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1
Mei, Xiaochun, and Canlun Yuan. "Three Serious Mistakes in Einstein’s Original Paper of Special Relativity in 1905." Applied Physics Research 15, no. 2 (2023): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p80.
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It is revealed in this paper that there were three serious mistakes in the Einstein’s original paper in 1905. Einstein did not prove that the motion equation of classical electromagnetic field could satisfy the invariance of the Lorentz coordinate transformation. The Einstein’s derivations on the formulas of transverse and longitudinal masses, as well as the calculation on the mass-energy relation are wrong. 1. In order to prove that the classical Maxwell electromagnetic field equation satisfied the invariance of Lorentz transformation in free space without charged and current, Einstein introduced the transformations of electromagnetic fields themselves, called the Einstein’s transformations of electromagnetic fields. However, these transformations are completely different from the Lorentz transformations of electromagnetic fields themself, which leads to contradiction and does not hold. 2. For the electromagnetic field equations in non-free space with charge and current, the Einstein’s transformations can not make the electromagnetic fields unchanged under the Lorentz transformation. 3. The constitutive equations of electromagnetic theory in the medium do not satisfy the invariance of the Lorentz transformation too. Therefore, the classical electromagnetic field equations have no the invariance of the Lorentz transformation actually, and the most important theoretical and experimental basis of special relativity do not exist. 4. The Einstein's derivations on the formulas of transverse and longitudinal masses have a series of elementary mistakes in mathematics and physics. Einstein took the relative speed between two reference frames as the arbitrary moving velocity of a particle, and the obtained formulas were completely different from the existing mass-velocity of special relativity. 3. When Einstein derived the mass-energy relationship, he only calculated the work done by the force in the x-axis direction of particle’s motion, ignoring the work done by the force at the y- and z-axes directions. Meanwhile, the constant relative motion velocity between two reference frames was misused as the variable arbitrary velocity of a particle. Therefore, Einstein had not derived the mass-velocity formula and mass-energy relationship used in the present special relativity.
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Sarafoglou, Nikias, Menas Kafatos, and John H. Beall. "Simultaneity in the Scientific Enterprise." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 4 (2022): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.94.12113.
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 In this article, we explore the concept of simultaneity in the scientific enterprise, defined herein as the near-coincident discovery of significant advances in the development of our scientific understanding of the world. We do this by examining two case studies of such coincident or near-coincident discoveries: the development of the so-called Lorentz transformation by H.A. Lorentz (1904) and A. Einstein (1905); and the Aharonov-Bohm effect discovered independently in chronological order by Franz(1939), Ehrenberg and Siday (1949) and Aharonov and Bohm (1959). It is now generally acknowledged that the Lorentz transformations were independently developed by both Lorentz and Einstein as they worked on different approaches to solve a similar problem – i.e., the preservation of the form of Maxwell's equations in coordinate systems moving relative to one another, while the relationship between the Ehrenberg-Siday and Aharonov-Bohm works is still controversial. In our view, these independent discoveries allow some speculation about the nature of human discovery and understanding of scientific truths as they progress through time.
 
 
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Al-Tamimi, Mohammad. "Problematic of Lorentz -Einstein’s Transformations." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 6 (2021): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.86.10399.
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When I tried to derive which was used by Lorentz in his transformations, I found it has a different value. Also the same problem happened with was used by Einstein in equations of the special theory of relativity (STR).
 To explain this problematic, I tried to apply these transformations to a perfect and real relativistic experiment where I proved this real problematic, that confused physical society for decades.
 Indeed, I strongly believe that, this problematic is coming as a reflection of the conception of the velocity law on STR where, we can’t build this conception on the bending of the dimensions of the spacetime.
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Garat, Alcides. "Signature-causality reflection generated by Abelian gauge transformations." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 15 (2020): 2050119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320501199.
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In this paper, we want to better understand the causality reflection that arises under a subset of Abelian local gauge transformations in geometrodynamics. We proved in previous papers that in Einstein–Maxwell spacetimes, there exist two local orthogonal planes of gauge symmetry at every spacetime point for non-null electromagnetic fields. Every vector in these planes is an eigenvector of the Einstein–Maxwell stress–energy tensor. The vectors that span these local orthogonal planes are dependent on electromagnetic gauge. The local group of Abelian electromagnetic gauge transformations has been proved isomorphic to the local groups of tetrad transformations in these planes. We called LB1 the local group of tetrad transformations made up of SO(1, 1) plus two different kinds of discrete transformations. One of the discrete transformations is the full inversion two by two which is a Lorentz transformation. The other discrete transformation is given by a matrix with zeroes on the diagonal and ones off-diagonal two by two, a reflection. The group LB1 is realized on this plane, we call this plane one, and is spanned by the time-like and one space-like vectors. The other local orthogonal plane is plane two and the local group of tetrad transformations, we call this LB2, which is just SO(2). The local group of Abelian electromagnetic gauge transformations is isomorphic to both LB1 and LB2, independently. It has already been proved that a subset of local electromagnetic gauge transformations that leave the electromagnetic tensor invariant induces a change in sign in the norm of the tetrad vectors that span the local plane one. The reason is that one of the discrete transformations on the local plane one that belongs to the group LB1 is not a Lorentz transformation, it is a flip or reflection. It is precisely on this kind of discrete transformation that we have an interest since it has the effect of changing the signature and the causality. This effect has never been noticed before.
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Ghosal, S. K., K. K. Nandi, and Papia Chakraborty. "Passage from Einsteinian to Galilean Relativity and Clock Synchrony." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 46, no. 3 (1991): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1991-0307.
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AbstractThere is a general belief that under small velocity approximation. Special Relativity goes over into Galilean Relativity. Should this be interpreted exclusively in terms of the kinematical symmetry transformations (Lorentz vs. Galilei) a misconception could easily arise that would stem from overlooking the role of conventionality ingredients of Special Relativity Theory. It is observed that the small velocity approximation cannot alter the convention of distant simultaneity. In order to exemplify this point further, the Lorentz transformations are critically compared, under the same approximation, with two other space time transformations, one of which represents an Einstein world with Galilean synchrony whereas the other describes a Galilean world with Einsteinian synchrony
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SOO, CHOPIN, and CYRUS C. Y. LIN. "WIGNER ROTATIONS, BELL STATES, AND LORENTZ INVARIANCE OF ENTANGLEMENT AND VON NEUMANN ENTROPY." International Journal of Quantum Information 02, no. 02 (2004): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749904000146.
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We compute, for massive particles, the explicit Wigner rotations of one-particle states for arbitrary Lorentz transformations; and the explicit Hermitian generators of the infinite-dimensional unitary representation. For a pair of spin 1/2 particles, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–ell entangled states and their behaviour under the Lorentz group are analyzed in the context of quantum field theory. Group theoretical considerations suggest a convenient definition of the Bell states which is slightly different from the conventional assignment. The behaviour of Bell states under arbitrary Lorentz transformations can then be described succinctly. Reduced density matrices applicable to systems of identical particles are defined through Yang's prescription. The von Neumann entropy of each of the reduced density matrix is Lorentz invariant; and its relevance as a measure of entanglement is discussed, and illustrated with an explicit example. A regularization of the entropy in terms of generalized zeta functions is also suggested.
