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Journal articles on the topic 'Lost pets'
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1
Steel, Karl. "Ridiculous Mourning: Dead Pets and Lost Humans." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 34, no. 1 (2012): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sac.2012.0016.
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Khan, Sophia. "Strays without microchips might be lost family pets." Companion Animal 21, no. 4 (April 2, 2016): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2016.21.4.246.
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Goetz, Ursula. "Making microchipping more effective to reunite lost pets." Companion Animal 23, no. 6 (June 2, 2018): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2018.23.6.334.
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Lord, Linda K., Thomas E. Wittum, Amy K. Ferketich, Julie A. Funk, and Päivi J. Rajala-Schultz. "Search methods that people use to find owners of lost pets." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230, no. 12 (June 2007): 1835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.230.12.1835.
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Jarolmen, Joann. "A Comparison of the Grief Reaction of Children and Adults: Focusing on Pet Loss and Bereavement." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/h937-u230-x7d9-cvkh.
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Based on the fact that the human-animal bond has existed through recorded history and researchers are now beginning to explore humans' reactions to its loss, this study attempts to answer the following questions: Does human attachment to a pet vary with age/stage of development? Does grief vary by age/stage of development? Does the length and intensity of grief change if the loss was anticipated or sudden? The purpose of this study is to understand attachment and bereavement/loss in children and adolescents as compared to adults. The “Pet Attachment Survey,” the “Grief Experience Inventory,” and “Questions for Each Person in the Study” were the instruments used in this study. The participants included 106 children, 57 adolescents, and 270 adults who had lost their pets within a twelve-month interval. The findings suggest that children and adolescents have similar attachments to their pets. Children grieved more than adults in this study. Anticipated grief partially helped participants to allay the grief response.
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Kellehear, Allan, and Jan Fook. "Lassie Come Home: A Study of ‘Lost Pet’ Notices." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 34, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3q32-2fh7-jmg6-m1dn.
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This is a report of a qualitative, content analysis of 100 “Lost Pet” notices. The aim of the study was to identify what literary techniques people employed to express their loss given a highly diverse public that may, or many not, be sympathetic to expressions of grief over pets. Four notice types were identified: The simple public notice [impersonal] (20%); the simple public notice [personalized] (55%); the personal appeal notice (21%) and; the owner's story notice (4%). The relationship between these styles of writing and public sanctions against open grief are discussed. Directions for future research are identified.
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Klune, Judith, Christine Arhant, Ines Windschnurer, Veronika Heizmann, and Günther Schauberger. "Tracking Devices for Pets: Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092721.
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Every year, approximately 3% of cats and dogs are lost. In addition to passive methods for identifying pets, radiofrequency tracking devices (TDs) are available. These TDs can track a pet’s geographic position, which is transmitted by radio frequencies. The health risk to the animals from continuous exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) was reviewed. Fourteen out of twenty-one commercially available TDs use 2G, 3G, or 4G mobile networks, and the others work with public frequencies, WLAN, Bluetooth, etc. The exposure of pets to RF-EMFs was assessed, including ambient exposure (radios, TVs, and base stations of mobile networks), exposure from indoor devices (DECT, WLAN, Bluetooth, etc.), and the exposure from TDs. The exposure levels of the three areas were found to be distinctly below the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels, which assure far-reaching protection from adverse health effects. The highest uncertainty regarding the exposure of pets was related to that caused by indoor RF-emitting devices using WLAN and DECT. This exposure can be limited considerably through a reduction in the exposure time and an increase in the distance between the animal and the RF-emitting device. Even though the total RF-EMF exposure level experienced by pets was found to be below the reference limits, recommendations were derived to reduce potential risks from exposure to TDs and indoor devices.
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Prata, Joana Correia. "Strategies for the Improvement of Pet Health and Welfare in Portugal Based on a Pilot Survey on Husbandry, Opinion, and Information Needs." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050848.
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Pets are present in half of the homes across Portugal. However, little is known about the husbandry, opinion, and information needs of Portuguese pet owners. Thus, the objective of this work was to clarify this information providing the basis for suggesting potential improvements. Responses were collected through an online survey, including inhabitants from different regions of Portugal (n = 111). Cats and dogs are the most popular pets and the majority are adopted, fed commercial diets, live indoors, are vaccinated, dewormed, and treated for external parasites, and occasionally visit the veterinary practice. Portuguese owners are interested in improving their pet’s health, and would like to learn more about welfare, health assessment, and diet from veterinarians. However, microchip and municipal registration are often overlooked. Lack of adoption from animal shelters as well as expectations over the cost of veterinary practice were other difficulties identified in this study. Strategies for the improvement of pet health and welfare in Portugal were proposed as improving the perception of the value and importance of veterinary care, reducing the number of lost and abandoned pets, and improving awareness and education. Thus, Portuguese stakeholders and authorities must take the required measures to improve these issues.
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Anlauf, Martin, Rolf Eissele, Martin K. H. Schäfer, Lee E. Eiden, Rudolf Arnold, Ursula Pauser, Günter Klöppel, and Eberhard Weihe. "Expression of the Two Isoforms of the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter (VMAT1 and VMAT2) in the Endocrine Pancreas and Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 51, no. 8 (August 2003): 1027–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540305100806.
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The uptake of monoamines into the secretory granules of monoamine-storing neuroendocrine cells is mediated by vesicular monoamine transporter protein 1 or 2 (VMAT1 or VMAT2). This study analyzed the expression of VMAT1 and VMAT2 in endocrine cells of normal human and monkey pancreas. The expression of VMAT1 and VMAT2 was also examined in infants with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and in adults with pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs). Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH), we demonstrated the mutually exclusive expression of VMAT1 in endocrine cells of the duct system and of VMAT2 in many cells of the islets of Langerhans. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, VMAT1-positive cells were identified as enterochromaffin (EC) cells and VMAT2-positive cells as β-cells. In PETs, VMAT1 was found exclusively in all serotonin-containing tumors. In contrast, VMAT2 expression was lost in many insulinomas, independent of their biological behavior. VMAT2 was expressed by some non-insulin-producing tumors. The mutually exclusive expression of VMAT1 in EC cells and of VMAT2 in β-cells suggests that both cell types store monoamines. Monoamine storage mediated by VMAT1 in EC cells is apparently maintained in EC cell tumors. In contrast, many insulinomas appear to lose their ability to accumulate monoamines via VMAT2.
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Keller, Barbara, and Heribert Gierl. "Effectiveness of Animal Images in Advertising." Marketing ZFP 42, no. 1 (2020): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2020-1-3.
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The effectiveness of showing animal images compared to displaying human models in advertisements and the effectiveness of using animals for further marketing instruments such as brand names, mascots, logos, product packaging designs, slogans, and product shapes has rarely been investigated in the academic research. Moreover, the characteristics of the animals used (e.g., species, pose, age, and beauty) for creating effective advertising have been ignored to date. This lack of research is surprising because many companies use animal images for promoting their brands and products. Our findings indicate that advertising practice can benefit from showing animals instead of human models. In particular, we recommend using animals in advertising as follows. Both pets and undomesticated animals are found to be superior to human models in eliciting positive emotions such as pleasant surprise and happiness/joy. Furthermore, they are advantageous in evoking pleasant feelings of entertainment. If advertisers aim to induce such positive affective states in consumers, they should consider using animal images. Famous examples of this strategy are the commercials entitled “Buster, the Boxer” promoting John Lewis and “Lost Puppy” promoting Budweiser beer. The animals’ cuteness additionally positively influences feelings of entertainment. If the advertiser aims to enhance message credibility, we recommend using images of pets instead of depictions of undomesticated animals. Although we recommend using animals in advertising and in particular cute animals (infantile animals or cute species) and pets, we advise practitioners to be careful when showing animals as role models. People easily link and compare themselves to images of role models and might feel insulted. Therefore, we recommend against using animals such as the retailer Netto did in its “Netto Cats” commercial.
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Carciofi, Aulus Cavalieri, Karina Nogueira Venturelli Gonçalves, Ricardo Souza Vasconcellos, Rodrigo Sousa Bazolli, Márcio Antonio Brunetto, and Flávio Prada. "A weight loss protocol and owners participation in the treatment of canine obesity." Ciência Rural 35, no. 6 (December 2005): 1331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782005000600016.
