Relevant bibliographies by topics / Long words

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Long words'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Long words"

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Reeves, E. "Mistaken diagnosis: Long words ... wrong words." BMJ 317, no. 7168 (1998): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7168.1302a.

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Savinainen-Makkonen, Tuula. "Learning Long Words—." Language and Speech 43, no. 2 (2000): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00238309000430020401.

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Rathjen, Friedhelm. "Neitherways: Long Ways in Beckett's Shorts." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd'hui 18, no. 1 (2007): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-018001012.

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Whenever Beckett used a certain word, he did so quite consciously, and if he used it again in another text we can be fairly sure that the repetition is intentional and serves a purpose. At least in Beckett's later works this is even true with respect to rather inconspicuous and unsuspicious words such as "way," "always" and "away." A close examination of the appearance of these words in some highly condensed and concentrated later texts shows that the lexeme 'way' usually occurs in clusters which establish a meaning significantly different from what is associated with these terms in everyday usage.
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Lovatt, Peter, S. E. Avons, and Jackie Masterson. "The Word-length Effect and Disyllabic Words." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 53, no. 1 (2000): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755877.

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Three experiments compared immediate serial recall of disyllabic words that differed on spoken duration. Two sets of long- and short-duration words were selected, in each case maximizing duration differences but matching for frequency, familiarity, phonological similarity, and number of phonemes, and controlling for semantic associations. Serial recall measures were obtained using auditory and visual presentation and spoken and picture-pointing recall. In Experiments 1a and 1b, using the first set of items, long words were better recalled than short words. In Experiments 2a and 2b, using the second set of items, no difference was found between long and short disyllabic words. Experiment 3 confirmed the large advantage for short-duration words in the word set originally selected by Baddeley, Thomson, and Buchanan (1975). These findings suggest that there is no reliable advantage for short-duration disyllables in span tasks, and that previous accounts of a word-length effect in disyllables are based on accidental differences between list items. The failure to find an effect of word duration casts doubt on theories that propose that the capacity of memory span is determined by the duration of list items or the decay rate of phonological information in short-term memory.
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Aryanto, Christ Billy. "DO YOU REMEMBER THE WORDS? DUAL-CODING METHOD ON LONG-TERM MEMORY." Jurnal Psikologi 19, no. 4 (2020): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jp.19.4.314-322.

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For students, long-term memory is required for individuals to study at various levels of education. An effective method is needed to help student to remember. This study aims to determine the dual-coding method on long-term memory in two levels of education: primary school and university. The first study was conducted on 60 primary school students and the second study was conducted on 81 university students, each divided into experimental group and control group. The two groups were shown 10 concrete nouns with the experimental group displayed along with the picture and only the word for the control group. Each word was displayed for 3 seconds. The results showed that the experimental group remembered more words in the first study, t(58) = 4.386, p < .05; and the control group remembered more words in the second study, t(79) = -3.036, p < .05. Therefore, the dual-coding method affects the long-term memory of primary school students but not on university students.
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Carayol, Arnaud, and Stefan Göller. "On Long Words Avoiding Zimin Patterns." Theory of Computing Systems 63, no. 5 (2019): 926–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00224-019-09914-2.

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Heggie, Lindsay, and Lesly Wade-Woolley. "Reading Longer Words: Insights Into Multisyllabic Word Reading." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 2, no. 1 (2017): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp2.sig1.86.

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Students with persistent reading difficulties are often especially challenged by multisyllabic words; they tend to have neither a systematic approach for reading these words nor the confidence to persevere (Archer, Gleason, & Vachon, 2003; Carlisle & Katz, 2006; Moats, 1998). This challenge is magnified by the fact that the vast majority of English words are multisyllabic and constitute an increasingly large proportion of the words in elementary school texts beginning as early as grade 3 (Hiebert, Martin, & Menon, 2005; Kerns et al., 2016). Multisyllabic words are more difficult to read simply because they are long, posing challenges for working memory capacity. In addition, syllable boundaries, word stress, vowel pronunciation ambiguities, less predictable grapheme-phoneme correspondences, and morphological complexity all contribute to long words' difficulty. Research suggests that explicit instruction in both syllabification and morphological knowledge improve poor readers' multisyllabic word reading accuracy; several examples of instructional programs involving one or both of these elements are provided.
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Gallagher, Gillian. "Perceptual distinctness and long-distance laryngeal restrictions." Phonology 27, no. 3 (2010): 435–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675710000217.

