Journal articles: 'Longitudinal section'

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Brzezińska, K., and A. Szychowski. "Stability and Resistance of Steel Continuous Beams with Thin-Walled Box Sections." Archives of Civil Engineering 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0048.

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AbstractThe issues of local stability and ultimate resistance of a continuous beam with thin-walled box section (Class 4) were reduced to the analysis of the local buckling of bilaterally elastically restrained internal plate of the compression flange at longitudinal stress variation. Critical stress of the local buckling was determined using the so-called Critical Plate Method (CPM). In the method, the effect of the elastic restraint of the component walls of the bar section and the effect of longitudinal stress variation that results from varying distribution of bending moments were taken into account. On that basis, appropriate effective characteristics of reliable sections were determined. Additionally, ultimate resistances of those sections were estimated. The impact of longitudinal stress variation and of the degree of elastic restraint of longitudinal edges on, respectively, the local buckling of compression flanges in the span section (p) and support section (s) was analysed. The influence of the span length of the continuous beam and of the relative plate slenderness of the compression flange on the critical ultimate resistance of box sections was examined.

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Duman, Soner, Sait Sen, Ali I. Günal, Gülay Asci, Fehmi Akcicek, and Ali Basci. "How Can We Standardize Peritoneal Thickness Measurements in Experimental Studies in Rats?" Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 21, no. 3_suppl (December 2001): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080102103s61.

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Objective The various methods of measuring peritoneal thickness in experimental studies in rats have yielded conflicting results. Also, no standard method exists to assess histologic findings in peritoneal morphology. We therefore undertook the present study to create a reproducible and standard method for assessing rat peritoneal histology in experimental studies. Methods Parietal peritoneal samples from 61 Wistar albino rats were used in the study. Excepting the skin, the whole abdominal wall from each rat was cut two-dimensionally (longitudinally and horizontally), fixed in formalin, and processed routinely for light microscopy. Slides were divided into two groups according to the direction of the inner abdominal muscle fibers in the sections. Longitudinal and horizontal sections of abdominal muscle were evaluated. For every section, one histopathology image was captured from a light microscope to an IBM-compatible computer. Peritoneal thickness (mean of the maximum and the minimum) and submesothelial area (SMA) were drawn on the image. A computer program then automatically performed measurements. Two different measurement methods were compared, based on the same sections. Results The mean peritoneal thickness was 91 ± 8 μm in the longitudinal sections and 75 ± 7 μm in the horizontal sections ( p < 0.05). Measurements of the SMA were found to be 47,762 ± 4,374 μm2 for the longitudinal sections and 40,389 ± 3,631 μm2 for the horizontal sections ( p < 0.05). In both types of sections, a positive correlation (96% for longitudinal and 90% for horizontal) was found between the SMA and the peritoneal thickness ( p < 0.01). The SMA measurements correlated significantly with functional properties [ratio of the dialysate concentration of glucose initially and after a 1-hour dwell (D1/D0 glucose), ultrafiltration, and protein loss; p < 0.01]. Conclusion Peritoneal thickness can be measured as a mean of the minimum and maximum values. That measurement strongly correlates with submesothelial area. Both types of sections can be used, but the horizontal and longitudinal sections show systematic differences. All samples in a study should be taken using the same section pattern, either longitudinal or horizontal.

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Kuroda, Masaaki, and Dieter Schildknecht. "Color dipole picture of deep inelastic scattering, revisited." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 30 (October 26, 2016): 1650157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16501578.

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Based upon the color-dipole picture, we provide closed analytic expressions for the longitudinal and the transverse photoabsorption cross-sections at low values of the Bjorken variable of [Formula: see text]. We compare with the experimental data for the longitudinal-to-transverse ratio of the (virtual) photoabsorption cross-section and with our previous fit to the experimental data for the total photoabsorption cross-section. Scaling in terms of the low-[Formula: see text] scaling variable [Formula: see text] is analyzed in terms of the reduced cross-section of deep inelastic scattering.

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Cho, Hong geun, Hideyuki Sato, Kanako Harada, Jumpei Arata, Shinya Onogi, Susumu Oguri, Tetsuo Ikeda, Makoto Hashizume, and Mamoru Mitsuishi. "Detection of Longitudinal-Section View of Blood Vessels in Laparoscopic Ultrasound Image." Abstracts of the international conference on advanced mechatronics : toward evolutionary fusion of IT and mechatronics : ICAM 2015.6 (2015): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicam.2015.6.265.

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Ebenstein, Donna M., and Kathryn J. Wahl. "Anisotropic nanomechanical properties of Nephila clavipes dragline silk." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 2035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0246.

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Spider silk is a material with unique mechanical properties under tension. In this study, we explore the anisotropic mechanical properties of spider silk using instrumented indentation. Both quasistatic indentation and dynamic stiffness imaging techniques were used to measure the mechanical properties in transverse and longitudinal sections of silk fibers. Quasistatic indentation yielded moduli of 10 ± 2 GPa in transverse sections and moduli of 6.4 ± 0.5 GPa in longitudinal sections, demonstrating mechanical anisotropy in the fiber. This result was supported by dynamic stiffness imaging, which also showed the average reduced modulus measured in the transverse section to be slightly higher than that of the longitudinal section. Stiffness imaging further revealed an oriented microstructure in the fiber, showing microfibrils aligned with the drawing axis of the fiber. No spatial distribution of modulus across the silk sections was observed by either quasistatic or stiffness imaging mechanics.