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The success of a weight loss program for pets depends on the owners collaboration. Their compliance is fundamental in establishing the correct food management. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a weight loss program in two groups of dogs, one maintained under experimental conditions and the other with their owners. The same hypocaloric food was used to feed all animals, the amount being restricted to 60% of the estimated maintenance energy requirement for a 15% reduction of the present body weight of the dog. The animals were followed during 90 days. A standard questionnaire was used to study the owners' perception of obesity and its treatment. The protocol and the diet were found to be effective. The control dogs had an average weight loss of 1.39% per week. Dogs with owners lost on average 0.75% of their body weight per week, a statistically lower result (P<0.05), suggesting that the owners did not follow the treatment closely. The owners were clearly satisfied with the results that were obtained, even with this modest weight loss. The questionnaires were shown to be an important tool in determining the causes of canine obesity, as well as in the follow-up of the treatment.
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Uccheddu, De Cataldo, Albertini, Coren, Da Graça Pereira, Haverbeke, Mills, et al. "Pet Humanisation and Related Grief: Development and Validation of a Structured Questionnaire Instrument to Evaluate Grief in People Who Have Lost a Companion Dog." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110933.
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People often develop strong emotional connections with their dogs and consider them to be members of the family. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel validated tool, the Mourning Dog Questionnaire, to recognise and evaluate the mourning process in people who have lost a dog. The research model was based on a grid of five different questionnaires: the Pet Bereavement Questionnaire, the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale, the Animal-Human Continuity Scale, the Positivity Scale, and the Testoni Death Representation Scale. The Italian version of the survey was posted on social networks. A sample of 369 Italian dog owners filled in the questionnaire (mean age ± SD 42.00 ± 10.70 years). Reliability indices were good for all instruments. The total scores of the five questionnaires correlated with each other. The results from the Mourning Dog Questionnaire support the negative view of life after the death of a pet and people’s tendency to humanise their pet, since dog owners perceived animals no differently from humans in terms of emotions, needs and legal rights. Findings arising from the use of the Mourning Dog Questionnaire will help the implementation of rationality-based strategies to improve the wellbeing, resilience and quality of life of people in the world experiencing the loss of a pet.
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Cnossen, Trijntje T., Watske Smit, Constantijn J. A. M. Konings, Jeroen P. Kooman, Karel M. Leunissen, and Raymond T. Krediet. "Quantification of Free Water Transport during the Peritoneal Equilibration Test." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 29, no. 5 (September 2009): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080902900509.
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Objective Free water transport (FWT) can be calculated after a dwell of 1 hour with a 3.86% glucose solution using sodium kinetics (mini-PET, as developed by LaMilia et al.). This requires measurement of the intraperitoneal volume after drainage of the abdomen. Since valuable information of a 4-hour peritoneal equilibration test (PET) may be lost, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether temporary drainage of the peritoneal cavity after 1 hour and re-instillation thereafter would influence the results of the 4-hour PET. Methods and Patients Two PETs were performed in 10 stable peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients (mean age 59 ± 13 years, mean duration on PD 33 ± 15 months) within a mean period of 54 (range 13 – 104) days: one standardized 4-hour PET using 3.86% glucose (PET A) and one with drainage after 1 hour followed by re-instillation (PET B). Results Mean total ultrafiltration (UF) of PETs A and B was 667 ± 210 mL and 621 ± 206 mL (NS). Mean FWT at 60 minutes was 164 ± 74 mL and mean UF through the small pores was 204 ± 181 mL; FWT correlated well with total UF ( r = 0.720, p = 0.019). Classification of transport categories was identical for 9 of the 10 patients. Comparison of 1-hour and 4-hour results in test B showed a good correlation between dialysate-to-plasma ratios (D/P) of creatinine and urea and Dt/D0 ratios of glucose. Conclusion A 4-hour 3.86% glucose PET, including temporary drainage after 1 hour for assessment of free water transport, does not influence the results of D/P creatinine or Dt/D0 glucose and gives essential additional information on aquaporin function.
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Herrera-Perez, Martin S., Juan D. Joya-Cadena, and Diego F. Villegas. "A mechanism synthesis and modeling for correction of hip dysplasia in medium and large dog breeds." Revista UIS Ingenierías 19, no. 4 (May 30, 2020): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v19n4-2020023.
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Hip dysplasia is an incurable but treatable disease that affects medium and large dog breeds. It appears as a result of genetic disorders, overweight, and the care given to the dogs. Currently, there are no specialized mechanisms that provide comfort to the life of these pets, while adapting to the canine condition and promoting the use of their hind legs until mobility is completely lost. Therefore, in the present study, a versatile device was synthesized and modeled to help to improve the life quality of dogs, taking as a reference the "German Shepherd" breed. It was designed considering the health and welfare of these animals, taking into account the mobility and safety of their limbs. This device uses a linkage mechanism to provide structural support to the dogs, while allowing for mobility within an specified range of motion. It aims to incorporate a gear and spring system that controls the weight lifted by the device, so that dogs partially use their hind legs. The static and dynamic behavior of this mechanism were mathematically modeled, finding an optimal solution.
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Wiley, James W. "Status and conservation of parrots and parakeets in the Greater Antilles, Bahama Islands, and Cayman Islands." Bird Conservation International 1, no. 3 (September 1991): 187–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000599.
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SummaryIn the 1490S a minimum of 28 species of psittacines occurred in the West Indies. Today, only 43% (12) of the species survive. All macaws and most parakeet species have been lost. Although the surviving parrot fauna of the Greater Antilles, Cayman Islands, and Bahama Islands has fared somewhat better than that of the Lesser Antilles, every species has undergone extensive reductions of populations and all but two have undergone extensive reductions in range, mostly as a result of habitat loss, but also from persecution as agricultural pests, conflicts with exotic species, harvesting for pets, and natural disasters. The Cayman Brae Parrot Amazona leucocephala hesterna, with its tiny population (lessthan 150 individuals in the wild) and range, and the Puerto Rican Parrot A. vittata, with 22-23 birds in the wild and 56 individuals in captivity, must be considered on the of extinction and in need of (in the tatter's case, continuing) aggressive programmes of research and management. Other populations declining in numbers and range include the Yellow-billed Amazona collaria, and Black-billed A. agilis Parrots of Jamaica, Hispaniolan Parakeet Aratinga chloroptera, Hispaniolan Parrot Amazona ventralis, Cuban Parrot A. leucocephala leucocephala and, most seriously, Cuban Parakeet Aratinga euops. The population of the Grand Cayman Parrot (Amazona leucocephala caymanensis), although numbering only about 1,000 birds, appears stable and the current conservation programme gives hope for the survival of the race. An active conservation and public education programme has begun for the Bahama Parrot A. l. bahamensis, which still occurs in good numbers on Great Inagua Island, but is threatened on Abaco Island. Recommendations for conservation of parrots and parakeets in the region include (1) instituting term programmes of research to determine distribution, status, and ecology of each species; (2) developing conservation programmes through education and management approaches that are culturally, politically, and economically sensitive to the region; and providing and protecting habitat within suitably sized reserves.
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Soren, Mondakini, Ajit Kumar Das, and Biman Kumar Dutta. "Ethnoveterinary plants used by Mising, Tai-Aiton and Santhal community residing nearby Nambor-Doigrung Wildlife Sanctuary of Golaghat, Assam, India." Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 10, no. 1 (July 2021): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53562/ajcb.oaum7918.