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In this paper, I present an analysis of the typology of laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions based on contrast markedness. The key ingredient of the analysis, for which I provide experimental support, is that laryngeal co-occurrence phenomena reflect a preference for maximising the perceptual distinctness of contrasts between words (Flemming 1995, 2004). An AX discrimination task finds that the contrast between an ejective and a plain stop is less accurately perceived in the context of another ejective in the word than in the context of another plain stop in the word. Pairs of words like [k'ap'i] and [k'api], which contrast 2vs. 1 ejectives, are less reliably distinguished than pairs of words like [kap'i] and [kapi], which contrast 1vs. 0 ejectives. The unifying factor of all laryngeal co-occurrence patterns is the neutralisation of the contrast between words with one and two laryngeally marked segments, exactly the contrast that is shown to be relatively perceptually weak.
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CHEVROT, JEAN-PIERRE, CELINE DUGUA, and MICHEL FAYOL. "Liaison acquisition, word segmentation and construction in French: a usage-based account." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 3 (2008): 557–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908009124.

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ABSTRACTIn the linguistics field, liaison in French is interpreted as an indicator of interactions between the various levels of language organization. The current study examines the same issue while adopting a developmental perspective. Five experiments involving children aged two to six years provide evidence for a developmental scenario which interrelates a number of different issues: the acquisition of phonological alternations, the segmentation of new words, the long-term stabilization of the word form in the lexicon and the formation of item-based constructions. According to this scenario, children favour the presence of initial CV syllables when segmenting stored chunks of speech of the type word1-liaison-word2 (les arbres‘the trees’ is segmented as /le/+/zarbr/). They cope with the variation of the liaison in the input by memorizing multiple exemplars of the same word2 (/zarbr/, /narbr/). They learn the correct relations between the word1s and the word2 exemplars through exposure to the well-formed sequence (un+/narbr/,deux+/zarbr/). They generalize the relation between a word1 and a class of word2 exemplars beginning with a specific liaison consonant by integrating this information into an item-based schema (e.g.un+/nX/,deux+/zX/). This model is based on the idea that the segmentation of new words and the development of syntactic schemas are two aspects of the same process.
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Blackman, Galicia. "The Meeting of Multiple Words and Worlds." Language and Literacy 22, no. 1 (2020): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20360/langandlit29513.

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As a newcomer to Canadian culture, I present an interpretive rendering of my encounters with settler and Indigenous relations. It is my humble attempt to respond to the Truth and Reconciliation Calls to Action ([TRC], 2015) for newcomers, by providing insight into what newcomers might experience in response to the complexities of Indigenous and settler dialogues. Newcomers are diverse groups, on the fringes of Indigenous-settler relations discourse, and outside of the protocols to enter such dialogues. Therefore, I ask, where and when can newcomers, temporary or long term, enter the dialogues in meaningful, respectful ways? I came to recognize that as a newcomer the more appropriate course of action would be to wait to be invited into the conversation; but that does not absolve me of the responsibility to inform myself about Indigenous-settler relations and confront my discomforts with how I am implicated in these relations. This led me to inquire, can newcomers be of value in the ways multiple ethnic groups live together, in a good way? Using a hermeneutic and mythopoetic lens I present a series of vignettes that attempt to grapple with these questions, to contribute to the discourse of responses to the Calls to Action (TRC, 2015).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Long words"

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Tat, Michael. "Long term representations of spoken words in memory." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32172.

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Wood, Noelle L. "Memory for recent words : a matter of short-term memory storage or long-term distinctiveness? /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737848.