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Vasylkovskyi, Olexiy, Sergiy Leshchenko, Sergiy Moroz, Olexandr Nesterenko, and Ludmyla Molokost. "Before Creating the Concept of the «Ideal» Grain Separator Sieve." National Interagency Scientific and Technical Collection of Works. Design, Production and Exploitation of Agricultural Machines, no. 50 (2020): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2414-3820.2020.50.52-58.

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The article presents considerations for creating conditions for the intensification of the process of grain separation by geometric features. The review of constructions and the analysis of work of known sieve surfaces from a position of possibility of maintenance of high indicators of technological efficiency at the expense of acceleration of orientation of particles concerning sieve apertures is carried out. It is established that the most favorable orientation conditions are provided by the surfaces formed by longitudinal elements of small cross-section of streamlined shape, which minimize the possibility of placing particles on them in positions of stable equilibrium. Theoretical possibilities of increasing the living cross-sectional areas and live cross-sectional coefficients of sieve canvases without cross-sections are revealed. The dependences of the total width of the longitudinal sections and the coefficient of the living cross section of the sieves on the width of the longitudinal sections for different sieves are given. This makes it possible to visually assess the need to increase the living cross section of the sieves by reducing the width of the longitudinal sections that form them. A significant reduction in the width of the partitions is possible due to the use of new materials - braided cords made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene type Spectra / Dyneema, which provide high mechanical strength and wear resistance with «absolute» inextensibility.

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Kusno. "On the modeling of cross-section and longitudinal section of pipes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1321 (October 2019): 022068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1321/2/022068.

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Foroughi, Saeid, and Süleyman Bahadır Yüksel. "Investigation of moment-curvature and effective section stiffness of reinforced concrete columns." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2021.03.003.

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In determining the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in national and international seismic code, it is desired to use effective section stiffness of the cracked section in RC structural elements during the design phase. Although the effective stiffness of the cracked section is not constant, it depends on parameters such as the dimension of the cross-section, concrete strength and axial force acting on the section. In this study, RC column models with different axial load levels, concrete strength, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios were designed to investigate effective stiffness. Analytically investigated parameters were calculated from TBEC (2018), ACI318 (2014), ASCE/SEI41 (2017), Eurocode 2 (2004) and Eurocode8 (2004, 2005) regulations and moment-curvature relationships. From the numerical analysis results, it is obtained that the axial load level, concrete strength, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios have an influence on the effective stiffness factor of RC column sections. The calculated effective stiffness for RC columns increases with increasing transverse reinforcement ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and concrete strength. Due to the increase of axial force, effective stiffness values of concrete have increased.

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Li, Ke Min, Zhi Fu Huang, Chao Feng Qin, Han Wen Ma, and Wei Yao Zhang. "Friction and Wear Properties of Oriented Fe₂B with Different Cr Additions under Water-Lubricated Condition." Materials Science Forum 975 (January 2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.975.3.

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In the present study, pure oriented Fe2B with Cr addition were prepared. The friction and wear properties of oriented Fe2B with different Cr additions were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and 3D laser scanning microscope. Results indicate that fracture toughness of the cross section is higher than that of the longitudinal section invariably with the same Cr addition. Both cross and longitudinal sections, the fracture toughness value increases from 1Cr to 2Cr and decreases from 2Cr to 3Cr. Friction coefficient and wear loss of cross section are lower than those of the longitudinal section under the same Cr addition. For the identical grain orientation, the friction coefficient and wear loss rise from 1Cr to 2Cr and then drop from 2Cr to 3Cr. 2Cr-C sample has the lowest friction coefficient and wear loss. On the contrary, the friction coefficient and wear loss of 3Cr-L sample are the highest. Wear mechanisms of Fe2B alloy are brittle rupture and abrasive wear.

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Hristov, Borislav. "Influence of the longitudinal inclination on the speed on highways." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304007.

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The main objective of the present paper is to investigate the influence of the longitudinal inclination of grades on the speed behavior on highways. For assessing this dependence, all uphill and downhill highway sections were considered separately in the two travel directions and the mean values of both 85th and 15th percentile speeds were calculated for each section. In order to take into account the free speed selection, all speed limited highway sections were excluded from the study. To investigate the speed changes as a function of the longitudinal inclination, the speed differences V85 between the speeds at the end and the beginning of each individual ascending and descending section were calculated as well. The dependencies were assessed also using the “moving average” over the grades. Both methodological approaches show that the magnitude of the longitudinal inclination on uphill sections has a clear influence on the speed and on the speed differences. A significant reduction of the speed and a significant increase of the speed difference were established on ascending sections with slopes over 4%. Furthermore, it was found that the length of the ascending grades also affects the speed differences ΔV85, which increase considerably on longer uphill sections.

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Furuhashi, H., M. Shimizu, and T. Goto. "Longitudinal discharge N2laser with rectangular cross section." Measurement Science and Technology 1, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/1/5/005.

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Lada, Adveni H. A., Partogi H. Simatupang, and Andi H. Rizal. "Studi Parametrik Pengaruh Variasi Pengekangan Terhadap Nilai Kapasitas dan Daktilitas Penampang Kolom Beton Bertulang Bentuk T." JURNAL FORUM TEKNIK SIPIL (J-ForTekS) 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/forteks.v1i1.4077.