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An ethnoveterinary survey was carried out to document the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in treating domestic animals by three ethnic tribes viz. Mising, Tai-Aiton and Santhal. This paper en-lighten the various processes that are being applied by each community to cure their domestic pets. Interview of informants was conducted using a model questionnaire (Parabia and Reddy, 2002). Specimens were prepared by following standard methodology (Jain & Rao, 1977; and Bridson & Forman, 1998). Plants were poisoned in saturated solution of Mercuric chloride dissolved in absolute alcohol (25g in 1000ml Ethyl alcohol) and then mounted in standard herbarium sheets (41 x 28cm). The identification of plants was done by following a number of floristic literatures. A total of 17 plant species were collected and are cited with their Botanical name, Family, Local name, Tribes, Parts used, Diseases, & Mode of preparation and application. Plants with additional new report to ethnoveterinary by the respective tribes are also indicated. This shows a great potential for research as well as discovery of newer drugs. Phytochemical screening of the plants shall further help in denoting the medicinal properties which will validate the traditional knowledge of the tribal communities. The resourceful knowledge of indigenous plants may be lost forever if not properly documented.
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Valdez, Jose W. "Using Google Trends to Determine Current, Past, and Future Trends in the Reptile Pet Trade." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030676.
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Reptiles are one of the most popular exotic pets in the world, with over a third of all described species currently being traded. However, the most commonly available reptiles are typically non-threatened, captive-bred, and/or domestically obtained, which means they are also largely unregulated and unmonitored, resulting in a large portion of the reptile pet trade remaining unknown. In this study, the past, current, and future trends of the most popular reptiles in the pet trade were examined. Google Trends was used to determine the global popularity of the most popular pets from 2004 to 2020 and compared to the results from an online survey sent to individuals involved in the reptile trade. The most popular pets from the previous five years were also compared globally across regions and countries. The results determined that the most popular reptile species during the last decade is by far bearded dragons, followed by ball pythons and leopard geckos. Although the survey results were similar when asked what the top reptiles were, most respondents named ball pythons as the most popular reptile. However, when asked what reptiles had lost the most popularity during the previous decade, the survey respondents named green iguanas, Burmese pythons, chameleons, red-eared sliders, and green anoles, concurring with what was found with Google Trends. The reptiles thought to be more popular in the upcoming decade by the survey participants were blue-tongued skinks, tegus, uromastyx, crested geckos, and ball pythons—most of which did indeed show an increase in popularity during the last decade, as indicated with Google Trends. The results from Google Trends demonstrated that ball pythons and crested geckos have increased their popularity more than any other reptile in the last two decades. Reptile popularity also differed between countries, with bearded dragons the most popular reptile in Australia, Western Europe, the U.S., and Canada. Leopard geckos were the most popular reptile in Italy and Turkey, and ball pythons were the reptile of choice in Mexico, Indonesia, and India. The general finding of this study is that the reptiles declining in popularity were mostly wild-caught or restricted due to regulations, while current and future species were captive-bred and available in many varieties or morphs. The most popular species were also docile, medium-sized, and easy to handle, with relatively simple care requirements. This study demonstrates that Google Trends can be a useful tool for determining relative popularity among reptiles, or any other pet group, with results closely mirroring those obtained through direct surveying of people involved in the pet trade. However, unlike surveys, this analysis is quick, quantifiable, and can show what is popular and in-demand not only at the global level but at much finer scales. Thus, Google Trends can be a valuable tool in many research applications, especially in topics that may otherwise be difficult to monitor and quantify.
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Whitehead, N. E., and Ü. Ulusoy. "Macroscopic anomalies before the September 2010 <i>M</i> = 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-167-2013.
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Abstract. Previous published work after the Kobe and İzmit earthquakes (1995 and 1999, respectively) demonstrated some reported meteorological and animal behaviour precursors were valid. Predictions were freshly tested for the Christchurch earthquake (M = 7.1, 4 September 2010). An internet survey with nearly 400 valid replies showed relative numbers of reports in precursor categories the day before the quake, were statistically significantly different from those in the preceding three days (excess meteorological events and animal behaviour). The day before the quake, there was also altered relative precursor class occurrence within 56 km compared with further away. Both these confirmed the earlier published work. Owners were woken up by unique pet behaviour 12 times as often in the hour before the quake compared with other hours immediately before (statistically highly significant). Lost and Found pet reports were double normal the week before, and 4.5 times normal both the day before the quake, and 9 days before. (Results were again statistically significant). Unique animal behaviour before the quake was often repeated before the numerous aftershocks. These pet owners claimed an approximate 80% prediction reliability. However, a preliminary telephone survey suggested that animals showing any precursor response are a minority. Some precursors seem real, but usefulness seemed mostly restricted to 7 cases where owners were in, or near, a place of safety through disruptive pet behaviour, and one in which owners were diverted by a pet from being struck by falling fixtures. For a later 22 February 2011 M = 6.3 quake no reports of escape through warning by pets were recorded, which raises serious questions whether such prediction is practically useful, because lives claimed saved are extremely low compared with fatalities. It is shown the lost-pet statistics dates, correspond to ionospheric anomalies recorded using the GPS satellite system and geomagnetic disturbance data, and claimed as precursory. The latter more objective measurements may be the way of the future, but improved statistical treatment should include observations over longer periods of time without earthquakes.
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Stejskal, V., R. Aulicky, and Z. Kucerova. "Pest control strategies and damage potential of seed-infesting pests in the Czech stores – a review." Plant Protection Science 50, No. 4 (November 14, 2014): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2014-pps.
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This work reviews the historical and current pest risks and research concerning seed storage in the Czech Republic (CR). Stored seed pests (i.e. animals causing injuries to the germ and endosperm) represent a high risk of economic damage due to the high value of seeds coupled with long-term seed storage in small storage units (e.g., boxes, satchels). Rodents represent a significant risk to all types of seeds, especially seeds stored in piles or bags. Mites, psocids, and moths are the main pests of stored grass and vegetable seeds: mites can decrease seed germinability by 52% and psocids caused 9.7% seed weight loss in broken wheat kernels after 3 months of infestation under laboratory conditions. Although beetles (Sitophilus sp., Tribolium sp., Oryzaephilus sp.) and moths (Plodia sp.) are common pests of grain seeds (e.g., wheat, barley, maize), two serious seed pests, Sitotroga cereallela and S. zemays, are rare in the CR. Bruchus pisorum is a common pest of pea seeds, while other Bruchids are rare in the Czech legume seed stores. Currently, the control of seed pests is becoming difficult because the efficient pesticides (e.g., methylbromide, dichlorvos, drinking anticoagulant rodent baits) for seed protection have been lost without the development of adequate substitutes. New research on seed protection in the CR using biological control (mite predators Cheyletus sp.), low pressure, modified atmospheres, and hydrogen cyanide is overviewed.
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Mohapatra, SD, Amrita Banerjee, RK Senapati, G. Prasanthi, Minati Mohapatra, PK Nayak, AK Nayak, and D. Maiti. "Current status and future prospects in biotic stress management in rice." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 58, Special (April 22, 2021): 168–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2021.58.spl.7.
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Insect pests and diseases are the major biotic constraints in rice production. According to the ecosystem, the incidence of insect pests and diseases vary. The degree of loss due to different biotic stresses differ widely depending upon the predominant factors of abundance of these pests in a particular year, season or locality. Though around 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another, the majority of them do very little damage. In India, about a dozen of insect species are of major pest status. Farmers bear an estimated average of 37% losses in rice crop due to insect pests and diseases every year. This review focuses on status of insect pests and diseases, extent of losses, different tools used in pest monitoring and management in rice. Among the important pest management tools used in rice pest and diseases management are forecasting model for real-time pest-advisory services, light trap, hyper-spectral remote sensing, computer-based decision support system, disruptive technologies (mobile apps).
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Abudulai, M., I. K. Dzomeku, D. Opare-Atakora, S. K. Nutsugah, A. B. Salifu, R. L. Brandenburg, and D. L. Jordan. "Survey of Soil Arthropod Pests and Assessment of Yield Loss in Peanut in Northern Ghana." Peanut Science 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps12-11.1.