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Hill, James M., and Barry J. Cox. "Einstein's special relativity beyond the speed of light." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2148 (2012): 4174–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0340.
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We propose here two new transformations between inertial frames that apply for relative velocities greater than the speed of light, and that are complementary to the Lorentz transformation, giving rise to the Einstein special theory of relativity that applies to relative velocities less than the speed of light. The new transformations arise from the same mathematical framework as the Lorentz transformation, displaying singular behaviour when the relative velocity approaches the speed of light and generating the same addition law for velocities, but, most importantly, do not involve the need to introduce imaginary masses or complicated physics to provide well-defined expressions. Making use of the dependence on relative velocity of the Lorentz transformation, the paper provides an elementary derivation of the new transformations between inertial frames for relative velocities v in excess of the speed of light c , and further we suggest two possible criteria from which one might infer one set of transformations as physically more likely than the other. If the energy–momentum equations are to be invariant under the new transformations, then the mass and energy are given, respectively, by the formulae and where denotes the limiting momentum for infinite relative velocity. If, however, the requirement of invariance is removed, then we may propose new mass and energy equations, and an example having finite non-zero mass in the limit of infinite relative velocity is given. In this highly controversial topic, our particular purpose is not to enter into the merits of existing theories, but rather to present a succinct and carefully reasoned account of a new aspect of Einstein's theory of special relativity, which properly allows for faster than light motion.
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Da Silva, Vinícius Carvalho. "Einstein and the search for the logical unity of the world: principle of relativity and generalisation of lorentz transformations." Griot : Revista de Filosofia 24, no. 1 (2024): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31977/grirfi.v24i1.3653.
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No presente artigo analisamos o papel do princípio da relatividade e da generalização das transformações de Lorentz na física relativística de Einstein, cujo ideal filosófico era a construção de uma imagem da natureza dotada de máxima unidade e simplicidade lógica. Em seu realismo crítico-racionalista, Einstein visava elaborar uma “concepção de mundo” que expressasse a unidade lógica da natureza. Esse programa filosófico o fez, ao longo de sua carreira científica, elaborar “grandes sínteses”, buscando a compatibilidade entre diversos sistemas físicos.
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Kidd, Braden. "The Relativistic Electrodynamics of Classical Charged Particles." Magnetism 2, no. 1 (2022): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetism2010006.
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Maxwell’s equations and the Lorentz force equation form the foundation of classical electromagnetic theory and their discovery led to the development of special relativity. Despite this achievement, their universal compatibility with the conservation of momentum and relativistic energy transformations is still debated. Incorporating effects of hidden momentum with the Lorentz force equation or using the Einstein–Laub formula are two common approaches to address some of these concerns. Which method to use, or if a change to classical electromagnetism is even required, remains controversial. A new theoretical approach is presented in this paper to address this using relativistic electromagnetic energy inertial frame transformations. These transformations identify a situation where an apparent violation of conservation laws could occur and how to consolidate this with electromagnetic theory. An explanation regarding the elementary nature of magnetism and the relationship between inertia and electromagnetic energy is also commented on.
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Harmon, Robert J. "A Simple Algebraic Analysis and Its Relation to the Einstein‐Lorentz Transformations." Physics Essays 11, no. 3 (1998): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/1.3025309.
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Kholmetskii, Alexander L., and Tolga Yarman. "Thomas–Wigner rotation and Thomas precession: actualized approach." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 10 (2014): 1232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0015.
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We show that the explanation of Thomas–Wigner rotation and Thomas precession (TP) in the framework of special theory of relativity (STR) contains a number of points of inconsistency, in particular, with respect to physical interpretation of the Einstein velocity composition law in successive space–time transformations. In addition, we show that the common interpretation of TP falls into conflict with the causality principle. To eliminate such a conflict, we suggest considering the velocity parameter, entering into the expression for the frequency of TP, as being always related to a rotation-free Lorentz transformation. Such an assumption (which actually resolves any causal paradoxes with respect to TP), comes however to be in contradiction with the spirit of STR. The results obtained are discussed.
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Brown, Steve. "Errors in “A Simple Algebraic Analysis and Its Relation to the Einstein‐Lorentz Transformations”." Physics Essays 13, no. 1 (2000): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/1.3025428.
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Ponomarev, Sergei. "On the Implementation of the Method of Derivation of Lorentz Transformations Used by Einstein." Journal of Modern Physics 15, no. 12 (2024): 2007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2024.1512084.
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ABE, MITSUO. "SUPERSYMMETRIC EXTENSION OF LOCAL LORENTZ SYMMETRY IN THE VIERBEIN FORMALISM OF EINSTEIN GRAVITY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 05, no. 17 (1990): 3277–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x90001458.
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The supersymmetric extension of local Lorentz symmetry in the vierbein formalism is presented in detail. In contrast to supergravity, this new supersymmetry is purely internal, that is, totally irrelevant to general coordinate transformations. Because of its non-Poincaré nature, the degrees of freedom of bosons and fermions need not be equal and it is unnecessary to introduce gravitino. Instead, it is important to introduce a new type of nonlinear realization, called “ξ-field realization”. The Einstein Lagrangian density is trivially superinvariant and the Dirac theory can be supersymmetrized. A globally superinvariant gauge-fixing plus FP-ghost Lagrangian density is constructed in the BRS-invariant way. In the simplest case, canonical quantization is explicitly carried out and unitarity is proved. It is shown that the manifestly covariant canonical formalism of quantum gravity is extended to the supersymmetric form without spoiling its beauty in contrast to supergravity. This supersymmetric theory provides a natural link between quantum gravity and gauge theory; its implies that the chiral gauge group should be SO (N).
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Jefimenko, Oleg D. "Retardation and relativity: Derivation of Lorentz–Einstein transformations from retarded integrals for electric and magnetic fields." American Journal of Physics 63, no. 3 (1995): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17938.
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Bluhm, Robert, and Yu Zhi. "Spontaneous and Explicit Spacetime Symmetry Breaking in Einstein–Cartan Theory with Background Fields." Symmetry 16, no. 1 (2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16010025.
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Explicit and spontaneous breaking of spacetime symmetry under diffeomorphisms, local translations, and local Lorentz transformations due to the presence of fixed background fields is examined in Einstein–Cartan theory. In particular, the roles of torsion and violation of local translation invariance are highlighted. The nature of the types of background fields that can arise and how they cause spacetime symmetry breaking is discussed. With explicit breaking, potential no-go results are known to exist, which if not evaded lead to inconsistencies between the Bianchi identities, Noether identities, and the equations of motion. These are examined in detail, and the effects of nondynamical backgrounds and explicit breaking on the energy–momentum tensor when torsion is present are discussed as well. Examples illustrating various features of both explicit and spontaneous breaking of local translations are presented and compared to the case of diffeomorphism breaking.
