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Journal articles on the topic 'LONI Pipeline'
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1
Rex, David E., Jeffrey Q. Ma, and Arthur W. Toga. "The LONI Pipeline Processing Environment." NeuroImage 19, no. 3 (2003): 1033–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00185-x.
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Dinov, ID, DS Parker, C. Hojatkashani, et al. "Neuroimaging Workflow Construction, Execution, Validation and Interpretation using the LONI Pipeline." NeuroImage 47 (July 2009): S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71163-2.
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Dinov, Ivo, Kamen Lozev, Petros Petrosyan, et al. "Neuroimaging Study Designs, Computational Analyses and Data Provenance Using the LONI Pipeline." PLoS ONE 5, no. 9 (2010): e13070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013070.
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Moon, Seok Woo, Ivo D. Dinov, Sam Hobel, et al. "Structural Brain Changes in Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Subjects Using the LONI Pipeline Environment." Journal of Neuroimaging 25, no. 5 (2015): 728–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jon.12252.
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Torgerson, Carinna M., Catherine Quinn, Ivo Dinov, et al. "Interacting with the National Database for Autism Research (NDAR) via the LONI Pipeline workflow environment." Brain Imaging and Behavior 9, no. 1 (2015): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-015-9354-z.
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Ren, Zhi Ping, Chang Hua Liu, and Feng Feng Bie. "Dynamic Analysis of Suspended River Crossing Pipeline." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.51.
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When the long-distance oil pipeline under rivers (referred to as river-crossing pipelines) are damaged by the third-party, they are prone to nudity or left vacant, and the oil pipelines under the action of water flow will cause pipeline failure; and the distance of suspended pipeline is longer than the allowed length will cause the pipeline resonance. In order to avoid pipelines fatigue or broken, suspended pipelines are considered as part of the arc shape, and non-suspended pipelines are considered as the linear shape of the mechanical model with the two ends of the fixed pier synchronous. The study will consider the impact of water flow, buoyancy, the gravity of pipelines and its annexes, bending deformation and bending moment, do the tense calculation for suspended pipelines with external load and the vibration analysis for suspended pipelines under different water flow speeds. The results showed that: the design of river-crossing suspended pipelines not only needs to consider the impact of water flow, buoyancy, the gravity of pipelines and its annexes, bending deformation and bending moment, but also to consider the floating vortex-induced vibration of the suspended pipeline, which should cause pipeline designers, constructors and maintainers’ attention.
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Akintola, Sarah, Emmanuel Folorunsho, and Oluwakunle Ogunsakin. "FLOW ASSURANCE IN KUMUJE WET-GAS PIPELINE: ANALYSIS OF PIGGING SOLUTION TO LIQUID ACCUMULATION." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 9, no. 9 (2018): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2018.09.09.
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Liquid condensation in gas-condensate pipelines in a pronounced phenomenon in long transporting lines because of the composition of the gas which is highly sensitive to variations in temperature and pressure along the length of the pipeline. Hence, there is a resultant liquid accumulation in onshore wet-gas pipelines because of the pipeline profile. This accumulation which is a flow assurance problem can result to pressure loss, slugging and accelerated pipeline corrosion if not properly handled.
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Dong, Feifei, Xuemeng Bie, Jiangping Tian, Xiangdong Xie, and GuoFeng Du. "Experimental and Numerical Study on the Strain Behavior of Buried Pipelines Subjected to an Impact Load." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (2019): 3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163284.
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Long-distance oil and gas pipelines are inevitably impacted by rockfalls during geologic hazards such as mud-rock flow and landslides, which have a serious effect on the safe operation of pipelines. In view of this, an experimental and numerical study on the strain behavior of buried pipelines under the impact load of rockfall was developed. The impact load exerted on the soil, and the strains of buried pipeline caused by the impact load were theoretically derived. A scale model experiment was conducted using a self-designed soil-box to simulate the complex geological conditions of the buried pipeline. The simulation model of hammer–soil–pipeline was established to investigate the dynamic response of the buried pipeline. Based on the theoretical, experimental, and finite element analysis (FEA) results, the overall strain behavior of the buried pipeline was obtained and the effects of parameters on the strain developments of the pipelines were analyzed. Research results show that the theoretical calculation results of the impact load and the peak strain were in good agreement with the experimental and FEA results, which indicates that the mathematical formula and the finite element models are accurate for the prediction of pipeline response under the impact load. In addition, decreasing the diameter, as well as increasing the wall thickness of the pipeline and the buried depth above the pipeline, could improve the ability of the pipeline to resist the impact load. These results could provide a reference for seismic design of pipelines in engineering.
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Black, P. S., L. C. Daniels, N. C. Hoyle, and W. P. Jepson. "Studying Transient Multi-Phase Flow Using the Pipeline Analysis Code (PLAC)." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 112, no. 1 (1990): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905708.
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The Pipeline Analysis Code, PLAC, is utilized to study the flow generated from a shallow dip in a long pipeline. It shows that much longer and infrequent slugs are formed when liquid is swept out of the dip than would be expected from horizontal pipeline data. These slugs eventually propagate along the entire length of the pipeline. These dip-induced slugs are similar to the one-in-a-thousand slugs reported from existing long pipelines.
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Zuo, Zhe. "Quantitative Risk Analysis for Natural Gas Long-Distance Pipeline Leakage." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.661.
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The risk of natural gas long-distance pipeline and main factors of accidents are analyzed in this paper. According the consequences from above, quantitative risk assessment of long-distance pipelines under specific accident scenarios are completed with the help of numerical simulation model on long-distance pipeline leakage and dispersion. What’s more, on the basis of the assessment results, the necessary conditions for long-distance pipeline safe operation are presented. Finally, conclusions and safe operations under necessary conditions given in this paper are helpful for regular operation of pipeline, accident prevention, emergency response and reasonable supervision.
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Chen, Guo Qun, Ming Hua Zhao, and Bo Xu. "Thermal Characteristics Simulation of the Commissioning Process for New Buried Heated Oil Pipelines." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.610.
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For a new buried heated oil pipeline, the temperature field of the surrounded soil is natural. Therefore the temperature is usually low in this case. For the waxy crude oil whose pour point is higher than the ground temperature, if the new pipeline transports such oil directly after heating, crude oil may gel in pipeline because its temperature decrease dramatically due to heat exchange between the fluid and the surrounded soil. Hence, in practical situation hot water is often used to warm up the pipelines for most of the new long-distance buried pipelines. Crude oil transportation is determined after the soil temperature field around the pipeline is sufficiently high and the inlet water temperature meets the requirement.
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Nwokedi, Theophilus Chinonyerem, and Kenneth U. Nnadi. "Estimating the Theoretical and Empirical Probability Coefficients of Oil Pipeline Transport Infrastructure Failure Modes in Nigeria’s Coastal Ecosystem: Panacea for Non Optimal Deployment of Pipeline Safety and Security Management Systems." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 9, no. 2 (2018): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2018-0017.