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Abstract Soil arthropod pests are important constraints to peanut production in Ghana. Surveys of peanut fields were conducted from 2003–2005 to identify and estimate densities of key soil arthropod pests, and also to quantify their damage to peanut in the three regions (Northern, Upper East and Upper West) of northern Ghana. The main soil pests were termites (Isoptera: Termitidae), millipedes (Myriapoda: Odontopygidae), white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Across regions, termites and millipedes were the most abundant while wireworms were the least recorded. Significantly higher pest densities and pod damage by scarification and penetration were generally recorded in the Northern Region than in the Upper East and Upper West Regions. A checklist administered to farmers during the survey showed that no control practices were carried out for the pests though farmers generally were aware of the damaging effects of these pests on peanut. Field studies also were conducted at Nyankpala and Bagurugu in the Northern Region during 2005 and 2006 to determine the effects of insecticide (chlorpyrifos or carbofuran) applications to peanut at planting, pegging or at both planting and pegging on control of soil arthropod pests and on yield. Results showed that the insecticides used were similar in their efficacy against the pests. Generally, insecticide treatment lowered pest densities and pod damage resulting in increased yield over the untreated control. Yield losses in untreated plots ranged between 23 and 39%. Treatment at planting or pegging did not differ in the level of control compared with treatment at both planting and pegging. Yield was negatively correlated with pest densities and pod damage. These findings are discussed in the context of control of soil pests of peanut in Ghana.
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Adams, Damian C., José R. Soto, John Lai, Francisco J. Escobedo, Sergio Alvarez, and Abu S. M. G. Kibria. "Public Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Invasive Forest Pest Prevention Programs in Urban Areas." Forests 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101056.
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Invasive forest pests can cause environmental and economic damage amounting to billions of dollars (US) in lost revenues, restoration and response costs, and the loss of ecosystem services nationwide. Unfortunately, these forest pests do not stay confined to wildland forest areas and can spread into suburban and urban areas, imposing significant costs on local governments, homeowners, and management agencies. In this study, a contingent valuation experiment is used to estimate Florida residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) a monthly utility fee that would protect urban forests from invasive pests by implementing a monitoring and prevention program for their early detection and eradication. On average, the respondents are WTP US $5.44 per month to implement the surveillance program, revealing an aggregate WTP in the order of US $540 million per year. The results also reveal that respondents are sensitive to the scope of the program, with higher rates of participation and higher WTP for a program that is more effective at preventing forest pest invasions.
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Nereu, Mauro, Ruben H. Heleno, Francisco Lopez-Núñez, Mário Agostinho, and Jaime A. Ramos. "Effects of native biodiversity on grape loss of four castes: testing the biotic resistance hypothesis." Web Ecology 18, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-18-15-2018.
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Abstract. Management of agricultural landscapes can influence the biodiversity and the ecological services provided by these ecosystems, such as natural biological pest control. Viticulture is a very important economic activity in most countries with Mediterranean climate, often shaping their landscapes and culture. Grape production is affected by a number of pests and diseases, and farmers use prophylactic and response-driven pesticides to control these pests. Here we quantified the main biotic causes of crop losses in four grape castes, two red (Touriga Nacional and Baga) and two white (Arinto and Chardonnay), and evaluated the potential effect of native biodiversity to provide biotic resistance to pest outbreaks and grape losses. Specifically, the diversity and abundance of bird and insect communities in these vineyards were quantified and divided into functional guilds (pest, neutral or auxiliary), to test whether these natural communities hold the potential to naturally control grape pests (biotic resistance hypothesis) under normal vineyard management (including pesticide application regimes). A potential association between distance to the vineyard edge and grape losses was also evaluated. We recorded a very small proportion of grape losses (mean = 0.6 %; max = 7.5 %), with insect pests showing a preference for the castes Baga (red) and Chardonnay (white), while bird pests avoided the caste Arinto (white). Grape color did not influence losses caused by insect pests, but birds showed a preference for red castes. The caste Baga was also more vulnerable to losses caused by fungi. Despite their low impact on grape production, most insects and birds detected in the six vineyards were pests, which entails a potentially low level of biotic resistance in this highly managed agricultural ecosystem. Further research is necessary to fully evaluate the role of functional biodiversity in vineyards, particularly if alternative production processes, such as organic farming, can increase the potential of native biodiversity to protect against grape losses from pests under lower regimes of chemical spraying.
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Coon, Craig N., Jason W. Fowler, Mary Ann Boggess, Jessica L. Varney, Jordan T. Weil, and B. J. Bench. "PSVI-28 Palatability and Scent Detection of Oxidation Levels in Poultry Meal." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.562.
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Abstract Pet food made from fresh and rendered high quality meat products are considered safe and nutritious products. Currently the main assessment of meat freshness and fat products is based on peroxide values (PV), quantifying secondary oxidation products such as aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. Research on how rancidity or peroxidation affects the health/safety of pets has not been adequately investigated. Exploring how Labrador retrievers interact with PV associated aromas, the goal was to observe any correlations in canine aromatic preference to differing poultry meal PV levels. A pilot study was conducted to gather preliminary data and screen 60 Labrador Retrievers (30 male/30 female) for those best suited for this novel aromatic palatability approach. 10 Labrador Retrievers (5 male/5 female) were hand selected from the original group of 60, according to their willingness to interact repeatedly with the aromatic boxes designed to prevent consumption while allowing interaction with varied PV poultry meal aromas. Many dogs lost interest quickly when they learned they could not get to the inside contents of the boxes, making the pilot study a crucial step in the preliminary selection process. First approach was recorded for both trials as well as time spent interacting. Time spent at each box was converted to ratios and both were statistically analyzed. Data falling outside 2 standard deviations from the mean were deemed outliers and excluded from analysis. Ratio analysis examined over both trials pointed to a higher peroxide value (PV) preference, when paired with sample 1, especially sample 5. PV levels 2, 4, and 5 showed significantly higher (p=< 0.05) interaction times and 6 neared significance (P = 0.08), compared to PV level 1. Further exploration could compare all PV levels to one another, determining if a specific threshold or range of preference exists within the 6 levels we examined in this study.
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Estrada, Alejandro, Paul A. Garber, and Abhishek Chaudhary. "Current and future trends in socio-economic, demographic and governance factors affecting global primate conservation." PeerJ 8 (August 21, 2020): e9816. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9816.
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Currently, ~65% of extant primate species (ca 512 species) distributed in 91 countries in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, South Asia and Southeast Asia are threatened with extinction and 75% have declining populations as a result of deforestation and habitat loss resulting from increasing global market demands, and land conversion for industrial agriculture, cattle production and natural resource extraction. Other pressures that negatively impact primates are unsustainable bushmeat hunting, the illegal trade of primates as pets and as body parts, expanding road networks in previously isolated areas, zoonotic disease transmission and climate change. Here we examine current and future trends in several socio-economic factors directly or indirectly affecting primates to further our understanding of the interdependent relationship between human well-being, sustainable development, and primate population persistence. We found that between 2001 and 2018 ca 191 Mha of tropical forest (30% canopy cover) were lost as a result of human activities in the five primate range regions. Forty-six percent of this loss was in the Neotropics (Mexico, Central and South America), 30% in Southeast Asia, 21% in mainland Africa, 2% in Madagascar and 1% in South Asia. Countries with the greatest losses (ca 57% of total tree cover loss) were Brazil, Indonesia, DRC, China, and Malaysia. Together these countries harbor almost 50% of all extant primate species. In 2018, the world human population was estimated at ca 8bn people, ca 60% of which were found in primate range countries. Projections to 2050 and to 2100 indicate continued rapid growth of the human populations in these five primate range regions, with Africa surpassing all the other regions and totaling ca 4bn people by the year 2100. Socioeconomic indicators show that, compared to developed nations, most primate range countries are characterized by high levels of poverty and income inequality, low human development, low food security, high levels of corruption and weak governance. Models of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSPs) projected to 2050 and 2100 showed that whereas practices of increasing inequality (SSP4) or unconstrained growth in economic output and energy use (SSP5) are projected to have dire consequences for human well-being and primate survivorship, practices of sustainability-focused growth and equality (SSP1) are expected to have a positive effect on maintaining biodiversity, protecting environments, and improving the human condition. These results stress that improving the well-being, health, and security of the current and future human populations in primate range countries are of paramount importance if we are to move forward with effective policies to protect the world’s primate species and promote biodiversity conservation.
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Fei, Songlin, Randall S. Morin, Christopher M. Oswalt, and Andrew M. Liebhold. "Biomass losses resulting from insect and disease invasions in US forests." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 35 (August 12, 2019): 17371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820601116.