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Column has a function as a successor of the entire building load for foundation with a cross-sectional shape which generally a square. In its development, the shape of column section has begun to vary, namely the 'L', 'T' and 'Plus (+)' shaped sections. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of restraint parameters such as diameter of stirrups, distance between stirrups, diameter and configuration of longitudinal reinforcement also concrete quality on the capacity and ductility of T-shaped non-square column using Response-2000, XTRACT and SAP2000 programs to ensure the percentage comparison of the analysis result data is not more than 5%. The results of this study for each type of cross-section, namely each increase in the percentage of concrete quality parameters ranging from 25-35 MPa, the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement and diameter of stirrups will increase the value of capacity and decrease the value of ductility, while for each increase in the percentage of parameters the distance between stirrups will decrease the value of capacity and the ductility value. Meanwhile, the variation of longitudinal reinforcement configuration produces T2-1 section as cross section with the largest capacity value and T1-2 section as cross section with the greatest ductility value.

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Yardimoglu, Bulent, and Levent Aydin. "Exact Longitudinal Vibration Characteristics of Rods with Variable Cross-Sections." Shock and Vibration 18, no. 4 (2011): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/574690.

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Longitudinal natural vibration frequencies of rods (or bars) with variable cross-sections are obtained from the exact solutions of differential equation of motion based on transformation method. For the rods having cross-section variations as power of the sinusoidal functions ofax+b, the differential equation is reduced to associated Legendre equation by using the appropriate transformations. Frequency equations of rods with certain cross-section area variations are found from the general solution of this equation for different boundary conditions. The present solutions are benchmarked by the solutions available in the literature for the special case of present cross-sectional variations. Moreover, the effects of cross-sectional area variations of rods on natural characteristics are studied with numerical examples.

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Wu, Qing Mei, De Qing Wang, and Yang Gao. "Effects of Processing Technic on Grain Size of Copper Clad Steel Wire." Advanced Materials Research 567 (September 2012): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.567.116.

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The method adopted to manufacture copper clad steel wire in this study is cladding and welding and then drawing and annealing it. The effect of drawing deformation and annealing treatment on the grain size of α-Fe phase were studied. Experimental results show that the grain sizeα in cross section of α-Fe phase is decreased with the increase of the drawing deformation. Grains of the longitudinal section are elongated toward the drawing direction and appeared a strip shape. The grain size in cross-section of α-Fe phase is enhanced with the increase of the annealing time and annealing temperature, its length diameter ratio in longitudinal section is decreased oppositely. The grain size in cross section and length diameter ratio in longitudinal section are almost invariant in 850 °C for 2 h, the grain in longitudinal section tends to be equiaxial, the recrystallization processes is thus finished at this moment. Through the experimental data analysis, the regression equation about the relation of annealing temperature and annealing time of CCS with the grain size in cross section and length diameter ratio in longitudinal section are obtained.

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Zang, Shu Jun, Juan Juan Li, Xiao Qiang Yin, and Jian Bin Zhang. "Microstructure Observation of the Tensile Fractured 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.228.

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The article studies on sections microstructure of 430ferritic stainless steel after tension, the tensile temperatures are the 1073K, 1173K, 1223K, 1273K, 1323K and 1423K. The transverse sections (vertical tensile direction) of fractured specimens microstructure of 430ferritic stainless steel were observed and compared with those of longitudinal sections (parallel tensile direction). Moreover, we compare microstructure of transverse section specimens with the salt water-cooled condition and air-cooled condition. The optical micrograph of fractured tensile specimens of 430stainless steel after cooling to room temperature indicated that the volume fraction of the martensite is gradually increased and then declined from 1073K to 1423K. At 1223K, the martensite content is highest. At 1423K, martensite is sharply reduced and disappeared, the microstructure of 430ferritic stainless steel is almost all of ferrite and grain boundary obviously observed. Due to tensile deformation, the morphology of martensite is massive in the transverse section specimens. Whereas, the strip-type morphology of martensite was observed in the longitudinal section specimens. The cooling rate impact on the microstructure was also discussed.

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Liang, Shuangqiang, Qihong Zhou, Haiyang Mei, Ge Chen, and Frank Ko. "Fatigue Behavior of 3D Braided Composites Containing an Open-Hole." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 2147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092147.

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The static and dynamic mechanical performances of notched and un-notched 3D braided composites were studied. The effect of longitudinal laid-in yarn was investigated in comparison with low braiding angle composites. The specimens were fatigue tested for up to millions of cycles, and the residual strength of the samples that survived millions of cycles was tested. The cross-section of the 3D braided specimens was observed after fatigue loading. It was found that the static and fatigue properties of low angle 3D braided behaved better than longitudinally reinforced 3D braided composites. For failure behavior, pure braids contain damage better and show less damage area than the braids with longitudinal yarns under fatigue loading. More cracks occurred in the 3D braided specimen with axial yarn cross-section along the longitudinal and transverse direction.

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MUNHOZ, F. S., and J. S. GIONGO. "Variation analysis effects of square and rectangular columns section with different longitudinal reinforcement rates in the main reinforcement two pile caps analysis." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 10, no. 3 (June 2017): 760–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952017000300011.

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ABSTRACT The transition between the columns of building and foundation had been used the pile-cap structural elements. The most appropriate method for the pile caps design is the Strut and Tie model. In most cases in the structural project is not considered the influence of certain parameters: the columns cross section and the amount of longitudinal reinforcement columns. This paper studies the effect of the variability of the geometric section of square and rectangular columns, with different longitudinal reinforcement rates, in the main reinforcement traction two pile caps. The basis for study was development experimental program in the Structures Laboratory of EESC-USP . The traction reinforcement bars strains are reduced the pile-caps central section to pile-caps sections that approximate cutting axis shows the experimental results. In models with columns of elongated rectangular section and with great reinforcement rates this reduction is smaller.

