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Journal articles on the topic 'Lost trail'
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1
Kuznetsov, V. B. "On the trail of Tsar’s lost gold." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost) 142, no. 6/2018 (December 30, 2018): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2018-6-142-86-89.
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Allmendinger, Blake, and Peter Stanfield. "Hollywood, Westerns and the 1930s: The Lost Trail." Western Historical Quarterly 33, no. 3 (2002): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144863.
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Vojvodic, Dragan. "On the trail of the lost frescoes of Zica." Zograf, no. 34 (2010): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zog1034071v.
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This paper, the first in a series with the same name, represents an attempt at studying, on the basis of old research documentation, primarily drawings and photographs, the destroyed parts of the wall painting of Zica and to check the descriptions and interpretations of previous researchers.
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Salesa, D., and A. Cerdà. "Four-year soil erosion rates in a running-mountain trail in eastern Iberian Peninsula." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 45, no. 1 (June 18, 2019): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3826.
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During the last decades, the use of mountain trails for running is more and more popular. New trails are opened to allow the runners to practice and compete. This form of human impact on the landscape is new as the new trails do not follow the conservation strategies in design and maintenance as traditional mountain trails constructed by farmers, shepherds and muleteers do. This impact of sport events in nature is not measured and we know little about this impact on vegetation, fauna and soils. We surveyed in September 2018 a trail that was opened in September 2014 and was used for four official mountain trail races, and for training by local runners. Our interviews with organizers and users show that 1054 runners passed during the competition days (4 races in 4 years) and over the 4-year period the trail was used approximately 43,800 times by a runner. We measured the current topography and calculated the soil lost. The results show extremely high erosion rates in the sloping terrain, with the highest rates in the north-facing slope, reaching up to 180.29 Mg ha-1 y-1, while in the flat section of the trail soil erosion rates are 107.56 Mg ha-1 y-1 and in the south-facing slope trail 128.93 Mg ha-1 y-1. Our study demonstrates that (i) soil erosion rates on trails can be easily estimated by measuring the deepest trail position enabling fast and cheap surveys; and (ii) that there is a need to establish conservation strategies on new trails to avoid non-sustainable soil losses in the Mediterranean mountains due to the sport activities such as the mountain trail races.
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Vojvodic, Dragan. "On the trail of the lost frescoes of Zica (II)." Zograf, no. 35 (2011): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zog1135145v.
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Scheese, D. "Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 20, no. 1 (January 30, 2013): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/iss142.
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Gilmore, Leigh. "Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail (review)." Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction 14, no. 1 (2012): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/fge.2012.0008.
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Gillissen, Bernhard, Jana Wendt, Antje Richter, Anja Richter, Annika Müer, Tim Overkamp, Nina Gebhardt, et al. "Endogenous Bak inhibitors Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL: differential impact on TRAIL resistance in Bax-deficient carcinoma." Journal of Cell Biology 188, no. 6 (March 22, 2010): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200912070.
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Tumor necrosis factor (α)–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent that preferentially kills tumor cells with limited cytotoxicity to nonmalignant cells. However, signaling from death receptors requires amplification via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (type II) in the majority of tumor cells. Thus, TRAIL-induced cell death entirely depends on the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bax, which is often lost as a result of epigenetic inactivation or mutations. Consequently, Bax deficiency confers resistance against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Despite expression of Bak, Bax-deficient cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In this study, we show that the Bax dependency of TRAIL-induced apoptosis is determined by Mcl-1 but not Bcl-xL. Both are antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins that keep Bak in check. Nevertheless, knockdown of Mcl-1 but not Bcl-xL overcame resistance to TRAIL, CD95/FasL and tumor necrosis factor (α) death receptor ligation in Bax-deficient cells, and enabled TRAIL to activate Bak, indicating that Mcl-1 rather than Bcl-xL is a major target for sensitization of Bax-deficient tumors for death receptor–induced apoptosis via the Bak pathway.
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Sirohi, Rashmi. "In Trail of the Clash of two Civilizations." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 9 (September 28, 2020): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i9.10767.