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Isikdemir, Ozlem. "Investigation Of 8-year-long Composition Record In The Eastern Mediterranean Precipitation." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607064/index.pdf.

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Measurement of chemical composition of precipitation is important both to understand acidification of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and neutralization process in the atmosphere. Such data are scarce in the Mediterranean region. In this study, chemical composition of daily, wet-only, 387 number of rain water samples collected between 1991 and 1999 were investigated to determine levels, temporal variation and long-term trends in concentrations of major ions and trace elements between 1991 and 1999. Samples had already been collected and some of the analysis had been completed. The anions SO42-, NO3- and Cl- were analyzed by HPLC coupled with UV-VIS detector, NH4+ was analyzed by colorimetry and H+ ion was analyzed by pH meter. The major ions and trace metals were analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS). In this study complete data set were generated by analyzing samples that had not been previously analyzed for major ions and trace elements with Inductively Coupled Plasma with Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Statistical tools were used to determine the distribution of the pollutants. The rain water data tends to be log-normally distributed since data show large variations due to meteorological conditions, physical and chemical transformations and air mass transport patterns. The median pH of the rain water was found to be 5.29, which indicates that the rain water is not strongly acidic. This case is not a result of lacking of acidic compounds but rather indicates extended neutralization process in rain water. Eastern Mediterranean atmosphere is under the influence of three general source types: (1) anthropogenic sources, which are located to the north and northwest of the basin brings low pH values to the region (SO42-, NO3- ions)<br>(2) a strong crustal source, which is dried and suspended local soil and air masses transported from North Africa transport which have high pH values (Ca2+, Al, Fe ions) and (3) a marine source, which is the Mediterranean Sea itself (Na+, Cl- ions). In the region, the main acid forming compounds are H2SO4 and HNO3 whereas<br>CaCO3 and NH3 are responsible for the neutralization process. To describe the level of pollutant concentrations and the factors that affect their variations in rain water<br>ion compositions, neutralization of acidity, short and long-term variability of ions and elements, their time trend analysis and wet deposition fluxes were investigated briefly. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to determine components of ionic mass in the precipitation. In Antalya Station the rain water has five factors: free acidity factor, crustal factor, marine factor, NO3- factor and SO42- factor. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) and trajectory statistics were used to determine source regions generating these components. NO3- has potential source regions of Western Mediterranean countries and North Africa, whereas SO42- has additional southeasterly trajectory components of Israel and south east of Turkey.
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Singh, Mittul [Verfasser], and Dietrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Klakow. "Handling long-term dependencies and rare words in low-resource language modelling / Mittul Singh ; Betreuer: Dietrich Klakow." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1141677962/34.

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Pola, Tommaso. "Statistical analysis of written languages." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6307/.

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La tesi presenta una serie di risultati dell'analisi quantitativa sulla linguistica. Inizialmente sono studiate due fra le leggi empiriche più famose di questo campo, le leggi di Zipf e Heaps, e vengono esposti vari modelli sullo sviluppo del linguaggio. Nella seconda parte si giunge alla discussione di risultati più specifici sulla presenza di fenomeni di burstiness e di correlazioni a lungo raggio nei testi. Tutti questi studi teorici sono affiancati da analisi sperimentali, svolte utilizzando varie traduzioni del libro "Guerra e pace" di Leo Tolstoj e concentrate principalmente sulle eventuali differenze riscontrabili tra le diverse lingue.
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Cheng, Xiaorong. "How Does Long-Term Lexical Knowledge Influence Recognition and Learning of Words? : ERP and Behavioural Evidence in Adults and Children." Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525119.

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So, Wai-yee, and 蘇慧儀. "Short-term and long-term retention of new words: investigating the role of L1 glossing in vocabulary learning amongHong Kong ESL learners." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45176590.

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Boswell, Paul Duane. "Acquisition versus long-term retention of Japanese words and syntax by children and adults: Implications for the critical period hypothesis in second language learning." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186502.

