Academic literature on the topic 'Longitudinal Tensile Strength'
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Journal articles on the topic "Longitudinal Tensile Strength"
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Liu, Bo, and A. Bulent Koc. "Mechanical Properties of Switchgrass and Miscanthus." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 3 (2017): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.11925.
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Abstract. The mechanical properties of energy crops in the longitudinal and transverse directions are necessary for modeling and simulation of biomass stems. Modeling of biomass stems would help in analyzing the interactions between processing equipment and biomass material before building physical systems. While some of the mechanical properties of switchgrass and miscanthus stems are available in the literature, these properties are not complete for modeling and simulation of these materials. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the mechanical properties of switchgrass and miscanthus stems by using compressive, tensile, and shearing tests in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Tensile, compressive, and shear strengths and modulus of elasticity of switchgrass and miscanthus tended to decrease with decreasing stem diameter in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Tensile and compressive strengths of the first internode of switchgrass were 178.0 and 27.3 MPa in the longitudinal direction and 0.7 and 4.1 MPa in the transverse direction. Shear strength for the first internode of switchgrass was 2.2 and 21.1 MPa in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Tensile and compressive strengths of the first internode of miscanthus were 373.1 and 56.9 MPa in the longitudinal direction and 1.8 and 6.3 MPa in the transverse direction. Shear strength for the first internode of miscanthus was 94.4 and 8.7 MPa in the transverse and longitudinal directions. The experimental data collected in this research would be useful for the development of simulation models for investigating the interactions between shearing tools and energy crops and in designing harvest and particle reduction equipment. Further research would be useful for determining the effects of moisture content, growth conditions, and maturity stage on the mechanical properties of these crops. Keywords: Biofuel, Compressive strength, Miscanthus, Shear strength, Switchgrass, Tensile strength.
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Vignoli, Lucas L., Marcelo A. Savi, Pedro MCL Pacheco, and Alexander L. Kalamkarov. "Micromechanical analysis of longitudinal and shear strength of composite laminae." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 30 (July 2, 2020): 4853–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320936343.
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The analysis of several micromechanical models for estimating strength of composite laminae is presented. Longitudinal tensile, compressive and in-plane onset shear strengths are analytically estimated and compared with experimental data available in the literature. The tensile longitudinal load predominantly induces rupture of fibers. On the other hand, the compressive strength is highly influenced by fiber misalignment, inducing a wide range of failure mechanisms. The material response to in-plane shear presents a strong nonlinear response. The estimation of longitudinal tensile strength based on the rule of mixture approaches is compared with 27 experimental data. A novel improvement is proposed assuming that in situ strength of fiber is smaller than fiber strength measured individually due to manufacturing induced damage. For the in-plane shear, 6 models are compared with 10 experimental stress-strain curves, including a novel closed-form expression based on the concentric cylinders model. Finally, for the longitudinal compressive strength, 8 micromechanical models, including a novel model to estimate misalignment effect in fiber crushing, are compared with 61 experimental data are analyzed. Results indicate that the minimal average error for the longitudinal tensile strength is 12.4% while for the compressive strength it is 15%. For the shear strength, the closest prediction depends on the strength definition and the proposed damage onset strength presents the best predictions. In general, the newly proposed models present the best estimations compared with the other models.
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Zhao, Rong Jun, Xian Bao Cheng, Wei Wei Shuangguan, Juan Sun, and Ben Hua Fei. "Study on the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Tracheids of Heat-Treated Wood." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1896–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1896.
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In this paper, the zero-span tensile strengths of tracheids of Chinese fir and Masson pine were investigated, and the effect of the moisture on the tracheid strength was also discussed. Furthermore, the influence of thermal treatment on the zero-span tensile strengths of tracheids were analysed, and research of relationship of zero-span tensile strengths, chemical components and cellulose crystallinity were also conducted. This study tried to explore the inherent mechanism of heat treatment on the cell level.
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Cheng, Xian Bao, Rong Jun Zhao, and Wei Wei Shangguan. "The Research on the Longitudinal Tensile Strength of Tracheids of Brown-Rotted Chinese Fir." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 2014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.2014.