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Abstract Failure of oil pipeline transport infrastructure in Nigeria’s coastal ecosystem has continued to pose serious environmental problems with consequent economic effects. This study estimated the theoretical and empirical probabilities oil pipeline infrastructure failure modes in Nigeria. Historical research design approach was used in which time series data of 10 years on Nigeria’s coastal oil pipeline infrastructure failure modes were obtained from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. The statistical method of probability theory was used to determine the theoretical and empirical probabilities of oil pipeline infrastructure failure modes in order to optimally deploy pipeline safety and security management strategies. It was found that pipeline infrastructure failure by Vandalism poses the highest empirical probability and risk of occurrence.
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Chanchina, V. E., S. O. Gaponenko, A. E. Kondratyev, A. O. Fedotova, and G. R. Mustafina. "Application of mathematical modeling methods to determine the effect of soil on natural vibration frequencies of pipelines." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 14, no. 2 (2021): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2021-14-2-142-147.
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When a pipeline is subjected to an external influence that can affect the frequency of its natural vibrations, the parameters of its natural vibrations change, which increases the measurement error, and often simply distorts the results of vibration control. For pipelines, such an impact may be the influence of the soil when pipelines are laid without a channel. Different types of soil affect the change in the natural vibration frequency of the pipeline in different ways.The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of various types of soils on the parameters of natural vibrations of the pipeline. The aim of the study was to theoretically confirm the dependence of the change in the frequency of vibration of the pipeline under the influence of soil.A modal analysis of natural oscillations of 5 polyethylene pipelines was performed. As initial data, it is assumed that the design pipeline is laid in a trench with inclined walls, with the slope laid on a flat base at a depth of 2.5 m. The calculations were performed in the ANSYS finite element analysis software package. In order to build a mathematical model, the degree of soil impact on pipelines is determined by studying the vertical and lateral pressure of the soil on the above pipelines, and the natural vibrations of pipelines are analyzed.The results of the modal analysis for polyethylene pipes with a laying scheme with inclined walls and different soils (gravel sands, coarse and medium-sized; heavy clays) are presented. The soils were chosen that are the most common on the territory of Russia.Thus, the obtained dependence of the degree of influence of different soil on the natural frequencies of pipelines significantly increases the reliability of vibration diagnostics of buried communications, can facilitate the work on its organization and allow determining long-term forecasts of pipeline operation.
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Zhao, Xiao Dong, Guang Feng Xi, and Jie Yang. "Application of Corrosion Detection and Repair Technology of Long-Distance Pipeline in Material Application Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 578 (October 2012): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.578.211.
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As special equipment, long-distance pipeline is widely used in petroleum, chemistry and other fields. However, with the extension of its running time, some problems have arisen with parts of the pipeline. The detection and repair technology is the foundation for assurance of the safe operation of pipelines; therefore, in order to avoid or reduce pipeline accidents as well as to protect people's lives and property safety, periodic detection and designed reasonable repair of the pipeline has naturally become an important part of pipeline industry today. Several commonly used inspection techniques of pipeline were introduced in this paper and related repair measures were described in view of problems emerging during the service life of long-distance pipeline in the practical engineering.
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Musa, M. H. A., Md Abdul Maleque, Mohammad Yeakub Ali, and Muhammad Hasibul Hasan. "Fracture Behavior Issues in HSLA Pipeline Steels - A Review." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.207.
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The increasing demand for natural gas and oil as an important energy sources has led to rising the application of high strength low alloy steels (HSLA), which indicates continued growth of pipeline installations and the qualification of the actual pipeline network. A difficult problem to be solved for the economic and safe operation of high pressure pipelines is the control of ductile fracture propagation. As a result, the accurate estimation of the resistance to fracture and ductile fracture arrest in pressurized pipelines are important issues. Technology to ensure such control is critical for the structural integrity and safety of pipelines because the possibility of a running fracture opens-up lead to the catastrophic long-running failure of a pipeline which involve public safety and property damage and environment impact. The integrity and high reliability of pipelines depend on various factors including mechanical damage or external interference, fatigue cracks, material defects, weld cracks, improper welding, internal or external corrosion and, most of all, on the ageing of the physical state of the pipeline material and the welded joints during their prolonged use. In order to understand the current problems in the pipeline materials and to develop steels with higher strength, better toughness and weldability, this paper gives brief overview of the comprehensive of fracture behavior including crack initiation and propagation of high strength low alloy pipeline steels.
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Li, Rui, Maolin Cai, Yan Shi, Qingshan Feng, Shucong Liu, and Xiaoming Zhao. "Pipeline Bending Strain Measurement and Compensation Technology Based on Wavelet Neural Network." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8363242.
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The bending strain of long distance oil and gas pipelines may lead to instability of the pipeline and failure of materials, which seriously deteriorates the transportation security of oil and gas. To locate the position of the bending strain for maintenance, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is usually adopted in a Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG). The attitude data of the IMU is usually acquired to calculate the bending strain in the pipe. However, because of the vibrations in the pipeline and other system noises, the resulting bending strain calculations may be incorrect. To improve the measurement precision, a method, based on wavelet neural network, was proposed. To test the proposed method experimentally, a PIG with the proposed method is used to detect a straight pipeline. It can be obtained that the proposed method has a better repeatability and convergence than the original method. Furthermore, the new method is more accurate than the original method and the accuracy of bending strain is raised by about 23% compared to original method. This paper provides a novel method for precisely inspecting bending strain of long distance oil and gas pipelines and lays a foundation for improving the precision of inspection of bending strain of long distance oil and gas pipelines.
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Zhao, Ya Nan, Hong Wang Du, Yu Mei Li, Xiang Luo, and Gang Liu. "Impact of Long Hydraulic Pipeline upon Performance of Hydraulic Control System." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 2148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.2148.
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In ocean exploitation, long hydraulic pipelines are usually applied. Using SimHydraulic software, the model of hydraulic system including hydraulic fluid, pump, hydraulic cylinder, directional control valve, relief valve, accumulator, long supply pipeline and return pipeline, is established. The position of the cylinder piston is measured by position sensor, while the supply pressure of the cylinder and the system supply pressure are measured by pressure sensors, the directional control valve is controlled by an on-off signal. The simulation was carried out, the impact of long hydraulic pipeline on system performance is also analyzed.
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Ding, Ke Qin, Li Qi Yi, and Cai Fu Qian. "The Deformation Detection Method for the Buried Pipeline Based on Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.444.