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Nature is full of mysteries which compel one to explore the hidden passages. The passionate urge might take a traveller into the deepest corners of forgotten lands which have truths to be unraveled. Each and every space dynamics has its own temporality and ideological framework which shapes the entire course of ones ideas. The paper will talk about the travelling account of Che Guevara captured in his memoir The Motorcycle Diaries. The book traces the early travels of this Marxist revolutionary. The idea behind is to mark the curvature of topological transformation and its impact on the ideological framework of a person. The paper will explore the interconnections and impact of different spaces encountered during a travel and the nature of discourse which develops during such explorations. Ideas have a disposition to travel with the moving discourse where the architectural domain shapes the outline of the traveller’s thought process. Here Che Guevara’s trip through South America will portray the flow of ideas through different spaces formulating the base for his revolutionary ideas. Through the account of Francisco Pizarro during the conquest of Incan civilization and through the impact of this event on the civilization as a collective whole, the paper will attempt to analyze the ethical curvature of two distinct civilizations, namely the Incan and the Christian Imperial West. The conquest of the South American continent and the consequent clash was cataclysmic, as the socio-economic subversion is still embedded almost non- retrievably deep in terms of its collateral. The paper will include “Heights of Machu Picchu” by Pablo Neruda which again is set during his travelling account to Machu Picchu, which is the marker of a lost civilization where the distorted architecture echoes the richness and the loss at the same time.
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Jiménez, Paulo A., and Yongmin Zhong. "On the Development of an Ants-Inspired Navigational Network for Autonomous Robots." International Journal of Intelligent Mechatronics and Robotics 2, no. 1 (January 2012): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijimr.2012010104.
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Experimental research in biology has uncovered a number of different ways in which ants use environmental cues for navigational purposes. For instance, pheromone trail laying and trail following behaviours of ants have proved to be an efficient mechanism to optimise path selection in natural as well as in artificial situations. Drawing inspiration from biology, the authors present a new neural strategy for navigation. The authors propose a navigational network composed of a gating network, memory and two recurrent neural networks (RNN). The navigational network learns to follow a trail and to orientate based on landmarks, while continuously recording the location of the home position in case the trail is lost. The orientation was encoded as a continuous ring of neurons, while the distance was encoded as a chain of neurons. Finally, the computational analysis provides a more complete exploration of the properties of the proposed navigational network. This network is able to learn and select behaviours based on sensory clues. The proposed model shows that neural path integration is possible and is easy to achieve.
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Wang, Chunmei, Runzi Qi, Nan Li, Zhengxin Wang, Huazhang An, Qinghua Zhang, Yizhi Yu, and Xuetao Cao. "Notch1 Signaling Sensitizes Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Inhibiting Akt/Hdm2-mediated p53 Degradation and Up-regulating p53-dependent DR5 Expression." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 24 (April 17, 2009): 16183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m109.002105.
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Notch signaling plays a critical role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Our previous study showed that overexpression of Notch1 could inhibit human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth by arresting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. HCC cells are resistant to apoptotic induction by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), so new therapeutic approaches have been explored to sensitize HCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We are wondering whether and how Notch1 signaling can enhance the sensitivity of HCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In this study, we found that overexpression of ICN, the constitutive activated form of Notch1, up-regulated p53 protein expression in HCC cells by inhibiting proteasome degradation. p53 up-regulation was further observed in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma cells after activation of Notch signaling. Inhibition of the Akt/Hdm2 pathway by Notch1 signaling was responsible for the suppression of p53 proteasomal degradation, thus contributing to the Notch1 signaling-mediated up-regulation of p53 expression. Accordingly, Notch1 signaling could make HCC cells more sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, whereas Notch1 signaling lost the synergistic promotion of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in p53-silenced HepG2 HCC cells and p53-defective Hep3B HCC cells. The data suggest that enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by Notch1 signaling is dependent upon p53 up-regulation. Furthermore, Notch1 signaling could enhance DR5 expression in a p53-dependent manner. Taken together, Notch1 signaling sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis in HCC cells by inhibiting Akt/Hdm2-mediated p53 degradation and up-regulating p53-dependent DR5 expression. Thus, our results suggest that activation of Notch1 signaling may be a promising approach to improve the therapeutic efficacy of TRAIL-resistant HCC.
