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Journal articles on the topic 'Long-term source'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Gaensler, B. M., and R. W. Hunstead. "Long-term Monitoring of Molonglo Calibrators." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 17, no. 1 (2000): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as00072.

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AbstractBefore and after every 12 hour synthesis observation, the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) measures the flux densities of ∼5 compact extragalactic radio sources, chosen from a list of 55 calibrators. From 1984 to 1996, the MOST made some 58,000 such measurements. We have developed an algorithm to process this dataset to produce a light curve for each source spanning this thirteen-year period. We find that 18 of the 55 calibrators are variable, on time scales between one and ten years. There is the tendency for sources closer to the Galactic Plane to be more likely to vary, which suggests that the variability is a result of refractive scintillation in the Galactic interstellar medium. The sources with the flattest radio spectra show the highest levels of variability, an effect possibly resulting from differing orientations of the radio axes to the line of sight.

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2

Wood, Robert Chapman. "Visionary customers: source of long-term competitive advantage." Strategy & Leadership 46, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sl-02-2018-0014.

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Purpose This case describes how Varian Medical Systems, the successor to one of the pioneers of Silicon Valley, created a business with $11.6 billion in market cap by listening to dreams of its physician customers and their scientist colleagues and finding ways to fulfill them over several decades. Design/methodology/approach A key business opportunity that spurred the company was to identify the most perceptive thought-leader customers, then bring them into a long-term, system-building partnership. Findings If companies envision the future and work with perceptive, far-sighted customers and others who will benefit from high-value innovation, together they stand a real chance of achieving a desired future. Practical implications Establish forums where perceptive, visionary customers meet with executives, marketers and key developers to identify what you should deliver in the immediate future and in years beyond. Originality/value The case described the practical steps the company took to implement customer participation in the innovation process over many decades.

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3

Ahn, Tae M. "Long-term C-14 source term for a high-level waste repository." Waste Management 14, no. 5 (January 1994): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-053x(94)90044-2.

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4

Fick, Steven E. "Long-Term Stability of the NIST Standard Ultrasonic Source." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 113, no. 5 (September 2008): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.113.021.

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5

Hanson, Ralph. "Long-term effects of the energy source education program." Studies in Educational Evaluation 19, no. 4 (January 1993): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-491x(10)80002-1.

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6

Jacobs, Timothy L., and Brian E. Nicholson. "Long‐term implementation strategies for mobile source VOC reductions." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 26, no. 7 (October 1991): 1033–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529109375685.

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7

Chen, X., J. P. Rachen, M. López-Caniego, C. Dickinson, T. J. Pearson, L. Fuhrmann, T. P. Krichbaum, and B. Partridge. "Long-term variability of extragalactic radio sources in thePlanckEarly Release Compact Source Catalogue." Astronomy & Astrophysics 553 (May 2013): A107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220517.

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8

Buła, Dawid, Dariusz Grabowski, Andrzej Lange, Marcin Maciążek, and Marian Pasko. "Long- and Short-Term Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Sources." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143610.

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Network working conditions are influenced noticeably by the connection of renewable energy sources to distribution networks. This becomes more and more important due to the increase in renewable energy source penetration over the last few years. This in turn can lead to a mass effect. As a result, the classical open network model with simple unidirectional direction of energy flow has been replaced with an active model that includes many local energy sources. This paper deals with the analysis of long- and short-term changes in power and energy generated by three types of renewable energy sources with similar rated power and which operate in the same region (i.e., located no more than tens of kilometers away). The obtained results can be a starting point for a broader evaluation of the influence of renewable energy sources on power quality in power systems, which can be both positive (supply reliability) and negative (voltage fluctuations and higher harmonics in current and voltage waveforms). It is important not only to correctly place but also to assure the diversity of such sources as it has been confirmed by the source variability coefficient. The long-term analysis allows us also to estimate the annual repeatability of energy production and, furthermore, the profitability of investment in renewable sources in a given region.

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9

Nyberg, Ulf, Bengt Andersson, and Henrik Aspegren. "Long-term experiences with external carbon sources for nitrogen removal." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (June 1, 1996): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0314.