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The deformation of the long-distance pipeline often happen due to the Soil collapse, gulch and the settlement of the foundation etc. The large deformation is easy to cause the fracture of the long-distance pipeline. Hence, the deformation detection is of very important to the pipeline safety. In this paper, a method for deformation calculation of the long-distance pipeline is presented based on the relation expression brtween the deformation and the strain of the long-distance pipelien. Through the measured strain, the deformation is easy to be calculated. The strains can be obtained through the FBG sensors or distributed fiber optic sensors. The deformation detection method proposed in the papaer provides the basis of the long-distance pipeline risk management.
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Oohira, Hisashi, and Serikawa Seiichi. "A Study of Characteristic Signal Propagation Buried Pipeline 1." Applied Mechanics and Materials 36 (October 2010): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.36.381.
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The propagation constant measurement system was developed for long distance pipelines based on a distributed constant theory for the purpose of maintenance and management of long distance pipelines buried underground, and it was applied for the first time to a 14-killometer pipeline buried underground. This system is based upon the application of the distributed constant theory, and includes facilities to apply an ac signal from the central part of the pipeline, and measure the actual values and phases of voltage and electric current of the ac signal running through the pipeline, at either both ends or between them. In order to accurately measure the phase difference between the two separate points, a reference signal fabricated at 1 PPS (1 pulse per sec) in a GPS (Global Positioning System) was used. With this system, direct measurement of the propagation constant and characteristic impedance of a pipeline buried underground was realized for the first time.
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J.S., Shijo, and Niranjana Behera. "Modelling and analysis of flow of powders through long pipelines." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 5 (2020): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-01-2020-0035.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on predicting the pressure drop in fluidized dense phase pneumatic conveying of fine particles through pipelines by modelling the solids friction factor in terms of non-dimensional parameters using experimental data of definite pipeline configuration. Finally, the model is to be tested for a different pipeline configuration. Design/methodology/approach Solids friction factor has been expressed in terms of certain non-dimensional parameters such as density ratio, solids loading ratio and mean particle diameter to pipe diameter ratio, and a certain number of coefficients and exponents. Experimental data of five conveying materials (two types of fly ash, two types of alumina and one type of cement meal) for a pipeline configuration of diameter 53 mm and length 173 m and another conveying material EPS dust for two pipeline configurations (69-mm diameter, 168-m long; 105-mm diameter, 168-m long) have been used to calculate the unknown coefficients or exponents of the mathematical model for solids friction factor. Findings The developed model gives the best results in predicting the pressure drop for the pipelines that are less than 173-m long, but the model shows a large error for the pipelines more than 173-m long. Research limitations/implications Current research will be helpful for the researchers to model the process of pneumatic conveying through long distances. Practical implications The method will be helpful in conveying powder materials through long distances in cement or brick industry, alumina industry. Social implications Fly ash piles over at the nearby places of thermal power plants. Pneumatic conveying is the best method for transporting the fly ash from the location of power plants to the nearby brick industries or cement industries. Originality/value Solid friction factor has been presented in terms of four non-dimensional parameters and evaluated the accuracy in predicting the pressure drop for two different pipeline configurations.
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Wang, Xia, and Qingquan Duan. "Improved AHP–TOPSIS model for the comprehensive risk evaluation of oil and gas pipelines." Petroleum Science 16, no. 6 (2019): 1479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-019-00365-5.
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Abstract A comprehensive and objective risk evaluation model of oil and gas pipelines based on an improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) is established to identify potential hazards in time. First, a barrier model and fault tree analysis are used to establish an index system for oil and gas pipeline risk evaluation on the basis of five important factors: corrosion, external interference, material/construction, natural disasters, and function and operation. Next, the index weight for oil and gas pipeline risk evaluation is computed by applying the improved AHP based on the five-scale method. Then, the TOPSIS of a multi-attribute decision-making theory is studied. The method for determining positive/negative ideal solutions and the normalized equation for benefit/cost indexes is improved to render TOPSIS applicable for the comprehensive risk evaluation of pipelines. The closeness coefficient of oil and gas pipelines is calculated by applying the improved TOPSIS. Finally, the weight and the closeness coefficient are combined to determine the risk level of pipelines. Empirical research using a long-distance pipeline as an example is conducted, and adjustment factors are used to verify the model. Results show that the risk evaluation model of oil and gas pipelines based on the improved AHP–TOPSIS is valuable and feasible. The model comprehensively considers the risk factors of oil and gas pipelines and provides comprehensive, rational, and scientific evaluation results. It represents a new decision-making method for systems engineering in pipeline enterprises and provides a comprehensive understanding of the safety status of oil and gas pipelines. The new system engineering decision-making method is important for preventing oil and gas pipeline accidents.
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Xiong, Junnan, Ming Sun, Hao Zhang, et al. "Application of the Levenburg–Marquardt back propagation neural network approach for landslide risk assessments." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 3 (2019): 629–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-629-2019.
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Abstract. Landslide disasters are one of the main risks involved with the operation of long-distance oil and gas pipelines. Because previously established disaster risk models are too subjective, this paper presents a quantitative model for regional risk assessment through an analysis of the patterns of historical landslide disasters along oil and gas pipelines. Using the Guangyuan section of the Lanzhou–Chengdu–Chongqing (LCC) long-distance multiproduct oil pipeline (82 km) in China as a case study, we successively carried out two independent assessments: a susceptibility assessment and a vulnerability assessment. We used an entropy weight method to establish a system for the vulnerability assessment, whereas a Levenberg–Marquardt back propagation (LM-BP) neural network model was used to conduct the susceptibility assessment. The risk assessment was carried out on the basis of two assessments. The first, the system of the vulnerability assessment, considered the pipeline position and the angle between the pipe and the landslide (pipeline laying environmental factors). We also used an interpolation theory to generate the standard sample matrix of the LM-BP neural network. Accordingly, a landslide susceptibility risk zoning map was obtained based on susceptibility and vulnerability assessment. The results show that about 70 % of the slopes were in high-susceptibility areas with a comparatively high landslide possibility and that the southern section of the oil pipeline in the study area was in danger. These results can be used as a guide for preventing and reducing regional hazards, establishing safe routes for both existing and new pipelines, and safely operating pipelines in the Guangyuan area and other segments of the LCC oil pipeline.
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Xie, Ying, Xiufen Ma, Haifeng Ning, Zongming Yuan, and Ting Xie. "Energy efficiency evaluation of a natural gas pipeline based on an analytic hierarchy process." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 7 (2017): 168781401771139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017711394.