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Cheng, Jinrong, Bonnie L. Hylander, Maria R. Baer, and Elizabeth A. Repasky. "Characterization of the Resistance Mechanisms of HL60 Leukemia Cell Derivatives to Apo2L/TRAIL." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 3412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.3412.3412.
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Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) is a recently identified member of the TNF superfamily. Recombinant Apo2L/TRAIL is a promising immunotherapeutic agent for treating malignant diseases since this molecule preferentially induces apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells with apparently little toxicity to normal cells. However, it has also been shown that some tumor cells are resistant to this molecule. We hypothesized that resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL occurs through defects in the Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway. To address this hypothesis, we developed several Apo2L/TRAIL-resistant HL60 derivatives (HL60/TR) by exposure of Apo2L/TRAIL-sensitive HL60 human leukemia cells to escalating levels of Apo2L/TRAIL, followed by subcloning. Two of these resistant clones (a moderately resistant clone-R1 and a highly resistant clone-R3) were selected for further study. Molecules in the Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated apoptotic pathway of R1 and R3 cells were analyzed by Western blot analysis, flow cytometry and gene sequencing and compared to those in parental HL60 cells. In the R1 cells, the activation of caspase-8 and -10 by Apo2L/TRAIL was significantly inhibited. However, R1 cells were still sensitive to Fas agonistic monoclonal antibody treatment, indicating that the FAS-mediated apoptosis-inducing pathway was intact. In the R3 cells, caspase-8 expression was completely lost and activation of caspase-10 in response to Apo2L/TRAIL was totally inhibited; R3 cells were therefore also resistant to FAS antibody treatment. Although the total protein level of death receptors DR4 and DR5 was equal in HL60 cells and in the Apo2L/TRAIL-resistant derivatives, the cell surface levels of DR4 were significantly decreased in both R1 and R3 cells, while the surface expression level of DR5 in these two clones was comparable to that on HL60 cells. No mutation in either the DR4 or DR5 genes was found in these cells. These results suggest that defective targeting of DR4 molecules to the cell surface occurs in these Apo2L/TRAIL resistant cells. Blocking cell surface DR4 significantly attenuated the sensitivity of parental HL60 cells to Apo2L/TRAIL, indicating that cell surface expression of DR4 plays a crucial role in regulating susceptibility of tumor cells to Apo2L/TRAIL. Taken together, our results demonstrate that malignant cells can develop resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL by several different mechanisms and multiple resistance mechanisms may develop in a single tumor cell (such as R3 cells). Understanding the basis of Apo2L/TRAIL resistance will help to predict sensitivity and to develop strategies to circumvent resistance.
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Đerić, Branko. "GET THE ECONOMICS BACK TO THE TRAIL OF MORAL SCIENCE." ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА ЕКОНОМСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У ИСТОЧНОМ САРАЈЕВУ 8, no. 19 (February 10, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/zrefis1919029d.
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The paper focuses on the function of the market, economic policy and the public in dynamising economic progress and the arguments that support the claim that economics as a science, taken together with economic policy, has lost the attribute of moral science in our conditions. The dynamics of economic growth is not the only relevant macroscopic feature of economic development, although it has received dominant attention today. And that is not everything. Particular attention is drawn to structural, technological and other changes, the re-institutionalization and construction of an appropriate economic order and economic model and, above all, the state and realization of the moral imperatives of contemporary development. In addition to these issues, the paper addresses the challenges, directions and instruments of economic policy in our circumstances, which is of particular relevance to our better future.
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Garvey, Tara L., John Bertin, Richard M. Siegel, Guang-hua Wang, Michael J. Lenardo, and Jeffrey I. Cohen. "Binding of FADD and Caspase-8 to Molluscum Contagiosum Virus MC159 v-FLIP Is Not Sufficient for Its Antiapoptotic Function." Journal of Virology 76, no. 2 (January 15, 2002): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.2.697-706.2002.