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Bakke, K., C. Furtado, and A. M. de M. Carvalho. "Wigner rotation via Fermi–Walker transport and relativistic EPR correlations in the Schwarzschild spacetime." International Journal of Quantum Information 13, no. 02 (2015): 1550020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749915500203.
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The Wigner rotation angle for a particle in a circular motion in the Schwarzschild spacetime is obtained via the Fermi–Walker transport of spinors. Then, by applying the Wentzel, Kramers, Brillouin (WKB) approximation, a possible application of the Fermi–Walker transport of spinors in relativistic Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) correlations is discussed, where it is shown that the spins of the correlated particle undergo a precession in an analogous way to that obtained by Terashima and Ueda [H. Terashima and M. Ueda, Phys. Rev. A 69, 032113 (2004)] via the application of successive infinitesimal Lorentz transformations. Moreover, from the WKB approach, it is also shown that the degree of violation of the Bell inequality depends on the Wigner rotation angle obtained via the Fermi–Walker transport. Finally, the relativistic effects from the geometry of the spacetime and the accelerated motion of the correlated particles is discussed in the nonrelativistic limit.
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Goncharov, A. I. "Illustration of the Relativity Principle Using a Double Breather." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 1(117) (March 17, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)1-01.
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The purpose of this article is to give more clarity to some relativistic laws, primarily the principle of relativity.These laws have been illustrated using linear waves in several of our previous articles. In this work, solutions of the nonlinear sine-Gordon equation in the form of double breathers are used for the same purposes. The exact two-breather solution and the approximate one that is convenient for analysis are presented. Moving breathers are derived from standing breathers through the active Lorenz transformations. Oscillations in a moving breather become out of phase. For each system, the distance between the amplitude maxima is taken as a unit length, and the oscillation period is taken as a time interval unit. It is shown that the observer associated with a moving breather and an observer associated with a standing breather see the same picture; an observer cannot distinguish the state of movement of his breather from rest. Therefore, in a frame of reference based on a moving breather, its oscillations are considered in-phase. In this case, time is determined as if the clocks were synchronized according to the Einstein method.Space-time coordinates of the same event in different frames of reference turn out to be related by the passive Lorentz transformations.
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Vegt, Wim. "Unravelling the Enigmatic Nexus: Black Holes, Dark Matter, and the Interplay of Light, Gravity, and Electromagnetic Forces in Astrophysics and Astronomy." American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11, no. 3 (2024): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaa.20241103.12.
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This research introduces a mathematical model positioning our physical reality within a ten-dimensional hyperspace, in which time acts as the unifying coordinate linking three-dimensional electric, magnetic, and gravitational spaces. Each domain is characterized by its respective field—electric, magnetic, or gravitational—and governed by intrinsic divergences and rotations, leading to a universal property known as Force Density, expressed in [N/m³]. This Force Density facilitates interactions among the distinct spaces while adhering to the principle of equilibrium, which posits that cumulative force densities from disturbances must consistently sum to zero. Building upon Einstein's General Relativity—which describes the curvature of spacetime by gravitational fields and assumes a constant light speed—this study proposes a perspective wherein light speed may vary during coherent laser beam interactions, prompting a re-examination of gravitational and luminous interactions across scales. The proposed model integrates the Stress-Energy Tensor and Gravitational Tensor, introducing a new tensor representation for black holes, termed Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements, incorporating electromagnetic energy gradients and Lorentz transformations. This framework transcends traditional General Relativity, particularly evident in gravitational lensing. By reinterpreting Einstein's incorporation of the Gravitational Constant within the Energy-Stress Tensor, this work harmonizes gravity and light, offering insights into black hole solutions resonating with John Archibald Wheeler's 1955 research. Empirical data from Galileo satellites and MASER frequency measurements underscore discrepancies between established theories and this new model, enhancing the precision of gravitational observations. Through the confluence of Quantum Physics and General Relativity, as seen in approaches like String Theory, this interdisciplinary endeavor revisits the gravitational constant "G," redefining it while bridging theoretical frameworks, thus paving the way for breakthroughs in astronomical and astrophysical sciences.
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Munera, H. A. "Einstein’s dream to unify all forces finally materializes: a revived de Broglie’s pilot-wave theory with novel solutions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2197, no. 1 (2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2197/1/012021.
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Abstract Starting from Louis de Broglie’s pilot wave-theory, this paper unifies gravity and quantum mechanics under a single mathematical field theory for all forces in Nature. Two families of potentials coexist as mathematical solutions for the homogeneous Klein-Gordon equation which is the same homogeneous classical wave equation: (a) Neo-Laplacian local time-independent background potentials, and (b) Novel time-distance entangled Q(q) potentials which are isomorph to distance-time-velocity transformations based on any of the competing relativistic theories (Lorentz, Poincaré or Einstein), or on the pre-relativistic Galilean invariant Doppler equations. This remarkable property makes present theory compatible with all previous empirical evidence, including experiments conventionally interpreted as supporting Einstein’s special relativity. We report explicit closed solutions for potentials solving the one-dimensional and three-dimensional classical wave equations, and describe in detail how to calculate time-independent neo-Laplacian background forces and relativistically isomorph time-dependent entangled forces. The scale of the problem appears as a required parameter, thus making our theory applicable to all scales of Nature from quarks to cosmos. A usually overlooked neo-Laplacian logarithmic potential predicts the observed high values of non-Keplerian tangential speeds at the galactic scale. At the human scale, calculations relative to hurricanes and tornadoes may be facilitated by the closed form of our unified forces. A novel torsion component of gravity automatically appears from our new solutions.
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Stuckey, W. M., and Michael Silberstein. "Unifying Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics via Adynamical Global Constraints." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2948, no. 1 (2025): 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2948/1/012009.
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Abstract Maxwell unified the disparate concepts of electric and magnetic fields with one theory (electromagnetism) and Einstein then unified the disparate theories of electromagnetism and mechanics with one kinematics (Minkowski space of special relativity). In this talk, we will briefly explain how the disparate kinematics of quantum mechanics (finite-dimensional Hilbert space) and special relativity can be unified with one principle (relativity principle). This result follows from the axiomatic reconstruction of quantum mechanics via information-theoretic principles, which has successfully recast quantum mechanics as a principle theory a la Einstein, i.e., the formalism of the theory follows from an empirically discovered fact, just like special relativity. According to the quantum reconstruction program, the empirically discovered fact whence the Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics is Information Invariance & Continuity. Of course, the empirically discovered fact whence the Lorentz transformations of special relativity is the light postulate, i.e., everyone measures the same value for the speed of light c, regardless of their relative motions. Obviously, the light postulate can be justified by the relativity principle—the laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames—because c is a constant of Nature per Maxwell’s electromagnetism. [We label this “NPRF + c” for short, where NPRF stands for “no preferred reference frame.”] As we will show, Information Invariance & Continuity can also be justified by the relativity principle by first spatializing the quantum reconstruction program’s operational notion of measurement. In that case, Information Invariance & Continuity entails the empirically discovered fact that everyone measures the same value for Planck’s constant h, regardless of their relative spatial orientations or locations (Planck postulate). Since Poincar’e transformations relate inertial reference frames via spatial rotations and translations as well as boosts, and h is a constant of Nature per Planck’s radiation law, the relativity principle justifies the Planck postulate (NPRF + h) just like it justifies the light postulate (NPRF + c). Thus, the kinematics of quantum mechanics and special relativity are unified in that both follow most fundamentally from the relativity principle in the adynamical global constraints NPRF + h and NPRF + c. This approach provides a principle solution to the mystery of quantum entanglement that does not violate locality, statistical independence, intersubjective agreement, or the uniqueness of experimental outcomes and it does not alter quantum mechanics as a principle theory. An ontology consistent with this unification is introduced and we deflate both the ‘big’ and ‘small’measurement problems.
