Relevant bibliographies by topics / Long-term strength

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Long-term strength'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Long-term strength"

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Won. "Long-term strength of shotcrete with improved C12A7 based mineral accelerator." Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association 16, no. 2 (2014): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.9711/ktaj.2014.16.2.135.

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Larionov, Evgeny. "A long-term strength of constructive materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 04068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825104068.

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A long-term strength materials under an axially loading of constructive elements is considered and the estimates of this strength are reduced. The proposed approach is connected with the notion so-called energy of entirety [1]. It is notable that this value can be used instead of known Reiner’s invariant [2]. A material (concrete, steel, graph) is considered as a union of its links with statistical disturbed strengths [3]. This conception allows to modify Boltzmann’s principle superposition of fraction creep deformations [4] and in addition, implies the identity of non-linear stresses function for the instantaneous and retarding deformations. The degeneration of long-term strength because of vibrational influence take into account and the strengthening of the materials in the course of their formation is considered.
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Volkov, Ivan, Leonid Igumnov, and Denis Shishulin. "Evaluating long-term strength of structures." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 2 (2019): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci19s2477v.

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The issue of evaluating strength and service life is discussed as applied to structures, the exploitation properties of which are characterized by multi-parametric nonstationary thermal mechanical effects. The main requirements to mathematical models of the related processes are formulated. In the framework of mechanics of damaged media, a mathematical model describing processes of inelastic deformation and damage accumulation due to creep is developed. The mechanics of damaged media model consists of three interconnected parts: relations defining inelastic behavior of the material accounting for its dependence on the failure process, equations describing kinetics of damage accumulation, and a strength criterion of the damaged material. The results of numerically simulating the carrying capacity of a nuclear power plant reactor vessel in the event of a hypothetical emergency are presented. Emergency conditions were modeled by applying pressure modeling the effect of melt-down, the constant internal pressure and temperature varying within the part of the vessel in question. The analysis of the obtained numerical results made it possible to note a number of characteristic features accompanying the process of deformation and failure of such facilities, connected with the time and place of the forming macrocracks, the stressed-strained state history and the damage degree in the failure zone, etc. The results of comparing the numerical and experimental data make it possible to conclude that the proposed defining relations of mechanics of damaged media adequately describe degradation of the initial strength properties of the material for the long-term strength mechanism and can be effectively used in evaluating strength and service life of structures under thermal mechanical loading.
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Frankel, N., G. J. Pearson, and R. Labella. "Long‐term strength of aesthetic restoratives." Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 25, no. 2 (1998): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.1998.00240.x.

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Dimitrienko, Yu I., and I. P. Dimitrienko. "Long-term strength of reinforced composites." Mechanics of Composite Materials 25, no. 1 (1989): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00608446.

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Kravcov, Alexander N., Pavel Svoboda, Vaclav Pospíchal, Dmitry V. Morozov, and Pavel N. Ivanov. "Assessment of Long-Term Strength of Rocks." Key Engineering Materials 755 (September 2017): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.755.62.

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In relation to extraction of coal seams at significant depths, the issue of protection of safety equipment against pressure exerted by rock becomes very important. In many surveys of the effects of pressure exerted by rock it was demonstrated that the intensity of stress around the mine works increases the greater the depth of the mine works. However, surveys of technological mine works have shown that the level of deformation of the mine bracing varies in various types of rock at identical depths and no precise rule was established between the increase in pressure exerted by rock and the increasing depth of the mine works.
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Aliev, A. A. "Long-Term Strength Estimation of Zirconia Ceramics." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 11 (728) (November 2020): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2020-11-83-88.

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A standard experimental assessment of the service life of high-temperature zirconia ceramics (GOST 4070–2014) requires the use of complicated heating and measuring equipment and hundreds of expensive specimens. This necessitates the development of calculation methods for evaluating long-term strength depending on the thermomechanical loading conditions without carrying out a full range of laboratory tests. The existing experimental estimation models of the primary and secondary creep regimes of ceramics consider the temperature range up to 1600°C, which is lower than zirconia limiting operating temperatures (2000°C and higher). Based on the Norton – Bailey law, long-term strength estimation of fully stabilized zirconia ceramics is carried out. Using previously known experimental data of other authors for ceramics made of fully stabilized zirconia (0.1Y2O3 + 0.9ZrO2), the creep constants values were calculated at high-temperature (1600–1800 °C) loading levels ≤5 MPa. A power-law regression equation with a high degree of correlation that evaluates the creep of the test material under loads up to 20 MPa and temperatures up to 2100 °C is proposed.
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Choi, Yeol, and Moon-Myung Kang. "Long-Term Performance of High Strength Concrete." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 16, no. 3 (2004): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4334/jkci.2004.16.3.425.

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Lokoshchenko, A. M., and D. A. Kulagin. "Diffusion locking effect on long-term strength." Moscow University Mechanics Bulletin 69, no. 5 (2014): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0027133014050045.

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Špak, M., and R. Bašková. "Long-term strength properties of HVFA concretes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 71 (January 20, 2015): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/71/1/012001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Long-term strength"

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Breslavsky, D. V., O. K. Morachkovsky, and N. V. Shyriaieva. "Nonlinear vibrations and long-term strength of turbine blades." Thesis, National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", 2010. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/41290.

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The method of a durability estimation of rotating turbomachinery blades at forced flexural-flexural-torsional vibrations is offered. The method is based on the methods of Continuous Damage Mechanics and the accurate strain analysis of the pre-twisted blades at the nonlinear vibrations with moderate displacements. The method to solve the strain analysis problem and turbomachinery blades high-cycle fatigue damage estimation as a result of nonlinear vibrations is presented.
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Hodgson, D. A. "The short and long term electric strength of polyethylene insulation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384272.

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Lin, Qiaoxing. "Strength degradation and damage micromechanism of granite under long-term loading." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37115406.

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Lin, Qiaoxing, and 林僑興. "Strength degradation and damage micromechanism of granite under long-term loading." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37115406.