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Worldwide, forests are increasingly affected by nonnative insects and diseases, some of which cause substantial tree mortality. Forests in the United States have been invaded by a particularly large number (>450) of tree-feeding pest species. While information exists about the ecological impacts of certain pests, region-wide assessments of the composite ecosystem impacts of all species are limited. Here we analyze 92,978 forest plots distributed across the conterminous United States to estimate biomass loss associated with elevated mortality rates caused by the 15 most damaging nonnative forest pests. We find that these species combined caused an additional (i.e., above background levels) tree mortality rate of 5.53 TgC per year. Compensation, in the form of increased growth and recruitment of nonhost species, was not detectable when measured across entire invaded ranges but does occur several decades following pest invasions. In addition, 41.1% of the total live forest biomass in the conterminous United States is at risk of future loss from these 15 pests. These results indicate that forest pest invasions, driven primarily by globalization, represent a huge risk to US forests and have significant impacts on carbon dynamics.
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Zeni, Syafa’atul Aulia, Normela Rachmawati, and Adistina Fitriani. "FREKUENSI DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN HAMA PENYAKIT PADA BIBIT MERSAWA (Anisoptera marginata Korth. ) DI PERSEMAIAN BP2LHK BANJARBARU KALIMANTAN SELATAN." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 4, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v4i2.3345.
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Intensity and Frequency of pests disease is comparison quantity of objects be invaded and whole observed objects in percent. The intensity of pests and diseases is the level be ivaded or the level of plants damage caused by isects, fungi, bacteria or viruses that started by qualitatively or quantitalively. Pests are all animals that can be damage the trees or forest stands and forest products, plant disease is a modification or deviation in one or more parts of the physiological process and make loss of coordination in the plants.This research do in BP2LHK nursery Banjarbaru South Kalimantan from July until Semptember 2019. The method used is scoring method by determining be invaded score on mersawa seedling. The results of this study indicate that the frequency of pest and disease attacks on mersawa seedlings (Anisoptera marginata Korth) of 95.46%. The intensity of pests and diseases in the seeds of mersawa (Anisoptera marginata Korth.) of 37.9%. The level of pest damage to mersawa seedlings ranged 25,0–50,0 % include in the medium category. Keywords: Mersawa; Frequency and intensit; Pest and disease
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Hughes, G. "Sampling for Decision Making in Crop Loss Assessment and Pest Management: Introduction." Phytopathology® 89, no. 11 (November 1999): 1080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.11.1080.
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Data obtained by sampling are crucial for decision making in crop loss assessment and pest management. Such data improve farmers' perceptions of the threat of pests and can, therefore, improve the quality of decision making in the practice of crop protection. The concept of a threshold, representing the dividing line between two alternative courses of action relating to seed or crop health, is an important aspect of crop protection decision making. Sampling is the means by which the required judgment can be guided. Operating characteristic curves are an important tool in the evaluation and comparison of the performance of sampling schemes. Precision integrated pest management, in which the objective is spatially variable pest management within fields, poses new problems for decision makers and statisticians developing sampling methodology in the context of crop protection.
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Willocquet, Laetitia, Francisco A. Elazegui, Nancy Castilla, Luzviminda Fernandez, Kenneth S. Fischer, ShaoBing Peng, Paul S. Teng, et al. "Research Priorities for Rice Pest Management in Tropical Asia: A Simulation Analysis of Yield Losses and Management Efficiencies." Phytopathology® 94, no. 7 (July 2004): 672–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.7.672.
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A simulation study was conducted to assess the current and prospective efficiency of rice pest management and develop research priorities for lowland production situations in tropical Asia. Simulation modeling with the RICEPEST model provided the flexibility required to address varying production situations and diverse pest profiles (bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, brown spot, leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot, white heads, dead hearts, brown plant-hoppers, insect defoliators, and weeds). Operational definitions for management efficacy (injury reduction) and management efficiency (yield gain) were developed. This approach enabled the modeling of scenarios pertaining to different pest management strategies within the agroecological contexts of rice production and their associated pest injuries. Rice pests could be classified into two broad research priority-setting categories with respect to simulated yield losses and management efficiencies. One group, including weeds, sheath blight, and brown spot, consists of pests for which effective pest management tools need to be developed. The second group consists of leaf blast, neck blast, bacterial leaf blight, and brown plant-hoppers, for which the efficiency of current management methods is to be maintained. Simulated yield losses in future production situations indicated that a new type of rice plant with high-harvest index and high-biomass production (“New Plant Type”) was more vulnerable to pests than hybrid rice. Simulations also indicated that the impact of deployment of host resistance (e.g., through genetic engineering) was much larger when targeted against sheath blight than when targeted against stem borers. Simulated yield losses for combinations of production situations and injury profiles that dominate current lowland rice production in tropical Asia ranged from 140 to 230 g m-2. For these combinations, the simulated efficiency of current pest management methods, expressed in terms of relative yield gains, ranged from 0.38 to 0.74. Overall, the analyses indicated that 120 to 200 × 106 tons of grain yield are lost yearly to pests over the 87 × 106 ha of lowland rice in tropical Asia. This also amounts to the potential gain that future pest management strategies could achieve, if deployed.
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Kolombar, T. M. "Hardware – wheat pests as elements of the species consortium." Ecology and Noospherology 30, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031918.
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Annually in the world, insect pests kill 10–15 % of the crop yield, which in the face of increasing humanity creates a global problem for food security. For the territory of Ukraine in some years, the loss of wheat yields reach 25 % and, in the face of this tendency, real risks to the security of the state are created. Considering that the agrarian trend of the state development has been increasing in recent years, the development of grain-adapted to the ecological and climatic conditions of Ukraine is a priority direction of the development of domestic agriculture. And the development of new environmentally friendly methods of controlling pests of wheat using parasitic organisms will become a fundamentally new and pressing issue in the development of organic production in the country. The general list of pest species that can cause serious wheat yield and forage reduction in Ukraine includes more than 230 names, but only 18 species are able toentail the biggest losses. Among them belong to the order Coleoptera. One insect species is usually a host of several species of mites, nematodes and up to ten species of gregarines and microsporidia. Unfortunately, the taxonomic composition of parasites of phytophagous pets of wheat in Ukraine has not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the interrelation between parasites of 4 phytophagous insects of wheat as well as of 14 insect species found in granaries. The study of the species composition of parasitic organisms of wheat and grain pests is based on the study of the elementary part of the consortium ecosystem, where they act as second order consortia. Phytophagous parasites of wheat and collar pests of cereals, as second-order consorts, have been fragmented worldwide. The purpose of this work is to determine the species composition of gregarine as a component of wheat consortium for their further use in the creation of integrated methods of protection of wheat and products of its processing. As a result, 28 species of gregarines were registered, which belong to seven families (Didymophyidae, Ophryocystidae, Hirmocystidae, Lipotrophidae, Stylocephalidae, Actinocephalidae and Gregarinidae). On the average, 1–2 species of gregarines parasitize in one pest species. 7–10 species of parasites were identified in some insects of the family Tenebrionidae (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1863). Each presented parasite is characteristic of 1–2 species of pests, but there are species of gregarines that infect up to four species of model species, such as Gregarina cuneata Stein, 1848. The largest number of individuals who are infested with gregarines belong to such families as Tenebrionidae and Dermestidae (38,6 % and 36,0 % of the total number of species, respectively). On pests – phytophages parasitizes about 8 species of gregarine families Stylocephalidae, Gregarinidae, Actinocephalidae. For barns pests are recorded barnacles of all 7 families.
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Martins-Salles, Silvia, Vilmar Machado, Laura Massochin-Pinto, and Lidia M. Fiuza. "Genetically modified soybean expressing insecticidal protein (Cry1Ac): Management risk and perspectives." FACETS 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 496–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0006.