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Using Zero-span tensile test technique, measurements of the longitudinal tensile strength of tracheids of brown-rotted Chinese fir were obtained in the present work. The results showed that the longitudinal tensile strength of tracheids reduced with the increase of exposure time. The absolute value of reduced tensile strength was not remarkable because of low degradation efficiency. The FTIR spectroscopy results shows that brown-rot fungus did degraded the cellulose and hemicellulose of Chinese fir, explaining the reduction of tensile strength of tracheids. The intensities of the characteristic aromatic lignin peak at 1512 cm-1 was not increased but decreased, which was very strange, hinting the reason of that is not clearly illustrate by the FTIR spectra only.
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Liu, Ran, De Liang Yin, and Jing Tao Wang. "Effect of Load Direction on Tensile Yield Properties in Mg-3Al-Zn Alloy." Materials Science Forum 682 (March 2011): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.682.145.
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Deformation anisotropy of samples from rolled sheet and extruded rod of AZ31 alloy was investigated in the present work. A strong basal plane texture is detected formed during rolling and extrusion, and both rolled and extruded samples exhibit similar mechanical behavior: tensile yield strength is the highest in the specimens parallel to the longitudinal direction, and decrease continuously as the specimen orientation departs from the longitudinal direction. Using texture analysis and optical microscopy it has been found that, the obvious anisotropy can be explained by texture and orientation factor during tension and compression. Basal slip and twinning are restricted when tensile load is applied in the rolling and extrusion direction, which results in high tensile yield strength along the two directions.
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He, En Guang, Li Chen, and Ming Tao Wang. "Study on the Microstructure and Property for T-Joints of Al-Li Alloy Welded by Double Sided Synchronization Fiber Laser." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.859.
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In the experiment, the T-joints of 2060-T8/2099-T83 Aluminum-Lithium by double sided synchronization Fiber laser welding with thickness of 2 mm was studied aimed to know the microstructure, the distributions of micro-hardness, and the tensile strength of the T-joints. The results show that the microstructure is columnar fine grain zone, dendrite zone, and equiaxed crystal zone in turn from the weld fusion line to weld centre; the micro-hardness of the weld is lower than the micro-hardness of base metal, and softening phenomenon appears in the weld; The average circumferential tensile strength of T-joints is 423 MPa at room temperature, which reaches the strength of the base metal 82%, the average longitudinal tensile strength of T-joints is 449 MPa, which reaches the strength of the base metal 87%; The fracture of circumferential tensile samples initiates at the weld toe, and breaks in the weld centre or heat affected zone. The fracture of longitudinal tensile samples initiates at varying cross-section, there are dimples in the fracture surfaces of both circumferential tensile samples and longitudinal tensile samples, and the fracture is ductile.
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Hui, Yuan, Wen Weidong, Wang Yi, Zheng Zhenshan, and Wu Xiong. "A model for longitudinal tensile strength prediction of low braiding angle three-dimensional and four-directional composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 24, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2014-0200.
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AbstractBased on random crack core theory, a model for predicting the longitudinal tensile strength of three-dimensional (3D) four-directional composites with low braiding angle is established. The model carries out accurate theoretical predictions of the longitudinal tensile strength of 3D four-directional braided carbon fiber/resin composites. The average stiffness method is used to calculate elastic constants of an inner single cell of 3D four-directional braided composites. Meanwhile, the corresponding relationship between failure probability of a unidirectional composite fiber bundle and stress level is given based on the random crack core model of the longitudinal tensile strength of a unidirectional composite. Furthermore, strength algorithms of low braiding angle 3D four-directional composites under different damage modes are built on the basis of the Tsai-Hill criterion. In this paper, the dispersion of single fiber strength is also considered in the model, so the size effect of the composite strength can be reflected effectively. At last, the longitudinal tensile strength of 3D four-directional braided carbon fiber/resin composites is predicted and analyzed, and the result shows that this model has high prediction accuracy.
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Vlasov, Valeriy V., and Pavel A. Trutnev. "Strength Characteristics of 3D-Printed PETG-Based Products Optimization." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.512.
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The paper considers the dependence of the strength properties of 3D-printed parts on FDM printing modes (temperature and speed), as well as the layer arrangement. PETG (polyethylene glycol terephthalate) based filament was chosen as the basis. A 3D printer was used to produce samples with strictly defined orientation of layers — longitudinal and transverse tensile force at different temperature and printing speed. The experiment has established the effect of these two factors on the tensile strength. The strength of the samples printed transversely was higher than the strength of samples printed longitudinally. This indicates a higher interlayer adhesion.