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Methanol and ethanol have been used for three years as external carbon sources in a nutrient removal system based on pre-precipitation and post-denitrification in a single sludge activated sludge plant. Based on these long-term experiences it has been shown that the nitrogen standards of 8 mg N/l in the effluent wastewater can be met with both carbon sources. The process entails operational flexibility and the possibility to optimize the nitrogen removal due to seasonal variations in influent wastewater characteristics. Very high specific nitrate utilization rates were measured in the system with the use of external carbon sources. Rates of around 10 mg N/g VSS.h were reached with ethanol and around 3 mg N/g VSS.h with methanol. These rates were much higher than experienced in a pre-denitrification system with the use of the influent organic material as carbon source for denitrification. A start-up with the addition of ethanol led to a direct response of the system while a start-up with methanol resulted in a much longer adaptation period before full effect of the carbon source added was reached.

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10

Nasse, Jan-Marcus, Philipp G. Eger, Denis Pöhler, Stefan Schmitt, Udo Frieß, and Ulrich Platt. "Recent improvements of long-path DOAS measurements: impact on accuracy and stability of short-term and automated long-term observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 4149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4149-2019.

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Abstract. Over the last few decades, differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) has been used as a common technique to simultaneously measure abundances of a variety of atmospheric trace gases. Exploiting the unique differential absorption cross section of trace-gas molecules, mixing ratios can be derived by measuring the optical density along a defined light path and by applying the Beer–Lambert law. Active long-path (LP-DOAS) instruments can detect trace gases along a light path of a few hundred metres up to 20 km, with sensitivities for mixing ratios down to ppbv and pptv levels, depending on the trace-gas species. To achieve high measurement accuracy and low detection limits, it is crucial to reduce instrumental artefacts that lead to systematic structures in the residual spectra of the analysis. Spectral residual structures can be introduced by most components of a LP-DOAS measurement system, namely by the light source, in the transmission of the measurement signal between the system components or at the level of spectrometer and detector. This article focuses on recent improvements by the first application of a new type of light source and consequent changes to the optical setup to improve measurement accuracy. Most state-of-the-art LP-DOAS instruments are based on fibre optics and use xenon arc lamps or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources. Here we present the application of a laser-driven light source (LDLS), which significantly improves the measurement quality compared to conventional light sources. In addition, the lifetime of LDLS is about an order of magnitude higher than of typical Xe arc lamps. The small and very stable plasma discharge spot of the LDLS allows the application of a modified fibre configuration. This enables a better light coupling with higher light throughput, higher transmission homogeneity, and a better suppression of light from disturbing wavelength regions. Furthermore, the mode-mixing properties of the optical fibre are enhanced by an improved mechanical treatment. The combined effects lead to spectral residual structures in the range of 5-10×10-5 root mean square (rms; in units of optical density). This represents a reduction of detection limits of typical trace-gas species by a factor of 3–4 compared to previous setups. High temporal stability and reduced operational complexity of this new setup allow the operation of low-maintenance, automated LP-DOAS systems, as demonstrated here by more than 2 years of continuous observations in Antarctica.

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11

Jun, Wang, Xu Tingting, Yin Lichu, Han Cheng, Deng Huan, Jiang Yunbin, and Zhong Wenhui. "Nitrate addition inhibited methanogenesis in paddy soils under long-term managements." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 8 (August 1, 2018): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/231/2018-pse.

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Rice fields are a major source of atmospheric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>). Nitrate has been approved to inhibit CH<sub>4</sub> production from paddy soils, while fertilization as well as water management can also affect the methanogenesis. It is unknown whether nitrate addition might result in shifts in the methanogenesis and methanogens in paddy soils influenced by different practices. Six paddy soils of different fertilizer types and groundwater tables were collected from a long-term experiment site. CH<sub>4</sub> production rate and methanogenic archaeal abundance were determined with and without nitrate addition in the microcosm incubation. The structure of methanogenic archaeal community was analysed using the PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and pyrosequencing. The results showed that nitrate addition significantly decreased the CH<sub>4</sub> production rate and methanogenic archaeal abundance in all six paddy soils by 70–100% and 54–88%, respectively. The quantity, position and relative intensity of DGGE bands exhibited differences when nitrate was added. Nitrate suppressed the growth of methanogenic archaeal species affiliated to Methanosaetaceae, unidentified Euryarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota and Methanosarinaceae. The universal inhibition of nitrate addition on the methanogenesis and methanogens can be adopted as a practice of mitigating CH<sub>4</sub> emission in paddy soils under different fertilization and water managements.

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12

Mishra, S. K., K. Geetha, A. K. Rastogi, and R. P. Pandey. "Long-term hydrologic simulation using storage and source area concepts." Hydrological Processes 19, no. 14 (2005): 2845–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5735.