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Jaros, Małgorzata, Mateusz Słowik, Ewa Golisz, and Monika Janaszek-Mańkowska. "Identification of representative segment of root for colour determination of carrot." Technical Sciences 2, no. 22 (July 16, 2019): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ts.4386.

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The aim of the work was to verify hypothesis that colour of longitudinal section of carrot root may be represented by a selected segment of root or a cross-section. An image analysis was based on image data obtained for longitudinal sections of carrot roots using flatbed scanner and graphics editing software. Colour images were acquired into sRGB colour space and converted to CIE Lab. Sixteen segments of equal height were separated over whole length of root image. The colour difference metric was determined to present how colour of each segment differs from the mean colour of whole root. The root section was considered to be representative for whole root if colour difference metric was the least. The analysis of results confirmed a research hypothesis and allowed for finding representative section which was located at 10⁄16 of total root length measuring from the carrot root head.

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Verlinden, Sven, Silvanda M. Silva, Robert C. Herner, and Randolph M. Beaudry. "Time-dependent Changes in the Longitudinal Sugar and Respiratory Profiles of Asparagus Spears During Storage at 0 °C." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 139, no. 4 (July 2014): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.139.4.339.

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The rate of respiration and the concentrations of sucrose, glucose, and fructose were measured along the length of intact asparagus (Asparagus officinalis cv. Jersey Giant) spears during storage at 0 °C. Carbon dioxide production by each of five sections along the spear was initially high but underwent a rapid and extensive decline within the first 24 hours after harvest with the rate of decline slowing thereafter. The respiration rate was highest at the tip (Section 1), decreasing as the distance from the tip increased (Sections 2 through 5 with Section 5 being more basal). Initially, the respiration rate of the tip was approximately four times that of the base, but after 23 days at 0 °C, the respiration rate of the tip was only twice that of the base. Sugar levels were measured in Sections 1 through 4. Sugar levels declined with time, but increased, unlike respiration, with distance from the tip. Sucrose underwent a rapid decline within the first 24 hours of storage in the tip and Sections 3 and 4. Sucrose depletion was most extensive in the tip, reaching more than 95% by Day 23. Glucose underwent the most rapid decline in Section 2. The relatively higher rate of glucose depletion in Section 2, the zone of rapid cell elongation, may have been to support a relatively higher rate of cell wall biosynthesis in this section. For the first day after harvest, sugar depletion far outstripped hexose equivalents respired as CO2. Afterward, however, the rate of respiration (as hexose equivalents) was similar to the rate of sugar depletion for all sections except the most basipetal, which lost carbohydrate faster than could be accounted for by respired CO2. The data suggest that hexoses were exported from more basipetal tissues to support the metabolic activity of more acropetal sections.

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He, Pengfei, Jianhua Dong, Xin Ren, and Xiaolei Wu. "Longitudinal Deformation Model and Parameter Analysis of Canal Lining under Nonuniform Frost Heave." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (May 20, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5519035.

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Due to the unique hydrothermal environments, the frost heave failure of the concrete lining of water conveyance canals in cold regions is still frequent. The deformation of lining after frost heaving and the stress distribution calculated by the mechanical model can be the reference for the lining design. However, previous research mainly focused on the mechanical model of the cross-section while having little attention for the longitudinal nonuniform frost heave damage. In this study, a mechanical model of the bottom lining under the nonuniform frost heave deformation is built based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam and the Pasternak foundation model, and the analytical solution of the model is obtained. The internal stress of the lining is analyzed during the changes of subgrade coefficient, shear rigidity, transition section length, and frost heave amount inside the model. Also, the calculation process is proved to be correct. The result shows that dangerous cross-sections are at the start and the end of the transition sections. The maximum normal stress and the tangential stress increase when the subgrade coefficient and the frost heave amount increase and the shear modulus and transition section length decrease. The frost heave amount in the frozen ground subgrade increases constantly, while the temperature decreases, but at the same time, the shear rigidity of the subgrade increases with it. The former increases the stress of lining, and the latter decreases it. Therefore, during the frost heaving process, the internal force of lining is coupled with these two elements. By analyzing a water conveyance canal lining under the nonuniform frost heave in the Xinjiang Tarim irrigation district, the maximum normal stress of the dangerous lining cross-section is greater than its tensile strength when the transition section length smaller than 7 m at the frost heave amount is 0.031 m.

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Peng, Fei, Yue Lin Zhang, and Jin Lei Mu. "Typical Hull Structure’s Longitudinal Strength Calculating Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 723 (January 2015): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.723.252.

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To get the typical ship structures’ longitudinal bend stress in hogging condition, standard method and finite element method, two kinds of longitudinal strength calculating methods are studied and compared in this paper, the section elements of typical ship structures are calculated, the cabin’s finite model are established by ABAQUS, the stress distribution moiré topography are obtained, and the two methods are compared, get the following conclusion: for the section which has a regular shape, such as bottom plate, strength deck, the calculation results from the two methods are consistent; for the section which has a complex shape, such as bilge board, the results of finite method is more accurate than standard method; in standard method, for the section which has a large vertical height, such as side plate, dividing it into some plate units can enhance the calculating accuracy.

