treated.

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27

Égert, Balázs, and Peter Gal. The Quantification of Structural Reforms in OECD Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821878.003.0007.

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This chapter describes and discusses a new supply-side framework that quantifies the impact of structural reforms on per capita income in OECD countries. It presents the overall macroeconomic impacts of reforms by aggregating over the effects on physical capital, employment, and productivity through a production function. On the basis of reforms defined as observed changes in policies, the chapter finds that product market regulation has the largest overall single policy impact five years after the reforms. But the combined impact of all labour market policies is considerably larger than that of product market regulation. The paper also shows that policy impacts can differ at different horizons. The overall long-term effects on GDP per capita of policies transiting through capital deepening can be considerably larger than the five- to ten-year impacts. By contrast, the long-term impact of policies coming only via the employment rate channel materializes at a shorter horizon.

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28

Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. The role of medication. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses mainly on the importance of maintenance antipsychotic medication and mood stabilizers. It examines procedures to support persistence with these drugs and maintain engagement. The techniques for initiating and monitoring clozapine therapy in the community for patients with resistant schizophrenia are outlined. The practical processes for ensuring and conducting regular structured reviews of long-term medication, both to assess progress and to identify side effects, are described in detail. In addition, the judicious use of antidepressants and benzodiazepines is outlined.

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29

Walker, Suellen M. Evidence and outcomes in acute pain management. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0005.

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Inadequate control of post-operative pain can be associated with acute morbidity and have adverse effects on recovery and emotional well-being. The aims of acute pain medicine are reducing pain intensity, control of side effects, hastening rehabilitation, and improving acute and long-term outcomes. League tables compare the efficacy of analgesics, based on the number-needed-to-treat (NNT) to achieve 50% pain reduction. Systematic reviews of different interventions for acute pain are conducted and regularly updated in the Cochrane Library. The second edition of Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine provides a useful summary of the current evidence.

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30

Peppin, John F., Kelly K. Dineen, Adam J. Ruggles, and John J. Coleman, eds. Prescription Drug Diversion and Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199981830.001.0001.

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Prescription Drug Diversion and Pain provides an interdisciplinary overview of medications used to treat chronic pain, and the benefits and risks that are posed by long-term use of opioids. Use of these life-saving medications must be carefully managed to prevent serious side effects, which may include physical dependence, addiction, and even death. In recent years, the risk of these side effects has led to increased attention on the development of alternative treatments for chronic pain. This book not only offers a single, comprehensive source for understanding the specialized nature of the opioid crisis, but also addresses provocative topics including how pain drugs came to be regulated by the US government and the rarely discussed aggressive marketing behind the spread of these drugs. Chapters are written by expert contributors from diverse backgrounds in medicine, psychiatry, pharmacy, nursing, law, and bioethics. Prescription Drug Diversion and Pain is a must-read for healthcare professionals, chronic pain patients and caregivers, policymakers and regulatory officials, drug treatment providers, and those in the pharmaceutical industry seeking to address the current opioid crisis.

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31

Chasen, Martin, and Gordon Giddings. Management issues in chronic pain following cancer therapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0135.

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With improved surveillance, diagnoses, and treatment of patients with cancer, an increased life expectancy, and specifically an increased number of ‘cancer cured’ patients, is noted. However, the long-term effects of the disease and treatment have a bearing on obtaining optimal physical, psychological, and cognitive functioning for cancer survivors. Pain impacts on all dimensions of quality of life and is one of the most distressing symptoms for patients. Patients often under-recognize pain and are unsure if optimum pain control is achievable. In addition, members of the interdisciplinary team often fail to assess the patient’s pain adequately, due to a lack of knowledge of the principles of pain relief and side effect management. Treatment requires an interprofessional approach that details a comprehensive assessment, with ongoing reassessment, utilizing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. Empowerment of the cancer survivor, respect for survivors’ individuality and collaboration among team members are key elements of any successful strategy to optimize a patient’s quality of life.

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32

Isenberg, David, and Angela Zink. Biologics registries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0034.

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Double-blind controlled trials undertaken over the past two decades have established the short-term effectiveness and side-effect profile of biologic drugs for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. However, the development of biologics registers to capture 'real-life experience' and explore long-term effectiveness and complications is equally important. In this chapter, we demonstrate how these registers have identified long-term joint benefits, a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, reassurance concerning fears about cancer development, and a balanced view of the risk of infection.

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33

Isenberg, David, and Angela Zink. Biologics registries. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0034_update_001.