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13

Stafford, A. "Long-term monitoring and performance of ground source heat pumps." Building Research & Information 39, no. 6 (December 2011): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.603599.

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14

Taube, JS, and PA Schwartzkroin. "Mechanisms of long-term potentiation: a current-source density analysis." Journal of Neuroscience 8, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 1645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.08-05-01645.1988.

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15

Kulhánek, M., J. Balík, J. Černý, F. Vašák, and Š. Shejbalová. "Influence of long-term fertilizer application on changes of the content of Mehlich-3 estimated soil macronutrients." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 4 (April 8, 2014): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/930/2013-pse.

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The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes of Mehlich 3 – P, K, Ca and Mg contents in soil during a long-term field experiments with sewage sludge, farmyard manure (FYM) and mineral NPK (NPK) application, compared to the control non-fertilized treatment. The experiment was established at the Humpolec and Suchdol sites (Czech Republic). Potatoes, wheat and barley were grown in crop rotation. Fertilizing system was based on the same nitrogen dose of 330 kg N/ha per one crop rotation. Archive soil samples from the beginning of the experiment (1996) and from the end of each year’s crop rotation (1999, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2011) were analyzed. In spite of the different soil-climatic conditions of the studied sites, very similar tendencies of P, K, Ca and Mg contents changes after the fertilizing systems used were observed in the soil. In case of the same nitrogen dose (330 kg N/ha), sewage sludge appeared to be better source of bioavailable soil phosphorus compared to the farmyard manure and NPK. On the contrary, FYM was a better source of bioavailable potassium and magnesium, despite the lower total magnesium content in FYM. The NPK treatment was the best long-term source of bioavailable potassium.

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16

Brodie, Neil. "Through a Glass, Darkly: Long-Term Antiquities Auction Data in Context." International Journal of Cultural Property 26, no. 3 (August 2019): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073911900016x.

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Abstract:The antiquities catalogues of major auction houses comprise an accessible long-term source of information about the auction market in antiquities and the market in antiquities more generally. The information contained in these catalogues has been used to investigate the nature and scale of the market and to assess the impact of legal and normative measures of market control. But, by way of two case studies, referencing Iraqi and Cambodian material sold at the New York branch of Sotheby’s, this article argues that, while auction catalogues do provide an invaluable source of information for investigating the antiquities market, it can be misleading. Changing material or monetary statistics might reflect commercial factors unrelated to market control. For more reliable research, long-term auction data should be contextualized with information available from other sources.

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17

Madaras, M., M. Koubová, and M. Smatanová. "Long-term effect of low potassium fertilization on its soil fractions." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 8 (August 10, 2014): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/290/2014-pse.

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In the Czech Republic, negative potassium (K) budget in agricultural soils is caused by non-fertilization by K and by a decline of manure application. We investigated soil available, fixed (acid-extractable, K<sub>fix</sub>) and structural K pools in the field trial with graduated K application rate, established in 1972 at 8 sites of different climate and soils. The content of K-bearing minerals was evaluated on semi-quantitative scale by XRD diffraction. K-feldspars were a dominant source of structural K. Total soil K consisted of 1.7–7.1% of fixed K, which was in a positive relation to mixed-layer phyllosilicates. Differences in available K in treatments with K budget lower than –30 kg K/ha/year were small compared to those of fixed K. In control treatments, calculated average depletion of available K was –18 kg K/ha/year and the average depletion of fixed K was –12 kg K/ha/year; however at sites of higher altitude fixed K depletion prevailed. Fixed K accounted for 6–31% of the K budget. In negative K budget, monitoring of K<sub>fix</sub> is advisable to avoid fertility loss of soil with low K supplying capacity.

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18

Beaulieu, Jean, and André Rainville. "Adaptation to climate change: Genetic variation is both a short- and a long-term solution." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81704-5.