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CASTRO PERELMAN, CARLOS. "THE EXCEPTIONAL E8 GEOMETRY OF CLIFFORD (16) SUPERSPACE AND CONFORMAL GRAVITY YANG–MILLS GRAND UNIFICATION." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 06, no. 03 (2009): 385–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887809003588.
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We continue to study the Chern–Simons E8 Gauge theory of Gravity developed by the author which is a unified field theory (at the Planck scale) of a Lanczos–Lovelock Gravitational theory with a E8 Generalized Yang–Mills (GYM) field theory, and is defined in the 15D boundary of a 16D bulk space. The Exceptional E8 Geometry of the 256-dim slice of the 256 × 256-dimensional flat Clifford (16) space is explicitly constructed based on a spin connection [Formula: see text], that gauges the generalized Lorentz transformations in the tangent space of the 256-dim curved slice, and the 256 × 256 components of the vielbein field [Formula: see text], that gauge the nonabelian translations. Thus, in one-scoop, the vielbein [Formula: see text] encodes all of the 248 (nonabelian) E8 generators and 8 additional (abelian) translations associated with the vectorial parts of the generators of the diagonal subalgebra [Cl(8) ⊗ Cl(8)] diag ⊂ Cl(16). The generalized curvature, Ricci tensor, Ricci scalar, torsion, torsion vector and the Einstein–Hilbert–Cartan action is constructed. A preliminary analysis of how to construct a Clifford Superspace (that is far richer than ordinary superspace) based on orthogonal and symplectic Clifford algebras is presented. Finally, it is shown how an E8 ordinary Yang–Mills in 8D, after a sequence of symmetry breaking processes E8 → E7 → E6 → SO(8, 2), and performing a Kaluza–Klein–Batakis compactification on CP2, involving a nontrivial torsion, leads to a (Conformal) Gravity and Yang–Mills theory based on the Standard Model in 4D. The conclusion is devoted to explaining how Conformal (super) Gravity and (super) Yang–Mills theory in any dimension can be embedded into a (super) Clifford-algebra-valued gauge field theory.
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AL-Kazalchi, O. M., and Faiz T. Omara. "DERIVATION OF THE LORENTZ-EINSTEIN TRANSFORMATION VIA ONE OBSERVER." Journal of Engineering 16, no. 03 (2010): 5392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2010.03.08.
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Lorentz-Einstein transformation derived by Einstein in his theory of special relativity. Physical laws and principles are invariant in all Galilean reference frames under this transformation. The transformation in every day use in a host of contexts as in free solution of the Dirac equation in the modern field of heavy ion in atomic physics. Most books on theoretical physics and special theory of relativity and all research papers have derived the Eorentz-Einstein transformation using various propositions and employing two observers each located in Galilean system with relative motion receding the same events in the space-time manifold. This paper derives Lorentz-Einstein transformation by proposing just one observer using local coordinates of two Galilean system with relative motion following the track of a spherical pulse of light, which to our knowledge is not found in the literature.
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Mubarak, Dirar Abdallah*1 Nuha Abdelrahman Khalid2 Zoalnoon Ahmed Abeid Allah3 &. Sawsan Ahmed Elhouri Ahmed4. "MAXWELL EQUATION AND LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION INACURVED SPACE FOR FIELDS AND FREE SPACE ON THE BASIS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES 5, no. 3 (2018): 86–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1206400.
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Using the expression of Lorentz force of the electron a useful expression for Lorentz transformation of the special relativity theory was found. The Lorentz transformation in a curved space which account for the effect of fields is also found. This relationship resembles that of generalized special relativity anfreduces to that of Einstein special relativity in the absence of fields
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Ma, Zikai. "Derivation And Applications of The Lorentz Transformation." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 81 (January 26, 2024): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/bhh9ph65.
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The Lorentz transformation is a foundational mathematical construction that has revolutionized people’s comprehension of space, time, and motion within the realm of special relativity. Crafted through the collaborative insights of Lorentz and Einstein, it offers a profound perspective on the intricate fabric of the universe. By delving into the intricate interplay between space and time, the Lorentz transformation transcends traditional Newtonian notions, providing a groundbreaking framework to grasp the behavior of matter and energy in the cosmos. This paper embarks on a meticulous exploration, deriving the Lorentz transformation equations from first principles. It subsequently delves into a captivating journey through its multifaceted applications. From unraveling the mysteries of high-energy particle interactions to enhancing the accuracy of global navigation systems, the reach of the Lorentz transformation extends across diverse scientific and technological domains. The applications include elucidating counterintuitive effects like time dilation and length contraction, elucidating the mass-energy equivalence principle, and facilitating precise measurements in high-speed scenarios like medical imaging. Moreover, the Lorentz transformation guides people’s understanding of electromagnetic fields and underpins advancements in nuclear energy and aerospace technology.
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Mei, Xiaochun, and Canlun Yuan. "Mass-velocity Formula and Mass-energy Relation Cannot Be Derived Based on Lorentz Velocity Transformation." Applied Physics Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n1p30.
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The most important achievement of the Einstein's special relativity was to derive the mass-velocity formula and the famous mass-energy relation from the Lorentz velocity transformation formula. Based on the mass-velocity formula, the dynamics of special relativity was established. In this paper, six derivation methods of the mass-velocity formula in special relativity are re-analyzed, including the elastic collision and the inelastic collision of two particles, the particle splitting processes, and the force moment balance methods based on the Lorentz velocity transformation formula, as well as the method to consider the symmetry principle without using the Lorentz transformation formula. It is pointed out that all of them have serious problems so that they cannot hold actually. Besides, it is pointed out that the method of Hamiltonian action to derive the mass-velocity has nothing to do with the Lorentz velocity transformation and does not belong to the category of special relativity. Therefore, the conclusion of this paper is that it is impossible to derive the mass-velocity formula and the mass-energy relation based on the Lorentz velocity transformation formula. The mass-velocity formula can only be considered as an empirical formula which cannot be derived in theory and have nothing to do with special relativity. If the mass-velocity formula and the mass-energy relationship are correct, it just means that Einstein's special relativity is not true.