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A long-distance natural gas pipeline system consists of considerable equipment and many pipe segments, but the conventional energy efficiency index of a natural gas pipeline is considered as a whole. Because the specific energy consumption of each unit cannot be determined, the index system is not perfect, and evaluating the energy efficiency of a natural gas pipeline system is difficult. The energy efficiency evaluation model for a natural gas pipeline was established using the analytic hierarchy process. A judgment matrix was constructed based on the energy efficiency index system of a long-distance natural gas pipeline, and the weight coefficient was calculated using the characteristic root method. Then, the consistency of the established judgment matrix was verified. The energy efficiency evaluation model successfully quantified the qualitative factors that affect natural gas pipelines. The comprehensive energy efficiency coefficient G of the natural gas pipeline was obtained from the operational data of the natural gas pipeline; then, the equipment or pipe segments with high energy consumption can be identified. The energy efficiency evaluation program of the natural gas pipeline was developed using Visual Basic for Applications, which significantly reduced the evaluation workload. The natural gas pipeline energy efficiency evaluation model is used to evaluate the energy efficiency of a natural gas pipeline, to identify the high energy consumption equipment or pipe segments, and to propose measures to improve the energy efficiency. The results show that the gas pipeline energy efficiency evaluation model and evaluation procedures can identify high energy consumption equipment or pipe sections in complex natural gas pipelines.
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Bondarenko, O. G. "THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF THE LOW-FREQUENCY WAVE PROCESS IN THE STRETCHED PIPELINES." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 1(42) (June 27, 2019): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2019-1(42)-5-23.
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The problem of determining the technical condition of various pipeline systems, ensuring their reliable аnd safe operation has recently become the subject of geopolitics. In this situation, constant monitoring of their technical condition is essential for the maintenance of pipelines. However, it is technically difficult to monitor the technical state of pipelines by conventional methods of non-destructive testing (NDT).
 An analysis of the essence of the wave process in diagnosing the technical condition of long pipelines by low-frequency ultrasound directed waves is performed. The types of modes of directed waves and peculiarities of the wave process in the solid medium of the pipeline are given. Dispersed diagrams of ound velocities for different modes of directed waves are considered, on the basis of which their main features are formulated in the diagnosis of the technical state of extended pipelines. The analysis of the wave process in the long pipeline from the position of the acoustic location of its solid medium by low-frequency directional waves is made, the model of the active localization system is developed in diagnosing the technical state of the pipeline, the principles of excitation and displacement of the particles of the medium of the pipe wall are considered in the distribution of longitudinal, twisted and bending mods of low-frequency ultrasonic directed waves.
 When choosing the frequency and mode of the directed wave to diagnose the technical state of long pipes, it is necessary to take into account that the directed wave is the result of the interaction of the vibrations generated by the transducers with the pipe surface. A significant factor determining the efficiency of energy transfer from the antenna to the body of the drainage pipeline is the harmonization of the internal resistance of the converter and the load due to the static force of pressing the piezoelectric transducers to the pipe surface. When creating systems of low-frequency ultrasonic diagnostics of long-distance pipelines directed waves it is necessary to take into account the main features of the wave process, which has a complicated mechanism of propagation over the thickness of the pipe wall.
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Zhou, Jun, Tao Deng, Jinghong Peng, Guangchuan Liang, Xuan Zhou, and Jing Gong. "Experimental study on pressure pulses in long-distance gas pipeline during the pigging process." Science Progress 103, no. 1 (2019): 003685041988445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850419884452.
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Long-distance gas pipelines generally have complex, undulating sections. Trapped air pockets are often present at the high points or ends of pipelines. This article carries out an experimental research to figure out the transient changes. First of all, under the condition of using the pig with 231 g and the injection pressure of 0.3 MPa, the hydraulic pulse increases from 0.31 to 0.54 MPa as the liquid level rises from 1 to 8 m. And at the liquid level of 8 m, the injection pressure grows from 0.3 to 0.75 MPa and the hydraulic pulse from 0.54 to 0.95 MPa. When the interception air mass is located at the blind side of the pipeline’s end, the injection pressure is 0.75 MPa, and the hydraulic pulse decreases from 4.9 to 3.21 MPa with the increase in the void fraction. The maximum hydraulic pressure generates when the air pocket is located at the rear end of the drainage system (4.9 MPa) is far higher than that when the air pocket is located in front of the pig (1.0 MPa). Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the generation of trapped air pockets at the rear end of the pipeline system to ensure safety.
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Kitaev, S. V., N. M. Darsalia, I. R. Baykov, and O. V. Smorodova. "THE MAIN GAS PIPELINES DEFECTS ANALYZING BY OPERATION PERIOD AND EXTENSION." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 6 (January 20, 2019): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2018-6-93-99.
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The gas pipeline system of PJSC «Gazprom» is at the stage of long-term operation. Most of the pipelines exceed the standard service life of 33 years, while considerable resources are required to maintain the trunk gas pipelines in an efficient state. The article analyzes the defectiveness of gas mains by the example of LLC «Gazprom transgaz Ufa». The company’s gas pipeline system consists of a wide range of diameters pipes ranging from DN 400 to DN 1400 mm. Its structure is dominated by pipelines with a diameter of DN 400, 500, 700, 1400 mm, which share exceeds 86 %. An integral Gini index is proposed for monitoring the differentiation of defects along the length of the line pipe of the main gas pipelines. By the value of the proposed indicator, it is possible to analyze and compare the sections of gas pipelines among themselves, to identify the signs that affect the development of defects along the line pipe of the main gas pipelines.
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Asakura, A., A. Koizumi, O. Odanagi, H. Watanabe, and T. Inakazu. "A study on appropriate investment of pipeline rehabilitation for water distribution network." Water Supply 5, no. 2 (2005): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0019.
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In Japan most of the water distribution networks were constructed during the 1960s to 1970s. Since these pipelines were used for a long period, pipeline rehabilitation is necessary to maintain water supply. Although investment for pipeline rehabilitation has to be planned in terms of cost-effectiveness, no standard method has been established because pipelines were replaced on emergency and ad hoc basis in the past. In this paper, a method to determine the maintenance of the water supply on an optimal basis with a fixed budget for a water distribution network is proposed. Firstly, a method to quantify the benefits of pipeline rehabilitation is examined. Secondly, two models using Integer Programming and Monte Carlo simulation to maximize the benefits of pipeline rehabilitation with limited budget were considered, and they are applied to a model case and a case study. Based on these studies, it is concluded that the Monte Carlo simulation model to calculate the appropriate investment for the pipeline rehabilitation planning is both convenient and practical.
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Trichtchenko, L., and D. H. Boteler. "Modelling of geomagnetic induction in pipelines." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 7 (2002): 1063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1063-2002.