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ABSTRACT Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a member of the human poxvirus family, encodes the MC159 protein that inhibits Fas-, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligant (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. We used site-directed mutagenesis to change charged or hydrophobic amino acid residues to alanines to identify regions of MC159 that are critical for protection from apoptosis and for protein-protein interactions. Surprisingly, while MC159 is thought to block apoptosis by binding to Fas-associated death domain (FADD) or caspase-8, several mutants that lost apoptosis blocking activity still bound to both FADD and caspase-8. Mutations in the predicted hydrophobic patch 1 and α2 regions of both death effector domains (DEDs) within MC159 resulted in loss of the ability to bind to FADD or caspase-8 and to block apoptosis. Amino acid substitutions in the RXDL motif located in the α6 region of either DED resulted in loss of protection from apoptosis induced by Fas, TNF, and TRAIL and abolished the ability of MC159 to block death effector filament formation. Thus, charged or hydrophobic amino acids in three regions of the MC159 DEDs (hydrophobic patch 1, α2, and α6) are critical for the protein’s ability to interact with cellular proteins and to block apoptosis.
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Cerdà, Artemi, David Salesa, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Gaspar Mora-Navarro, Enric Terol, and Antonio Giménez-Morera. "Soil Erosion on Mountain Trails in Eastern Iberian Peninsula." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (June 2, 2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030080.
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A review on trial erosion shows that soil erosion rates are one to three orders of magnitude higher than the ones recommended as sustainable. This is threatening the sustainable managements of mountain terrains, mainly in the popular hiking paths. The warm temperatures characterize Eastern Spain in winter, which results in visitors from northern Europe to walk in the coastal land mountainous terrain. This increases the pressure to the currently highly visited most popular paths. We selected representative transects of the trails of Serra de Bérnia, Puigcampana, Penyagolosa, Montcabré, Serra del Sit, Aitana, Les Tres Creus, Caroig, Cupurutxo and Circ de la Safor. All the selected study sites have Limestone parent material, and a scrubland as vegetation cover and the selected slope angle ranged in average between 5 and 10%. The surveys showed that soil erosion rates measured with a topographical method range from 13 till 450 Mg ha−1 y−1. There is a clear relation between the number of users and the damage done on the trails; and we found that short cuts are the areas that contribute with fresh sediment. Rock outcrops are found in 34% of the measured trail sections and this is a good example how the complete soil can be lost as a consequence of recreational activities.
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Hietakangas, Ville, Minna Poukkula, Kaisa M. Heiskanen, Jarkko T. Karvinen, Lea Sistonen, and John E. Eriksson. "Erythroid Differentiation Sensitizes K562 Leukemia Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis by Downregulation of c-FLIP." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 4 (February 15, 2003): 1278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.4.1278-1291.2003.
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ABSTRACT Regulation of the apoptotic threshold is of great importance in the homeostasis of both differentiating and fully developed organ systems. Triggering differentiation has been employed as a strategy to inhibit cell proliferation and accelerate apoptosis in malignant cells, in which the apoptotic threshold is often characteristically elevated. To better understand the mechanisms underlying differentiation-mediated regulation of apoptosis, we have studied death receptor responses during erythroid differentiation of K562 erythroleukemia cells, which normally are highly resistant to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha-, FasL-, and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. However, upon hemin-mediated erythroid differentiation, K562 cells specifically lost their resistance to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), which efficiently killed the differentiating cells independently of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling. Concomitantly with the increased sensitivity, the expression of both c-FLIP splicing variants, c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS, was downregulated, resulting in an altered caspase 8 recruitment and cleavage in the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Stable overexpression of both c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS rescued the cells from TRAIL-mediated apoptosis with isoform-specific effects on DISC-recruited caspase 8. Our results show that c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS potently control TRAIL responses, both by distinct regulatory features, and further imply that the differentiation state of malignant cells determines their sensitivity to death receptor signals.
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Ghosh, Arnab, Yildirim Dogan, Amanda M. Holland, Odette M. Smith, Lauren F. Young, Mallory L. West, Natalie V. Singer, et al. "Over-Expression of TRAIL on Donor T Cells Enhances GVT and Suppresses Gvhd Via Elimination of Alloreactive T Cells and Host APC." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.817.817.