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Zhu, Fei Fei, Zhi Li Zhong, Hua Wu Liu, and Zong Fu Guo. "The Influence of Basalt Fiber Orientation on the Mechanical Property of Composite Board." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.283.
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The composite board was made of chopped basalt and polypropylene fibers. The manufacturing process included blending, carding, web formation, laminating and compression molding. The tension and bending properties were investigated experimentally. The load - displacement curve of the tensile test revealed that the elastic modulus and maximum vertical load in the longitudinal were far greater than these in the transverse direction; and tensile strengths were far apart in the longitudinal and transverse direction as well. In comparison with the tensile tests, the effect of basalt fiber orientation on the bending modulus and strength were relatively insignificant. In addition, from the micro fibril angle, we also verify that the orientation angle of basalt fiber is an important factor of influence to the mechanical property. In the similar study, the influence hadn’t been seen sufficiently, so this paper provides reference to the actual application of the composite board.
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de Morais, A. B. "Prediction of the longitudinal tensile strength of polymer matrix composites." Composites Science and Technology 66, no. 15 (December 2006): 2990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.02.005.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Longitudinal Tensile Strength"
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Ifland, Chad. "TENSILE STRENGTH OF STEEL PLATES USING LONGITUDINAL WELDS." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/800.
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When a tension steel plate is welded to a gusset steel plate and a tension load is transmitted to the gusset plate by longitudinal welds along both edges at the end of the tension plate, the shear lag factor (U) is used to determine the design tensile strength for the plate. The shear lag factor is determined from the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Manual. The shear lag factor is selected from the table based on the length of the weld and the width of the steel plate that is in tension. The thickness of the plates, boundary condition of the gusset plate, the size and strength of the weld is not taken into account when determining the shear lag factor. This study will investigate if these factors will affect the design tensile strength for a tension plate welded to a gusset plate by longitudinal welds. NISA, finite element analysis software, will be used to determine the ultimate load the tension plate can handle before it fractures. Then the results will be compared to the design strengths calculated by using the shear lag factors earlier stated.
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Gokce, Neslihan. "Effect Of Fiber And Resin Type On The Axial And Circumferencial Tensile Strength Of Fiber Reinforced Polyester Pipe." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609930/index.pdf.
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In this study, the aim is to investigate the stiffness, longitudinal tensile strength and circumferential tensile strength of short fiber reinforced polyester composite pipes produced by centrifugal casting production method. To achieve this aim, theoretical calculation of modulus of elasticity of pipes was done and then test program was carried out on pipe samples produced with three different resin types which were orthophthalic, isophthalic and vinyl ester resin and three different fiber types which were E glass fiber, ECR glass fiber and basalt fiber. The tests were performed according to ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards.
When resin type and fiber type effect on the fiber reinforced polyester pipe samples were evaluated, calculated elastic modulus values were in accordance with the test results.
According to the experimental test data, which were used to evaluate the effect of resin type on fiber reinforced polyester pipe properties, there is not a significant difference was observed in the stiffness, longitudinal and circumferential tensile strength test results of pipes having different resin types. In other words, there was not a significant effect of resin type on the stiffness, longitudinal tensile strength and circumferential tensile strength of short fiber reinforced pipes produced by centrifugal casting method.
According to the experimental test data, which were used to evaluate the effect of fiber type on the properties of fiber reinforced polyester pipe, basalt fiber reinforced pipe samples showed higher mechanical performance over E glass fiber and ECR glass fiber reinforced pipes. However, the test results of basalt reinforced polyester pipe were not as good as the individual properties of basalt fiber.
Finally, by comparing the basalt fiber reinforced pipe samples having almost the same stiffness and tensile test results as E glass fiber reinforced pipe samples, the gain in fiber and resin amount were investigated. Basalt fiber reinforced pipes were slightly lighter and thinner than E glass fiber reinforced pipes. However, the decrease in the amount of the fiber and resin in basalt reinforced pipe did not result in an overall cost reduction.
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Bjurhager, Ingela. "Effects of Cell Wall Structure on Tensile Properties of Hardwood : Effect of down-regulation of lignin on mechanical performance of transgenic hybrid aspen. Effect of chemical degradation on mechanical performance of archaeological oak from the Vasa ship." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32190.