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Double-blind controlled trials undertaken over the past two decades have established the short-term effectiveness and side-effect profile of biologic drugs for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. However, the development of biologics registers to capture ’real-life experience’ and explore long-term effectiveness and complications is equally important. In this chapter, we demonstrate how these registers have identified long-term joint benefits, a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, reassurance concerning fears about cancer development, and a balanced view of the risk of infection.

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34

Gendelman, Howard E., Igor Grant, Ian Paul Everall, Howard S. Fox, Harris A. Gelbard, Stuart A. Lipton, and Susan Swindells, eds. The Neurology of AIDS. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195399349.001.0001.

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This resource discusses how neurological complications of progressive HIV-1 infection remain a common cause of morbidity even during widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It addresses how long-term resistance to ART, drug compliance, untoward drug side effects, a myriad of opportunistic infection, depression and other psychiatric disease manifestations, concomitant drug abuse, neuropathies, and an inability to clear viral reservoirs, explain, in large measure, disease progression and immune deterioration. It then covers the association with a number of psychiatric, muscle, nerve, infectious, as well as cognitive, behavioral, and motor disturbances seen in infected people, with a focus on the neurological complications, molecular and viral disease processes, cellular factors influencing viral replication therapeutic challenges, and the changing epidemiological patterns of disease.

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35

Daley, David, and Saskia Van der Oord. Behavioural interventions for preschool ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0035.

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The evidence supporting the validity and stability of ADHD during the preschool years is now considerable and, coupled with mounting evidence indicating long-term impairments and economic cost of ADHD, provides a clear rationale for early intervention during the preschool years. While medication is an evidenced-based intervention for older children with ADHD, higher side effects and lower levels of efficacy in preschool children make medication a less attractive option. This chapter presents the behavioural treatment options available for preschool children with ADHD and reviews the evidence base supporting their use, focusing on ADHD, conduct problems, school readiness, parenting behaviour, and parental wellbeing as outcomes. Mediators and moderators of behavioural treatments for preschool children are evaluated, with a focus on the lack of clear mediation and moderation evidence. Finally, important clinical and service delivery considerations are explored, including specialist versus generic types of behavioural interventions, mode of intervention delivery, and dose effects.

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36

Williams, Arthur Robin, and Olivera J. Bogunovic. Benzodiazepines and Other Sedative-Hypnotics in the Older Adult. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0007.

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Sedative-hypnotic-use disorder is a serious problem in the elderly and is a growing concern in the United States. The American Geriatrics Society’s “Choosing Wisely” initiative cautions against the use of any benzodiazepines or other sedative-hypnotics as initial treatment in older adults, yet benzodiazepines are the most frequently prescribed drugs in the elderly for both insomnia and anxiety. Other classes of medication (e.g., serotoninergic antidepressants) may be substituted for benzodiazepines based on diagnosis. With advancing age, the elderly are more sensitive to the potential side effects of benzodiazepines because of altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Increasingly, studies have indicated that older patients disproportionately experience adverse events with benzodiazepines such as falls and cognitive deficits and have difficulty reducing or stopping long-term use without experiencing rebound effects such as anxiety and insomnia. Sedative-hypnotic-use disorders among older adults are increasing in prevalence and warrant heightened clinical attention, thoughtful assessment, and active management.

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37

Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Medication compliance. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0011.

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Differing terms are used for compliance, including concordance and adherence. This chapter examines the range of obstacles to compliance, including side effects, lack of insight, lack of effectiveness, and resistance to being reminded of the illness. The influence of family and friends is also considered. We believe it is often best to avoid complex explanations, and just accept that it is difficult to remember to take medicines regularly for months and years. Several strategies exist to improve compliance, including depot preparations, psycho-education, and efforts to strengthen the therapeutic relationship. Compliance therapy, based on motivational interviewing, is described in detail. The outreach worker is also uniquely able to rely on prompting and support as well as careful monitoring and structuring the clinical interview to ensure that compliance is regularly assessed. Supporting compliance is a long-term commitment, not a once-off intervention.

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38

Daly, Ivonne M., and Ali Al-Khafaji. Intensive care management in hepatic and other abdominal organ transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0371.