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The critical period hypothesis for second language learning, which states that young children learn additional languages better than adults, lacks unambiguous empirical support as well as a coherent theoretical model. An experimental study was conducted which analyzed child-adult differences in difficulty of acquisition and long-term retention for rules of syntax and words in Japanese, a language unfamiliar to the subjects. The results of this study found no advantage for children over adults either in acquisition or long-term memory. However, relative to the difficulty of acquisition, the children had lower forgetting rates for words than for rules when both materials were learned completely. In the lexical study, the children's performance at retention was closer to the adults' than at acquisition, whereas in the syntax study, the opposite was the case. These results confirm the existence of developmental differences in the forgetting rates of different materials. Such results imply that, if there is an advantage for learning language at an early age, it might be localized in lexical retention.
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Bettencourt, Amie. "The Long-Term Effects of Direct Verbal Victimization and Family Support on Anxious and Aggressive Behaviors in Urban Adolescents: Do Mean Words Have a Lasting Impact?" VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1584.

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Ankaräng, Fredrik, and Fabian Waldner. "Evaluating Random Forest and a Long Short-Term Memory in Classifying a Given Sentence as a Question or Non-Question." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-262209.

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Natural language processing and text classification are topics of much discussion among researchers of machine learning. Contributions in the form of new methods and models are presented on a yearly basis. However, less focus is aimed at comparing models, especially comparing models that are less complex to state-of-the-art models. This paper compares a Random Forest with a Long-Short Term Memory neural network for the task of classifying sentences as questions or non-questions, without considering punctuation. The models were trained and optimized on chat data from a Swedish insurance company, as well as user comments data on articles from a newspaper. The results showed that the LSTM model performed better than the Random Forest. However, the difference was small and therefore Random Forest could still be a preferable alternative in some use cases due to its simplicity and its ability to handle noisy data. The models’ performances were not dramatically improved after hyper parameter optimization. A literature study was also conducted aimed at exploring how customer service can be automated using a chatbot and what features and functionality should be prioritized by management during such an implementation. The findings of the study showed that a data driven design should be used, where features are derived based on the specific needs and customers of the organization. However, three features were general enough to be presented the personality of the bot, its trustworthiness and in what stage of the value chain the chatbot is implemented.<br>Språkteknologi och textklassificering är vetenskapliga områden som tillägnats mycket uppmärksamhet av forskare inom maskininlärning. Nya metoder och modeller presenteras årligen, men mindre fokus riktas på att jämföra modeller av olika karaktär. Den här uppsatsen jämför Random Forest med ett Long Short-Term Memory neuralt nätverk genom att undersöka hur väl modellerna klassificerar meningar som frågor eller icke-frågor, utan att ta hänsyn till skiljetecken. Modellerna tränades och optimerades på användardata från ett svenskt försäkringsbolag, samt kommentarer från nyhetsartiklar. Resultaten visade att LSTM-modellen presterade bättre än Random Forest. Skillnaden var dock liten, vilket innebär att Random Forest fortfarande kan vara ett bättre alternativ i vissa situationer tack vare dess enkelhet. Modellernas prestanda förbättrades inte avsevärt efter hyperparameteroptimering. En litteraturstudie genomfördes även med målsättning att undersöka hur arbetsuppgifter inom kundsupport kan automatiseras genom införandet av en chatbot, samt vilka funktioner som bör prioriteras av ledningen inför en sådan implementation. Resultaten av studien visade att en data-driven approach var att föredra, där funktionaliteten bestämdes av användarnas och organisationens specifika behov. Tre funktioner var dock tillräckligt generella för att presenteras personligheten av chatboten, dess trovärdighet och i vilket steg av värdekedjan den implementeras.
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Books on the topic "Long words"

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Burton, T. L. Long words bother me. Sutton Pub., 2004.

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Moore, Jo Ellen. Read long vowel words. Evan-Moor, 1988.

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Yoakam, Dwight. A long way home: Twelve years of words. Hyperion, 1999.