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Wood is a complex material and the mechanical properties are influencedby a number of structural parameters. The objective of this study has been toinvestigate the relationship between the structure and the mechanical propertiesof hardwood. Two levels were of special interest, viz. the cellular structureand morphology of the wood, and the ultra-structure of the cell wall. In thenext step, it was of interest to examine how the mechanical properties ofhardwood change with spontaneous/induced changes in morphology and/orchemical composition beyond the natural variation found in nature. Together, this constituted the framework and basis for two larger projects,one on European aspen (Populus tremula) and hybrid aspen (Populus tremulax Populus tremuloides), and one on European oak (Quercus robur). Amethodology was developed where the concept of relative density and compositemechanics rules served as two useful tools to assess the properties ofthe cell wall. Tensile testing in the longitudinal direction was combined withchemical examination of the material. This approach made it possible to revealthe mechanical role of the lignin in the cell wall of transgenic aspen trees,and investigate the consequences of holocellulose degradation in archaeologicaloak from the Vasa ship. The study on transgenic aspen showed that a major reduction in lignin inPopulus leads to a small but significant reduction in the longitudinal stiffness.The longitudinal tensile strength was not reduced. The results are explainableby the fact that the load-bearing cellulose in the transgenic aspen retained itscrystallinity, aggregate size, microfibril angle, and absolute content per unitvolume. The results can contribute to the ongoing task of investigating andpinpointing the precise function of lignin in the cell wall of trees. The mechanical property study on Vasa oak showed that the longitudinaltensile strength is severely reduced in several regions of the ship, andthat the reduction correlates with reduced average molecular weight of theholocellulose. This could not have been foreseen without a thorough mechanicaland chemical investigation, since the Vasa wood (with exception fromthe bacterially degraded surface regions) is morphologically intact and witha micro-structure comparable to that of recent oak. The results can be usedin the ongoing task of mapping the condition of the Vasa wood.QC 20110420
Book chapters on the topic "Longitudinal Tensile Strength"
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Yüksel, Berkay, and Mehmet Okan Görtan. "Dealing with Uncertainties in Fatigue Strength Using Deep Rolling." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 93–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77256-7_9.
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AbstractMechanical properties inherently possess uncertainties. Among these properties, fatigue behavior data generally shows significant scatter which introduces a challenge in the safe design of dynamically loaded components. These uncertainties in fatigue behavior are mainly results of factors related to surface state including: Roughness, tensile residual stresses, scratches and notches at surface. Therefore, controlling these parameters allows one to increase fatigue strength and reduce scatter and uncertainties in fatigue behavior. Mechanical surface treatments are applied on parts to increase fatigue strength via introducing compressive residual stresses and work-hardening at surface. Two of the most common among these treatments are shot peening and deep rolling. Shot peening has found many applications in industry because of its flexibility. However, it introduces irregularities at the surface and may increase roughness which causes uncertainties in the fatigue behavior data; especially for low-medium strength materials. Unlike shot peening, deep rolling reduces surface roughness. Therefore, it has the capability to reduce uncertainty in the fatigue behavior. To this date, rolling direction of deep rolling was selected as tangential direction to turning direction for axisymmetric parts. Nonetheless, the authors believe that the rolling direction has an apparent effect on the fatigue behavior. In this study, longitudinal direction was also applied for deep rolling operation and the results of these two direction applications on the EN-AW-6082 aluminum alloy were investigated. It was shown that, longitudinal rolling had yielded less scatter and uncertainty in the fatigue behavior than the tangential rolling together with the higher fatigue strength.
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"Reliable Test Method for Tensile Strength in Longitudinal Direction of Unidirectional CFRP." In Durability of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers, 165–75. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527811984.app2.
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de Kok, J. M. M., H. A. Rijsdijk, and A. A. J. M. Peijs. "INFLUENCE OF THE INTERFACE ON THE LONGITUDINAL TENSILE STRENGTH OF POLYETHYLENE FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES." In Interfacial Phenomena in Composite Materials '91, 280–81. Elsevier, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7506-0356-0.50079-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Longitudinal Tensile Strength"
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Sawa, Toshiyuki, and Ryo Nogaito. "FEM Stress Analysis and Strength of Adhesive-Rivets Combination Joints Under Tensile Shear Loadings." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34455.