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Abstract. Geomagnetic field variations induce telluric currents in pipelines, which modify the electrochemical conditions at the pipe/soil interface, possibly contributing to corrosion of the pipeline steel. Modelling of geomagnetic induction in pipelines can be accomplished by combining several techniques. Starting with geomagnetic field data, the geoelectric fields in the absence of the pipeline were calculated using the surface impedance derived from a layered-Earth conductivity model. The influence of the pipeline on the electric fields was then examined using an infinitely long cylinder (ILC) model. Pipe-to-soil potentials produced by the electric field induced in the pipeline were calculated using a distributed source transmission line (DSTL) model. The geomagnetic induction process is frequency dependent; therefore, the calculations are best performed in the frequency domain, using a Fourier transform to go from the original time domain magnetic data, and an inverse Fourier transform at the end of the process, to obtain the pipe-to-soil potential variation in the time domain. Examples of the model calculations are presented and compared to observations made on a long pipeline in the auroral zone.Key words. Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (geo-magnetic induction)
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Oohira, Hisashi, and Serikawa Seiichi. "A Study of Characteristic Signal Propagation Buried Pipeline 2." Applied Mechanics and Materials 36 (October 2010): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.36.387.
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It was reported in the previous report that the propagation constant measuring system for long distance pipelines was produced based upon the distribution constant theory for the purpose of maintenance and management of long distance pipelines buried underground and to have a system to directly measure the propagation constants and characteristic impedance of the pipeline buried underground. This time, a simulator for the signal propagation of a pipeline, referring to these actual measurement values, was constructed and various signal modes were simulated. On the prediction of accidents where heavy-construction equipment, such as backhoe or boring machine, has contact with a pipeline and damages the coating of pipeline, the damage simulations with a backhoe and boring machine were performed and the fault resistances of these heavy-construction pieces of equipment at the time of accidents were identified. As a result, it was revealed that the fault resistance generated by the metal-to-metal contact caused by the boring machine, which damages pipeline the most, was approximately 20-50Ω when water was used, and that caused by the backhoe was approximately 100Ω. In order to verify the detectable property of this system, a simulation was performed to determine how each distributed constant changed when this degree of grounding faults occurred in the monitoring section of the pipeline, and validated it with an actual pipeline.
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Chekurin, Vasyl, and Olga Khymko. "Numerical study of the transient processes in a long pipeline caused by its depressurization." Physico-mathematical modelling and informational technologies, no. 26 (December 30, 2017): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fmmit2017.26.100.
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A mathematical model for mass and momentum transfer in a long gas pipeline under its depressurization has been constructed. Nonlinear problems for transient processes in the pipeline under a local depressurization have been formulated. With the use of finite difference method, the nonstationary distributions of pressure and flow rate in the pipeline have been studied for various regimes of compressors operation. The obtained results can be used for modeling gas-dynamic processes in main gas pipelines during their accidental depressurization, forecasting of possible losses, and decision making on how to cure the accident and minimize its consequences.
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Najafzadeh, Mohammad, and Giuseppe Oliveto. "Exploring 3D Wave-Induced Scouring Patterns around Subsea Pipelines with Artificial Intelligence Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093792.
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Subsea pipelines carry oil or natural gas over long distances of the seabed, but fluid leakage due to a failure of the pipeline can culminate in huge environmental disasters. Scouring process may take place beneath pipelines due to current and/or wave action, causing pipeline suspension and leading to the risk of pipeline failure. The resulting morphological variations of the seabed propagate not only below and normally to the pipeline but also along the pipeline itself. Therefore, 3D scouring patterns need to be considered. Mainly based on the experimental works at laboratory scale by Cheng and coworkers, in this study, Artificial Intelligent (AI) techniques are employed to present new equations for predicting three dimensional current- and wave-induced scour rates around subsea pipelines. These equations are given in terms of key dimensionless parameters, among which are the Shields’ parameter, the Keulegan–Carpenter number, relative embedment depth, and wave/current angle of attach. Using various statistical benchmarks, the efficiency of AI-models-based regression equations is assessed. The proposed predictive models perform much better than the existing empirical equations from literature. Even more interestingly, they exhibit a clear physical consistence and allow for highlighting the relative importance of the key dimensionless variables governing the scouring patterns.
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Do, Hoa Xuan, and Lan Cao Mai. "Numerical modeling of Slug flows in multiphase pipeline system of lion offshore oil fields." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 1 (2016): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i1.501.
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Oil and gas transportation by the pipelines among different production wells from one or more reservoirs is one primary part of an oil field development plan. When multiple pipelines transporting oil and gas from different fields are collected on the same Central Processing Platform (CPP) or Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSO), however, the fluid behavior in multiphase flow pipelines become more complicated and often cause slugging problems that badly impact on downstream facility performance. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate the slug flow to control and/or improve flow stability in the pipeline systems. In this paper, the workflow for building and calibrating a multiphase flow model are described. The numerical model is then applied for the pipeline system of Lion oilfields in Cuu Long Basin, Southern Vietnam. Sensitivity analysis have been performed to investigate the influences of various factors on the slug flow in the pipeline system. The results from this work would be useful for tracking and controlling the slugging effect on the separator performance.
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Li, Rui, Maolin Cai, Yan Shi, Qingshan Feng, and Pengchao Chen. "Technologies and application of pipeline centerline and bending strain of In-line inspection based on inertial navigation." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 5 (2017): 1554–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216685392.
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Inertial mapping unit (IMU) in-line inspection (ILI) has become routine practice for long-distance buried transport pipelines of oil and gas. It is capable of measuring the pipeline centerline position coordinates and locating the pipeline anomalies, features and fittings to help the oil company manage it. The IMU inspection data also can be used to compute the pipeline bending strain and assess the potential deviation from the original position where endures the extra stress. This paper introduces the main principle, measurement and data processing for IMU ILI. As a key point of calculation for centerline and bending strain, the identification and optimization of the signal are also discussed. At the end of this paper, the developments of IMU ILI are presented. The IMU ILI becomes an important and effective method for pipeline integrity management and safe operation of buried oil and gas pipelines.
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Mahdavi, Hiva, Shawn Kenny, Ryan Phillips, and Radu Popescu. "Significance of geotechnical loads on local buckling response of buried pipelines with respect to conventional practice." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 1 (2013): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2011-0423.
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Long-term large deformation geohazards can impose excessive deformation on a buried pipeline. The ground displacement field may initiate pipeline deformation mechanisms that exceed design acceptance criteria with respect to serviceability requirements or ultimate limit states. The conventional engineering approach to define the mechanical performance of pipelines has been based on combined loading events for in-air conditions. This methodology may be conservative, as it ignores the soil effect that imposes geotechnical loads, and also provides restraint, on buried pipelines. The importance of pipeline–soil interaction and load-transfer mechanisms that may affect local buckling of buried pipelines is not well understood. A three-dimensional continuum finite element model, simulating the local buckling response of a buried pipe, using the software package ABAQUS/Standard was developed and calibrated. A comprehensive parametric study was previously conducted to investigate the effect of several parameters on local buckling response of pipelines buried in firm clay. A new strain criterion for local buckling of buried pipelines in firm clay through response surface methodology was developed. In this paper, the new criterion is compared with several existing in-air criteria to study the effect of soil restraint on the local buckling response of buried pipelines. The criterion developed in this study predicts greater characteristic critical strain capacity than in-air based criteria that highlights the influence of soil restraint.