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We propose a methodology combining a biophysical site index model and a seed source transfer model based on both temperature and precipitation to estimate white spruce plantation yield under present and future global warming conditions. The biophysical site index model predicts dominant height at 25 years, which is further used to estimate plantation yield using yield tables. The transfer model shows that, on average, seed sources are best adapted to the temperature conditions where they presently grow, and give maximum yield under these conditions. However, this model also shows that transfer of seed sources to drier sites could improve plantation yield. To predict site index values under climate change conditions, values obtained from the biophysical site index model are corrected by a factor estimated using the seed source transfer model. Our simulation results predict that global warming should favour a slight increase in white spruce plantation yield in southern Québec. However, one cannot expect to obtain similar yields from a seed source rapidly exposed to warmer conditions compared with a seed source that is presently growing under climatic conditions to which it has become adapted. It would take several generations (adaptation lag) for a seed source to adapt to warmer conditions. We believe that the method we propose will be helpful in identifying the most productive seed source to be used at any given location in the province, and in revising seed source transfer rules. Key words: climate change, white spruce, provenance test, transfer model, site index, adaptation, plantation, GIS

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19

Jiang, Liang, Zujie Wen, Zhongping Liang, Yafang Wang, Gerard De Melo, Zhe Li, Liangzhuang Ma, Jiaxing Zhang, Xiaolong Li, and Yuan Qi. "Long Short-Term Sample Distillation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (April 3, 2020): 4345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5859.

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In the past decade, there has been substantial progress at training increasingly deep neural networks. Recent advances within the teacher–student training paradigm have established that information about past training updates show promise as a source of guidance during subsequent training steps. Based on this notion, in this paper, we propose Long Short-Term Sample Distillation, a novel training policy that simultaneously leverages multiple phases of the previous training process to guide the later training updates to a neural network, while efficiently proceeding in just one single generation pass. With Long Short-Term Sample Distillation, the supervision signal for each sample is decomposed into two parts: a long-term signal and a short-term one. The long-term teacher draws on snapshots from several epochs ago in order to provide steadfast guidance and to guarantee teacher–student differences, while the short-term one yields more up-to-date cues with the goal of enabling higher-quality updates. Moreover, the teachers for each sample are unique, such that, overall, the model learns from a very diverse set of teachers. Comprehensive experimental results across a range of vision and NLP tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of this new training method.

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20

Weilguni, H., U. H. Humpesch, and G. G. Kavka. "Long-term trends of major plant nutrients in the River Danube at Vienna (Austria), the nutrient source for the New Danube." River Systems 12, no. 1 (August 31, 2000): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/12/2000/13.

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21

Maenhaut, W., M. T. Ferna´ndez-Jime´nez, and P. Artaxo. "Long-term study of atmospheric aerosols in Cuiaba´, Brazil: multielemental composition, sources and source apportionment." Journal of Aerosol Science 30 (September 1999): S259—S260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)80141-4.

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22

Akutsu, D., and K. Hayashida. "Long term flux changes of soft X-ray sources (2E catalog vs. 1RXS source catalog)." Astronomische Nachrichten 320, no. 4-5 (August 1999): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3994(199908)320:4/5<307::aid-asna307>3.0.co;2-#.

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23

Ranucci, Rebecca, and Hyunjung Lee. "Donor Influence on Long-Term Innovation Within Nonprofit Organizations." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 48, no. 5 (April 22, 2019): 1045–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764019843346.

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We examine how donors influence nonprofit long-term product innovation by estimating a fixed-effects model using longitudinal data on a sample of nonprofit organizations. Innovation requires multiyear funding, but some donations to nonprofit organizations are a transient source of funding. Consistently, we find that when nonprofit organizations increasingly rely on donations from external private sources of funding, long-term innovation declines. However, as the nonprofit organization generates revenue from more predictable relational customers, concern associated with transient donations is attenuated. Moreover, in contrast to dependence on external donations deterring innovation, when a nonprofit grows their donor network, it increasingly emphasizes the long-term innovative interests of donors. The donor network offers social capital that provides managers with confidence and access to new information necessary to pursue innovation.

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24

YAMAZAWA, Hiromi. "Source Term Estimation Method Using Long-range Inverse Atmospheric Transport Simulation." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 40, no. 11 (1998): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.40.885.

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25

Paruch, Adam M. "Preservation of nutrients during long-term storage of source-separated yellowwater." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.244.

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Source separation of human urine (yellowwater) enhances the sustainability of wastewater management and efficiency of nutrient recovery and recycling. Storage of source-separated yellowwater is recommended prior to agronomic reuse. At this point, it is of immense interest to determine the effect of storage time on quality of yellowwater. Therefore, this study focused on examining changes in some chemical properties of raw, undiluted, freshly collected, source-separated yellowwater stored for a period of 1 year under different temperature regimes: cold (4 °C), mild (10 °C) and warm (22 °C). Chemical parameters (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), N-tot, N-NO2, N-NO3, N-NH4, P-tot, K, S, and pH), with the main focus on fertiliser nutrient compounds intended for agricultural utilisation, were tested. The outcomes revealed that both nitrification and denitrification processes took place in the stored yellowwater, and an increase in the pH level of up to pH greater than 9 was observed. The study found that the main macronutrients can be well preserved in yellowwater, as there were no substantial changes in the contents of these elements over a 1 year storage period at the three temperatures tested.