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Goloskokov, S. V., and P. Kroll. "The longitudinal cross section of vector meson electroproduction." European Physical Journal C 50, no. 4 (March 13, 2007): 829–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-007-0228-4.

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Lampe, B. "On the longitudinal cross section for Z→hadrons." Physics Letters B 301, no. 4 (March 1993): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(93)91175-m.

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Nautiyal, Prakash, Asheesh Shivam Mishra, K. R. Singh, and Upendra Singh. "Longitudinal distribution of the fish fauna in the river Ganga from Gangotri to Kanpur." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i1.283.

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Fish fauna of the river Ganga from Gangotri to Kanpur consisted of 140 fish species from 9 orders and 25 families; 63 fish species from 6 orders and 12 families in the mountain section (MS), while 122 species from 9 orders and 25 families in the Plains section (PS) of Upper Ganga. Cypriniformes and Cyprinidae were most species rich order and family in both sections. Forty six fish species primarily Cypriniformes and Siluriformes are common to both sections, only 17 in MS and 76 in PS. Orders Tetradontiformes, Osteoglossiformes and Clupeiformes were present in PS only. The taxonomic richness in the MS was low compared to PS. Probably motility and physiological requirements in respect of tolerance for temperature restrict faunal elements.

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Zhang, Zhuo, and Jian Ping Gao. "Research on Longitudinal Slope of Highway Based on Control by Flow Path Length." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 1672–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1672.

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Flow path on the highway is longer, driving exits the more dangerous. Based on the mechanical theory, the calculation models of the flow path length in different sections were built by FDM and multiple linear regression method. The flow path length of different section and different longitudinal slope was studied. The results show that: in addition to straight line and circle curve, when the number of lane is more than 4 and longitudinal slope is greater than 4%, the flow path length at other sections almost exceeded the prescribed value. Made the flow path length as control index, the amendment value on the maximum longitudinal slope of highway is proposed.

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Cheplagin, N. A., G. A. Zaretskaya, and B. A. Kalinikos. "Analytical Dispersion Theory for Optical Waves in Regular Microwaveguides." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2018-21-3-71-78.

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A method for analysis of dispersion characteristics of guided optical modes propagating in the optical waveguides with small cross-sections is proposed. The method is based on introduction of a correction factor for a longitudinal wavenumber of propagating modes. The correction factor arises when a cross-section of the basic rectangular waveguide is subjected to perturbation. The electromagnetic field distributions along with the mode longitudinal wavenumber are found by means of variable separation method. The longitudinal wavenumber correction factor is analytically calculated in terms of coupled mode theory. The combined use of the complete set of equations of electrodynamics together with the concept of effective sources gives rise to the correction factor in the form of an intermodal coupling coefficient. It is pointed out that the coupling coefficient consists of two components, namely bulk and surface, owing to accurate account of the electrodynamics boundary conditions. Using the method proposed, the dispersion characteristics of the fundamental modes propagating in the practically employed optical waveguides having a trapezoidal cross-section are calculated. An impact of the waveguide cross-section shape to cladding dielectric constant ratio on the mode dispersion characteristics is analyzed. The necessity to take into consideration an imperfection of the waveguide cross-section in a wide range of operating wavelengths is demonstrated.

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Fang, Yuan, Cheng Hu Wang, Hui Fang Liang, Li Li Bao, and Xiao Hong Zhou. "Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Crimp Mechanism of Bi-Component Filament." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 2209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.2209.

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Based on two typical cross-sections such as the circular and the near-elliptical of PTT/PET bi-component filament, the crimp modeling was established. It can be used to describe the relationship among the crimp morphology in Longitudinal, the cross-section characteristics and the shrinkage difference of two components. The cross section characteristics of PTT/PET bi-component filament with nearly circular and elliptical cross section were obtained. The average ρ∆ of T400 made by Dupont is 17.46μm and that made by Huvis is 11.09μm.

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Liu, Fu Qiang, Jie Liu, Chu Lun Tian, Han Chen, and Fu Guo Li. "Micro-Structure Evolution of SAF2205 Steel Subjected to Single Direction Torsion at Room Temperature." Key Engineering Materials 729 (February 2017): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.729.104.

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The microstructure morphology of SAF2205 steel during single direction torsion is studied at room temperature by optical microscope. The microstructure evolution indicates that different austenite morphologies on selected longitudinal sections are observed from the subsample close to clamp end, the subsample close to the fracture end and the subsample from the undeformed specimen. The austenite is elongated gradually on longitudinal sections which caused by shear stress. Concurrently, the elongation degree is more obvious in L1 section (near to the center of the sample) than that of L2 section (away from the center of the sample), which is attributed to the gradient distribution of plastic strain. The finite element analysis shows the plastic strain distribution law of the torsional deformation and the results from the fracture appearance indicate the dimples with different depths and types are observed.

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Kukhar, Volodymyr, Yurii Sahirov, Vadym Hornostai, Oleg Markov, and Mykyta Nahnibeda. "FEM simulation of bending and torsion tests of similar size RHS but of the different production options." E3S Web of Conferences 234 (2021): 00079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400079.