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Stress distributions in adhesive-rivets combination joints under tensile shear loadings are analyzed using a three-dimensional finite element method. The effects of the adherend thickness, the number of rivets and the rivet locations on the stress distributions at the interfaces are examined. Experiments to measure the rupture loads of the joints were carried out. As the results, it was found that the peel stress near the edges of the interfaces decreased as the adherend thickness increased. The maximum value of the maximum principal stresses near the edges of the interfaces decreased as the interval between the two rivets in the longitudinal direction decreased in the case where two rivets were combined. However, small effect of the interval between the two rivets in the lateral direction was found in the case of two rivets. The maximum value of the maximum principal stresses near the edges of the interfaces decreased as the interval between the four rivets in the longitudinal direction decreased and that in the lateral direction increased in the case where four rivets were combined. Discussion on the rupture loads of adhesive-rivets combination joints was made. The rupture loads of the joints increased as the number of rivets increased. The rupture loads of the adhesive-rivets combination joints could be increased more than those of only-riveted joints in the case of two rivets. The rupture loads of adhesive-rivets combination joints were found to be almost the same as those of only-riveted joints in the case of four rivets.
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Malik, M. A., I. Salam, and W. Muhammad. "Effect of Orientation on Mechanical Behavior of an Extruded Al Alloy." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48548.
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The extruded materials are extensively used in chemical, food and nuclear industry and generally offer a unique combination of strength and freedom with regard to design solutions. During extrusion, material flow occurs in the direction of applied force and as a result microstructure change. The process ultimately induces variation in the mechanical properties when tested along or across the extrusion direction. The uniaxial tensile test is a simple and versatile test to expose most of the mechanical properties of the materials required to ensure the reliability of the systems. In present study, the mechanical behavior of an Al-Mg-Si alloy extruded cylinder has been determined with the help of uniaxial tensile test in longitudinal and transverse orientations. The microstructural features revealed significant difference in two orientations and constituent particles were found aligned in the direction of extrusion. Tensile tests were conducted in displacement mode at different cross head speeds corresponding to strain rates ranging from 10−5 to 10−1 s−1. The tests were conducted at ambient temperature in air atmosphere. The data thus obtained include: yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, percent elongation and reduction of area. Comparing the trends of strength variation, the material shows higher yield strength in longitudinal orientation as compared to transverse orientation. A slight increase in the yield strength with increasing strain rate was found in both the orientations. The ultimate tensile strength in both the directions was found similar and there was no appreciable change with increasing strain rate. The elongation and reduction in area were found higher in the longitudinal orientation. The effect of strain rate on these properties was negligible up to maximum speed tested. In longitudinal orientation typical dimpled fracture was observed indicating deformation before failure. In transverse orientation shallow dimples were present. The present study revealed that the distribution of constituent particles in an extruded thick-walled cylinder has a pronounced effect on its mechanical behavior and fracture morphology.
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Timms, Chris, Duane DeGeer, and Martin McLamb. "Effects of a Thermal Coating Process on X100 UOE Line Pipe." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67401.
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The increased demand for high strength linepipe for onshore and offshore pipeline systems has been well documented over the past few years. The economic benefits have been demonstrated, and solutions have been developed to address the technical issues facing high strength linepipe use. However, there are still a few unanswered questions, one of which is addressed in this paper: what is the effect of thermal treatment during the pipeline coating process on the material behaviour of high strength linepipe? This paper presents the results of a thermal coupon study investigating the effects of low temperature heat treatment on the tensile and compressive stress strain curves of samples taken from X100 linepipe. Thirty axial test coupons and thirty circumferential test coupons were machined from a 52 inch diameter, 21 mm wall thickness UOE X100 linepipe. Some of the coupons were maintained in the as-received condition (no heat treatment) while others were heat-treated in a manner that simulates a coating plant induction heat treatment process. All coupons were subsequently tested in tension or compression, either at room temperature or at −18°C. This study has provided a number of interesting results. In regards to material strength, the heat treatment increased the tensile and compressive yield strengths in the longitudinal and circumferential coupons. Axial tensile, axial compressive and circumferential tensile yield strength increases ranged from 5 to 10%. Circumferential compressive yield strength increases ranged from 14 to 24%. A Y/T ratio increase of approximately 7% was observed for all heat-treated tensile coupons. The coupon tests conducted at −18°C were only slightly different than their room temperature counterparts; with an average yield strength increase of 4% in all directions and orientations and a slight reduction in Y/T ratio.
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Abdi, Frank, Yibin Xue, Gregory N. Morscher, and Sung Choi. "Quantification of Foreign Object Damage (FOD) and Electrical Resistivity for CMCs and Tensile Residual Strength Prediction." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25981.