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26

Linville, Sue Ellen. "Source Characteristics of Aged Voice Assessed from Long-Term Average Spectra." Journal of Voice 16, no. 4 (December 2002): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-1997(02)00122-4.

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27

Polissar, A. "The aerosol at Barrow, Alaska: long-term trends and source locations." Atmospheric Environment 33, no. 16 (July 1999): 2441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00423-3.

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28

Maenhaut, W., M. T. Fernández-Jiménez, I. Rajta, S. Dubtsov, F. X. Meixner, M. O. Andreae, S. Torr, J. W. Hargrove, P. Chimanga, and J. Mlambo. "Long-term aerosol composition measurements and source apportionment at Rukomechi, Zimbabwe." Journal of Aerosol Science 31 (September 2000): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(00)90237-4.

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29

Sarantos, Menelaos, Rosemary M. Killen, and Danheum Kim. "Predicting the long-term solar wind ion-sputtering source at Mercury." Planetary and Space Science 55, no. 11 (September 2007): 1584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.10.011.

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30

Lankeit, Johannes. "Long-term behaviour in a chemotaxis-fluid system with logistic source." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 26, no. 11 (October 2016): 2071–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021820251640008x.

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We consider the coupled chemotaxis Navier–Stokes model with logistic source terms: [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] in a bounded, smooth domain [Formula: see text] under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions for [Formula: see text] and with given functions [Formula: see text] satisfying certain decay conditions and [Formula: see text] for some [Formula: see text]. We construct weak solutions and prove that after some waiting time they become smooth and finally converge to the semi-trivial steady state [Formula: see text].

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Konnikova, V. K., M. G. Mingaliev, and A. K. Erkenov. "Long-term and rapid variability of the radio source J1603+1105." Astrophysical Bulletin 72, no. 3 (July 2017): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1990341317030129.

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32

Bergesen, Joseph D., Leena Tähkämö, Thomas Gibon, and Sangwon Suh. "Potential Long-Term Global Environmental Implications of Efficient Light-Source Technologies." Journal of Industrial Ecology 20, no. 2 (October 9, 2015): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12342.

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33

Inderberg, Else Marit, and Sébastien Wälchli. "Long-term surviving cancer patients as a source of therapeutic TCR." Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 69, no. 5 (January 8, 2020): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-019-02468-9.

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AbstractWe have established a platform for the isolation of tumour-specific TCR from T cells of patients who experienced clinical benefit from cancer vaccination. In this review we will present the rationale behind this strategy and discuss the advantages of working with “natural” wild type TCRs. Indeed, the general trend in the field has been to use various modifications to enhance the affinity of such therapeutic TCRs. This was done to obtain stronger T cell responses, often at the cost of safety. We further describe antigen targets and recent in vitro and in vivo results obtained to validate them. We finally discuss the use of MHC class II-restricted TCR in immunotherapy. Typically cellular anti-tumour immune responses have been attributed to CD8 T cells; however, we isolated mainly CD4 T cells. Importantly, these MHC class II-restricted TCRs have the potential to induce broad, long lasting immune responses that enable cancer control. The use of CD4 T cell-derived TCRs for adoptive immunotherapy has so far been limited and we will here discuss their therapeutic potential.

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34

Pao, Y. C., J. Franklin, B. Ireton, and N. G. Bechtel. "Long-term stability of solid source MBE process for MMIC production." III-Vs Review 6, no. 2 (April 1993): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-1290(93)90055-s.

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35

Morita, R. Y. "Is H 2 the Universal Energy Source for Long-Term Survival?" Microbial Ecology 38, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002489901002.

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36

Maniquiz, Marla C., So-Young Lee, and Lee-Hyung Kim. "Long-Term Monitoring of Infiltration Trench for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 212, no. 1-4 (January 23, 2010): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0318-z.

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37

Johnstone, Brian H., and Ronald D. Jones. "Recovery of a marine chemolithotrophic ammonium-oxidizing bacterium from long-term energy-source deprivation." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 1347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-237.