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Care of the transplant patient post-operatively requires a multidisciplinary approach. The goal of the intensivist is to create an ideal environment for the allograft to recover from its ischaemic insult and return to normal function. An understanding of the recipient’s pretransplant physiology is essential, as the pathological states associated with organ failure may persist for weeks to months after transplant. In particular, cardiac and renal disease may impact care in the immediate post-transplant period. An understanding of immune suppressive strategies will enable the intensivist to mitigate nephrotoxic side effects of these medications and anticipate specific vulnerabilities to infection. Attention to all the details of good critical care will give the allograft and the recipient the best chance for long-term survival. The intensivist must be able anticipate problems related to surgery and early signs of allograft recovery and dysfunction. Common post-operative complications are described in this chapter.

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39

Dey, Ida Dzifa, and David Isenberg. Systemic lupus erythematosus—management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0118.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease with varied presentation and a disease course characterized by remission and flares. Over the last 50 years, the prognosis of SLE has improved considerably. The introductions of corticosteroids and later of cytotoxic drugs, dialysis, and renal transplantation were the major contributors to this improvement. Nevertheless, the treatment and general management of lupus continues to present a challenge. While lupus may, for some patients, represent a relatively mild set of problems, many others require large doses of immunosuppressive drugs, which carry long-term concerns about side effects. New immunotherapeutic drugs, with actions more closely targeted to the immune cells and molecules involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, are being introduced and the future looks promising. The role of early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in patients with SLE is increasingly recognized and will present further challenges in the future.

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40

Dey, Ida Dzifa, and David Isenberg. Systemic lupus erythematosus—management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0118_update_003.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease with varied presentation and a disease course characterized by remission and flares. Over the last 50 years the prognosis of SLE has improved considerably. The introductions of corticosteroids and later of cytotoxic drugs, dialysis, and renal transplantation were the major contributors to this improvement. Nevertheless, the treatment and general management of lupus continues to present a challenge. While lupus may, for some patients, represent a relatively mild set of problems, many others require large doses of immunosuppressive drugs, which carry long-term concerns about side effects. New immunotherapeutic drugs, with actions more closely targeted to the immune cells and molecules involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, are being introduced and the future looks promising. The role of early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in patients with SLE is increasingly recognized and will present further challenges in the future.

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41

Obinger, Herbert, Klaus Petersen, Carina Schmitt, and Peter Starke. War and Welfare States Before and After 1945. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0015.

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The conclusion reports major findings and discusses possible cross-country patterns. It shows that war’s impact on welfare state development can be differentiated into several distinct conclusions, each highlighting specific effects or causal mechanisms. Next, the case study evidence of the long-term effects of war is confirmed with quantitative data. For a sample of eighteen countries (thirteen of which are presented in this volume) war is shown to contribute to a better understanding of several of the phenomena lying at the heart of comparative welfare state research (i.e. social expenditure, benefit generosity, the public–private mix in provision, and the timing of legislation). The impact on outcomes such as income inequality is briefly discussed, along with the impact of the Cold War on welfare state development. Due to changes in warfare and the size of the existing welfare state, the effect of war on welfare state-building has all but disappeared today.

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42

Hertenstein, Elisabeth, Christoph Nissen, and Dieter Riemann. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of insomnia. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0020.

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This chapter evaluates evidence-based treatment options for chronic insomnia. Insomnia is a common sleep disorder characterized by sleep onset and maintenance difficulties and daytime impairment such as reduced concentration and motivation. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) is the first-line treatment for chronic primary and comorbid insomnia. CBTI comprises behavioral treatment (sleep restriction, stimulus control), relaxation, cognitive therapy, and sleep education. Its effects are of medium to large size and are stable up to two years after treatment. Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists are equally effective for short-term treatment. However, because of their adverse effects, especially in the elderly, and their potential for tolerance and dependence, they are only recommended for a treatment period up to four weeks. Low doses of sedating antidepressants are commonly prescribed for treating chronic insomnia and have shown promising results in clinical trials. However, more research on their long-term efficacy and safety is needed.

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43

Laundy, Matthew, Mark Gilchrist, and Laura Whitney, eds. Antimicrobial Stewardship. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.001.0001.