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A Bt soybean has been recently developed, thus, efficiently regulating the populations of major lepidopteran pests. However, in other cases, these benefits have been reduced or lost because of the rapid evolution of pest resistance to the Bt toxins in transgenic crops. When pest populations are exposed to Bt crops and to refuges (non- Bt plants), the evolution of resistance is governed by the fitness of resistant individuals relative to susceptible individuals for both the presence and absence of Bt toxins. One major ecological concern regarding the biosafety of Bt crops on the environment is their potential effects on non-target organisms, especially predators and parasitoids that play an important role in pest control. This information is important for supporting insect resistance management (IRM) programs and for improving agricultural practices in a crop production system with Bt plants. Before the use of Bt plants for insect pest control in Brazil is adopted, IRM programs should be established to ensure the sustainability of this technology for integrated pest management (IPM). This review presents data on Bt soybean and lepidopteran pests as well as on the importance of natural enemies as a form of biological control, and applications for IPM and IRM.
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Nafila, Farzana, and Wardah Wardah. "Penyelesaian Wanprestasi Pada Jasa Penitipan Hewan di Banda Aceh." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 22, no. 2 (August 16, 2020): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v22i2.17015.
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Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat penyelesaian wanprestasi pada jasa penitipan hewan di Banda Aceh, dan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaku usaha dan pengguna jasa penitipan hewan tidak memenuhi atau lalai melaksanakan prestasi sebagaimana yang telah ditentukan dalam perjanjian yang dibuat, yaitu hewan yang dititipkan saat diambil dalam keadaan sakit, hilang atau mati, dan bentuk wanprestasi yang dilakukan pengguna jasa yaitu tidak mengambil kembali hewan yang sudah dititipkan. Faktor penyebab terjadinya wanprestasi ialah kesalahan dan kelalaian dari pelaku usaha dan faktor kesengajaan dari pengguna jasa yang mengakibatkan kerugian materill dan immaterial. Penyelesaian wanprestasi yang ditempuh oleh para pihak yaitu negosiasi dengan penggantian kerugian berdasarkan kesepakatan bersama. Disarankan kepada pelaku usaha agar bertanggung jawab dalam melaksanakan kewajibannya serta meningkatkan syarat-syarat penitipan hewan. Bagi pengguna jasa disarankan agar memilih jasa penitipan hewan yang memiliki fasilitas yang memadai, dan bertanggung jawab terhadap hewan yang dititipkannya. The Settlement of Default in the Pet Care Services in Banda Aceh The study aims to investigate the settlement of defaults on pet care services in Banda Aceh by using an empirical juridical approach. The results showed that business owners and users did not fulfill or neglected to carry out the agreement, namely animals that were entrusted when taken in a state of illness, lost or died, and forms of default performed by service users is they are not taking back animals that have been entrusted. Factors causing defaults are errors and negligence of business operators and intentional factors of service users resulting in material and immaterial losses. Solution of defaults taken by the parties is negotiation with compensation based on mutual agreement. It is recommended to business owners to be responsible for carrying out their obligations and to improve conditions for animal care. It is recommended for users to choose a day care service that has adequate facilities and users should responsible for their entrusted pets.
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Mohapatra, SD, R. Tripathi, Anjani Kumar, Suchismita Kar, Minati Mohapatra, M. Shahid, S. Raghu, BG Gowda, AK Nayak, and H. Pathak. "Eco-smart pest management in rice farming: prospects and challenges." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 56, Special Issue (May 29, 2019): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2019.56.s.7.
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The insect problem is accentuated in intensive rice cropping where the insects occur throughout the year in overlapping generations. Over 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another, although the majority of them do very little damage. In India, about a dozen of insect species are of major importance but the economic damage caused by these species varies greatly from field to field and from year to year. Insect pests cause about 10-15 per cent yield losses. Farmers lose an estimated average of 37% of their rice crop to insect pests and diseases every year. This review focuses on precision farming tools being used in rice pest and diseases management viz., forecasting model for real-time pest-advisory services, hyper-spectral remote sensing in pest damage assessment, computer-based decision support system, disruptive technologies (mobile apps).
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Mohapatra, SD, R. Tripathi, Anjani Kumar, Suchismita Kar, Minati Mohapatra, M. Shahid, S. Raghu, BG Gowda, AK Nayak, and H. Pathak. "Eco-smart pest management in rice farming: prospects and challenges." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 56, Special (May 29, 2019): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2019.56.spl.7.
Full textAbstract:
The insect problem is accentuated in intensive rice cropping where the insects occur throughout the year in overlapping generations. Over 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another, although the majority of them do very little damage. In India, about a dozen of insect species are of major importance but the economic damage caused by these species varies greatly from field to field and from year to year. Insect pests cause about 10-15 per cent yield losses. Farmers lose an estimated average of 37% of their rice crop to insect pests and diseases every year. This review focuses on precision farming tools being used in rice pest and diseases management viz., forecasting model for real-time pest-advisory services, hyper-spectral remote sensing in pest damage assessment, computer-based decision support system, disruptive technologies (mobile apps).
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Fajar Surachman, Ikro, Indriyanto ., and Agus M. Hariri. "Inventarisasi Hama Persemaian Di Hutan Tanaman Rakyat Desa Ngambur Kecamatan Bengkunat Belimbing Kabupaten Lampung Barat." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 2, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl227-16.
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Forest pest inventory is research activity to gather and arrange the data of pests existing in seedling periode. Pest inventory activites are used to determine pest types, the number and crop damage order to apply appropriate control. This research was aimed to identity the pest types and its attack levels at community plantation forest nursery. This research was conducted at Community Plantation Forest in Ngambur Village of Bengkunat subdistrict, West Lampung on April to May 2012. The collected data was identified taxonomically. The data was included of pest types, pest density, attack levels, and demages. All samples were collected using systematic method in diagonal pattern. The results was obtained 9 types in kadam nurseries, white albizia, and umbrella tree, which caterpillars (Daphnis hypothous), locust (Locusta migratoria),moths (Hyblaea puera), bag worm (Pteroma plagiophelps), bug (Cosmoleptrus sumatranus), mealy bug (Planococcus citri), leaf caterpillar (Doleschallia polibete), yellow butterfly (Eurema spp.), snail (Achatina fulica) and 1 type of insect predators that weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina). Insect population was high enough but not damage the plant nursery while the most dangerous insect pest was a bag worm (Pteroma plagiophelps) and moth (Hyblaea puera). Bag worm larvae cause severe damage, the loss on the leaves. The extent of damage by insect pests classified in the category of still mild attacks. Pest control can be done mechanically or chemically.
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Millar, Katherine V., and Murray B. Isman. "THE EFFECTS OF A SPUNBONDED POLYESTER ROW COVER ON CAULIFLOWER YIELD LOSS CAUSED BY INSECTS." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 1 (January 1988): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12045-1.
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AbstractA field trial was conducted to evaluate a spunbonded polyester row cover (Reemay) as a means of protecting cauliflower plants from insect pests. Total yield variables (curd weight, size, and color) did not differ significantly between plants under the row covers and those treated with insecticides, although plants under the row covers did produce a greater yield at an early harvest date. Plants in control plots failed to produce any marketable heads, owing to attack by cabbage maggots, Delia radicum (L.). Row covers may be a useful alternative to insecticides for pest control via physical exclusion of the key pest(s) from the crop plant.
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Madasamy, Bhuvaneswari, Paramasivan Balasubramaniam, and Ritaban Dutta. "Microclimate-Based Pest and Disease Management through a Forewarning System for Sustainable Cotton Production." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120641.
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Cotton is an essential commercial crop. Unfortunately, this crop is affected by many pests and diseases, which can cause considerable loss in yield. Climate has a strong correlation with the occurrence of pests and diseases in crops. Currently, weather forecasting services are available to the farmers, which help with weather-based planning of farm operations. Still, weather-based pest and disease forewarning services are not available to all the farmers. Unfortunately, cotton cultivation consumes about one-third of total pesticide consumption, which increases the cost of production apart from polluting the environment. An information and communication technology (ICT) based intelligent pest and disease forewarning system for cotton is an innovative system for providing forewarning on pests and diseases. It aims at improving farm productivity through better crop management. In this paper, the proposed method aims to predict the occurrence of pests and diseases based on microclimatic parameters. This pest and disease forewarning information and appropriate crop management practices will be disseminated to the farmers using electronic media through short message service (SMS), the Internet, etc. In this way, both livelihood security and environmental security are achieved. The proposed model shows a higher optimal performance then the two related works in terms of the average root mean square error rate, average accuracy rate, average percentage error rate, and prediction accuracy.