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Abstract Abstract 817 Strategies to suppress GVHD are often associated with broader suppression of the immune system leading to a compromised GVT effect. Using experimental models, we have demonstrated a novel strategy to enhance GVT effects and explicitly suppress GVHD using genetically engineered T lineage cells over-expressing TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL). TRAIL can induce apoptotic signals through death receptor (DR) 4 and 5 molecules (only DR5 in mice) expressed on target cells. Expression of DR5 is higher on certain tumors and can be enhanced on others using small molecules rendering them susceptible to TRAIL mediated killing. TRAIL is therefore an attractive candidate for genetic engineering of donor T cells to enhance their GVT potential. We evaluated the effect of TRAIL over-expression (TRAIL+) in donor T cells (mature and precursor) on GVHD and GVT. Mature T cells derived from donor B6 splenocytes were transduced with a lentiviral TRAIL expression vector. The transduced TRAIL+ T cells were adoptively transferred on day 0 into lethally irradiated CBF1 recipients of T cell depleted allografts and LB27.4 tumor (B6 ^ CBF1+LB27.4) to assess their GVHD and GVT activity. TRAIL+ T cells displayed significantly enhanced antitumor immunity compared to T cells transduced with a control vector against LB27.4 tumor cell lines in vitro and upon transfer into tumor bearing allo-BMT recipients (p<0.01, 100% survival in TRAIL+ T cell group) (Fig 1A, also shown at the annual meeting last year). Precursor (pre)T cells have the benefit of regenerating the T cell compartment without causing GVHD and being available for “off the shelf” use. We generated TRAIL+ preT cells from transduced B6 hematopoietic stem cells and expanded them using the OP9-DL1 co-culture system. Adoptive transfer of B6 TRAIL+ preT cells into syngeneic-transplanted BALB/c mice could reconstitute the T cell compartment with TRAIL-expressing T cells and caused enhanced antitumor activity (p<0.05) compared to mock (GFP)-transduced controls. Interestingly, in addition to enhanced GVT, the recipients treated with TRAIL+ T cells had significantly less GVHD lethality and morbidity (Fig1B). This was observed across multiple GVHD models (B6 ^ CBF1, B6^ BALB/c and B10.BR^ B6). To explore the factors contributing to TRAIL-mediated suppression of GVHD, we used animals deficient in DR5 (DR5ko) in our models of GVHD. We found that GVHD suppressive effects of TRAIL were lost when hosts were DR5ko or when DR5ko TRAIL+ T cells were adoptively transferred indicating that TRAIL+ T cells suppress GVHD by targeting both host and donor compartments. We observed a higher DR5 expression in host MHC-IIhi antigen presenting cells (APC) following total body irradiation, suggesting that TRAIL+ donor T cells could potently eliminate host APC, resulting in less GVHD. Further, on transferring wild type T cells into irradiated hosts, we found that alloreactive CD25+ T cells had a significantly higher DR5 expression compared to CD25− T cells. This indicates that TRAIL+ T cells can specifically target the alloreactive CD25+ T cells in order to suppress GVHD. Collectively, our data demonstrate that donor T cells genetically engineered to express TRAIL can enhance GVT effects and suppress the development of lethal GVHD in recipients of allo-HSCT. Our data suggests that his suppression of GVHD is mediated by the elimination the alloreactive donor T cells and the elimination of GVHD-promoting residual APC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that allogeneic ex vivo generated preT cells expressing TRAIL could mediate a strong protection against tumor challenge in syngeneic HSCT recipients. TRAIL over-expression thus represents a potential off the shelf approach to enhancing GVT in both allogeneic and autologous transplantation. Despite elimination of alloreactive donor T cells, TRAIL+ T cells demonstrated enhanced GVT by directly targeting DR5+ tumors in the absence of alloreactivity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Robie, David. "REVIEW: Timely climate media strategy to empower citizens." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 23, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v23i2.337.