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Cui, Gan, Zili Li, Chao Yang, and Xiaoyong Ding. "Study on the interference between cathodic protection systems of gas station and long distance trunk pipeline." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 63, no. 5 (2016): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-11-2014-1466.
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Purpose Under normal conditions, there are different protection objects inside and outside the gas station, so two sets of independent cathodic protection systems are adopted. At the same time, an insulating flange is applied at the position where trunk pipelines access to the gas station, which realizes electrical isolation of the structures inside and outside the station. However, as a result of short distance between the two cathodic protection systems, there will be stray current interference between them. The purpose of this paper was to study on the interference between cathodic protection systems of gas station and long distance trunk pipeline. Design/methodology/approach Based on the above, in this paper, first, the mathematical model of interference between cathodic protection systems was established and the control equations solved using the boundary element method. Second, the influence of cathodic protection system of gas station on long distance trunk pipeline and the influence of cathodic protection system of long distance trunk pipeline on gas station were studied separately using BEASY software. Finally, a new thought of cathodic protection design for local station was put forward. Findings It was concluded that there were serious interference problems between the cathodic protection systems of gas station and long distance trunk pipeline. By moving the potential control point to area outside the influence scope of anode ground bed could avoid the influence of cathodic protection system of gas station on long distance trunk pipeline. By moving the auxiliary anodes away from gas station could avoid the influence of cathodic protection system of long distance trunk pipeline on pipelines in gas station. The new thought of cathodic protection design could avoid the interference between the cathodic protection systems effectively. Originality/value It is considered that the results can guide cathodic design for gas station and long distance trunk pipeline. The results can also avoid the interference corrosion between the structures in gas station and trunk pipeline.
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Kear, Andrew R. "Finding Fault with the Nexus Pipeline? Agency Capture and the Public Good." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.453098.
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Natural gas is an increasingly vital U.S. energy source that is presently being tapped and transported across state and international boundaries. Controversy engulfs natural gas, from the hydraulic fracturing process used to liberate it from massive, gas-laden Appalachian shale deposits, to the permitting and construction of new interstate pipelines bringing it to markets. This case explores the controversy flowing from the proposed 256-mile-long interstate Nexus pipeline transecting northern Ohio, southeastern Michigan and terminating at the Dawn Hub in Ontario, Canada. As the lead agency regulating and permitting interstate pipelines, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is also tasked with mitigating environmental risks through the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act's Environmental Impact Statement process. Pipeline opponents assert that a captured federal agency ignores public and scientific input, inadequately addresses public health and safety risks, preempts local control, and wields eminent domain powers at the expense of landowners, cities, and everyone in the pipeline path. Proponents counter that pipelines are the safest means of transporting domestically abundant, cleaner burning, affordable gas to markets that will boost local and regional economies and serve the public good. Debates over what constitutes the public good are only one set in a long list of contentious issues including pipeline safety, proposed routes, property rights, public voice, and questions over the scientific and democratic validity of the Environmental Impact Statement process. The Nexus pipeline provides a sobering example that simple energy policy solutions and compromise are elusive—effectively fueling greater conflict as the natural gas industry booms.
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Posakony, G. J. "Integrity Assurance of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines." Applied Mechanics Reviews 46, no. 5 (1993): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3120323.
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Natural gas transmission pipelines have proven to be a safe and efficient means for transporting the trillions of cubic feet of natural gas used annually in the United States. Since the peak of construction of these pipelines occurred between 1950 and the mid-1960s, their average age is now over thirty years. However, replacement of these pipelines because of age would be prohibitively expensive and unnecessary. Preventive maintenance and rehabilitation programs put into practice by the pipeline industry provides the key to ensuring the continued integrity of the transmission pipeline system. This article reviews the preventive maintenance practices commonly used by the gas industry. These practices include right-of-way patrols, corrosion control procedures, in-line inspection with intelligent or smart pigs that inspect the pipe while traveling through the inside of the pipe, direct access inspection of the pipe from bellhole excavations, and hydrostatic retesting of pipelines. When pipelines are properly maintained, these practices can ensure the integrity and long-term serviceability of transmission pipelines well into the 21st Century.
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Tarayevskiy, O. "STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF COMPLEX MINING AND GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON OPERATION TRANSIT PIPELINES." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 156 (2020): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-3-156-105-110.
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On the basis of the system approach and analysis of the conditions of operation of transit main gas pipelines, analytical studies of the stresses occurring on the internal surface of the gas pipeline under the conditions of the obverse and reverse operation modes have been carried out. The method of determination (prognostication) of durability of long exploited pipelines, operated in complex mining and geological conditions was proposed. It was shown that during such exploitation of gas pipelines non-project modes are being found that require a detailed analysis of the use of their production capacities, and as a result it has been established that the study section in such conditions. The technique for determining the permissible level of arbitrarily oriented stresses acting on the investigated section of a gas pipeline with a complex technological structure and laid on a section with a disturbed equilibrium of the Earth is developed. It has been proved that the cyclic operation of pipelines and their structural elements in difficult geological conditions leads to an abnormally high background tension, which leads to a decrease in their predicted lifetime. It is proposed to carry out operational control of the stressed-deformed state of pipeline sections laid in complex mining and geological conditions and which have complex technological features. The principle of optimization of gas transportation by pipelines, passing in one technological corridor on the criterion of minimum negative impact on the environment was improved. The technique of determining the potential impact radius, which simultaneously takes into account the mode of operation of the gas pipeline, its actual technical condition, as well as the parameters of abnormal areas with disturbed equilibrium of the earth, was proposed. The developed method allows determining the necessary security zone on each individual site, in particular, to substantially reduce or increase it in relation to existing real conditions. In order to design new gas pipelines, there will be no pipelines in the same technological corridor, and for existing pipelines operated in the same technological corridor, it will be possible to reduce the impact of the emergency situation or even make it impossible because of optimal loading of the gas pipelines. The expediency of carrying out such experiments and the results obtained will allow to prevent accidents and failures of gas pipelines that lies in complex mining and geological conditions, to ensure their reliability during long service life as well. Keywords: gas, underemployment, stressful situation, density, mathematical model.
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Chen, Minwu, Siyang Liu, Jiuguo Zhu, Chonghao Xie, Hang Tian, and Jianjun Li. "Effects and Characteristics of AC Interference on Parallel Underground Pipelines Caused by an AC Electrified Railway." Energies 11, no. 9 (2018): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092255.