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Zhang, Zi Hua, Hua An Zhang, and Zhi Ying Zhong. "Correcting the Mistake of the Principle of Light Velocity Invariance and its Effect." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 2287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.2287.
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we pointed out the idea of Einstein, light speed is independent of the observer i.e. The principle of light speed invariance is incorrect. Instead of Lorentz Transformation we suggested a new time-space transformation, this revision of the Relativity will deeply effect the development of Science and Technology.
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Jefimenko, Oleg D. "Correct use of Lorentz - Einstein transformation equations for electromagnetic fields." European Journal of Physics 18, no. 6 (1997): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/18/6/007.
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Mei, Xiaochun, and Canlun Yuan. "A Re-understanding of the Zero Result of the Michelson-Morley Experiment." Applied Physics Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n1p76.
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As well-known that in order to explain the zero result of the Michelson-Morley experiments (M-M experiments), Lorentz proposed the Lorentz formula of coordinate transformation and led to the birth of Einstein's special relativity. The authors carefully re-examine the M-M experiment and find a serious problem. The premise of the M-M experimental calculations was that the light source was fixed on the absolutely stationary reference frame of the universe (or the ether stationary reference frame). However, in the actual experiments, the light source was fixed on the earth motion reference frame, moving and rotating with the interferometers, which lead to the invalid calculation result of the M-M experiment. In this paper, the correct calculation method is used to prove that the zero result of the M-M experiment can be well explained by using the Galilean relativity principle and the Galilean velocity addition rule. Therefore, the most important experimental foundation of special relativity does not exist. The Lorentz coordinate transformation formulas become unnecessary, and the principles of special relativity and the invariant speed of light are unnecessary too. The experimental tests of special relativity are also discussed briefly. It points out that these experiments are either wrong or have other explanations, and the explanations of special relativity are not unique ones. Physics should give up the Lorentz transformation formula and the Einstein's special relativity completely, introduce the cosmic absolute stationary reference frame, and establish the kinetic theory based on the mass-velocity formula which should be considered as an empirical formula, to solve the fundamental problems in astrophysics and cosmology thoroughly.
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Miodrag, Mateljević. "Lorentz Transformation and time dilatation." Annals of Mathematics and Physics 7, no. 1 (2024): 016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/amp.000104.
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We consider two inertial frames S and and suppose that frame moves, for simplicity, in a single direction: the X -direction of frame S with a constant velocity v as measured in frame S. Using homogeneity of space and time we derive a modified Lorentz Transformation (LT) between two inertial reference frames without using the second postulate of Einstein, i.e., we do not assume the invariant speed of light (in vacuum) under LT. Roughly speaking we suppose: (H) Any clock which is at rest in its frame measures a small increment of time by some factor s=s(v). As a corollary of relativity theory (H) holds with Lorentz factor 1/γ. For s=1 we get the Galilean transformation of Newtonian physics, which assumes an absolute space and time. We also consider the relation between absolute space and Special Relativity Theory, thereafter STR. It seems here that we need a physical explanation for (H). We introduce Postulate 3. The two-way speed of light in and -directions are c and outline derivation of (LT) in this setting. Note that Postulate 3 is a weaker assumption than Einstein's second postulate.
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A., Chubykalo, Espinoza A., Kuligin V., and Korneva M. "WHY DOES THE STRUGGLE AROUND SRT CONTINUE TO THIS DAY?" International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 7, no. 1 (2019): 205–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2550661.
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The purpose of this article is not to criticize the theory of relativity, but to try to understand why, despite more than a century of dominance in physics, it is constantly criticized by physicists. In this paper, a thorough analysis of A. Einstein's theory of relativity is carried out. It relies on philosophical, physical-mathematical, logical-historical methods of investigation. It is shown that in SRT there is an error in the physical interpretation of the mathematical formalism of the Lorentz transformation (epistemological error). Therefore, the interpretation of the SRT phenomena contains logical contradictions and paradoxes. It is also shown that a consistent interpretation can be given for the Lorentz transformation within the framework of classical space-time representations. It is established that the real speed of the relative motion of inertial reference frames in 1 √1 − 𝑣 2 𝑐 ⁄ ⁄ 2 is greater than the speed entering the Lorentz transformation. A new explanation is offered for relativistic phenomena without violating logic and without paradoxes. The results are of great importance for the description of relativistic phenomena in physical theories, and also for applied disciplines, for example, for the theory of cyclic accelerators, etc.
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Takahashi, Yasushi, and Carmen Ropchan. "The role of a Lorentz-Iike transformation in nonrelativistic field theory." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 5 (1987): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-065.
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The energy-density flows are calculated for the phonon and elastic fields, and it is shown that they are proportional to the respective momentum densities. These proportionality relations are used, together with the energy-conservation law, to show that the time change of the centre of energy divided by the square of the speed of sound is equal to the total momentum. This relation corresponds to the well-known Einstein relation E = mc2 in relativistic theory. A partially Galilei and partially Lorentz transformation is introduced, which may be useful for collective modes of massive particles.
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Webber, B. R. "Comment on `Correct use of Lorentz-Einstein transformation equations for electromagnetic fields'." European Journal of Physics 19, no. 4 (1998): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/19/4/016.
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Liu, Chuang. "Einstein and relativistic thermodynamics in 1952: a historical and critical study of a strange episode in the history of modern physics." British Journal for the History of Science 25, no. 2 (1992): 185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400028764.
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Over forty years after the foundations of the special theory of relativity had been securely laid, a heated debate, beginning in 1965, about the correct formulation of relativistic thermodynamics raged in the physics literature. Prior to 1965, relativistic thermodynamics was considered one of the most secure relativistic theories and one of the most simple and elegant examples of relativization in physics. It is, as its name apparently suggests, the result of the application of the special theory of relativity to thermodynamics. The basic assumption is that the first and second laws of thermodynamics are Lorentz-invariant, and, as a result, a set of Lorentz transformations is derived from thermodynamic magnitudes, such as heat and temperature.
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Dr., Ismail Abbas. "A Rigorous Reformulation of Einstein derivation of the special relativity." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 2 (2022): 279–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6324421.
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It is true that the conclusions of Einstein SR in 1905 are perfect and incontestable but on the other hand it is also real that his derivation is doubtful and fundamentally fluid or not rigorous on certain physical points. However, while each of his 5 assumptions is impossible to dispute or prove wrong, we assume that not all of them are essential to proving Einstein SR. To be precise, we assume that at least one of them is inaccurate. Namely, combining the relativistic mass transformation with Newton's law of motion which is highly contested in modern quantum mechanical theory, but which was key to arriving at Einstein's own derivation of his famous mass-energy equivalence relationship E=mc^ 2. Einstein's derivation of the relativistic mass transformation using Newton's law of motion to derive the mass-energy equivalence relation E=mc^2 is inaccurate. Moreover, its derivation from the Lorentz transformation LT is useless because LT itself is a universal law of physics that applies to EMW propagation as well as the partial differential equation of diffusion and any physical phenomenon in 4D spacetime. It doesn't need a bypass. We propose a rigorous reformulation of Einstein's derivation of special relativity where we assume the rest mass – energy equivalence relation E(0)=me(0) c^2 a universal law with c^2 a universal transformation constant. Then we prove the mass energy Equivalence relation E=mc^2 by using Maxwell EMW theory instead of passing by the doubtful Newtons law of motion. In other words, we have combined the universal laws of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory with the mass
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Heller, Michael, Tomasz Miller, Leszek Pysiak, and Wiesław Sasin. "Geometry and general relativity in the groupoid model with a finite structure group." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 1 (2015): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0145.