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SiC-based ceramic matrix composites (CMC) in turbine engine applications must sustain certain foreign object impacts that might occur in services. Experiments and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) have illustrated good correlations between impact energy and foreign object damage (FOD) assessed using electrical resistivity (ER), acoustic emission (AE), and microscopy. In this paper, a progressive failure dynamic analysis (PFDA) method is explored in understanding and predicting the damage states, electrical resistivity, and residual strength after impact of CMCs. In general, CMCs are modeled using effective fiber, matrix, and interface constitutive behaviors, from which the lamina stiffness and strengths can be derived. Similarly, the electrical resistivity of a lamina is homogenized based on the percolation theory for inclusion/discontinuities dispersion in a matrix for voids and Si particles, as well as fibers, and damages after impact. To accurately correlate the damage state with ER, the PFA tool has been improved to incorporate the physical damage mechanisms in CMCs, which are matrix microcrack density due to both longitudinal and transverse tensile loads and the fiber breakage due to probabilistic fiber strength distribution. The predicted damage states and ER are correlated with the measurement of FOD and validated with tension after impact tests using high temperature ER. The PFDA tool has demonstrated a great potential for CMCs’ FOD and residual strength predictions.
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Hukle, Martin, Brian Newbury, Dan Lillig, Jonathan Regina, and Agnes Marie Horn. "Effects of Aging on the Mechanical Properties of Pipeline Steels." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57874.
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The intelligent design of a given pipeline system intended for operation beyond the elastic limit should incorporate specific features into both the base material (line pipe) and girth weld that enable the affected system to deform safely into the plastic regime within the intended strain demand limits. The current paper focuses on the mechanical properties known to influence the strain capacity of the base material (i.e., line pipe steel independent of the girth weld). Line pipe mechanical properties of interest include: longitudinal yield strength, tensile strength, yield to tensile strength ratio, reduction of area, elongation and uniform elongation. Of particular interest (in consideration of the conventional thermally applied corrosion protection coating systems to be employed), are the longitudinal mechanical properties in the “aged” condition. The present study investigates six (6) different pipeline steels encompassing grades X60 (415 MPa) to X100 (690 MPa), and includes both UOE Submerged Arc Welded - Longitudinal (SAW-L) and seamless (SMLS) forming methods.
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Nayyar, Pratham, Dimitris Dimopoulos, and William Walsh. "Comparison Between Yield Strength Results Obtained From Methods Using Both Flattened and Non-Flattened Specimens." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9429.
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Abstract Tensile properties of API 5L large diameter pipes are typically determined with the use of full thickness flattened strap samples extracted in the transverse direction with respect to the longitudinal pipe axis (TPA) [1, 2, 3, 4]. It has been well established that the process of sample flattening has a significant influence on determination of the yield strength of the pipe [5, 6]. The flattening process is sensitive to a number of variables such as method of flattening, equipment used, number/sequence of strokes, and operators conducting the flattening. As a result, issues with repeatability are frequently encountered and despite several efforts, the industry lacks any type of official standard for universal use. Historically, the industry has been focused on ensuring that the actual strength of pipes was safely higher than the specified minimum. Recently, there has been interest to also establish an upper limit on pipe strength particularly in the longitudinal direction with respect to the pipe axis (LPA) in order to avoid under matching between pipe and girth weld properties. These new requirements create the need for enhanced process control to minimize the variation due to flattening. Samples obtained from longitudinally welded (SAWL) and helically welded (SAWH) seam Grade X70M line pipe of various nominal wall thickness to diameter (t/D) ratios were flattened using different procedures, measured for curvature, and tensile tested, all in controlled laboratory environments with minimized repeatability variation. Special attention was given to the definition and measurement of different types of curvatures observed through the range of different t/D ratios and effort was made to assess criteria for curvature measurement prior to testing. Additionally, non-flattened specimens were tensile tested using round bar and full ring expansion test methods, and a comparison between the results obtained from both flattened and non-flattened specimen methods was made. The sample transverse yield strength results confirmed the expected variation between samples flattened by different methods. In addition, a much greater variation was observed when comparing the yield strength results between flattened and non-flattened samples. Considerations of extending the use of non-flattened specimens as a production test and benefits or limitations associated with such practice are discussed.
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Yao, Jun, and Jinping Suo. "Effect of Melting Processing on Tensile Properties and Microstructure of New RAFM Steel." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29724.