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Perret, Olivier. "Strength and Stability of Cross-Laminated-Timber Walls at Short and Long Term." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1246/document.

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Ce mémoire de thèse aborde le problème du flambement de murs en bois lamellé-croisé. Ces panneaux de bois, constitués de planches collées perpendiculairement, sont de plus en plus utilisés dans la construction. La tendance actuelle du marché est de concevoir des immeubles de grande hauteur, ce qui soulève la question de la résistance en compression de ces murs. Il s'avère que le bois est fortement anisotrope. En particulier, la raideur et la résistance en cisaillement perpendiculaire aux fibres, également appelé cisaillement roulant, sont beaucoup plus faibles que dans la direction parallèle aux fibres. Ce fort contraste nécessite un critère de conception plus élaboré que les outils classiques utilisés dans l'ingénierie du bois. Ce travail est organisé en deux parties. Dans la première partie, la raideur équivalente de cisaillement transverse d'un panneau de bois lamellé-croisé est étudiée. Des bornes sont établies par une approche théorique. Ces bornes sont validées par un nouveau dispositif expérimental qui permet la mesure de la raideur en cisaillement roulant avec une variabilité plus faible que le test textit{single-lap} classiquement utilisé. Dans la deuxième partie, ces données sont utilisées dans l'analyse du flambement de panneaux en bois lamellé-croisé en raffinant progressivement le problème. Dans un premier temps, la charge critique de flambement linéaire d'une plaque épaisse sans imperfections est établie. Cette charge critique est basée sur une nouvelle théorie de plaque d'ordre supérieur et montre que la charge critique de flambement basée sur une théorie de plaque mince (Kirchhoff-Love) ne peut pas estimer correctement la résistance de murs en bois lamellé-croisé. Dans un second temps, l'influence des imperfections est étudiée en adaptant l'approche classique de Ayrton et Perry à une poutre de Timoshenko. Cette extension a révélé qu'un nouveau critère de résistance doit être satisfait lors du flambement qui est spécifique aux murs en bois lamellé-croisé. Dans un dernier temps, cette analyse est étendue aux charges permanentes en supposant une loi de fluage simple qui conduit à un nouveau critère de conception simple qui pourrait facilement être adopté dans les codes de conception actuels<br>This PhD thesis addresses the issue of CLT wall buckling. These wooden panels, made of boards which are glued cross-wise, are more and more used in construction. The current trend of the market is to design high-rise buildings which raises the issue of the compressive strength of such walls. It turns out that wood is a highly anisotropic material. Especially, the shear stiffness and strength perpendicular to the grain (rolling shear) are much weaker than in the direction parallel to the grain. This high contrast requires more elaborate design criteria than classical tools used in timber engineering. This work is organized in two main parts. First, the equivalent rolling-shear behavior of a CLT layer is investigated. Bounds are established for the stiffness of an equivalent layer using a theoretical approach. These bounds are validated by means of a new experimental set-up which allows the measurement of the rolling shear stiffness with less variability than the classical single lap shear test. In the second part, this data is used in the buckling analysis of CLT walls with increasing refinements. First, the linear buckling load of a thick plate without imperfection is established. This load is based on a new higher-order plate theory and reveals that the critical load based on a thin plate theory (Kirchhoff-Love) cannot predict correctly the strength of CLT walls. Then, the influence of imperfections is introduced adapting the classical approach from Ayrton and Perry to the case of a Timoshenko beam. This extension reveals that a new design criterion has to be satisfied under buckling which is specific to CLT. Finally, this analysis is extended to long term loads assuming a simple creep law and leading to a new simple design criterion which may be easily introduced in current design codes
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Aslan, Ozlem. "Predicting Long Term Strength Of Roller Compacted Concrete Containing Natural Pozzolan By Steam Curing." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607727/index.pdf.

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Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) is new technology gaining popularity in the recent years due to its low cost, rapid construction, and using opportunity of by-products. RCC is widely used in the world. However, the use of RCC has been restricted to construction of few cofferdams, and limited to local use in dam construction up to date. In this thesis, two types of cement, two types of natural pozzolan, aggregates with varying gradations, and a type of water reducing chemical admixture were used. Prior to carrying out the tests, the chemical and physical properties of materials were determined. Additionally, steam curing was applied to the test specimens in order to get long term compressive strength at early ages. Differences between steam cured specimens and normal cured specimens have been discussed in the discussion part. In the study, the results indicate that usage of water reducing chemical admixture improves compressive strength of RCC. Moreover, it is revealed that usage of fine material is essential to obtain desired results since the amount of cementitious materials is considerably low in RCC. Steam curing is known as its property of providing long term compressive strength at early ages. It was observed that application of steam curing in CEM I type cement used RCC mixtures generated expected results. However, in CEM IV type cement used RCC mixtures compressive strength results did not behave in the same manner.
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Kotrappa, Neel. "The Efficacy of Long-Term Kinesio Tape on Grip Strength in a Healthy Population." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/976.

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Kinesio® Tape was invented in 1973, and since has been used in various clinical and therapy settings to prevent and heal a multitude of physical conditions. Kinesio® Tape is a 100% cotton-based elastic tape that when applied to the skin pulls the skin upwards and creates more space by lifting the fascia and soft tissue, thus increasing blood flow and decreasing edema. The tape was also purported to facilitate the strengthening of weakened muscles through neuromuscular facilitation. The objective behind this study was to determine the long-term effects of applied forearm Kinesio® Tape on maximal grip strength when paired with an exercise program. The study took place at the CMS Athletic Training Center, and was designed to be a matched-pairs, single group, repeated measures experiment. Thirty- two healthy members of the Claremont College community voluntarily participated in this study. There was 16 male and 16 female participants (average age: 21.46 ± 1.76 years; average height 174.92 ± 9.40 cm; average body weight 69.17 ± 9.20 kg). The maximal grip strength of both the dominant and non-dominant hands was measured using a JAMAR Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. Each of the 32 subjects also participated in an exercise program for two weeks and provided a grip strength measurement at the end of each week. Maximal grip strength values were assessed using a standard paired-samples t-test. Results revealed a significant difference in grip strength in the dominant arm (exercise with Kinesio® Tape) compared to the non-dominant arm (exercise only). When combined with a relatively low to medium level exercise program, Kinesio® Tape significantly increased grip strength when compared to an exercise program alone in a healthy population.
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Pentland, Wendy E. "Upper extremity function in long term paraplegia and implications for independence." Thesis, Curtin University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2435.