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Srinivasnaik, S., M. Suganthy, S. Mohan Kumar, and V. Jegadeeswari. "Survey, documentation and identification of entomofauna of cocoa, Theobroma cacao L. in major cocoa growing regions of South India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.980.
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Survey, monitoring and documentation of entomofauna of cocoa was carried out in three cocoa growing states viz., Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh during 2014-2015. Results revealed that a total number of 23 species of insect pests and 13 species of natural enemies were documented and identified. Among the insect pests, 14, 2 and 7 species were sucking pests, borers and defoliators, respectively. Among the natural enemies, 7 species of predators and 6 species of parasitoids were documented and identified on different insect pests of cocoa. Among the insect pests, sucking pests were found to be predominant and maximum number of entomofauna were recorded in major coco growing areas of Tamil Nadu. From the results it was concluded that the list of entomofauna documented can enhance the knowledge on diversity of the entomofauna associated with cocoa in three different cocoa growing states. Sucking pests were found to be predominant and caused huge yield loss in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. While in Andhra Pradesh pod borer and bark eating caterpillar were found to be predominant causing severe yield loss. This information provides a base for development of location specific Integrated Pest Management module.
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Mbata, George, and Sanower Warsi. "Habrobracon hebetor and Pteromalus cerealellae as Tools in Post-Harvest Integrated Pest Management." Insects 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040085.
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Consumers are increasingly demanding pesticide-free grain/legumes and processed foods. Additionally, there are more restrictions, or complete loss, of insecticides labelled for use in managing stored grain insects in post-harvest ecosystems. Suppression of post-harvest pests using parasitic wasps is a more sustainable alternative than chemical pesticides. Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Pteromalus cerealellae Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are two important parasitoids that limit economically important pests of stored products. Host searching ability and reproductive performances of H. hebetor and P. cerealellae depend on a wide range of factors, such as host species, commodities, and environmental conditions. Further, use of entomopathogens can complement the ability of parasitoids to regulate pest populations. This review provides information on aspects of H. hebetor and P. cerealellae biology and successful regulation of post-harvest pest populations.
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Schellhorn, Nancy A., Sarina Macfadyen, Felix J. J. A. Bianchi, David G. Williams, and Myron P. Zalucki. "Managing ecosystem services in broadacre landscapes: what are the appropriate spatial scales?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08112.
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Over the past 200 years agriculture has expanded throughout Australia. The culmination of clearing and cultivating land at the farm scale has resulted in highly modified landscapes and a perceived loss of ecosystem services from pest control and pollination. We examine the literature: (i) to identify the appropriate spatial scale for managing pests, natural enemies and pollinators; and (ii) for evidence that farm-scale changes (due to agricultural intensification) across a landscape have resulted in a tipping point favouring pests and hindering pollinators. Although there is limited information to draw firm conclusions, the evidence suggests that actions undertaken on individual farms have an impact both on their neighbours and regionally, and that the culmination of these actions can lead to changes in population dynamics of pests, natural enemies and pollinators. For major pest species, there is reasonable evidence that grain growers may benefit from improved management and higher yields by implementing area-wide pest management strategies on a landscape scale in collaboration with growers of other crops that also share these pests. As yet, for natural enemies and pollinators there is little direct evidence that similar area-wide initiatives will have a greater effect than management strategies aimed at the field and farm level. Managing pests, natural enemies and pollinators beyond the scale of the field or farm is technically and socially challenging and will required a well defined research agenda, as well as compromise, balance and trading among stakeholders. We highlight critical knowledge gaps and suggest approaches for designing and managing landscapes for ecosystem services.
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Afun, J. V. K., D. E. Johnson, and A. Russell-Smith. "Weeds and natural enemy regulation of insect pests in upland rice; a case study from West Africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, no. 5 (May 1999): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485399000528.
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AbstractEffects of five weed management regimes on abundance of weeds, insect pests, generalist predators and on pest damage and rice yield were investigated in upland rice in Côte d‘Ivoire over two years. In both years there was a highly significant negative correlation between weed biomass and grain yield across all treatments. Only two pest insect groups,Nephotettixspp. (Cicadellidae) and seed sucking Heteroptera, were consistently more abundant in unweeded plots and had a consistent significant positive correlation between abundance and weed biomass across all seven treatments. These polyphagous groups may have been more dependent on resources provided by weeds than the other pests studied. However, pest damage was not affected by presence or absence of weeds, suggesting that populations were below a damage threshold. Ants were the most abundant predators in the rice canopy and were most abundant in unweeded treatments. Abundance of both ants and spiders was significantly positively correlated with weed biomass across treatments. Abundance of reduviid bugs was positively correlated with weed biomass only in 1995. Any benefits due to presence of weeds in the crop were completely outweighed by loss of crop yield due to weed competition. However, if crop losses due to weeds were sufficiently reduced, it is possible that significant losses due to insect pests might emerge.
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OERKE, E. C. "Crop losses to pests." Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no. 1 (December 9, 2005): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005708.
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Productivity of crops grown for human consumption is at risk due to the incidence of pests, especially weeds, pathogens and animal pests. Crop losses due to these harmful organisms can be substantial and may be prevented, or reduced, by crop protection measures. An overview is given on different types of crop losses as well as on various methods of pest control developed during the last century.Estimates on potential and actual losses despite the current crop protection practices are given for wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, soybeans, and cotton for the period 2001–03 on a regional basis (19 regions) as well as for the global total. Among crops, the total global potential loss due to pests varied from about 50% in wheat to more than 80% in cotton production. The responses are estimated as losses of 26–29% for soybean, wheat and cotton, and 31, 37 and 40% for maize, rice and potatoes, respectively. Overall, weeds produced the highest potential loss (34%), with animal pests and pathogens being less important (losses of 18 and 16%). The efficacy of crop protection was higher in cash crops than in food crops. Weed control can be managed mechanically or chemically, therefore worldwide efficacy was considerably higher than for the control of animal pests or diseases, which rely heavily on synthetic chemicals. Regional differences in efficacy are outlined. Despite a clear increase in pesticide use, crop losses have not significantly decreased during the last 40 years. However, pesticide use has enabled farmers to modify production systems and to increase crop productivity without sustaining the higher losses likely to occur from an increased susceptibility to the damaging effect of pests.The concept of integrated pest/crop management includes a threshold concept for the application of pest control measures and reduction in the amount/frequency of pesticides applied to an economically and ecologically acceptable level. Often minor crop losses are economically acceptable; however, an increase in crop productivity without adequate crop protection does not make sense, because an increase in attainable yields is often associated with an increased vulnerability to damage inflicted by pests.
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Shrestha, Suraj, Gaurav Thakur, Jayanti Gautam, Namoona Acharya, Meena Pandey, and Jiban Shrestha. "Desert locust and its management in Nepal: a review." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i1.33197.
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Locusts are among the most dangerous agricultural pests. They are a group of short horned grasshoppers belonging to Acrididae family and are hemimetabolous insects. This group of grasshoppers have a unique character of changing habits and behaviors when they aggregate in a group and this habit is catalyzed by different environmental factors. In the adult stage, gregarious locusts migrate from one place to another in a swarm. Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forksal), is one of those locusts which cause damage to different types of crop which fly in the direction of wind up to a distance of 150 km. Because of polyphagous feeding habits and swarming in a plague (large group of adults), this pest is considered as the hazardous migratory pest. These pests entered Nepal for the first time in 1962 and then in 1996. In 2020 the pest entered the country from India on three different dates 27th June and continued till 29th (5 districts), 12th July (1 district), and 16th July (2 districts). The swarms migrated to 53 districts and caused the considerable loss in agricultural and field crop in 1118 hectare. These pests are monitored on the basis of environmental factors and many tools and practices such as eLocust3, SMELLS (Soil Moisture for Desert Locust Early Survey), P-locust and SUPARCO Disaster Watch Desert Locust Situation Alert are being used. Their control is critical to food security. Many tools and techniques are integrated for prevention and management of these pests to minimize damage in the existing crops where they migrate. These are physical methods, cultural methods, use of botanicals, green muscle, PAN (phenylacetonitrile) and chemicals. Effective preventive management strategy relies on an improved knowledge of the pest biology, more efficient monitoring and control techniques.