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translator, Lin Jinqiong, and Junio RHK P'yŏnjippu, eds. Bian bian jie long. Shi bao wen hua chu ban qi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 2017.

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Nư̄ang. Nām yot long hin. Samnakphim Matichon, 1991.

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Cleveland, Ceil. 1500 words in 15 minutes a day: A year-long plan to learn 28 words a week. McGraw-Hill, 2005.

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Lin, Xiuling. Long, liang san yu xiao nan hai. Penghu Xian zheng fu wen hua ju, 2012.

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Luther, King Martin. The Words of Martin Luther King, Jr. Newmarket Press, 1987.

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Luther, King Martin. The words of Martin Luther King, Jr. Newmarket Press, 1996.

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1927-, King Coretta Scott, ed. The words of Martin Luther King, Jr. Newmarket Press, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Long words"

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Fleisher, Paul. "Long Words." In Brain Food 100+ Games That Make Kids Think. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003233350-18.

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Marotta, Giovanna, and Irene De Felice. "Patterns of prosodic distribution of Latin long vowels." In Words and Sounds, edited by Nigel Holmes, Marijke Ottink, Josine Schrickx, and Maria Selig. De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110647587-027.

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Sorba, Carlotta. "Not Just Words: Emotional Bodies in the “Long 1848”." In Politics and Sentiments in Risorgimento Italy. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69732-7_7.

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Kaufman, Tali, and Simon Litsyn. "Long Extended BCH Codes Are Spanned by Minimum Weight Words." In Applied Algebra, Algebraic Algorithms and Error-Correcting Codes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11617983_28.

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Montemurro, Marcelo A., and Damián H. Zanette. "Complexity and Universality in the Long-Range Order of Words." In Lecture Notes in Morphogenesis. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24403-7_3.

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Arslan, Abdullah N. "Efficient Approximate Dictionary Look-Up for Long Words over Small Alphabets." In LATIN 2006: Theoretical Informatics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11682462_15.

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Kortelainen, Juha, Tuomas Kortelainen, and Ari Vesanen. "Unavoidable Regularities in Long Words with Bounded Number of Symbol Occurrences." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22685-4_45.

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Andersen, Esben Sloth. "Schumpeter’s Core Works Revisited." In Long Term Economic Development. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35125-9_2.

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Rao, Gaoqi, Meng Dai, and Endong Xun. "Study on the Effectiveness of the Regulations for Chinese Words with Variant Forms Based on a Long-Span Diachronic Corpus." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49508-8_67.

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Portman, Rosemarie, and Elisabeth Schneider. "Long words." In Group Games Playing with Words. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315173917-73.

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Conference papers on the topic "Long words"

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Johnson, Mark, Anne Christophe, Emmanuel Dupoux, and Katherine Demuth. "Modelling function words improves unsupervised word segmentation." In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1027.

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Czarnowska, Paula, Guy Emerson, and Ann Copestake. "Words are Vectors, Dependencies are Matrices: Learning Word Embeddings from Dependency Graphs." In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-0408.

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Gulcehre, Caglar, Sungjin Ahn, Ramesh Nallapati, Bowen Zhou, and Yoshua Bengio. "Pointing the Unknown Words." In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1014.

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Huang, Ting, Gehui Shen, and Zhi-Hong Deng. "Leap-LSTM: Enhancing Long Short-Term Memory for Text Categorization." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/697.

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Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are widely used in the field of natural language processing (NLP), ranging from text categorization to question answering and machine translation. However, RNNs generally read the whole text from beginning to end or vice versa sometimes, which makes it inefficient to process long texts. When reading a long document for a categorization task, such as topic categorization, large quantities of words are irrelevant and can be skipped. To this end, we propose Leap-LSTM, an LSTM-enhanced model which dynamically leaps between words while reading texts. At each step, we utilize several feature encoders to extract messages from preceding texts, following texts and the current word, and then determine whether to skip the current word. We evaluate Leap-LSTM on several text categorization tasks: sentiment analysis, news categorization, ontology classification and topic classification, with five benchmark data sets. The experimental results show that our model reads faster and predicts better than standard LSTM. Compared to previous models which can also skip words, our model achieves better trade-offs between performance and efficiency.
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Matthews, Austin, Eva Schlinger, Alon Lavie, and Chris Dyer. "Synthesizing Compound Words for Machine Translation." In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1103.