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The intent of this study was to describe the effects of long term paraplegia and wheelchair use on upper limb function. Bilateral upper extremity isokinetic and grip strength, pain, and active range of motion were compared in 52 men with paraplegia (mean age 44 years: mean duration of spinal cord injury (SCI) 17 years) and 52 age and activity-level matched able-bodied men. The impact of upper limb pain on activities of daily living (ADL) performance was examined in the paraplegic sample. Strength was not significantly different between the two samples except for bilateral shoulder flexion (able-bodied stronger) and bilateral elbow extension (paraplegia stronger). Strength changed similarly with age in the two groups. The effect of duration of SCI on strength, excluding age, was significant for grip strength only. Duration of paraplegia and activity-level were better predictors of strength than age in 9 of 14 muscle groups, whereas in the able-bodied, age was the best strength predictor. Limited bilateral shoulder internal rotation and non-dominant external rotation were associated with paraplegia. Upper limb pain in the past week was associated with paraplegia (shoulder p<.001; elbow p<.00l; wrist/hand p<.00l). Reported pain prevalences for the paraplegic sample were: shoulder 39%, elbow 31%, wrist/hand 40%. The paraplegic subjects' pain intensity ratings revealed them to be experiencing mild to moderate levels of upper limb pain. Shoulder pain was associated with duration of injury, exclusive of age (p<.05). Measurement of the impact of upper limb pain On 18 activities of daily living (ADL) tasks revealed pain to be experienced by the majority of subjects with paraplegia (mobility tasks 60%; self-care tasks 5 8 % ; general activities tasks 60%). However, only 23-35% had made changes in their routines, and 6-16% had sought assistance with ADL due to upper limb pain. When age was excluded, it appeared that duration of SCI was more associated with pain during ADL, but this was significant only for pain during self-care tasks. The tasks most reported to cause upper limb pain were work/school, sleep, wheelchair transfers, outdoor wheeling, and driving. These results suggest that preventative and management steps are required to ensure continued independence and quality of life in this group over time. The effect of duration of SCI suggests that limitations in upper limb function may be seen in this population at relatively young ages.
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Layne, Andrew S., W. Guy Hornsby, D. E. Corriher, et al. "Long Term Athlete Monitoring: Changes in Isometric Strength and Explosiveness in Division I NCAA Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4109.

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Pentland, Wendy E. "Upper extremity function in long term paraplegia and implications for independence." Curtin University of Technology, School of Physiotherapy, 1992. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15684.

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The intent of this study was to describe the effects of long term paraplegia and wheelchair use on upper limb function. Bilateral upper extremity isokinetic and grip strength, pain, and active range of motion were compared in 52 men with paraplegia (mean age 44 years: mean duration of spinal cord injury (SCI) 17 years) and 52 age and activity-level matched able-bodied men. The impact of upper limb pain on activities of daily living (ADL) performance was examined in the paraplegic sample. Strength was not significantly different between the two samples except for bilateral shoulder flexion (able-bodied stronger) and bilateral elbow extension (paraplegia stronger). Strength changed similarly with age in the two groups. The effect of duration of SCI on strength, excluding age, was significant for grip strength only. Duration of paraplegia and activity-level were better predictors of strength than age in 9 of 14 muscle groups, whereas in the able-bodied, age was the best strength predictor. Limited bilateral shoulder internal rotation and non-dominant external rotation were associated with paraplegia. Upper limb pain in the past week was associated with paraplegia (shoulder p<.001; elbow p<.00l; wrist/hand p<.00l). Reported pain prevalences for the paraplegic sample were: shoulder 39%, elbow 31%, wrist/hand 40%. The paraplegic subjects' pain intensity ratings revealed them to be experiencing mild to moderate levels of upper limb pain. Shoulder pain was associated with duration of injury, exclusive of age (p<.05). Measurement of the impact of upper limb pain On 18 activities of daily living (ADL) tasks revealed pain to be experienced by the majority of subjects with paraplegia (mobility tasks 60%; self-care tasks 5 8 % ; general activities tasks 60%). However, only 23-35% had made changes in their routines, and 6-16% had sought assistance with ADL due to upper limb pain. ++<br>When age was excluded, it appeared that duration of SCI was more associated with pain during ADL, but this was significant only for pain during self-care tasks. The tasks most reported to cause upper limb pain were work/school, sleep, wheelchair transfers, outdoor wheeling, and driving. These results suggest that preventative and management steps are required to ensure continued independence and quality of life in this group over time. The effect of duration of SCI suggests that limitations in upper limb function may be seen in this population at relatively young ages.
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Books on the topic "Long-term strength"

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Roger, Green. Factors affecting the long term strength of compacted Beaumont clay. The Center, 1986.

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Schra, L. Long-term outdoor stress corrosion testing of overaged 7000 series aluminium alloys. National Aerospace Laboratory, 1988.

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Treasury, HM. Budget 2002: The strength to make long-term decisions : investing in an enterprising, fairer Britain. Stationery Office, 2002.

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Whittenberger, J. Daniel. Mechanical properties of pure nickel alloys after long term exposures to LiOH and vacuum at 775 K. NASA, 1990.

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Treasury, HM. The strength to take the long-term decisions for Britain: Seizing the opportunities of the global recovery : pre-Budget report, December 2003. TSO, 2003.