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The problem of antimicrobial-resistant organisms and untreatable infections is of global concern. The concept of antimicrobial stewardship has been developing over the last 10 years. The aim of antimicrobial stewardship is to control antimicrobial use in order to reduce the development of resistance, avoid the side effects associated with antimicrobial use, and optimize clinical outcomes. This book provides a very practical approach to antimicrobial stewardship. It’s very much a ‘how to’ guide supported by a review of the available evidence. Section 1 sets the scene and covers the problem of antimicrobial resistance; the problems in the antimicrobial supply line and initiatives to improve the situation; the principles and goals of antimicrobial stewardship; the psychological, social, cultural, and organizational factors in antimicrobial use and prescribing; and how to establish an antimicrobial stewardship programme. Section 2 reviews the components of antimicrobial stewardship: audit and feedback; antimicrobial policies and formularies; antimicrobial restriction; intravenous to oral switch; measuring antimicrobial consumption; measuring and feeding back stewardship; and the use of information technology in antimicrobial stewardship. Section 3 explores special areas in antimicrobial stewardship: antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; intensive care units; paediatrics; surgical prophylaxis; near-patient testing and infection biomarkers; antimicrobial stewardship in the community and long-term care facilities; and finally antimicrobial stewardship in resource-poor communities.

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44

McCabe, Candy, Richard Haigh, Helen Cohen, and Sarah Hewlett. Pain and fatigue. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0012.

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Pain and fatigue are the prominent problems for those with a rheumatic disease, and are often underestimated by clinicians. Symptoms may fluctuate in quality and intensity over time and commonly will vary over the course of a day. For pain, clinical signs and symptoms will be dependent on the source of the pain and whether causative underlying pathology is identifiable or not. Fatigue may range from mild effects to total exhaustion and may include cognitive and emotional elements, with a complex, probably multicausal, pathway. Theoretical knowledge of potential mechanistic pathways for pain and fatigue should be used to inform assessment and treatment approaches. Best practice recommends a multidisciplinary and holistic treatment approach with the patient an active participant in the planning of their care, and self-management. Many patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions will not achieve a pain-free or fatigue-free status. Medication use must therefore balance potential benefit against short- and long-term side effects. Rheumatology centres should offer specific fatigue and pain self-management support as part of routine care. Emphasis should be given to facilitating self-management strategies for both pain and fatigue to help the patient optimize their quality of life over years or a lifetime of symptoms. Interventions should include behaviour change and cognitive restructuring of pain/fatigue beliefs, as well as access to relevant self-help groups and charitable organizations. Referral for specialist advice from regional or national clinics on pain relief and management should be considered if pain interferes significantly with function or quality of life despite local interventions.

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45

McCabe, Candy, Richard Haigh, Helen Cohen, and Sarah Hewlett. Pain and fatigue. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0012_update_001.

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Pain and fatigue are the prominent problems for those with a rheumatic disease, and are often underestimated by clinicians. Symptoms may fluctuate in quality and intensity over time and commonly will vary over the course of a day. For pain, clinical signs and symptoms will be dependent on the source of the pain and whether causative underlying pathology is identifiable or not. Fatigue may range from mild effects to total exhaustion and may include cognitive and emotional elements, with a complex, probably multicausal, pathway. Theoretical knowledge of potential mechanistic pathways for pain and fatigue should be used to inform assessment and treatment approaches. Best practice recommends a multidisciplinary and holistic treatment approach with the patient an active participant in the planning of their care, and self-management. Many patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions will not achieve a pain-free or fatigue-free status. Medication use must therefore balance potential benefit against short- and long-term side effects. Rheumatology centres should offer specific fatigue and pain self-management support as part of routine care. Emphasis should be given to facilitating self-management strategies for both pain and fatigue to help the patient optimize their quality of life over years or a lifetime of symptoms. Interventions should include behaviour change and cognitive restructuring of pain/fatigue beliefs, as well as access to relevant self-help groups and charitable organizations. Referral for specialist advice from regional or national clinics on pain relief and management should be considered if pain interferes significantly with function or quality of life despite local interventions.

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46

Paulus, Paul B., and Jared B. Kenworthy. Overview of Team Creativity and Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0002.

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In this chapter, we present an overview of some major topics and themes explored in the research on team creativity. We discuss the strengths and limitations of some primary methodological approaches to the study of creativity in teams, including short-term team settings, long-term team settings, and case studies. We also explore some of the major theories of collaborative creativity, which to varying degrees focus on contextual and organizational factors, as well as motivational, cognitive, and social processes involved in enhancing innovation in teams. We evaluate the sometimes conflicting findings from research on team size, participative safety, conflict, affective processes, and supportive versus constrained environments. At a broader level, we discuss interteam and network dynamics as they impact team innovation. Finally, we summarize some areas of research that seem to have conflicting or paradoxical effects, suggesting areas of future research focus.

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Kahn, Jennifer G. Colonization, Settlement, and Process in Central Eastern Polynesia. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.020.