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The marine chemolithotrophic ammonium-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas crytolerans was monitored during recovery after 5 weeks of energy-source deprivation. The organism responded immediately to the addition of [Formula: see text], producing [Formula: see text] at a constant rate. The cells used stored energy sources (ATP) and reducing equivalents (possibly NAD(P)H + H+) to immediately begin biosynthesis. However, these sources were quickly exhausted. Consequently, anabolism (14CO2 incorporation) decreased until levels of ATP and reducing potential were increased through oxidation of [Formula: see text]. Electron transport system activity steadily increased after the addition of [Formula: see text]. The increases in activities were greater than the increase in the total number of cells, suggesting that the increase in activity of the whole culture was due to either a physiological change in each cell or a reactivation of cells which had entered dormancy during energy-source deprivation. These results indicate that N. cryotolerans is well adapted to oligotrophic environments.

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38

Kunihara, Sayoko, Shiro Oka, Shinji Tanaka, Akiyoshi Tsuboi, Ichiro Otani, and Kazuaki Chayama. "Management of occult obscure gastrointestinal bleeding patients based on long-term outcomes." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 11 (January 1, 2018): 175628481878740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756284818787408.

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Background: There is no consensus regarding the management of occult obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) patients without a confirmed bleeding source. This study aimed to consider the management of occult OGIB patients based on their long-term outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 357 consecutive occult OGIB patients (203 men; mean age: 59.7 years) who underwent capsule endoscopy (CE) at Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan and were followed up for more than 12 months (mean follow-up period; 50.2 months). Patients were divided into three groups as follows: Group A consisted of 98 of 157 patients who had positive findings and indication for treatment, Group B consisted of 59 of 157 patients who had positive findings but no indication for treatment, and Group C consisted of 200 patients who had negative small-bowel findings. We examined the rate of positive CE findings, detection rate and details of bleeding sources, overt bleeding rate, the rate of anemia exacerbation, 5-year anemia exacerbation rate, and overall survival rate. Results: The positive CE findings rate was 44% (157/357) and detection rate of bleeding source was 27% (98/357). The details of Group A were as follows: angioectasia ( n = 61), nonspecific ulceration ( n = 10), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcer ( n = 8), and others ( n = 19). The details of Group B were as follows: erythema ( n = 31), angioectasia ( n = 25), and others ( n = 3). There were no patients with overt bleeding in Group B. Although six patients had anemia exacerbation in Group B, they had angioectasia without a bleeding source. Conclusion: The long-term outcomes of occult OGIB patients were good. Occult OGIB patients without bleeding source lesions may not require follow-up CE.

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Singh, K. K., B. Bisschoff, B. van Soelen, A. Tolamatti, J. P. Marais, and P. J. Meintjes. "Long-term multiwavelength view of the blazar 1ES 1218+304." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 489, no. 4 (September 9, 2019): 5076–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2521.

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ABSTRACT In this work, we present a multiwavelength study of the blazar 1ES 1218+304 using near simultaneous observations over 10 yr during the period 2008 September 1 to 2018 August 31 (MJD 54710–58361). We have analysed data from Swift-UVOT, Swift-XRT, and Fermi-LAT to study the long term behaviour of 1ES 1218+304 in different energy bands over the last decade. We have also used the archival data from OVRO, MAXI, and Swift-BAT available during the above period. The near simultaneous data on 1ES 1218+304 suggest that the long term multiwavelength emission from the source is steady and does not show any significant change in the source activity. The optical/UV fluxes are found to be dominated by the host galaxy emission and can be modelled using the pegase code. However, the time averaged X-ray and γ-ray emissions from the source are reproduced using a single zone leptonic model with log-parabolic distribution for the radiating particles. The intrinsic very high energy γ-ray emission during a low activity state of the source is broadly consistent with the predictions of the leptonic model for blazars. We have investigated the physical properties of the jet and the mass of the supermassive black hole at the centre of the host galaxy using long term X-ray observations from the Swift-XRT which is in agreement with the value derived using blackbody approximation of the host galaxy. We also discuss the extreme nature of the source on the basis of X-ray and γ-ray observations.

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STASIV, Oleh, and Yuriy OLIFIR. "FORMATION OF CORN PRODUCTIVITY IN CROP ROTATION DEPENDING ON LONG-TERM FERTILIZATION AND LIMING." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 358, no. 57 (March 3, 2021): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2021.57.1.03.