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Mahal, Raj-Deep Singh. A standardized approach to determine the effect of thermocycling and long term storage on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets cemented to bovine enamel. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto], 2000.

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Jean, Tancous, and Organ Historical Society, eds. Aging of organ leather: A study of the strength and durability of various leathers intended for long-term usage in the construction of pipe organs, and the development of a standard accelerated aging testing method. Organ Historical Society, 1988.

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Porter, Michael E. U. S. competitiveness 2001: Strengths, vulnerabilities and long-term policies. Council on Comptetitiveness, 2001.

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Council, Nipissing-Timiskaming District Health. Supportive housing in Nipissing-Timiskaming: Building on our strengths...planning for our future. Nipissing-Timiskaming District Health Council, 1996.

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University of Minnesota. Long-Term Care DECISIONS Resource Center and United States. Administration on Aging, eds. Living with care, caring for life: The inventory of life strengths : assessing psychosocial strengths in long-term care clients. University of Minnesota, Long-Term Care DECISIONS Resource Center, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Long-term strength"

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Lloyd, Rhodri S., Lucy S. Kember, Sylvia Moeskops, et al. "Long-Term Athletic Development." In Conditioning for Strength and Human Performance, 4th ed. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003366140-21.

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Chudnovsky, Alexander, and Kalyan Sehanobish. "Solo Brittle Fracture and Statistical Fracture Mechanics." In Long-Term Strength of Materials. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359845-7.

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Chudnovsky, Alexander, and Kalyan Sehanobish. "Introduction." In Long-Term Strength of Materials. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359845-1.

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Chudnovsky, Alexander, and Kalyan Sehanobish. "Cooperative Brittle Fracture (Lifetime Prediction)." In Long-Term Strength of Materials. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359845-6.

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Chudnovsky, Alexander, and Kalyan Sehanobish. "Commonly Used Mathematical Tools." In Long-Term Strength of Materials. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359845-3.

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Chudnovsky, Alexander, and Kalyan Sehanobish. "Equations of Elasticity." In Long-Term Strength of Materials. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359845-4.

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Chudnovsky, Alexander, and Kalyan Sehanobish. "Review of Classical Strength of Materials." In Long-Term Strength of Materials. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359845-2.

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Chudnovsky, Alexander, and Kalyan Sehanobish. "Conventional Fracture Mechanics." In Long-Term Strength of Materials. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359845-5.

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Walravens, Toon, Joyce Bierbooms, and Paul Ter Horst. "Recovery and Strength-Based Practice in Long-Term Forensic Psychiatry." In Long-Term Forensic Psychiatric Care. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12594-3_7.

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Gotham, K. V. "Fatigue and Long Term Strength of Thermoplastics." In Developments in Plastics Technology —3. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4183-0_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Long-term strength"

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Kimura, K., K. Sawada, and H. Kushima. "Long-Term Creep Strength Property of Advanced Ferritic Creep Resistant Steels." In AM-EPRI 2010, edited by D. Gandy, J. Shingledecker, and R. Viswanathan. ASM International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2010p0732.

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Abstract Long-term creep strength property of creep strength enhanced ferritic steels was investigated. Stress dependence of minimum creep rate was divided into two regimes with a boundary condition of macroscopic elastic limit which corresponds to 50% of 0.2% offset yield stress (Half Yield). High rupture ductility was observed in the high stress regime above Half Yield, and it was considered to be caused by relatively easy creep deformation throughout grain interior with the assistance of external stress. Grades T23, T/P92 and T/P122 steels represented marked drop in rupture ductility at half yield with decrease in stress. It was considered to be caused by inhomogeneous recovery at the vicinity of prior austenite grain boundary, because creep deformation was concentrated in a tiny recovered area. High creep rupture ductility of Grade P23 steel should be associated with its lower creep strength. It was supposed that recovery of tempered martensitic microstructure of T91 steel was faster than those of the other steels and as a result of that it indicated significant drop in long-term creep rupture strength and relatively high creep rupture ductility. The long-term creep rupture strength at 600°C of Grade 91 steel decreased with increase in nickel content and nickel was considered to be one of the detrimental factors reducing microstructural stability and long-term creep strength. The causes affecting recovery of microstructure should be elucidated in order to obtain a good combination of creep strength and rupture ductility for long-term.
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Prewitt, TJ, Shane Finneran, and Joel Kaufman. "Long Term Structural Integrity Considerations for Abandoned Pipelines." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09456.

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Abstract There has been increasing interest across the industry to better understand the possible long term risks associated with out of service pipelines. In Canada, the Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA), Petroleum Technology Alliance of Canada (PTAC), and the National Energy Board (NEB), have undertaken multiple studies to identify and assess the threats related to pipeline abandonment.[1][2][3] The primary hazards typically identified across industry for pipeline abandonment are associated with long term corrosion degradation, potential for creation of water conduits, possible environmental impacts, and potential for pipeline collapse and associated soil subsidence. Unfortunately, little guidance is presently available to the industry for determining remaining structural capacity of a heavily corroded pipeline to establish likelihood, and possible timeline of collapse, nor for determining possible subsidence magnitudes associated with large diameter transmission lines. This paper presents a technical case study for an assessment approximating the remaining strength of an abandoned pipeline subject to long term corrosion degradation, considering both general metal loss, and randomized pitting and perforation growth. The work presented used a combination of finite element analyses, and existing industry models for determining load bearing capacity of an abandoned pipeline under varying levels of degradation.
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Sizek, Howard W., Brian A. Baker, and Gaylord D. Smith. "Long-Term-High Temperature Stability of Alloy 803 in the Chemical Process Industry." In CORROSION 1999. NACE International, 1999. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1999-99068.