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This chapter explores the long-term processes whereby settlers moving into Central Eastern Polynesia (CEP) adapted to new island environments and social landscapes. Over a thousand-year period, CEP societies instigated environmental change and subsistence intensification, in addition to developing localized styles of material culture and affecting great change in their sociopolitical complexity. In comparing the cultural sequences from three CEP archipelagoes (Society Islands, Marquesas Islands, Austral Islands), the chapter demonstrates shared patterns in demographic change and shifts in subsistence and exchange, while at the same time highlighting inter-archipelago variation in terms of pathways to emerging elite power. Trends in CEP regional variation provide broad support for models positing a relationship between the evolution of social complexity in CEP chiefdoms, and the effects of island size/age and the availability of natural resources.

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Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0118_update_001.

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In all patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5, regular monitoring of serum markers of CKD-mineral and bone disorder, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase, is recommended. Target ranges for these markers are endorsed by guidelines. The principles of therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism include control of hyperphosphataemia, correction of hypocalcaemia, use of vitamin D sterols, use of calcimimetics, and parathyroidectomy. of hyperphosphataemia is crucial and may be achieved by means of dietary P restriction, use of P binders, and P removal by dialysis. Dietary P restriction requires caution, as it may be associated with protein malnutrition. Aluminium salts are effective P binders, but they are not recommended for long-term use, as Aluminium toxicity (though from contaminated dialysis water rather than oral intake) may cause cognitive impairment, osteomalacia, refractory microcytic anaemia, and myopathy. Ca-based P binders are also quite effective, but should be avoided in patients with hypercalcaemia, vascular calcifications, or persistently low PTH levels. Non-aluminium, non-Ca binders, like sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate, may be more adequate for such patients; however, they are expensive and may have several side effects. Furthermore, comparative trials have failed so far to provide conclusive evidence on the superiority of these newer P binders over Ca-based binders in terms of preventing vascular calcifications, bone abnormalities, and mortality. P removal is about 1800–2700 mg per week with conventional thrice-weekly haemodialysis, but may be increased by using haemodiafiltration or intensified regimens, such as short daily, extended daily or three times weekly nocturnal haemodialysis. Several vitamin D derivatives are currently used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In comparison with the natural form calcitriol, the vitamin D analogue paricalcitol seems to be more fast-acting and less prone to induce hypercalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, but whether these advantages translate into better clinical outcomes is unknown. Calcimimetics such as cinacalcet can significantly reduce PTH, Ca, and P levels, but they have failed to definitively prove any benefits in terms of mortality and cardiovascular events in dialysis patients. Parathyroidectomy is often indicated in CKD patients with severe persistent hyperparathyroidism, refractory to aggressive medical treatment with vitamin D analogues and/or calcimimetics. This procedure usually leads to rapid improvements in biochemical markers (i.e. significant lowering of serum Ca, P, and PTH) and clinical manifestations (such as pruritus and bone pain); however, the long-term benefits are still unclear.

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Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Gastroenterology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0008.

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Over the last two decades, there has been a marked improvement in the quality of study design and statistical rigour of gastroenterology studies. However, the complexity of gastroenterological problems has limited the size of the studies. Biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease has been a therapeutic landmark in therapeutics in gastroenterology, not only for increasing the sophistication in study design, but also for stimulating debate on fundamental goals of therapy. In hepatology, antiviral therapy has established large and robust multinational randomized controlled trials. Interventions in hepatology are now judged by their effect on hard clinical endpoints, including long-term survival. Clinical gastroenterology has matured into a specialty that challenges both the intellect and dexterity. This chapter highlights the evidence base for some of the most crucial developments in gastroenterology.

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Tzelgov, Joseph, Dana Ganor-Stern, Arava Kallai, and Michal Pinhas. Primitives and Non-primitives of Numerical Representations. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.019.

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Primitives of numerical representation are numbers holistically represented on the mental number line (MNL). Non-primitives are numbers generated from primitives in order to perform specific tasks. Primitives can be automatically retrieved from long-term memory (LTM). Using the size congruency effect in physical comparisons as a marker of automatic retrieval, and its modulation by intrapair numerical distance as an indication of alignment along the MNL, we identify single-digits, but not two-digit numbers, as primitives. By the same criteria, zero is a primitive, but negative numbers are not primitives, which makes zero the smallest numerical primitive. Due to their unique notational structure, fractions are automatically perceived as smaller than 1. While some specific, familiar unit fractions may be primitives, this can be shown only when component bias is eliminated by training participants to denote fractions by unfamiliar figures.

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