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All of the RAFM steels only safely used under 550°C, that is not enough for the next reactor. An new RAFM steel was melted by non-vacuum induction melting (VIM) and electro-slag remelting (ESR), followed by hot-forging and rolling into rods and plates. In this paper, we investigated the effect of thermal ageing treatment on tensile properties of the rods and plates. The microstructure was studied by OM (optics micrograph) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that by using the same heat treatment process, the tensile strength of the samples was 680MPa, the total elongation was 31%, which were better than the CLAM steel whose tensile strength and total elongation were 668MPa and 25% respectively. The difference between the transverse and the longitudinal properties was reduced markedly. So the ESR played an important part in improving the mechanical properties.
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Miller, David A., John F. Mandell, and Daniel D. Samborsky. "Evaluating Performance of Composite Materials for MHK Applications." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62768.
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Montana State University (MSU) has a compilation of material systems, environmental chambers, and mechanical testing equipment to determine composite materials performance and failure characteristics. Mechanical characterization of composite systems will provide direct quantification of the materials under consideration for Marine Hydro Kinetic (MHK) designs that were initially developed for the wind turbine industry. The work presented herein represents the testing protocol development and initial results to support investigations on the effect of sea water absorption on material strength. A testing protocol for environmental effects has been developed for the resin infused in-house fabricated laminates. Unidirectional ([0] and [90]) test samples of 2-mm and 6-mm thickness were be submerged for 1000 hours in synthetic sea water at 40°C with the weight recorded at time intervals over the entire period. After 1000 hours of conditioning, coupons were placed in the synthetic sea water at 20°C until testing. Static compressive and tensile strength properties at temperatures of 5°C, 20°C and 40°C were collected. These initial results show trends of reduced tensile and compressive strength with increasing moisture and temperature in the 0° (longitudinal) direction. In the 90° (transverse) direction, compression strength decreases but tensile strength is little affected as temperature and moisture increase. Elastic modulus (E) is little affected in the longitudinal direction but decreases in the transverse direction.
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Wang, Yong-Yi, Ming Liu, James Gianetto, and Bill Tyson. "Considerations of Linepipe and Girth Weld Tensile Properties for Strain-Based Design of Pipelines." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31376.
Full textAbstract:
Pipelines in certain regions are expected to survive high longitudinal strains induced by seismic activities, slope instability, frost heave, and mine subsidence. Material properties, of both pipes and girth welds, are critical contributing factors to a pipeline’s strain capacity. These factors are examined in this paper with particular focus on the modern high strength pipes (grade X70 and above) usually made from microalloyed control-rolled TMCP steels. The examination of the tensile properties of pipes includes some of the most basic parameters such as yield strength, strength variation within a pipe, and newly emerging issues of strength and strain hardening dependence on temperature. The girth weld tensile properties, particularly yield strength, are shown to be dependent on the location of the test specimen. There are strong indications from the tested welds that strain hardening of the welds is dependent on test temperature. The effects of strain aging on pipe and girth weld properties are reviewed. This line of reasoning is extended to possible strain aging effects during field construction, although experimental evidence is lacking at this moment. The paper concludes with considerations of practical implementation of the findings presented in the early part of the paper. Recommendations are made to effectively deal with some of the challenging issues related to the specification and measurement of tensile properties for strain-based design.
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Messimer, Patrick, Brendan O’Toole, and Mohamed Trabia. "Identification of the Mechanical Characteristics of 3D Printed NinjaFlex®." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11674.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract NinjaFlex is a flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material manufactured for use with Fused Deposition Modelling 3D printers. It is widely available, relatively inexpensive, and is useful in various applications including gaskets, wearable electronics, and customized prosthetics because of its great flexibility and strength. The objective of this research was to expand on the limited information available regarding the mechanical characteristics of NinjaFlex and learn how infill density and printing orientation influence those characteristics. An experiment was designed using the ASTM D638-14 standard to evaluate tensile properties of NinjaFlex specimens printed in two different orientations with their longitudinal axis parallel to the printing surface and with their longitudinal axis normal to the printing surface. Four different infill densities were used. Specimens were subjected to tensile loading along their longitudinal axes. A calibrated load cell measured applied force while a camera filmed the experiment for determining the corresponding extension using computer vision methods. The results show that NinjaFlex has sizably greater ultimate strength, elongation, and toughness when loaded parallel to its print layers then when loaded normal to its print layers. The effects of infill density on tensile properties vary depending on loading direction relative to the print layer direction.