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Abstract Alloy 803 is used in the chemical process industry for its high temperature strength and corrosion resistance. Knowledge of the microstructural characteristics as a function of time and temperature are essential for accurate rationalization of mechanical property performance under actual service conditions. This paper seeks to determine the microstructure of alloy 803 as a function of time and temperature for times up to 34,000 hours and temperatures ranging from 595°C to 1095°C. Post-exposure room temperature tensile data are also presented as an indication of the alloy's tolerance to downtime strains. Intermediate temperature mechanical strength can be attributed primarily to gamma prime (γ′) and higher temperature strength to M23C6 content.
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Agarwal, D. C., Michael Eckhardt, and Theo Hoffmann. "Repair of Alloy Components after Long Term High Temperature Exposure." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03475.

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Abstract Nickel base alloys are used in a variety of industries where severe corrosive conditions, whether it be aqueous corrosion or high temperature corrosion, are encountered. These alloys for high temperature service, known as superalloys, are utilized at a higher proportion of their actual melting point, approaching or even slightly exceeding 0.9Tm, where Tm is the melting point, than any other class of commercial metallurgical materials. In addition to aircraft, marine and industrial gas turbines, these high temperature alloys see service in space vehicles, rocket engines, submarines, nuclear reactors, steam power plants, petrochemical and refineries, heat treat industries and many others. Many of these nickel alloys obtain their corrosion resistance and strength at higher temperatures, due to a unique combinations of alloying elements and thermo-mechanical processing for developing optimum microstructures. However this microstructure changes in high temperature service due to solid state precipitation of detrimental phases such as cellular M23C6, mu phase, laves phases, sigma phases and others, which may lead to cracking (micro and macro) and/or reduce the creep strength and corrosion resistance. Rather than discarding an expensive component, in many instances, repair welding is a very cost-effective method for salvaging and prolonging the useful life of a component. This paper describes the metallurgy of a high temperature alloy 602CA (UNS N06025), along with repair welding procedures of certain components after long term exposure to high temperatures.
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Iseda, A., H. Okada, H. Semba, and M. Igarashi. "Long-Term Creep Properties and Microstructure of Super304H, TP347HFG and HR3C for Advanced USC Boilers." In AM-EPRI 2007, edited by R. Viswanathan, D. Gandy, and K. Coleman. ASM International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2007p0185.

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Abstract SUPER304H (18Cr-9Ni-3Cu-Nb-N, ASME CC2328) and TP347HFG (18Cr-12Ni-Nb, ASME SA213) are advanced fine-grained microstructure steel tubes developed for high strength and superior steam oxidation resistance. Their exceptional performance is demonstrated by the longest creep rupture tests, with SUPER304H tested at 600°C for 85,426 hours and TP347HFG at 700°C for 55,858 hours, both maintaining stable strength and microstructure with minimal σ phase formation and absence of other brittle phases compared to conventional austenitic stainless steels. HR3C (25Cr-20Ni-Nb-N, ASME CC2115) was specifically developed for high-strength, high-corrosion-resistant steel tubes used in severe corrosion environments of ultra-supercritical (USC) boilers operating at steam temperatures around 600°C. The longest creep test for HR3C, conducted at 700°C and 69 MPa for 88,362 hours, confirmed its high and stable creep strengths and microstructural integrity across the 600-800°C temperature range. These innovative steel tubes have been successfully installed in the Eddystone No. 3 USC power plant as superheater and reheater tubes since 1991, with subsequent microstructural investigations after long-term service exposure revealing their remarkable performance. The paper provides an up-to-date analysis of the long-term creep rupture properties and microstructural changes of these steels following extended creep rupture and aging processes, highlighting their successful application as standard materials for superheater and reheater tubes in newly constructed ultra-supercritical boilers worldwide.
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Li, Qiongwei, Yulai Sun, Chengyi Gu, et al. "A Long-term Inhibitor Released Technology for Low Permeability Oilfield." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16767.

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Abstract During the low permeability oilfield development, it’s a challenge for operation company to balance the OPEX and the large quantity of oil wells with low output of single well, especially for the daily inhibitor injection and related management. It is necessary to prolong the continuous production period and mitigate the corrosion and scaling of the tubular caused by complex production medium. A long-term inhibitor released technology has been designed which combines encapsulated corrosion/scale inhibitors and soluble alloy baffle chamber without extra energy or mechanical controlling system. Therefore, the long-effective prevention would be achieved by slow release of corrosion and scale inhibitors just as bamboo joint in sequence. As the key materials of this technology, a magnesium-aluminum alloy as the soluble baffle for the bamboo chambers and encapsulated inhibitor have been developed. Through chemical component design, the alloy reaches high strength under 10MPa pressure and below 80°C. The relationship between structure and strength relationship have been tested according to the requirements of produced brine and periodic soluble reaction. The released characterization of encapsulated inhibitor stored in the dissolvable baffle chambers has been researched to adapt the release requirement. The following problems of the segmental dissolution-release controlling process have been discussed: (1) density and release controlling of corrosion/scale inhibitors; (2) pressure resistance of structure; (3) blocking effect of evolved gas. Compared with the capillary line mechanical injection or wellhead manual injection methods, this technology possesses effective releasing, simple structure, and low investment at the same time. The cost of a single well using this technology is about $5,000/a, achieving a theoretically two-year lifespan. It is a novel production flow assurance technology suitable for low permeability oil wells.
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Komai, Nobuyoshi, Ko Arisue, Keita Hashimoto, Nobuhiko Saito, and Kimihiko Tominaga. "Creep Rupture Strength and Ductility of Grade 92 Steel." In AM-EPRI 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p0461.

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Abstract This study aims to elucidate the chemical compositions and microstructural factors that affect longterm creep rupture strength and creep rupture ductility using multiple heats of Gr.92 steel. Evaluating the reduction behavior in long-term creep rupture strength, we propose a relative creep rupture strength value, which is expressed as the logarithmic ratio of the estimated creep strength for each rupture time exceeding 10,000 hours, with 10,000 hours as the reference. Higher initial hardness correlates with greater pronounced strength reduction in the long-term regime. While smaller prior austenite grain sizes lead to greater reductions in creep rupture strength, this effect diminishes above 30 μm. However, no clear correlation was observed between Cr content and creep strength reduction in this study. Brittle creep ruptures with smooth test specimens were observed just below the extensometer ridge in the parallel section of test specimen, indicating notch weakening. Even in heats with excellent creep ductility, the amount of inclusions tended to be higher than in heats with lower creep ductility. Factors other than inclusions also seem to influence long-term creep ductility.
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Mizuno, Daisuke, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Takuya Hara, et al. "Long-term Performance of HLP Solution for Mildly Sour HIC Testing." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09129.