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Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the main source of feed and food resources. The importance of this culture in the world economy continues to grow. In Ukraine corn is an export-oriented crop of universal purpose and high potential. Based on the results of research in the ninth rotation of long-term stationary experiment, it was found that in the Western Forest-Steppe in four-field crop rotation on Albic Stagnic Luvisol the highest productivity of corn 73 t . ha–1 is formed by organo-mineral fertilizing system with systematic joint application of 10 t . ha–1 manure, N65Р68К68 on the background of periodic liming with 1.0 n CaCO3 by hydrolytic acidity. It is shown that long-term unilateral application of mineral fertilizer system (more than 50 years) on acidic soil along with the accumulation of nitrogen compounds increases the acidity and content of mobile aluminum compounds, leads to blocking the activity of enzyme systems, reducing absorption and transformation of nutrients and in consequence the formation of low-yield corn at the level of control without fertilizers.

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Maenhaut, W., I. Rajta, F. François, M. Aurela, R. Hillamo, and A. Virkkula. "Long-term atmospheric aerosol study in the Finnish arctic: chemical composition, source types and source regions." Journal of Aerosol Science 30 (September 1999): S87—S88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)80055-x.

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Wang, Jeff, and Roger W. Brode. "Development of a numerical integration area source algorithm for industrial source complex long term (ISCLT) model." Environmental Software 9, no. 2 (January 1994): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-9838(94)90002-7.

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Schwerhoff, Gerd, Benjamin Seebröker, Alexander Kästner, and Wiebke Voigt. "Hard numbers? The long-term decline in violence reassessed. Empirical objections and fresh perspectives." Continuity and Change 36, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000096.

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AbstractOver the last decades social scientists have alleged that violence has decreased in Europe since late medieval times. They consider homicide rates a valid indicator for this claim. Thorough source criticism, however, raises serious doubts about the decline thesis having any substantial empirical foundation. Forms and contents of the sources are immensely heterogeneous and a closer look at the alleged richness of the data uncovers remarkable gaps. Furthermore, medieval and early modern population estimates are highly unreliable. Thus, we argue that historical research on violence should return to focus on specific historical constellations, accept the need for painstaking source criticism and pay careful attention to the contexts of violence.

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Lage, Josiane, Alvair Hoffmann, Adriana Ferrari, Lutti Maneck Delevatti, and Ricardo Reis. "PSXII-4 Beef quality from animals in long term feeding with DDG’s in the diet." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.829.

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Abstract Dried distiller grains with solubles (DDG’s) represent an alternative to replace protein sources. The trial included 2 seasons: growing in pasture (Brachiaria brizantha, Marandu grass) for 5 months (wet), and finishing in the dry season (100 d). Two different feeding approaches were applied in the dry season: Express Feedlot® (EF) - high concentrate in pasture (1.5% of BW), or conventional feedlot (CF) - 70% concentrate. The pastures were divided into 9 paddocks totaling 9.9 ha (wet season). Sixty-nine Nellore bulls (12 mo; 249.03 ± 36.84 kg), were divided in 3 treatments: conventional supplement (CON) with cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG’s replacing 50% of protein source (DDG50) or 100% of protein source (DDG100). In the dry season, the animals maintained the same protein source treatment (CON, DDG50 and DDG100) applied either on EF or CF. EF bulls (n = 33; 392 ± 33.18 kg BW) were finished on Marandu grass in 9 paddocks (3 by treatment). CF bulls (n = 36; 391 ± 35.2 kg BW) were confined in 9 collective pens (3 by treatment). Animals were slaughtered with the same age and the carcasses were refrigerated (0°C - 48 h). Samples were collected from the longissimus to determine pH, L* (lightness), a* (redness), b* (yellowness), CKL (cooking losses) and WBSF (Warner-Bratzler shear force). The pH, L*, a*, b* and WBSF were not influenced by finishing system (P > 0.05). However, CKL was greater (P = 0.002) in beef from animals finished in EF. The use of DDGS in long-term feeding replacing the protein sources in the diets did not influence the beef quality traits (P > 0.05). Animals in EF produces beef with the same quality from animals finished in CF. The use of DDG’s replacing protein source in long term feeding can be used without promotes negative impact on beef quality.

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Liu, Yujie, Qi Yu, Zihan Huang, Weichun Ma, and Yan Zhang. "Identifying Key Potential Source Areas for Ambient Methyl Mercaptan Pollution Based on Long-Term Environmental Monitoring Data in an Industrial Park." Atmosphere 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120501.