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In a series of papers (M. Heller et al. J. Math. Phys. 38, 5840 (1997). doi:10.1063/1.532186 ; M. Heller and W. Sasin. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 38, 1619 (1999). doi:10.1023/A:1026617913754 ; M. Heller et al. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 44, 619 (2005). doi:10.1007/s10773-005-3992-7 ) we proposed a model unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics. The idea was to deduce both general relativity and quantum mechanics from a noncommutative algebra, [Formula: see text], defined on a transformation groupoid Γ determined by the action of the Lorentz group on the frame bundle (E, πM, M) over space–time M. In the present work, we construct a simplified version of the gravitational sector of this model in which the Lorentz group is replaced by a finite group, G, and the frame bundle is trivial E = M × G. The model is fully computable. We define the Einstein–Hilbert action, with the help of which we derive the generalized vacuum Einstein equations. When the equations are projected to space–time (giving the “general relativistic limit”), the extra terms that appear due to our generalization can be interpreted as “matter terms”, as in Kaluza–Klein-type models. To illustrate this effect we further simplify the metric matrix to a block diagonal form, compute for it the generalized Einstein equations and find two of their “Friedman-like” solutions for the special case when G = [Formula: see text]. One of them gives the flat Minkowski space–time (which, however, is not static), another, a hyperbolic, linearly expanding universe.
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Nashed, Gamal G. L. "Axially Symmetric-dS Solution in Teleparallelf(T)Gravity Theories." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/915928.
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We apply a tetrad field with six unknown functions to Einstein field equations. Exact vacuum solution, which represents axially symmetric-dS spacetime, is derived. We multiply the tetrad field of the derived solution by a local Lorentz transformation which involves a generalization of the angleϕand get a new tetrad field. Using this tetrad, we get a differential equation from the scalar torsionT=TαμνSαμν. Solving this differential equation we obtain a solution to thef(T)gravity theories under certain conditions on the form off(T)and its first derivatives. Finally, we calculate the scalars of Riemann Christoffel tensor, Ricci tensor, Ricci scalar, torsion tensor, and its contraction to explain the singularities associated with this solution.
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Malek, Abdul. "The Mystery of the Lorentz Transform: A Reconstruction and Its Implications for Einstein’s Theories of Relativity and cosmology." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 19 (July 15, 2021): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v19i.9079.
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The Lorentz Transformation (LT) is an arbitrary and poorly conceived mathematical tool designed to make Maxwell’s electromagnetism conform to Galilean relativity, which formed the basis of classical mechanics and physics. A strange combination of this transform with an axiomatic assumption by Albert Einstein that the velocity of light c is an absolute and universal constant has led to an idealist, geometrical and phenomenological view of the universe, that is at variance with objective reality. This conundrum that has lasted for more than hundred years has led to rampant mysticism and has impaired the development of positive knowledge of the universe. The present reconstruction of LT shows that the gamma term, which fueled mysticism in physics and cosmology is, on the contrary, a natural outcome of the subjective geometrical rendition of the speed of light and the idealist unification of abstract space and time into a 4D “spacetime” manifold; by Minkowski and Einstein. Only a materialist dialectical perspective of space and time can rid physics of all mysticism arising out of LT; from the quantum to the cosmic.
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Yao, Qiankai. "Relativity with Hubble Constant as Velocity Equivalent of Position." Journal of Physics Research (Hong Kong) 3, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55375/jprhk..2023.3.1.1.
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Based on a plain belief that the cosmic space should be a unified whole with universal connection, rather than a patchwork of unconnected domain blocks, we reassess Hubble law as a short-range characterization of electromagnetic interaction and Hubble constant as velocity equivalent of position. If so, it is necessary to develop a matching transformation to work for relativity, which can ensure that the causal chain is not broken and the physical description is complete. To this end, we unify space and motion into a full-velocity concept and reshape Minkowski space into a pseudo-Minkowski one confined by an unreachable physical horizon. In the reshaped, all parts are physically allowed for unobstructed communication with each other, and the transformation that keeps physical laws including Hubble law invariant, is full-velocity Lorentz transformation, under which length contraction, time dilation and historization effect are discussed. Meanwhile, as a static solution of Einstein equation, the pseudo-Minkowski universe not only can reproduce the effective results of expansion model, but also derive the background radiation temperature and Hubble constant, etc.. Especially, it provides an analytic solution of gravitational field around mass without the singularity of event horizon.
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Renn, Jürgen. "Einstein as a Disciple of Galileo A Comparative Study of Concept Development in Physics." Science in Context 6, no. 1 (1993): 311–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026988970000140x.
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The ArgumentIn this paper I present and argue for a model of conceptual development in science and apply it to the transition from classical to modern physics associated with Einstein. The model claims a continuous and rational transition between incompatible subsequent conceptual systems in mathematical science and explains its mechanism. The model was developed in a study of the transition from preclassical to classical mechanics. I argue for a strong structural analogy between the transition from preclassical to classical mechanics on the one hand and from classical to modern physics on the other. The first transition is briefly sketched here by reference to Galileo and his disciples; in the second transition Planck and Lorentz on the one hand and Einstein on the other play the respective roles.A detailed and documented reconstruction of the transition from preclassical to classical mechanics on the basis of this model has already been published and is only briefly referred to in the paper. The transition from classical to modern physics is portrayed here much more extensively—though of course merely in broad brush strokes. Einstein–s role in this transition is reconstructed in the light of a conceptualization of his scientific knowledge as an active structure of thought, shaped by his intellectual experience. In this way, the development of his individual thinking is shown to be part of the overall process of conceptual transformation from classical to modern physics. The reconstruction sketched in this paper is to be considered as a proposal to be substantiated, reformed, and improved by future detailed studies.
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Ghoshal, Suniti K. "Revelation of the overlooked conceptual mistakes in the derivation of the Lorentz transformation factor." Physics Essays 37, no. 4 (2024): 225–28. https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-37.4.225.