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The paper implements a method for analyzing the stress-strain state of rectangular hollow sections (RHS) by finite-element modeling (FEM) of tests for three-point bending and torsion. Design schemes, 3-D solid-state and deformable models have been developed using the automated analysis and CAD/CAE system software, made it possible to obtain equivalent stress distributions and displacements in models. A simulation of tests for RHS with a cross section of 40 mm × 50 mm, manufactured in two ways, was carried out: (a) by direct-forming of galvanized steel strips on roll-forming mill in a semi-closed section with a longitudinal gap of 0.5 mm between the edges formed on a 40 mm web (DF-RHS); (b) similar direct-forming to the closed section and next welding the edges to a longitudinal weld along the web middle of 50 mm (DFW-RHS). RHS with various wall thicknesses (t = 1.93 mm, 1.84 mm and 0.7 mm) was investigated, given the design features that depend on the manufacturing processes of structural sections. It was found DFW-RHS is stiffer by at least 50% compared to DF-RHS, which allows to savings the metal by reducing the RHS wall thickness by 62% while maintaining the same stiffness and ensuring high strength of structural section.

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30

Wu, Yun, and Qi Lin Zhang. "Experimental Investigation and Design of Aluminum Beams with Longitudinal Welds." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3462.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation of longitudinally welded aluminum I-section beams subjected to concentrated force. The specimens were fabricated using 6061-T6 heat-treated aluminum. The test program included 10 beam tests contained 2 test series according to different welding section, i.e. T-shape section and P-shape section. The test results were compared with the design strengths predicted by the European Code and the suggested formula in the paper for welded aluminum beams. The purpose of this paper is to present the tests results of two typically longitudinally welded I-section aluminum beams, and to validate the accuracy of the recommended design formula.

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31

Polikutin, Aleksei E., Yuri B. Potapov, and Artem V. Levchenko. "The Influence of the Height of Fiber Reinforcement Zone on the Crack Resistance of Rubcon Beams with Mixed Reinforcement." Materials Science Forum 974 (December 2019): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.974.627.

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In order to research on the influence of the height of the fiber reinforcement zone on the normal sections crack resistance, we produced and tested rubcon beams of rectangular cross section with mixed reinforcement; our studies showed that the height of the fiber reinforcement zone has a similar effect on the normal sections crack resistance with the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement. It is important to note that the arrangement of fiber reinforcement at 3/4 of the section height greatly complicates the process of manufacturing the beam while not increasing the strength of the tensile zone compared to the beams with the location of the fiber over the entire height of the section.

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32

Thomas, Todd, Arlis Kadrmas, and John Huffman. "Cold In-Place Recycling on US-283 in Kansas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1723, no. 1 (January 2000): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1723-07.

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In 1997 an experimental partial-depth cold in-place recycling project was performed on US-283 in Kansas. Two sections approximately equal in length, one with Class C fly ash and the other with an emulsion with lime slurry, were recycled. On both sections a hot-mix asphalt overlay was placed after curing. Field observations in 1998 showed minor transverse cracking in the fly ash section, but no cracking was evident in the emulsion-plus-lime section. Transverse cracking increased in the fly ash section in 1999 and was noted for the first time in the emulsion-plus-lime section during this same evaluation. Longitudinal cracking in the wheel-paths of the fly ash section was also first observed in 1999. Rutting was not observed in either section during the evaluations. The results of Superpave indirect tensile testing in the laboratory confirmed that the fly ash section should crack before the emulsion-plus-lime section; laboratory testing with the Superpave shear tester and the asphalt pavement analyzer also indicated that the mixtures were not susceptible to rutting.

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33

Wadee, M. Khurram, M. Ahmer Wadee, Andrew P. Bassom, and Andreas A. Aigner. "Longitudinally inhomogeneous deformation patterns in isotropic tubes under pure bending." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 462, no. 2067 (January 10, 2006): 817–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2005.1596.

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A variational model is formulated that accounts for the localization of deformation due to buckling under pure bending of thin-walled elastic tubes with circular cross-sections. Previous studies have successfully modelled the gradual process of ovalization of the cross-section with an accompanying progressive reduction in stiffness but these theories have had insufficient freedom to incorporate any longitudinal variation in the tube. Here, energy methods and small-strain nonlinear elastic theory are used to model the combined effects of cross-section deformation and localized longitudinal buckling. Results are compared with a number of case studies, including a nanotube, and it is found that the model gives rise to behaviours that correlate well with some published physical experiments and numerical studies.

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34

Qingjun Liu, Huawei Duan, Yufei Dai, Yong Niu, Hong Chen, Qing Liu, Ping Bin, and Yuxin Zheng. "The effect of 2,5-hexanedione on permeability of blood-nerve barrier in rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 29, no. 6 (January 5, 2010): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109357213.

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To explore the effect of 2,5-hexanedione on permeability of blood-nerve barrier, adult Wistar rats were administered with 400 mg.kg—1.d— 1 2,5-hexanedione to establish animal model of 2,5-hexnedione neuropathy. Evans blue was injected through left femoral vein of the rats after the model had been established. The distribution of fluorescence in sciatic-tibial nerve was observed and assessed. For the transverse sections of sciatic-tibial nerves, the average fluorescence intensity of proximal section was stronger (p < .01) than those of intermediate and distal sections and the average fluorescence intensity of intermediate section was stronger (p < .01) than that of distal section in the intoxicated group. In the control, the weak fluorescence was shown, and average fluorescence intensity of distal section was stronger (p < .05) than that of proximal section. The average fluorescence intensity of proximal, intermediate and distal sections in the intoxicated group was stronger (p < .01) than those of the corresponding sections in the control. For the longitudinal sections of sciatic-tibial nerves, fluorescence was observed in both proximal and distal sections in the intoxicated group. The fluorescence intensity of distal section in the control was weak and almost no fluorescence was shown in the proximal section. The permeability of blood-nerve barrier could be increased by 2,5-hexanedione.