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Precise source identification for ambient pollution incidents in industrial parks were often difficult due to limited measurements. Source area analysis method was one of the applicable source identification methods, which could provide potential source areas under these circumstances. However, a source area usually covered several sources and the method was unable to identify the real one. This article introduces a case study on the statistical source identification of methyl mercaptan based on the long-term measurements, in 2014, in an industrial park. A procedure for statistical source area analysis was established, which contains independent pollution episode extraction, source area calculation scenario definition, meteorological data selection, and source area statistical analysis. A total of 414 violation records were detected by five monitors inside the park. Three kinds of calculation scenarios were found and, finally, three key source areas were revealed. The typical scenarios of source area calculations were described in detail. The characteristics of the statistical source areas for all pollution episodes were examined. Finally, the applicability of the method, as well as the source of uncertainties, was discussed. This study shows that more concentrated source areas can be identified through the statistical source area method if several excessive emission sources exist in an industrial park.

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Winkler, István, and Nelson Cowan. "From Sensory to Long-Term Memory." Experimental Psychology 52, no. 1 (January 2005): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.1.3.

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Abstract. Everyday experience tells us that some types of auditory sensory information are retained for long periods of time. For example, we are able to recognize friends by their voice alone or identify the source of familiar noises even years after we last heard the sounds. It is thus somewhat surprising that the results of most studies of auditory sensory memory show that acoustic details, such as the pitch of a tone, fade from memory in ca. 10-15 s. One should, therefore, ask (1) what types of acoustic information can be retained for a longer term, (2) what circumstances allow or help the formation of durable memory records for acoustic details, and (3) how such memory records can be accessed. The present review discusses the results of experiments that used a model of auditory recognition, the auditory memory reactivation paradigm. Results obtained with this paradigm suggest that the brain stores features of individual sounds embedded within representations of acoustic regularities that have been detected for the sound patterns and sequences in which the sounds appeared. Thus, sounds closely linked with their auditory context are more likely to be remembered. The representations of acoustic regularities are automatically activated by matching sounds, enabling object recognition.

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Daffara, Carlo. "Q&A. What Are the Long-Term Effects of Open Source?" Technology Innovation Management Review 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/timreview514.

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Daffara, Carlo. "Q&A. What Are the Long-Term Effects of Open Source?" Technology Innovation Management Review 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/timreview/514.

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Newstead, Kate, Jennifer Taylor, Rachel Kennedy, and Byron Sharp. "The Total Long-Term Sales Effects of Advertising: Lessons from Single Source." Journal of Advertising Research 49, no. 2 (June 2009): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/s0021849909090308.

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Nagashima, Tatsuya, Kengo Sudo, Hajime Akimoto, Junichi Kurokawa, and Toshimasa Ohara. "Long-term change in the source contribution to surface ozone over Japan." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 13 (July 7, 2017): 8231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8231-2017.

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Abstract. The relative contributions of various source regions to the long-term (1980–2005) increasing trend in surface ozone (O3) over Japan were estimated by a series of tracer-tagging simulations using a global chemical transport model. The model simulated the observed increasing trend in surface O3, including its seasonal variation and geographical features, in Japan well and demonstrated the relative roles of different source regions in forming this trend. Most of the increasing trend in surface O3 over Japan ( ∼ 97 %) that was simulated was explained as the sum of trends in contributions of different regions to photochemical O3 production. The increasing trend in O3 produced in China accounted for 36 % of the total increasing trend and those in the other northeast Asian regions (the Korean Peninsula, coastal regions in East Asia, and Japan) each accounted for about 12–15 %. Furthermore, the contributions of O3 created in the entire free troposphere and in western, southern, and southeastern Asian regions also increased, and their increasing trends accounted for 16 and 7 % of the total trend, respectively. The impact of interannual variations in climate, in methane concentration, and in emission of O3 precursors from different source regions on the relative contributions of O3 created in each region estimated above was also investigated. The variation of climate and the increase in methane concentration together caused the increase of photochemical O3 production in several regions, and represented about 19 % of the total increasing trend in surface O3 over Japan. The increase in emission of O3 precursors in China caused an increase of photochemical O3 production not only in China itself but also in the other northeast Asian regions and accounted for about 46 % of the total increase in surface O3 over Japan. Similarly, the relative impact of O3 precursor emission changes in the Korean Peninsula and Japan were estimated as about 16 and 4 % of the total increasing trend, respectively. The O3 precursor emission change in regions other than northeast Asia caused increases in surface O3 over Japan mainly through increasing photochemical O3 production in western, southern, and southeast Asia and the free troposphere and accounted for about 16 % of the total.

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