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Abstract Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) is a major issue to develop carbon steels for pipelines exposed to wet sour environments. HIC susceptibility of steel plates and pipe products is commonly evaluated in accordance with NACE TM0284. In recent years, HIC evaluation in mildly sour conditions has been discussed to enhance usage of high strength steels such as X70 or higher grades. High Strength Line Pipe (HLP) Committee of The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan (ISIJ)(1) has investigated Fitness for Purpose (FFP) HIC evaluations and proposed 5% NaCl + 0.93 N (CH3COOH + CH3COONa) solution (HLP solution). In our previous papers it was reported that the 0.93N acetate solution can provide excellent pH stability in comparison with the conventional 5% NaCl + 0.4wt% CH3COONa solution specified in NACE TM0284-2016 and in EFC(2)16, named Solution C, during HIC test without changing corrosion behavior. In this study, pH drift of the test solutions during 30-day HIC tests was investigated and compared under mildly sour conditions. Frequent pH readjustment was required to maintain testing conditions when the Solution C was used. On the other hand, the HLP solution did not require pH readjustment due to its significant pH stability. Since cracking and corrosion loss of specimens were comparable in both solutions as long as pH was maintained, it has been confirmed that HLP solution can reproduce HIC obtained in the Solution C.
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Sabbir, Md Ahsan, Saiada Fuadi Fancy, Kingsley Lau, and Dale DeFord. "Assessment of Long-term Durability of TDG Coated Steel." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11573.

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Abstract Coating systems for corrosion mitigation of structural steel have been widely used in aggressive humid environments. Novel materials continue to become available and interest lies in identifying improved material performance for bridge applications. However, long-term maintenance free service life criteria remain a challenge. As a part of research to assess novel coatings, Thermal Diffusion Galvanizing (TDG) coating was investigated with and without various recommended topcoats for both short and long-term exposure. The samples were exposed in outdoor test condition for up to 45 months. To assess the corrosion damage due to exposure, the coating was evaluated by visual inspection, coating thickness, pull-off strength measurement, optical microscopic evaluation and XRD analysis. The 45-month exposed samples were also evaluated by electrochemical techniques to identify electrochemical parameters of the coated TDG after extended outdoor exposure. The results obtained to date generally indicate good performance of TDG in outdoor settings. Although the developed zinc oxide provided indication of protection regardless of the type of topcoat tested, the application of topcoat is important for enhanced durability as corrosion of the TDG alloy layer can be possible.
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Sklenicka, V., K. Kucharova, M. Svoboda, and A. Kroupa. "Creep Behavior of Advanced Power Plant Steels after Long-Term Isothermal Ageing." In AM-EPRI 2010, edited by D. Gandy, J. Shingledecker, and R. Viswanathan. ASM International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2010p0516.

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Abstract In this paper we tried to model the creep-strength degradation of selected advanced creep resistant steels which occurs under operating conditions. In order to accelerate some microstructure changes and thus to simulate degradation processes in long-term service, isothermal ageing at 650°C for 10 000 h was applied to P91, P92 and P23 steels in their as- received states. The tensile creep tests were performed at temperature 600°C in argon atmosphere on all steels both in the as-received state and after isothermal ageing, in an effort to obtain a more complete description of the role of microstructure stability in high temperature creep of these steels. Creep tests were followed by microstructure investigations by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy and by the thermodynamic calculations. The applicability of the creep tests was verified by the theoretical modelling of the phase equilibrium at different temperatures. It is suggested that under restricted oxidation due to argon atmosphere microstructure instability is the main detrimental process in the long-term degradation of the creep rupture strength of these steels.
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Reports on the topic "Long-term strength"

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Richardson, I. G., E. W. Cliver, and H. V. Cane. Long-Term Trends in Interplanetary Magnetic Field Strength and Solar Wind Structure During the Twentieth Century. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423110.

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Venkataraman, A., and M. Messner. An initial framework for the rapid qualification of long-term creep rupture strength via microstructural modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1814829.

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Lomboy, Gilson, Douglas Cleary, Seth Wagner, et al. Long-term performance of sustainable pavements using ternary blended concrete with recycled aggregates. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40780.

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Dwindling supplies of natural concrete aggregates, the cost of landfilling construction waste, and interest in sustainable design have increased the demand for recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in new portland cement concrete mixtures. RCA repurposes waste material to provide useful ingredients for new construction applications. However, RCA can reduce the performance of the concrete. This study investigated the effectiveness of ternary blended binders, mixtures containing portland cement and two different supplementary cementitious materials, at mitigating performance losses of concrete mixtures with RCA materials. Concrete mixtures with different ternary binder combinations were batched with four recycled concrete aggregate materials. For the materials used, the study found that a blend of portland cement, Class C fly ash, and blast furnace slag produced the highest strength of ternary binder. At 50% replacement of virgin aggregates and ternary blended binder, some specimens showed comparable mechanical performance to a control mix of only portland cement as a binder and no RCA substitution. This study demonstrates that even at 50% RCA replacement, using the appropriate ternary binder can create a concrete mixture that performs similarly to a plain portland cement concrete without RCA, with the added benefit of being environmentally beneficial.
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Adams, B. E. Residual gas analysis (RGA) and shear strength characteristics of a silver-filled epoxy and polyimide under long-term, high-temperature storage conditions. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10143120.

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Whisler, Daniel, Rafael Gomez Consarnau, and Ryan Coy. Novel Eco-Friendly, Recycled Composites for Improved CA Road Surfaces. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2046.