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The conceptual foundation of Einstein's theory for the derivation of the Lorentz transformation factor (LTF) has been subjected to a thorough examination both analytically and experimentally and there reveals a host of conceptual mistakes that the theory suffers from. The presumed temporal concept of the theory that the time of occurrence of an event measured in a moving frame (t′) should be different from that measured in a stationary frame (t) and the frame's velocity dependent temporal concept that the theory concludes have been conclusively proven to be conceptually incorrect ones. That the LTF theory suffers from a logical flaw—the fallacy of circular reasoning—is quite evident from the fact that what the theory concludes is the same as what it assumes. The experimental observation conclusively proves that t′ = t, that is, the time-measurement readings by all ideal clocks are exactly the same, irrespective of their state of motion. All the key equations involving t′ that Einstein deduced in his LTF theory have also been shown to be the incorrect ones. That the LTF was erroneously derived on the basis of faulty temporal concept has been conclusively proven in this article.
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Ruan, Xiaogang. "The Theory of Observational Relativity Serial Report 1: A New Theory with Significant Discoveries." F1000Research 14 (July 9, 2025): 678. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.165017.1.
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Background Einstein’s theory of relativity has been around for over 100 years. However, we still cannot understand why the speed of light is invariant, why spacetime is curved, and why photons have no rest mass. Methods Based on the dialectical materialist view of nature, the author believes that photons, like other particles of matter, should have the rest mass of their own. Therefore, the author sets up an axiom system based on the first principle of time definition, attempting to deduce a new spacetime transformation, and further, derive the mass-speed relation that can endow photons with rest mass. Results Unexpectedly, the author’s logical deduction led to the formation and establishment of a new theory in physics: Observational Relativity (OR). The theory of OR has uncovered the root and essence of the relativistic effects of matter motion and matter interactions presented in spacetime: all relativistic effects are observational effects and apparent phenomena -- the speed of light is not really invariant; spacetime is not really curved; and the rest mass of photons is not really zero. Conclusions The theory of OR discovers that the Galilean transformation and Newtonian mechanics are the product of the idealized observation agent OA∞; the Lorentz transformation and Einstein relativity theory are the product of the optical observation agent OA(c). The theory of OR is a theory of the general observation agent OA(η) (0<η<∞; η→∞), which has generalized and unified Newtonian mechanics and Einstein relativity theory. This article will report the significant discoveries of OR, and at the same time, clarify that the theory of OR not only is the product of logic and theory, but also has empirical basis and empirical evidences, supported by observations and experiments. So, mankind needs to re-examine his physics and reshape his view of nature.
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KOPEIKIN, SERGEI M. "GRAVITOMAGNETISM AND THE SPEED OF GRAVITY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 15, no. 03 (2006): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271806007663.
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Experimental discovery of the gravitomagnetic fields generated by translational and/or rotational currents of matter is one of primary goals of modern gravitational physics. The rotational (intrinsic) gravitomagnetic field of the Earth is currently measured by the Gravity Probe B. The present paper makes use of a parametrized post-Newtonian (PN) expansion of the Einstein equations to demonstrate how the extrinsic gravitomagnetic field generated by the translational current of matter can be measured by observing the relativistic time delay caused by a moving gravitational lens. We prove that measuring the extrinsic gravitomagnetic field is equivalent to testing the relativistic effect of the aberration of gravity caused by the Lorentz transformation of the gravitational field. We show that the recent Jovian deflection experiment is a null-type experiment testing the Lorentz invariance of the gravitational field (aberration of gravity), thus, confirming existence of the extrinsic gravitomagnetic field associated with the orbital motion of Jupiter with accuracy 20%. We comment on physically inadequate interpretations of the Jovian deflection experiment given by a number of researchers who are not experts in modern VLBI techniques and the subtleties of JPL ephemeris. We propose to measure the aberration of gravity effect more accurately by observing the gravitational deflection of light by the Sun and processing VLBI observations in the geocentric frame with respect to which the Sun is moving with velocity ~30 km/s.
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Khilji, Mohd Javed. "Modified transformation laws of coordinates and composition of velocities." International Journal of Advanced Astronomy 5, no. 1 (2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijaa.v5i1.7385.
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A new transformation law of coordinates is determined, which allows the inclusion of complex velocity vectors. It is found that in an isotropic universe which is filled with matter throughout, each frame can have references for its position of rest or of motion in a localized domain wherein a frame at rest does not change its position with time relative to surroundings. However, in the system, the moving frame sees only a reflection of its own motion in the rest-frame to appear it moving in antipodal direction. It is therefore, the relative motion cannot be said to be a just direction reversal with two real velocities having a single magnitude common between them; however, it is a synthesis of both real and imaginary motions. The proposed transformation laws are similar to that of Lorentz under which vector quantities be in cross product or in dot product remain invariant such as Maxwell equations. However, inherent scalar quantities such as mass, time etc. vary to distinguish rest-frame from the moving one. It is seen that the physical processes are exactly the same as Einstein predicted but without reciprocity effects and thus provide a justification of quantization of red-shift and particle decay. These considerations are useful in understanding the intricacies of the micro world such as short-lived particle, antimatter, subatomic particles, gamma rays, gamma-ray burst (GRBs), cosmic rays, dark matter, and asymmetry of Doppler’s shifting images.
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Li, KingLun. "From Electromagnetic Wave to Special Relativity: Insight into Modern Physics." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 112 (August 20, 2024): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/1tvknp08.
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The aim of this work is to apply the Maxwell’s theorems on electromagnetism, and it also include the proofs and functions of these equations. Therefore, special relativity that developed at the beginning of last century by a group of successful physicists such as Elbert Einstein, entirely refreshes people’s mind about the surrounding world will be discussed. This work will justify how special relativity refresh people’s mind and the significance of special relativity before the establishment of general relativity. Firstly, there is a short introduction to this article, including the background of theorems that is about to be discussed, along with significance of them and how they dramatically change the classical physics and the contributions of these great theories. Throughout the paper, a series of equations and concepts will be given as the fundament of electromagnetism in which relativity is temporarily negligible. Furthermore, it also provides information about several very basic theorems in special relativity, ending with Lorentz transformation and mass-energy equation.
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Mei, Xiaochun. "The Truths of Space-time Contractions of Special Relativity." Applied Physics Research 15, no. 2 (2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v15n2p36.
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This paper points out that there is no any experimental evidence for the length contraction of a moving object in special relativity. It is just a theoretical prediction based on the Lorentz transformation formula. Einstein put forward the concept of simultaneous relativity in order to explain the length contraction. In this paper, an example called Ji Hao's bridge-breaking paradox is provided to prove that this kind of paradoxes cannot be explained by simultaneous relativity. A completely symmetric method is introduced to prove that the famous twin paradox is unsolvable. The time delay experiments of special relativity, such as the life time of μ meson and the atomic clocks moving around the Earth are discussed. It is proved that time slows down of a moving clock does not exist too. It is a misunderstanding to use the lifetime of μ mesons to prove the time delay of special relativity because μ mesons decay prematurely due to strong collisions with other nuclei in the Earth's surface atmosphere. What calculated in theory is the time difference between two atomic clocks flying east and west observed in the stationary reference frame of the Earth's mass center. But the measurement of time difference is on the surface of the Earth. Because of the symmetry of motion speed, there is no time difference caused by the motion speed between the two atomic clocks observed on the Earth’s surface, so the experiment of atomic clocks moving around the Earth is invalid. The experiment is also suspected of fabricating experimental data. The conclusion of this paper is that the space-time contraction of special relativity and its relativity cannot happen in real nature, time and space are absolute concepts, and the Lorentz transformation cannot be correct.