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35

Hedrih, Katica Stevanovic, and Aleksandar Filipovski. "Longitudinal vibrations of rheological rod with variable cross section." Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 4, no. 3 (September 1999): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1007-5704(99)90005-9.

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36

Matsuda, H., T. Sakiyama, C. Morita, and M. Kawakami. "Longitudinal impulsive response analysis of variable cross-section bars." Journal of Sound and Vibration 181, no. 3 (March 1995): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1995.0156.

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37

Ulitin, G. M., and S. N. Tsarenko. "Longitudinal Vibrations of Elastic Rods of Variable Cross-Section." International Applied Mechanics 51, no. 1 (January 2015): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10778-015-0676-8.

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38

Shvabyuk, V. I., S. V. Rotko, and O. A. Uzhegova. "Bending of a Composite Beam with a Longitudinal Section." Strength of Materials 46, no. 4 (July 2014): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11223-014-9583-1.

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39

Shanbhag, Esha R., and P. Veena. "Surgical Site Infections Following Cesarean Section: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 13, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1889.

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40

Zhu, S. D., S. M. Panton, and J. L. Duncan. "The Effects of Geometric Variables in Roll Forming a Channel Section." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 210, no. 2 (April 1996): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_098_02.

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A model of the roll forming process developed previously by the authors was used to examine the effect of geometric variables such as flange length, thickness, bend angle, bend angle increment and roll diameter on the longitudinal strain developed in the roll forming of channel sections. The peak longitudinal strain was found to increase with flange length and then drop when the flange length reaches a critical value. The peak longitudinal strain was found to increase with thickness. In general, increasing the bend angle increment was found to increase the peak longitudinal strain despite the fact that the deformation length also increases. Increasing the roll diameter was found to decrease the peak longitudinal strain. The results from the study explain several roll forming phenomena observed in previous experimental studies.

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41

Grebenyuk, G. I., V. I. Maksak, and E. V. Yankov. "STIFFNESS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF STEPPED COLUMNS UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 22, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2020-22-5-111-121.

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The paper presents the stiffness analysis and optimization of stepped columns constituting the core frame of the industrial building. The two-span cross section of a one- storey industrial building is investigated herein. The quasi-static calculation is performed using the limited load approximation method for the cross-section of the most loaded middle column. The critical Euler characteristic of the compressive longitudinal load is determined by the differential bending equations at the bifurcation instability in the column sections. The parameter optimization of the column cross-section is achieved through the nonlinear mathematical programming. The optimization of medium column cross-section is considered using the proposed calculation when setting a set of constraints for the optimization task.

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42

Jiao, Xiao Juan, and Jian Min Ma. "The Analysis of Longitudinal Impact Response for Variable Cross-Section Rod." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.504.

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s The longitudinal impact between rigid body and variable cross-section elastic rod with fixed boundary condition was studied, the velocity and stress distribution law during 1st impact wave period was derived for the variable cross-section rod, the influence of cross-section change rate on rod response was discussed. Some examples calculations were carried on, It is shown that the cross-section change rate is a significant influencing factor for the velocity and stress distribution in the rod during impact.

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43

Ning, Hao, Xiao Yin Lv, and Yi Jun Wang. "Research on Longitudinal Seismic Calculation Theory of Single-Story Factory Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2471.

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Regarding the distribution modes of longitudinal horizontal seismic forces of single-story factory building with no purlin concrete roof, there are conflicts between Sections 9.8.1 and 5.2.6 in the Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2010[1]. We suggested distributing the longitudinal seismic forces according to the proportion of the gravity loads on the subordinate areas of the lateral force components. We recommended replacing clause 1 of section 9.1.8 with “Don’t consider the effective stiffness of the enclosure walls or the partition walls”. Then for the example in Single-story Factory building Design Examples, we calculated the longitudinal seismic forces with two methods, and proved the our recommended method was correct.

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44

Alie, Muhammad Zubair Muis, Wahyuddin, Syamsul Asri, Farianto Fachruddin Lage, Juswan, and Taufiqur Rachman. "Collapse Analysis on VLCC Subjected to Longitudinal Bending with Damages." Applied Mechanics and Materials 874 (January 2018): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.874.121.

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The objective of the present study is to analyze the progressive collapse of VLCC hull girder with damages subjected to longitudinal bending. For the simple case, the cross-section is assumed to be remained plane and the vertical bending moment is applied to the cross section. The residual stress, initial imperfection, and crack are not considered. The damages scenarios are located at the center part and asymmetric position of the cross section. To analyze the progressive collapse including its behavior of VLCC ship hull, the simply supported is imposed to the cross section and taking the hogging and sagging condition into account. The results obtained for intact and damages condition by the analytical solution is compared and summarized with one another.

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45

Gong, Xiao Ping, and Hong Xiao. "Mechanical Characteristics Analysis of Type ∏ Terminal Restricted Configuration Transition Section for CRTSⅡ Slab Track." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.108.