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The continued use of structural plastics in consumer products, industry, and transportation represents a potential source for durable, long lasting, and recyclable roadways. Costs to dispose of reinforced plastics can be similar to procuring new asphalt with mechanical performance exceeding that of the traditional road surface. This project examines improved material development times by leveraging advanced computational material models based on validated experimental data. By testing traditional asphalt and select carbon and glass reinforced composites, both new and recycled, it is possible to develop a finite element simulation that can predict the material characteristics under a number of loads virtually, and with less lead time compared to experimental testing. From the tested specimens, composites show minimal strength degradation when recycled and used within the asphalt design envelopes considered, with an average of 49% less wear, two orders of magnitude higher compressive strength, and three orders for tensile strength. Predictive computational analysis using the validated material models developed for this investigation confirms the long-term durability.
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Kong, Zhihao, and Na Lu. Field Implementation of Concrete Strength Sensor to Determine Optimal Traffic Opening Time. Purdue University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317724.

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In the fast-paced and time-sensitive fields of construction and concrete production, real-time monitoring of concrete strength is crucial. Traditional testing methods, such as hydraulic compression (ASTM C 39) and maturity methods (ASTM C 1074), are often laborious and challenging to implement on-site. Building on prior research (SPR 4210 and SPR 4513), we have advanced the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique for in-situ concrete strength monitoring, crucial for determining safe traffic opening times. These projects have made significant strides in technology, including the development of an IoT-based hardware system for wireless data collection and a cloud-based platform for efficient data processing. A key innovation is the integration of machine learning tools, which not only enhance immediate strength predictions but also facilitate long-term projections vital for maintenance and asset management. To bring this technology to practical use, we collaborated with third-party manufacturers to set up a production line for the sensor and datalogger assembly. The system was extensively tested in various field scenarios, including pavements, patches, and bridge decks. Our refined signal processing algorithms, benchmarked against a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 16%, which is comparable to the ASTM C39 interlaboratory variance of 14%, demonstrate reliable accuracy. Additionally, we have developed a comprehensive user manual to aid field engineers in deploying, connecting, and maintaining the sensing system, paving the way for broader implementation in real-world construction settings.
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Lui, Mortimer, and Wood. PR-273-0323-R02 Corrosion Assessment Guidance for High Strength Steels (Phase 2). Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010703.

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Phase 2 report from GL for assessment of high strength steel affected by corrosion. This work supplements the prior Phase 1 Report (GL Report R9017), issued in August 2009 and incorprates burst test data not previously reported. Extensive research has been carried out for many years by Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) and others to develop methods for assessing the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. This has led to the development of assessment methods such as ASME B31G and RSTRENG. Research by Germanischer Lloyd (hereafter GL1, formerly Advantica) has developed new criteria such as the LPC method and extended the range of assessment methods to include numerical analysis. While there has been substantial progress, there remain areas where existing criteria require improvements. The needed improvements identified include limitations on the interaction of closely spaced defects; the effects of external loading, and cyclic pressure loading. Furthermore, as operators start to use higher strength materials there will be an increasing need to assess the integrity of corroded high strength pipelines and to further validate the application of existing criteria and models to these materials. Phase 1 of the work was conducted to investigate the application of existing assessment methods to high strength pipelines and is described in GL Report R9017. PRCI, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) and BP Exploration have funded research to address these issues in recent years. A method for extending the assessment of corroded pipelines of strength grade up to X65, subject to combined internal pressure and external loading, to assess corrosion damage in pipelines subject to cyclic pressure loading, is described in GL Report R9068. In GL Reports R9107, R7702 and, work was undertaken to investigate the performance of methods such as ASME B31G, RSTRENG and LPC when applied to the assessment of higher strength pipeline materials (API 5L/ISO 3183 grade L555/X80 and L690M/X100M). In addition to this work, GL has been commissioned by BP Exploration to conduct an operational trial using 48-inch diameter grade X100 pipe. The operational trial will generate substantial data on long term performance by testing sections of X100 pipeline in near real world conditions. An accelerated operational period will be simulated by two years of pressure cycling, equivalent to forty years operation. This large scale trial will be complemented by a range of laboratory scale tests. During the course of the trial a substantial amount of data related to the assessment of corrosion defects in X100 grade pipe will be gathered. This report presents the results of a program of work that builds on the development work being conducted for PHMSA/PRCI Project #153 and for the corrosion defect assessment section of the BP X100 operational trial.
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Chou, Roger, Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, et al. Treatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer240.