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Gladush, V. D. "On the classic geometrodynamics of a spherically-symmetric configuration of gravitational and electromagnetic fields." Journal of Physics and Electronics 27, no. 1 (2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/331901.
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Analytical aspects of the classical geometrodynamics for the spherically-symmetric configuration of the electromagnetic and gravitational fields in GR are considered. The feature of such configurations is that they admit two motion integrals – the total mass and charge. The Einstein-Hilbert action for the configuration, after dimensional reduction, by means of the Legendre transformation is reduced to the Hamiltonian action. Using the conservation laws for the mass and charge, as well as the Hamiltonian constraint, the momenta are found as functions of configuration variables. The set of equations, which associate momenta and functional derivatives of the action in the configuration space (CS) is integrable. This allows us to obtain the action functional as a solution of the Einstein-Hamilton-Jacobi equation in functional derivatives. Variations of the action functional with respect to mass M and charge Q of the configuration lead to the motion trajectories in the CS. We note that the minisuperspace metric, which is induced by the kinetic part of the Lagrangian, does not coincide with the CS metric that arises when the function of lapse N is excluded from the action. The space-time metric for which the indicated metrics coincide in the T-region up to a coefficient are considered. The metric of CS is constructed and its geometry is studied. Under the trivial embedding of hypersurfaces of the foliation into a dynamical T-region, the CS is flat. It allows introducing pseudo-Cartesian coordinates in which the CS metric takes the Lorentz form.
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Vegt, Wim. "Transformation of LIGHT into MATTER." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 11 (2019): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.11.1631.
Full textAbstract:
Within the scope of this article, LIGHT has been considered as any arbitrary Electromagnetic Radiation within a very wide frequency range, because during the transformation from Visible Light into the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement, the frequency changes in a very wide range. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article MATTER is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined (Electromagnetic) energy. The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.
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Vegt, Wim. "The Transformation of LIGHT into MATTER." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 11 (2019): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.11.1631.
Full textAbstract:
Within the scope of this article, LIGHT has been considered as any arbitrary Electromagnetic Radiation within a very wide frequency range, because during the transformation from Visible Light into the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement, the frequency changes in a very wide range. This frequency transformation is possible because of the combined Lorentz / Doppler-Effect transformation during the collapse (contraction) of the radiation when the Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinement has been formed (Implosion of Visible Light). Within the scope of this article MATTER is considered to be any kind of 3-dimensional confined (Electromagnetic) energy. The inner structure of a photon is based on a 3-dimensional anisotropic equilibrium within the electromagnetic pulses in which an equilibrium does exist for the Electric and the Magnetic Fields separately generated by the pulses. A photon cannot be considered as a particle. Because particles are 3-dimensional confinements. Photons are anisotropic (in 1st and 2nd dimension a particle and in the 3rd dimension a wave) confinements of electromagnetic pulses, generated during the energy transitions within the atoms. Photons are 2-dimensional confinements of electromagnetic energy and demonstrate the property of inertia (electromagnetic mass) in the 2 directions of confinement. In the 3rd direction, the direction of propagation, photons can only be considered as an electromagnetic wave and for that reason do not demonstrate the property of inertia. Electromagnetic waves cannot be accelerated or decelerated because the speed of light is a universal constant. For that reason, photons interact with a gravitational field in an anisotropic way. Due to a gravitational field, photons can be accelerated or decelerated in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and follow a curved path. But a gravitational field in the direction of propagation will have no impact on the speed of the photons, which will remain the unchanged universal constant, the speed of light. Photonics is the physical science of light based on the concept of “photons” introduced by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. Einstein introduced this concept in the “particle-wave duality” discussion with Niels Bohr to demonstrate that even light has particle properties (mass and momentum) and wave properties (frequency). That concept became a metaphor and from that time on a beam of light has been generally considered as a beam of particles (photons). Which is a wrong understanding. Light particles do not exist. Photons are nothing else but electromagnetic complex wave configurations and light particles are not like “particles” but separated electromagnetic wave packages, 2-dimensionally confined in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and in a perfect equilibrium with the radiation pressure and the inertia of electromagnetic energy in the forward direction, controlling the speed of light. This new theory will explain how electromagnetic wave packages demonstrate inertia, mass and momentum and which forces keep the wave packages together in a way that they can be measured like particles with their own specific mass and momentum. All we know about light, and in generally about any electromagnetic field configuration, has been based only on two fundamental theories. James Clerk Maxwell introduced in 1865 the “Theory of Electrodynamics” with the publication: “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” and Albert Einstein introduced in 1905 the “Theory of Special Relativity” with the publication: “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” and in 1913 the “Theory of General Relativity” with the publication ”Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”. However, both theories are not capable to explain the property of electromagnetic mass and in specific the anisotropy of the phenomenon of electromagnetic mass presented e.g. in a LASER beam. To understand what electromagnetic inertia and the corresponding electromagnetic mass is and how the anisotropy of electromagnetic mass can be explained and how it has to be defined, a New Theory about Light has to be developed. A part of this “New Theory about Light”, based on Newton’s well- known Equation in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.
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Jefimenko, O. D. "Comment on the Comment by G. Schäfer on the Paper "Non-kinematicity of the Dilation-of-time Relation of Einstein for Time-intervals" by S. Golden." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 55, no. 9-10 (2000): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2000-9-1018.
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Abstract In his comment G. Schäfer [1] points out that S. Golden's [2] time-dilation equations (12) and (13) are of kinematic type and that the title of Golden's paper is therefore a misconception. He also states that Golden's treatment of the time-dilation problem is incomplete, since Golden has not considered particle decay in his paper. I should like to present my comment on these two points raised by G. Schäfer. Although Golden describes his equation (13) as "spatially dependent," he says at the beginning of Sect. 4 of his paper that his equations (12) and (13) can be regarded as "either velocity dependent or spatially dependent." But this is not at all the essence of his paper. The essence of his paper is that the two time-dilation equations that he has derived do not imply "any actual dilation-of-time in clocks that may be stationed in the systems." Hence he concludes that Einstein's time-dilation relation is merely a transformation relation and that the motion of the systems does not affect "the intrinsic time-rates of any clocks stationed within them." In order to judge the significance of Golden's paper, it is important to remember that Einstein arrived at the ideas of kinematic time-dilation and length contraction in moving systems not as a result of a rigorous deduction from any mathematical, physical or logical relations, but simply by interpreting in his own way the physical significance of transformation equations for space and time (Lorentz transformation equations) [3]. Ever since the publication of his 1905 article, Einstein's ideas of kinematic length contraction and time dilation