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Alokaili, Areej, Nikolaos Aletras, and Mark Stevenson. "Re-Ranking Words to Improve Interpretability of Automatically Generated Topics." In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-0404.

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Cheng, Jianpeng, and Mirella Lapata. "Neural Summarization by Extracting Sentences and Words." In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/p16-1046.

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Dwivedi, Agam, Rohit Saluja, and Ravi Kiran Sarvadevabhatla. "An OCR for Classical Indic Documents Containing Arbitrarily Long Words." In 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvprw50498.2020.00288.

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Bollegala, Danushka, David Weir, and John Carroll. "Learning to Predict Distributions of Words Across Domains." In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1058.

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Ma, Shuming, Xu Sun, Wei Li, Sujian Li, Wenjie Li, and Xuancheng Ren. "Query and Output: Generating Words by Querying Distributed Word Representations for Paraphrase Generation." In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1018.

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Reports on the topic "Long words"

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Afsaruddin, Asma. NEGOTIATING VIRTUE AND REALPOLITIK IN ISLAMIC GOOD GOVERNANCE. IIIT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.002.20.

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These words of John Lewis represent a scathing criticism of the contemporary failures of the United States, the oldest and possibly most vibrant democratic nation-state in the world. The words also express a deep disappointment that the principles of equality and justice enshrined in the US constitution have been honored more in the breach when they pertain to African-Americans, many of whose ancestors arrived on these shores long before those of their Euro-American compatriots.
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Baird, Sarah, Joan Hamory Hicks, Michael Kremer, and Edward Miguel. Worms at Work: Long-run Impacts of a Child Health Investment. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21428.

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Chinn, Menzie, and Guy Meredith. Testing Uncovered Interest Parity at Short and Long Horizons during the Post-Bretton Woods Era. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11077.

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Robledo, Ana, and Amber Gove. What Works in Early Reading Materials. RTI Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0058.1902.

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Access to books is key to learning to read and sustaining a love of reading. Yet many low- and middle-income countries struggle to provide their students with reading materials of sufficient quality and quantity. Since 2008, RTI International has provided technical assistance in early reading assessment and instruction to ministries of education in dozens of low- and middle-income countries. The central objective of many of these programs has been to improve learning outcomes—in particular, reading—for students in the early grades of primary school. Under these programs, RTI has partnered with ministry staff to produce and distribute evidence-based instructional materials at a regional or national scale, in quantities that increase the likelihood that children will have ample opportunities to practice reading skills, and at a cost that can be sustained in the long term by the education system. In this paper, we seek to capture the practices RTI has developed and refined over the last decade, particularly in response to the challenges inherent in contexts with high linguistic diversity and low operational capacity for producing and distributing instructional materials. These practices constitute our approach to developing and producing instructional materials for early grade literacy. We also touch upon effective planning for printing and distribution procurement, but we do not consider the printing and distribution processes in depth in this paper. We expect this volume will be useful for donors, policymakers, and practitioners interested in improving access to cost-effective, high-quality teaching and learning materials for the early grades.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.

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The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.
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Hashemian, Hassan. Infrastructure Academy Transportation Program. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1919.

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The College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology at the California State University, Los Angeles has expanded its National Summer Transportation Institute into a year-long program by creating the Infrastructure Academy Transportation Program (IATP). The goal of this program is to build a pipeline of diverse, well qualified young people for the transportation industry. The program works with high school students and teachers to offer academic courses, basic skills, workforce readiness training, internships, extracurricular activities, and career placements to prepare students and place them into the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) College track. The academy emphasizes on transportation as an industry sector and aims to increase the number of underrepresented minorities and women who directly enter the transportation workforce. It also aims at increasing the number of young people who enter college to study engineering or technology and subsequently pursue careers in transportation- and infrastructure-related careers. The IATP was conducted as a full-year program with 30 student participants from high schools.
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Prysyazhna-Gapchenko, Julia. VOLODYMYR LENYK AS A JOURNALIST AND EDITOR IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF UKRAINIAN EMIGRATION. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11094.