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Journalism and Climate Crisis: Public Engagement, Media Alternatives, edited by Robert A. Hackett, Susan Forde, Shane Gunster and Kerrie Foxwell-Norton. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. 2017. 204 pages. ISBN 978-1-1389-5039-9AT THE time of reviewing this important and timely book, Hurricane Irma had just ripped a trail of unprecedented destruction from Antigua, Barbuda and Saint Barthélemy in the eastern Caribbean to Florida with at least 81 deaths. Florida involved one of the largest mass evacuations in US history, with nearly 7 million people being warned to seek shelter elsewhere. Seventy per cent of Miami lost electricity at the height of the storm.
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Ferreira, Ana Elisa, Fernando Molano Ortiz, Thales Teixeira de Almeida, and Luís Henrique M. K. Costa. "A Visitor Assistance System Based on LoRa for Nature Forest Parks." Electronics 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040696.
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Ecotourism activities are attracting more people each day, including national forest parks. Unfortunately, the number of incidents involving visitors to natural parks grows at the same pace. Among the most prevalent risks inside forests are getting lost and the occurrence of natural disasters. In this work, we propose a system for monitoring and assisting visitors of forest parks, based on a low power wide range wireless network, LoRa. The proposed visitor assisting system is composed of mobile terminals that communicate between them and with fixed infrastructure, using a protocol designed for exchanging visitor locations data. The infrastructure consists of wireless gateways distributed on the trails, the totems. User terminals, the mobile nodes, work collaboratively through a Delay and Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN), to cope with the possibility that the gateway infrastructure does not cover the whole trail. In addition to improvements and gains for minimizing risks, the proposal also brings contributions to the preservation of the environment, raising awareness of the influence of human presence in the natural environment and to the development of environmental education actions.
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Foley, Caitlin J., Holly Freedman, Sheryl L. Choo, Christina Onyskiw, Nai Yang Fu, Victor C. Yu, Jack Tuszynski, Joanne C. Pratt, and Shairaz Baksh. "Dynamics of RASSF1A/MOAP-1 Association with Death Receptors." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 14 (May 12, 2008): 4520–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.02011-07.
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ABSTRACT RASSF1A is a tumor suppressor protein involved in death receptor-dependent apoptosis utilizing the Bax-interacting protein MOAP-1 (previously referred to as MAP-1). However, the dynamics of death receptor recruitment of RASSF1A and MOAP-1 are still not understood. We have now detailed recruitment to death receptors (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 [TNF-R1] and TRAIL-R1/DR4) and identified domains of RASSF1A and MOAP-1 that are required for death receptor interaction. Upon TNF-α stimulation, the C-terminal region of MOAP-1 associated with the death domain of TNF-R1; subsequently, RASSF1A was recruited to MOAP-1/TNF-R1 complexes. Prior to recruitment to TNF-R1/MOAP-1 complexes, RASSF1A homodimerization was lost. RASSF1A associated with the TNF-R1/MOAP-1 or TRAIL-R1/MOAP-1 complex via its N-terminal cysteine-rich (C1) domain containing a potential zinc finger binding motif. Importantly, TNF-R1 association domains on both MOAP-1 and RASSF1A were essential for death receptor-dependent apoptosis. The association of RASSF1A and MOAP-1 with death receptors involves an ordered recruitment to receptor complexes to promote cell death and inhibit tumor formation.
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Myagkov, Mikhail, and Peter C. Ordeshook. "The trail of votes in Russia’s 1999 Duma and 2000 presidential elections." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(01)00014-9.