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An AC electrified railway can interfere significantly with parallel underground pipelines in a public transportation corridor. Such interference may threaten the long-term transportation and the operational safety of the pipelines. Therefore, this paper presents a mathematical model to illustrate the electromagnetic coupling between an AC electrified railway and nearby parallel underground pipelines. As the basis of the engineering calculation, an integration simulation model based on CDEGS software, which included an electrified railway and pipeline system, was built and its correctness was validated by comparing it with a mathematical model. Also, the effects of electric traction load parameters, pipeline parameters, and soil structure parameters were analyzed, the results of which demonstrate the distribution characteristics of AC interference on parallel underground pipelines. Using a real case in China as an example, protection measures were introduced to decrease coupling interference and their effectiveness was verified by simulation calculations and field measurements.
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Kryvenko, H. M., and L. V. Vozniak. "RESEARCH OF CONSEQUENCES OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS AT THE INDUSTRIAL PIPELINES." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, no. 2(45) (October 26, 2018): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9965-2018-2(45)-41-47.
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The reasons of emergency situations for the long-term operated industrial pipelines were presented. It was revealed that the greatest risk of accidents at these objects is related to longitudinal destruction, which can occur both in the main metal pipes and in the weld zone, due to the formation of corrosive “fistulas” and “guillotine” ruptures. Industrial gas pipelines are objects of high danger. In case of the gas pipeline failure, there is a shock wave, which is one of affecting factors. 
 The conditional probability of ignition of emergency emissions of hydrocarbon energy carriers was determined, considering the location of ignition sources. The probit-functions by the thermal effect on people were determined. The determination method of emergency gas losses in case of pipeline rupture was developed. A comparative analysis of gas mass flux at pipeline rupture was performed, depending on the pipeline diameter, initial pressure, time and distance from the point of pipe damage.
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Yan–hua, Li, Feng Hui, Chi Qiang, et al. "Experimental Research on Fatigue Properties of X80 Pipeline Steel for Synthetic Natural Gas Transmission." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (January 27, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6631031.
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In recent years, many synthetic natural gas demonstration projects have been put into operation all over the world, and hydrogen is usually contained in synthetic natural gas. X80 is the most commonly used high-grade pipeline steel in the construction of natural gas pipelines. The compatibility between high-grade pipeline steel and hydrogen directly affects safety and reliability of long-distance pipelines. Therefore, in order to study the effect of hydrogen content on fatigue properties of high-grade pipeline steel, fatigue specimens were taken from base metal, spiral welds, and girth weld of submerged arc spiral welded pipes, respectively. Specifically, the total pressure was 12 MPa and hydrogen content was from 0 to 5vol%. Experimental results indicate that the hydrogen significantly increases the fatigue crack growth rate for both base metal, spiral weld, and heat-affected zone of X80 pipeline steel for about ten times compared with reference environment nitrogen, hydrogen would greatly reduce the fatigue life of the X80 pipeline steel, and the fatigue lifetime would decrease with the increase in hydrogen volume fraction. In order to ensure the safe operation of SNG pipeline, the hydrogen content should be controlled as low as possible.
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Guo, Chengchao, Kunming Shi, and Xuanxuan Chu. "Experimental study on leakage monitoring of pressurized water pipeline based on fiber optic hydrophone." Water Supply 19, no. 8 (2019): 2347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.116.
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Abstract Leakage of water pipelines will significantly endanger the safety operation and service performance of the pipelines. Based on the vibration of pressurized water pipelines deriving from leakage, the BA-FH3200 fiber optic hydrophone (FOH) leakage detection long-term detection system was adopted in prototype tests. The vibration-based real-time leakage monitoring method of the pressurized water pipeline was studied. During the test, the leakage was simulated by opening a spherical valve in the middle of the pipe, and an FOH was placed right above the pipe wall to detect the vibration signal along the pipe. The FOH analysis software was used to monitor the pipeline operation status in real time and acquire data. Then, the data were processed by a self-developed post-processing program, and the parameters were optimized through back-calculation. The test results reveal that the leakage positioning error lay between ±0.07 m, and real-time monitoring (i.e., early warning alarm and leakage positioning) of the FOH for the pressurized water pipeline was feasible.
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Liu, Qing. "Study on the Oil Pipeline Design of R Oil Field." Frontiers Research of Architecture and Engineering 3, no. 3 (2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/frae.v3i3.2453.
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It’s a compressive article consists of three parts, an overview of pipeline development in China, oil pipeline design for R oilfield and pipeline management suggestions. First, this article introduces the current status of pipeline construction, oil pipeline technology and gas pipeline technology in China in recent years. The current status of China’s pipeline construction is divided into three stages. In terms of construction, pipeline construction is developing in the direction of intelligence and modernization. Long-distance oil pipelines require technical breakthroughs in two aspects. One is the sequential oil product delivery technology to improve the type of oil that can be delivered sequentially; the second is the viscosity reduction delivery technology for heavy oil. Gas transmission pipelines are developing in the direction of high pressure, large diameter and high steel grade. Secondly, based on all the pipeline development above, in order to meet the development of R oil field, an oil-water two-phase pipeline transportation design and a pipeline crossing river design were carried out. Under the condition of the design pressure of the pipeline of 5.5MPa, it is preferable to produce a pipeline of φ219×6.5mm, and the steel grade of the pipeline is L360. A heating station and pumping station are needed in the transportation process, and the heating station and pumping station are combined for one construction. Considering that the strata of the river crossing section are mainly gravel sand layer, clay layer and non-lithological stratum, horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is adopted for river crossing, and suggestions are made for the construction process. Finally, after the pipeline was put into production, the corresponding auxiliary production system and supporting engineering suggestions were put forward.
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Cui, Fan, Yunfei Du, Xianjie Hao, Suping Peng, Zhuangzhuang Bao, and Shiqi Peng. "Experimental Study on Local Scour and Related Mechanical Effects at River-Crossing Underwater Oil and Gas Pipelines." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (April 20, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6689212.
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Among the various geological disasters that threaten the safe operation of long-distance oil and gas pipelines, water-damage disasters are numerous and widely developed. Especially the pipelines crossing river channels or gullies are vulnerable to scouring hazards from storms and floods. A water-damage disaster physical model was established to investigate the characteristics of the riverbed scour profile and the pipeline force when the pipeline was buried at different depths under the condition of different particle size riverbed sediment. Results indicated that the equilibrium scour depth changed in a spoon shape with the gradual increase of the embedment ratio in general. The equilibrium scour depth formed by the fine sand riverbed was the largest, about 1.5 times the pipeline diameter. When the pipeline was half exposed, the clay riverbed was more resistant to the scour of the river than the riverbed of fine sand and very fine pebbles with a larger particle size. In the riverbed of three particle sizes, fine sand was more difficult to withstand the scour of the river. The scour profile formed by the sand bed around the pipeline and the force and deformation of the pipeline were related to pipeline location and riverbed sediment type. Results of this study might be useful for the safety warning and protection measures of underwater pipeline crossing.