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In this article considered Journalistic and editorial activity of Volodymyr Lenika (14.06.1922–02.11.2005) – one of the leading figures of Ukrainian emigration in Germany. First outlined basic landmarks of his life and creation. Journalistic and editorial activity of Volodymyr Lenik was during to forty years out of Ukraine. In the conditions of emigration politically zaangazhovani Ukrainians counted on temporality of the stay abroad and prepared to transference of the created charts and instituciy on native lands. It was or by not main part of conception of liberation revolution of elaborate OUN under the direction of Stepan Banderi, and successfully incarnated in post-war years. Volodymyr Lenik, executing responsible commissions Organization, proved on a few directions of activity, which were organically combined with his journalistic and editorial work. As an editor he was promotorom of creation and realization of models of magazines «Avangard», «Krylati», «Znannia», «Freie Presse Korespondenz», newspapers «Shliakh peremogy». As a journalist Volodymyr Lenik left ponderable work, considerable part of which entered in two-volume edition «Ukrainians on strange land, or reporting, from long journeys». Subject of him newspaper-magazine publications directed on illumination of school, youth, student, cultural, scientific problems, organization and activity of emigrant structures, political fight of emigration, to dethronement of the antiukrainskikh Moscow diversions and provocations. Such variety of problematic of works of V. Lenika was directed in the river-bed of retaining of revolutionary temperament in the environment of diaspore, to bringing in of it to activity in public and political life. Problematic of him is systematized publicism and journalistic appearances, which was inferior realization of a few important tasks, namely to the fight for Ukrainian independence in new terms, cherishing and maintainance of national identity, counteraction hostile soviet propaganda. On an example headed Volodymyr Lenikom a magazine «Knowledge» some aspects are exposed him editorial trade.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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Syvash, Kateryna. AUDIENCE FEEDBACK AS AN ELEMENT OF PARASOCIAL COMMUNICATION WITH SCREEN MEDIA-PERSONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11062.

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Parasocial communication is defined as an illusory and one-sided interaction between the viewer and the media person, which is analogous to interpersonal communication. Among the classic media, television has the greatest potential for such interaction through a combination of audio and visual series and a wide range of television content – from newscasts to talent shows. Viewers’ reaction to this product can be seen as a defining element of parasociality and directly affect the popularity of a media person and the ratings of the TV channel. In this article we will consider feedback as part of parasocial communication and describe ways to express it in times of media transformations. The psychological interaction «media person – viewer» had been the focus of research by both psychologists and media experts for over 60 years. During the study, scientists described the predictors, functions, manifestations and possible consequences of paracommunication. One of the key elements of the formed parasocial connections is the real audience reaction. Our goal is to conceptualize the concept of feedback in the paradigm of parasocial communication and describe the main types of reactions to the media person in long-term parasocial relationships. The research focuses on the ways in which the viewer’s feedback on the television media person is expressed, bypassing the issue of classifying the audience’s feedback as «positive» and «negative». For this purpose, more than 20 interdisciplinary scientific works on the issue of parasocial interaction were analyzed and their generalization was carried out. Based on pre­vious research, the types and methods of feedback in the television context are separated. With successful parasocial interaction, the viewer can react in different ways to the media person. The type of feedback will directly depend on the strength of the already established communication with the media person. We distinguish seven types of feedback and divide them into those that occur during or after a television show; those that are spontaneous or planned; aimed directly at the media person or third parties. We offer the following types of feedback from TV viewers: «talking to the TV»; telling about the experience of parasocial communication to others; following on social networks; likes and comments; imitation of behavior and appearance; purchase of recommended brands; fanart.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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