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Russia’s array of political parties, based largely on Moscow-centered personalities with presidential aspirations rather than coherent policy programs, continued its seemingly directionless evolution in 1999 with the appearance of two new ‘parties’—Otechestvo and Edinstvo—each designed primarily to facilitate presidential aspirations. In contrast and despite wrenching economic changes, Russia from 1991 through 1996, at least, offers the picture of a surprisingly stable electorate in which the flow of votes across elections from one party or candidate to the next follows a coherent and not altogether unpredictable pattern. Aggregate election returns suggests that this pattern persisted through the 1999 Duma balloting to the 2000 presidential election. The KPRF, as well as Yabloko, won nearly as many votes in 1999 as in 1996, while the votes lost by Our Home Is Russia, the LDPR, Lebed’s allies in 1996, and a bevy of other small and not altogether anti-reform parties nearly account for Otechestvo and Edinstvo totals. Here, however, we offer a close examination of official rayon-level election returns from both 1999 and 2000 and conclude that this picture of stability masks the importance we ought to attribute to the influence of regional governors and their abilities to direct the votes of their electorates in a nearly wholesale fashion. We argue, moreover, that this conclusion is important to the matter of reforming Russia’s institutions so as to encourage a coherent party system. Specifically, rather than focus on electoral institutional reform, we argue that the principal culprit in explaining the failure of a coherent party system to materialize is the influence of Russia’s super-presidentialism.
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Alshammari, Abdulrahman K., and Jan Huggare. "Pain relief after orthodontic archwire installation—a comparison between intervention with paracetamol and chewing gum: a randomized controlled trial." European Journal of Orthodontics 41, no. 5 (December 26, 2018): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjy081.
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Summary Background Pain and discomfort are main concerns at the commencement of orthodontic treatment. It may have negative impact on compliance or even discourage patients from being treated. Orthodontic pain can be alleviated by paracetamol or use of chewing gum. However, studies comparing their effectiveness are scarce. Objectives To compare the effectiveness of paracetamol versus chewing gum for pain alleviation and to investigate the frequency of bracket loss during the first day of fixed orthodontic treatment. Trail design Prospective randomized multicentre clinical trial. Methods Sixty patients (28 boys and 32 girls), between 12 and 18 years of age were randomly allocated either to take paracetamol (31 patients) or to use chewing gum (29 patients). After one arch bonding and insertion of the initial archwire, the patients rated the sensation of pain on a visual analogue scale with the jaw at rest and when biting after 6 hours (T1), at bedtime (T2), and the next morning (T3). Paracetamol (1000 mg) was taken 1 hour and chewing gum was used 10 minutes prior to pain rating at T2 and T3. A simple method of randomization was used in this study, and blinding of subjects and the operators to the type of intervention was not possible because of the nature of the treatments. Results There was no detectable difference in pain sensation between the groups at T1. At T2 and T3 the chewing gum group displayed higher mean values than the paracetamol group but when adjusting for age, gender, and mode of pain registration, there was no significant difference between the groups. There was no bracket loss in the chewing gum group, whereas two patients in the paracetamol group lost two brackets. Conclusions The effect of chewing gum and paracetamol for initial orthodontic pain relief seems equivalent. Short term use of chewing gum is not a risk factor for bracket loss. Trial registration This study was not registered.
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Schmidt, Leigh Anne, and Stephanie Buechler. "“I risk everything because I have already lost everything”: Central American Female Migrants Speak Out on the Migrant Trail in Oaxaca, Mexico." Journal of Latin American Geography 16, no. 1 (2017): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lag.2017.0012.
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Ritter, Scott M., James E. Barrick, and M. Randall Skinner. "Conodont sequence biostratigraphy of the Hermosa Group (Pennsylvanian) at Honaker Trail, Paradox Basin, Utah." Journal of Paleontology 76, no. 3 (May 2002): 495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000037331.