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Tache, Ion Antonio, and Carmen Tache. "Coatings & linings for oil & gas pipelines – the most effective method of corrosion protection for aged pipelines." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500016.
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Pipelines around the world are in danger due to ageing, deposits and corrosion. Leaky fittings and cracks are an environmental hazard and cause the loss of valuable resources such as drinking water, gas, or oil. The pipelines may get corroded internally due to the nature of the fluid flowing inside and due to various other factors. The environmental and societal impact of infrastructure failure is a primary consideration for today’s pipeline operators. Without implementing safety measures and having a corrosion control program, corrosion makes transporting hazardous material unsafe. There are many methods NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) recommends as part of a successful corrosion control program to protect oil and gas pipelines. Coatings and linings applied to pipelines whether above or below ground and often used in combination with cathodic protection. Different linings may be used for internal corrosion protection, provided the lining material does not degrade following long-term exposure to the transported fluid, at the pipeline pressure and temperature conditions.
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Liu, Bao Jun, Ling Zhang, and Chen Guan. "Hydraulic Experimental Study on Nonmetallic Plastic Pipeline." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 1961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1961.
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Corrosion of steel pipeline can form numerous leaks, reduce service life of pipeline, and make large losses. Use of nonmetallic pipeline can solve the problem. Glass fiber reinforced plastic pipeline is nonmetallic pipeline. It can be installed conveniently, would not corrode in electrochemistry environment, and its service life is very long. So, it is widely used in many fields such as petroleum, city water supply, waste water processing, etc. In the paper, hydraulic calculations of pipeline are researched, and frictional resistance losses of water in glass fiber reinforced plastic pipelines with different diameters are measured. Based on experimental data, errors between experimental values and calculation values of formulas for hydraulic calculation are analyzed. The formulae to calculate the frictional resistance in glass fiber reinforced plastic pipeline are recommended.
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Bol’shakov, A. M., A. V. Burnashev, and V. M. Efimov. "MONITORING OF THE TOUGHNESS OF THE MATERIAL OF THE MAIN GAS PIPELINE AFTER LONG TERM OPERATION IN ARCTIC CONDITIONS." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 85, no. 6 (2019): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2019-85-6-64-68.
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The problems of ensuring the reliability and safe operation of long-running hazardous industrial facilities, in particular gas pipelines, after 50 years of operation are considered. The goal of the work is developing a method for assessing metal embrittlement of long-running main gas pipelines (MG) using a non-destructive method for monitoring and improving operational reliability. Experimental studies of the samples of the pipes of the main gas pipelines revealed the parameters most sensitive to the processes of structural degradation. The applicability of those parameters to assessing the degree of degradation is substantiated. Analysis of the results of mechanical and acoustic studies revealed correlation with an essentially large value of the correlation coefficient. Based on this correlation, a method for assessing the toughness has been developed. The experimentally obtained limit values of the studied characteristics at which the operation of the structure becomes dangerous are presented. A flowchart has been developed for monitoring changes in the toughness of the gas pipeline steel after long-term operation. The experimental results and developed method for estimating the limiting state of the gas pipeline material were used during technical diagnostics of non-project sections of the Mastach — Berge — Yakutsk gas pipeline to determine real operational characteristics and form a database of the studied indicators for their further monitoring. The proposed method will improve the efficiency of accumulated information on the structural reliability and provide the possibility of assessing the degree of pipe metal degradation without conducting mechanical tests and making samples in the process of technical diagnostics thus reducing the material costs for conducting scheduled maintenance of the pipelines.
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Keramat, Alireza, Milad Payesteh, Bruno Brunone, and Silvia Meniconi. "Interdependence of flow and pipe characteristics in transient induced contamination intrusion: numerical analysis." Journal of Hydroinformatics 22, no. 3 (2020): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.069.
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Abstract Contaminant intrusion in pipelines during transients is a remarkable mechanism, which leads to a decline in the quality of the contained water. The negative pressure of water hammer pressure waves is the trigger for the suction of pollution from the surrounding leak area, and hence deteriorating water quality. The volume of contamination intruded into the pipeline is investigated using mathematical and numerical modeling of the phenomenon. To elucidate this phenomenon in real pipe systems, the intrusion amount is estimated for 72 different scenarios including: two lengths of pipeline (i.e. short and long), three different leak locations, three different fluid velocities in the pipe, two leak diameters and two pipeline materials (elastic and viscoelastic). The results showed that the amount of intrusion in viscoelastic pipes was clearly less than that in elastic pipes, especially in long pipelines. The critical zone of high intrusion risk is identified close to the downstream valve for small leak sizes, nevertheless, it is difficult to estimate this zone in the case of large leaks due to significant interactions between nodal components (valve, leak, reservoir).
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Tennyson, R. C., N. Banthia, E. Rivera, S. Huffman, and I. Sturrock. "Monitoring structures using long gauge length fibre optic sensors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 3 (2007): 422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-155.
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Long gauge length fibre optic sensors have been installed on bridges and pipelines to monitor their long-term structural integrity. These sensors measure the average displacement or strain over their gauge length due to mechanical or thermal loading. It is shown that long gauge length sensors can provide an estimate of the maximum bending strain for beam-type structures, such as bridge girders or pipelines, subject to sag. Bending and hoop strain test results are presented for bridges with composite reinforcements bonded to concrete girders and columns that were statically loaded at various locations to assess the integrity of the bond interface. These sensors can also provide information on corrosion-induced wall thinning of pipelines based on changes in the local strain field due to internal pressure in the line. Test data are presented for measuring pipeline corrosion using different fibre optic sensor configurations.Key words: fibre optic sensors, bridges, pipelines, integrity monitoring.
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Liao, Ningsheng, Hang Zhang, Shimin Zhang, Shuqiang Du, and Qingxin Ding. "A method for identifying support conditions of buried subsea gas pipelines based on forced vibration signal analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, no. 1 (2017): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090217730952.
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Subsea pipeline is crucial for oil and gas transportation. It is advantageous to be able to identify the free-spanning segments of a long subsea pipeline. The existing technologies for detecting the support condition of buried subsea pipelines are constantly affected by complex external environment since they are outer pipeline detecting methods. An inner pipeline method for detecting the support conditions of buried gas subsea pipelines based on forced vibration signal analysis is proposed in this study. Two evaluation indicators, frequency response function and natural frequency change ratio, are used to identify the free-spanning segments. A free span–detecting device and a test rig are built to verify the applicability of the method by forced vibration tests. Gray contour plots of frequency response functions and natural frequency change ratio bar charts are generated to analyze the experimental results. The experimental results show that two evaluation indicators are sensitive to the support condition. The appearance of the free span and its length can be identified by the gray contour plots of frequency response functions and natural frequency change ratio bar chart.