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Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of opioid, nonopioid pharmacologic, and nonpharmacologic therapy in patients with specific types of acute pain, including effects on pain, function, quality of life, adverse events, and long-term use of opioids. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to August 2020, reference lists, and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of outpatient therapies for eight acute pain conditions: low back pain, neck pain, other musculoskeletal pain, neuropathic pain, postoperative pain following discharge, dental pain (surgical or nonsurgical), pain due to kidney stones, and pain due to sickle cell disease. Meta-analyses were conducted on pharmacologic therapy for dental pain and kidney stone pain, and likelihood of repeat or rescue medication use and adverse events. The magnitude of effects was classified as small, moderate, or large using previously defined criteria, and strength of evidence was assessed. Results. One hundred eighty-three RCTs on the comparative effectiveness of therapies for acute pain were included. Opioid therapy was probably less effective than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for surgical dental pain and kidney stones, and might be similarly effective as NSAIDs for low back pain. Opioids and NSAIDs were more effective than acetaminophen for surgical dental pain, but opioids were less effective than acetaminophen for kidney stone pain. For postoperative pain, opioids were associated with increased likelihood of repeat or rescue analgesic use, but effects on pain intensity were inconsistent. Being prescribed an opioid for acute low back pain or postoperative pain was associated with increased likelihood of use of opioids at long-term followup versus not being prescribed, based on observational studies. Heat therapy was probably effective for acute low back pain, spinal manipulation might be effective for acute back pain with radiculopathy, acupressure might be effective for acute musculoskeletal pain, an opioid might be effective for acute neuropathic pain, massage might be effective for some types of postoperative pain, and a cervical collar or exercise might be effective for acute neck pain with radiculopathy. Most studies had methodological limitations. Effect sizes were primarily small to moderate for pain, the most commonly evaluated outcome. Opioids were associated with increased risk of short-term adverse events versus NSAIDs or acetaminophen, including any adverse event, nausea, dizziness, and somnolence. Serious adverse events were uncommon for all interventions, but studies were not designed to assess risk of overdose, opioid use disorder, or long-term harms. Evidence on how benefits or harms varied in subgroups was lacking. Conclusions. Opioid therapy was associated with decreased or similar effectiveness as an NSAID for some acute pain conditions, but with increased risk of short-term adverse events. Evidence on nonpharmacological therapies was limited, but heat therapy, spinal manipulation, massage, acupuncture, acupressure, a cervical collar, and exercise were effective for specific acute pain conditions. Research is needed to determine the comparative effectiveness of therapies for sickle cell pain, acute neuropathic pain, neck pain, and management of postoperative pain following discharge; effects of therapies for acute pain on non-pain outcomes; effects of therapies on long-term outcomes, including long-term opioid use; and how benefits and harms of therapies vary in subgroups.
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Nevárez-Garibaldi, Roberto. Influences of Mixture Proportions and Test Conditions on the Strength and Stiffness of Wet-Mixed Soil and Cement. Deep Foundations Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/cpf-2014-slmx-1.

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The deep mixing method is an in-situ ground improvement technique in which cementitious binder is mixed with soil using equipment that penetrates at least several meters into the ground. The mixing equipment can be vertical-axis rotating augers with mixing blades, horizontal-axis rotating wheels or drums with teeth, or chain-saw type equipment in which a chain with teeth moves around a post that is inserted into the ground. The product of deep mixing is referred to as "cement-treated soil" in this report to distinguish it from "soil-cement", which is a term that has long been used to refer to soil-cement mixtures that are placed in lifts and compacted by equipment operating on the surface of each lift. In the deep mixing method, the cement-treated soil is mixed in-place and not compacted in lifts. It is recognized that many in the deep mixing industry refer to the product of deep mixing as soil-cement, which should not create ambiguity when used in the context of a deep mixing project. "Cement-treated soil" is used in this report simply out of deference to practitioners who might assume that "soil-cement" refers to mixtures that are compacted in lifts. The deep mixing method is used to improve the strength and deformation properties of foundation soils for support of embankments, buildings, excavations, and other facilities. Deep mixing can also be used to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of soil to create seepage barriers, although the seepage barrier application is not a subject of this report. The deep mixing method can be performed by delivering the binder in dry form or in slurry form. In the dry method of deep mixing, dry binder is mixed with a high-water-content soil, where the water in the soil provides the water necessary for binder hydration. In the wet method of deep mixing, a binder-water slurry is prepared, and the slurry is then mixed with the soil. Common binders used for the wet method of deep mixing include Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag. This research focuses on the strength and deformation properties of cement-treated soil produced by the wet method of deep mixing using Portland cement as the binder.
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Treadwell, Jonathan R., Mingche Wu, and Amy Y. Tsou. Management of Infantile Epilepsies. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer252.

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Objectives. Uncontrolled seizures in children 1 to 36 months old have serious short-term health risks and may be associated with substantial developmental, behavioral, and psychological impairments. We evaluated the effectiveness, comparative effectiveness, and harms of pharmacologic, dietary, surgical, neuromodulation, and gene therapy treatments for infantile epilepsies. Data sources. We searched Embase®, MEDLINE®, PubMed®, the Cochrane Library, and gray literature for studies published from January 1, 1999, to August 19, 2021. Review methods. Using standard Evidence-based Practice Center methods, we refined the scope and applied a priori inclusion criteria to the &gt;10,000 articles identified. We ordered full text of any pediatric epilepsy articles to determine if they reported any data on those age 1 month to &lt;36 months. We extracted key information from each included study, rated risk of bias, and rated the strength of evidence. We summarized the studies and outcomes narratively. Results. Forty-one studies (44 articles) met inclusion criteria. For pharmacotherapy, levetiracetam may cause seizure freedom in some patients (strength of evidence [SOE]: low), but data on other medications (topiramate, lamotrigine, phenytoin, vigabatrin, rufinamide, stiripentol) were insufficient to permit conclusions. Both ketogenic diet and the modified Atkins diet may reduce seizure frequency (SOE: low for both). In addition, the ketogenic diet may cause seizure freedom in some infants (SOE: low) and may be more likely than the modified Atkins diet to reduce seizure frequency (SOE: low). Both hemispherectomy/hemispherotomy and non-hemispheric surgical procedures may cause seizure freedom in some infants (SOE: low for both), but the precise proportion is too variable to estimate. For three medications (levetiracetam, topiramate, and lamotrigine), adverse effects may rarely be severe enough to warrant discontinuation (SOE: low). For topiramate, non-severe adverse effects include loss of appetite and upper respiratory tract infection (SOE: moderate). Harms of diets were sparsely reported. For surgical interventions, surgical mortality is rare for functional hemispherectomy/hemispherotomy and non-hemispheric procedures (SOE: low), but evidence was insufficient to permit quantitative estimates of mortality or morbidity risk. Hydrocephalus requiring shunt placement after multilobar, lobar, or focal resection is uncommon (SOE: low). No studies assessed neuromodulation or gene therapy. Conclusions. Levetiracetam, ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and surgery all appear to be effective for some infants. However, the strength of the evidence is low for all of these modalities due to lack of control groups, low patient enrollment, and inconsistent reporting. Future studies should compare different pharmacologic treatments and compare pharmacotherapy with dietary therapy. Critical outcomes underrepresented in the literature include quality of life, sleep outcomes, and long-term development.
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