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Materu, Christopher L., Essau W. Losujaki, Irsyadi Zain, and Betty V. "FARMERS KNOWLEDGE ON INTERGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN CUCURBIT PRODUCTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i12.2018.1078.
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It is estimated that more than 50% of the crop loss is due to pest infestation. Assessment of farmers’ knowledge on Integrated Pest Management and pesticides use to manage threat pests, their safe use in cucurbit production was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results showed that cucurbit growers were categorized as youth 5% (20-30 years, 31-40 middle age and 41-50 years were considered as old age growers. More than 90% of the growers use pesticides from Agro Input suppliers for managing different pests. Respondents identified aphids as a major pest represent 40% followed by leaf feeding pest 20%, fruit flies represent 15% and the least was weeds 10%. 95% of the interviewed growers were aware on negative side effect from pesticide use both to human and environment. Less than 40% of the respondents use protective gears during pesticide application. About 30% of the growers attended short course training on IPM through Farmer Field Schools. Despite of training on IPM none of them new insect identification, monitoring, biological control agents and other pollinators apart from bees. This study showed there is a need to train vegetable growers on importance of insect monitoring, biological control agent in cucurbit production.
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Мостов’як Світлана Миколаївна and Чухрай Роман Васильович. "ХІМІЧНИЙ МЕТОД ЗАХИСТУ HORDEUM VULGARE ВІД ФІТОФАГІВ З КОЛЮЧЕ-СИСНИМ РОТОВИМ АПАРАТОМ." International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, no. 3(45) (March 31, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/31032020/7000.
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The system of protection against harmful organisms is of great importance in obtaining high yields of cereals. Pests cause up to 30 percent of the loss of a potential crop yield. The article presents the results of original research on the species composition of phytophages in spring barley crops under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The analysis of technical efficiency of application of pesticides against dominant pest species in spring barley crops is made. The conclusions about the effectiveness of crop protection against dominant pests in spring barley crops.
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Meineke, Emily K., Robert R. Dunn, and Steven D. Frank. "Early pest development and loss of biological control are associated with urban warming." Biology Letters 10, no. 11 (November 2014): 20140586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0586.
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Climate warming is predicted to cause many changes in ectotherm communities, one of which is phenological mismatch, wherein one species' development advances relative to an associated species or community. Phenological mismatches already lead to loss of pollination services, and we predict that they also cause loss of biological control. Here, we provide evidence that a pest develops earlier due to urban warming but that phenology of its parasitoid community does not similarly advance. This mismatch is associated with greater egg production that likely leads to more pests on trees.
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Wondifraw, Bewketu Takele, Mesele Yihune Tamene, and Afework Bekele Simegn. "Assessment of crop damage by rodent pests from experimental barley crop fields in Farta District, South Gondar, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255372.
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This study was conducted in Farta district, south Gondar from 2019 to 2020 cropping years to identify rodent pest species and estimate damage caused on barley crops. Four independent barley crop fields (40 x 40 m each) were sampled randomly to estimate the loss. Two were located near Alemsaga Priority State Forest and the other two were away from the forest. Four (2 x 2 m) rodent exclusion plots were established at 10 m interval as control units in each selected experimental barley fields using fine wire mesh. Rodent pest species were collected using both Sherman and snap traps throughout the different crop growing stages. The damaged and undamaged barley tillers by pest rodents were counted on five 1 x 1 m randomly sampled quadrats for each selected experimental fields. Variations on pest rodent population between cropping years and sites were analyzed using Chi square test. The mean crop damages between cropping years and experimental field sites were analyzed using two way ANOVA. Arvicanthis abyssinicus, Mastomys natalensis, Arvicanthis dembeensis, Mus musculus, Lophuromys simensis, Tachyoryctes splendens and Hystrix cristata were identified as pest rodents in the study area. A total of 968 individual rodents (427 in 2019 and 541 in 2020) were trapped during the study period. There was a statistical variation (χ2 = 13.42, df = 1 and P<0.05) between trapped individuals of the two successive years. The crop fields near the forest were more vulnerable than away from the forest during both cropping years. Statistical variations was observed on mean crop losses between cropping years and experimental barley crop sites. The highest crop damage was seen at maturity stage and the lowest during sowing in all experimental plots and cropping years. The percentage of barley yield loss due to rodent pests was 21.7 kg ha-1. The monetary value of this yield loss was equivalent to 4875 Birr (121.9 US$ h-1). Alemsaga Forest as shelter and conservation strategies like free of farmland from livestock and terracing for soil conservation have great role for the high rodent pest populations in the study area. Field sanitation, trapping and using restricted rodenticides like zinc phosphide are the possible recommendation to local farmers against rodent pests.
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Jaworski, Coline C., Anaïs Chailleux, Philippe Bearez, and Nicolas Desneux. "Apparent competition between major pests reduces pest population densities on tomato crop, but not yield loss." Journal of Pest Science 88, no. 4 (October 3, 2015): 793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-015-0698-3.
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Khatri, Sushil, Prakash Pakuwal, and Saugat Khanal. "Integrated pest management of fall armyworm infestations in maize fields in Nepal: A review." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 5, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.0504023.
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Spodoptera frugiperda, commonly known as Fall Armyworm (FAW), is amongst the most terrifying pests of maize in Latin America, which unexpectedly appeared in Nepal in 2019 and spread expeditiously. Estimates of maize crop losses due to this pest are vital in order to compare the effect of these losses with the convenient of controlling FAW and suggest pertinent controlling technology and methods. Nepal is predominantly an agrarian nation thus, maize is grown substantially. However, climatic conditions of Nepal favor the outbreaks of pests such as FAW in many maize grown areas. On the grounds that most of the people of hill and mountainous regions depend on maize for their staple food, pests have appeared to be a great threat to cereal production. It causes considerable injuries to maize by feeding on leaf whorls, ears and tassel which often leads to total yield loss. Yet, agriculture is an economic activity, even among subsistence farmers in Nepal. Seeing high potential losses caused by FAW, different control methods have been proposed. This pest demands meticulous and stepwise plan for its management. This review emphasized on adoption of IPM methods of pests’ control, which is the integration of biological, cultural, physical, chemical, and technological approaches. Meanwhile, early warning systems, though poorly developed in Nepal, can be highlighted for further studies and for further research work.
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Conrad, Joseph, Jason Norman, Amalia Rodriguez, Patricia M. Dennis, Randall Arguedas, Carlos Jimenez, Jenifer G. Hope, Michael J. Yabsley, and Sonia M. Hernandez. "Demographic and Pathogens of Domestic, Free-Roaming Pets and the Implications for Wild Carnivores and Human Health in the San Luis Region of Costa Rica." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8040065.
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Habitat loss and degradation, restricted ranges, prey exploitation, and poaching are important factors for the decline of several wild carnivore populations and additional stress from infectious agents is an increasing concern. Given the rapid growth of human populations in some regions like Costa Rica, pathogens introduced, sustained, and transmitted by domestic carnivores may be particularly important. To better understand the significance of domestic carnivore pathogens for wildlife, we determine the prevalence of infection and possible mechanisms for contact between the two groups. The demographics, role in the household, and pathogens of pet dogs and cats was studied during three annual spay/neuter clinics in San Luis, Costa Rica. Most dogs were owned primarily as pets and guard animals, but ~10% were used for hunting. Cats were owned primarily as pets and for pest control. Both roamed freely outdoors. We detected high prevalences of some pathogens (e.g., carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and Toxoplasma gondii). Some pathogens are known to persist in the environment, which increases the probability of exposure to wild carnivores. This study demonstrated that domestic pets in San Luis, home to a number of protected and endangered wildlife species, are infected with pathogens to which these wild species are potentially susceptible. Additionally, results from our questionnaire support the potential for domestic and wild animal contact, which may result in disease spillover.