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With full-bridge longitudinal-connected foundation plates,CRTSⅡslab track sets type ∏ terminal restricted configuration anchorage structure in the bedroad-bridge transition section,in order to transmit forces such as temperature force and braking force from foundation plate to subgrade. In connection with the deficiency of exsiting researches, through the established finite element analysis model on Type ∏ terminal restricted configuration transition section,its mechanical characteristics under the most unfavorable longitudinal load by changing the structural parameters of transition section are analyzed, focusing on the criterion that the range of maximum of longitudinal displacement is 3mm.Analysis results show that when the longitudinal force is being transmitted to the anchorage structure, the maximum stress and longitudinal displacement of main terminal restricted configuration are far less than the limit and this process has little influence on track geometrical regularity .The laying of sliding layer can ameliorate structural force and deformation. However, changing its friction coefficient has no effect. Moreover, as the soil is under elastic deformation stage, its elastic modulus presents significant effects on mechanical properties of transmit section while its internal friction angle and cohesion have no influence.

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46

Najim Abbas, Aamer, and Nura Jasim Muhammed. "Structural Behavior of Unbalanced Section self-compacting reinforced concrete axially Loaded columns." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (December 13, 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24088.

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Eight (120 mm) square and (1 m) long reinforced concrete columns were tested under axial load to large inelastic deformations. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the behavior of column sections confined by rectilinear ties. Major variables considered in this program included: (1) Distribution of longitudinal and lateral steel, including unbalanced section due to the asymmetric distribution of reinforcing steel bars (2) type of concrete; normal concrete and self-compacting concrete. Finite element model was performed to validate the experimental results of this investigation. Test results indicate that a asymmetric distribution longitudinal bars results in desired performance of columns. Unsupported longitudinal bars and its number effective only at large deformations and result in rapid deterioration of column behavior at a later stage. There is 8.75% and 35.65% decrease in ultimate capacity under the control column, asymmetric distribution of reinforcing steel bars appears a more brittle while symmetric bars yields more elastic than brittle, it adds safety when failure happens.

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47

Chen, Nian-Zhong, and C. Guedes Soares. "Ultimate Longitudinal Strength of Ship Hulls of Composite Materials." Journal of Ship Research 52, no. 03 (September 1, 2008): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2008.52.3.184.

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A progressive collapse analysis method is proposed to predict the ultimate longitudinal strength of ship hulls of composite materials. The load-average strain curve derived from a progressive failure nonlinear finite element analysis is adopted for representing the behavior of each stiffened composite panel forming a hull cross section. The bending moment of the ship hull under a prescribed curvature is achieved by integrating the reaction force of each stiffened panel over a hull cross section based on the load-average strain curves. The ultimate longitudinal strength of a ship hull is obtained from the moment-curvature relationship of the ship hull, which is established by imposing progressively increasing curvatures of a hull cross section. An all-composite ship is analyzed as an application.

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48

Ghaddar, Maha G. "Effect of Hollow Shape on the Behavior of Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete Slender Column Under Eccentric Loading." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 6 (June 25, 2021): 884–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i6.1504.

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Results of testing reinforced self-compacted concrete slender columns having longitudinal holes concealing PVC pipe in their cross sections under axial compression load and uniaxial bending are presented in this paper. The effect of hollow shape on the performance of slender columns having 200x200mm quadratic cross section and 1300mm long under concentric and eccentric loads was investigated. Three different shapes of central hole: circular, square, and lozenge pattern in addition to the different load eccentricity values were considered to investigate the axial loading resistance and cracking load, lateral and longitudinal deflections of the columns. Test results have showed that altering the hollow shape inside the area of column cross section does not show a great influence on the column behavior unless the hollow ratio changed. The effect of hole shape or the hollow ratio on loading capacity is insignificant but the existence of a hole embedded longitudinally in the column significantly decreases its ultimate capacity. The effect of hollow shape or hollow ratio on a slender columns behavior subjected to eccentric loading with small ratio of load eccentricity to total column thickness (e/h=.33) was more than that of large eccentricity (e/h=1.0). Accordingly, the decrease in loading column capacity of columns was (5.0%, 2.5%, and 6.6%) compared to (3.2%, 2.2%, and 4.7%) for the same hole shapes respectively.

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Galinska, Tatyana, Dmytro Ovsii, and Mykola Ovsii. "The Combining Technique of Calculating the Sections of Reinforced Concrete Bending Elements Normal to its Longitudinal Axis, Based on the Deformation Model." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14387.

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Methodical foundations for calculating the strength of normal sections of various types of steel-concrete bending elements are proposed, which allow calculating in dependence on the stress-strain state (SSS) at the moment of destruction of its components (concrete and structural reduced steel profile). The basis of the calculation allows solving two problems: the problem of determining the optimal section of reduced structural steel profile (RSSP), which reinforced the section of steel-concrete bending elements; the task of verifying the load-bearing capacity of a normal reduced section of various types of steel-concrete bending elements.

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50

Starodub, Yu P., B. Ye Kuplovskyi, and T. M. Gonchar. "GEODYNAMICS." GEODYNAMICS 2(11)2011, no. 2(11) (September 20, 2011): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jgd2011.02.287.

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The results of seismic wave field modeling on the cross-section model of the crust (for Drobyshivske gas-condensate field example) were presented. Complicated cut of the crust, resulting geophysical study, represented as a reservoir model. When modeling, seismic wave field features of two-dimensional cross section were taken into account: longitudinal, transverse and exchange waves received on seismograms of longitudinal and transverse vibrations as a result of default distribution of velocities of longitudinal, transverse waves and the density in half-space medium.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Longitudinal section'

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