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In cyclical Pennsylvanian strata, conodonts find their greatest stratigraphic utility as biotic signatures of physically defined stratigraphic entities (cycles, parasequences, high frequency sequences, etc.) rather then the primary means of stratigraphic subdivision (e.g., biostratigraphic interval zones). The practice of identifying depositional entities for purposes of regional correlation on the basis of their constituent conodont faunas is herein called conodont sequence biostratigraphy. In this paper, the concept is utilized to successfully correlate Pennsylvanian cycles of the Paradox basin with their Midcontinent counterparts.The Honaker Trail section is the most accessible and well-studied succession of carbonate shelf strata in the Paradox basin. Approximately 350 m of cyclically bedded limestone, sandstone, and shale comprising 53 fifth-order cycles are exposed along the cliffs of the deeply entrenched San Juan River. Maximum transgressive facies of 19 cycles yielded Idiognathodus-Neognathodus- and/or Streptognathodus-dominated conodont faunas. Those from the Chimney Rock, Gothic, LHT-5, UHT-3, UHT-5, UHT-8, unnamed limestone, and Shafer correspond to faunas from the Verdigris, Lower Fort Scott, Altamont (Lake Neosho), Lost Branch, Hertha (Mound City), Swope (Hushpuckney), Dennis (Stark), and South Bend cycles of the Midcontinent, respectively. By extrapolation, all minor cycles of the Marmaton, Pleasanton, and Bronson Groups (except for the Critzer) also appear to have counterparts at Honaker Trail.The position of the Desmoinesian–Missourian boundary in the Honaker Trail section can be approximated using conodonts in conjunction with fusulinids. The highest Desmoinesian conodont fauna, the Idiognathodus nodocarinatus fauna, occurs in cycle UHT-3 in the lower part of the Upper Honaker Trail sequence. The highest occurrence of Beedeina occurs in the same cycle. The lowest conodont fauna with the Missourian species I. eccentricus appears two cycles higher, in cycle UHT-5. Because in the Midcontinent region a small interval of strata separates the first appearance of I. eccentricus from the base of the Missourian, we place the base of the Missourian at the base of cycle UHT-4 (bed 105) at Honaker Trail. The appearance of Streptognathodus firmus and S. pawhuskaensis in the Shafer limestone indicates that the Missourian–Virgilian boundary lies slightly above or below this stratigraphic horizon.
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Pedersen, H. "Aviation and Jet Contrails: Impact on Astronomy." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 196 (2001): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090016406x.
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Attention is drawn to aspects of aviation that have a detrimental effect on ground-based astronomy. Depending on observing methods, science data can be influenced by an aircraft's emission of light, its thermal emission, exhaust products and condensation trail. Although these effects are mostly short-lasting for a given observing direction, they can be highly significant, and influence time-resolved astronomical observations. While the very young contrails can easily be recognized by ground-based or spaceborne observations, concern should also be given to older (hours, days) contrails, which have lost their characteristic linear shape. Contrails may grow to widths of tens of kilometers, and become almost indistinguishable from natural cirrus. As aviation increases, this may imply fewer photometric nights, in particular in the northern hemisphere, where by far the largest fuel consumption takes place.
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Dutta, Indranil, Woothvasita Mondal, and Debraj Mondal. "Oral 600mg misoprostol vs manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) for the management of incomplete abortion- a randomized controlled trail." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2021.004.
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Approximately one in five recognized pregnancies are spontaneously miscarried in the first trimester and an additional 22% end in induced abortion. Incomplete abortion occurs when there are retained products of conception (POC) after induced abortion (whether by unsafe or safe methods) or after spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage. Some women may resort to self-induction. These conditions increase the likelihood that women will experience abortion complications and will seek treatment for incomplete terminations. Incomplete abortion can be treated with expectant management, which allows for spontaneous evacuation of the uterus, or active management, using surgical or medical methods. Expectant management is not preferred by many providers due to its relatively low efficacy and the fact that the time interval to spontaneous expulsion is unpredictable.The study was performed in a Durgapur Steel plant hospital, a tertiary care Hospital in West Bengal, India. The institute caters a huge area, both rural and urban. The study was done between 1st January2019 to 31st October 2020.Study population was drawn from patients attended OPD and patients admitted with incomplete abortions, either of spontaneous or, induced etiology in the Dept. Of Obst, & Gynae, Durgapur Steel plant hospital. A total of 80 women were randomised to either a single dose of 600 micrograms of oral misoprostol or MVA.160 women were recruited to the trial, of which 80 women were grouped into misoprostol group & another 80 to MVA group. Immediately after abortion, all the patients were available & data collected from all the patients. But during next follow-up after 1-2 wk, 33 in the MVA group & 27 in the misoprostol group did not come (Lost to follow up n=33) for follow-up. So, approximately 41% (33) of participants in MVA group & 34% (27) in the misoprostol group were lost to follow-up.In our study both MVA & Misoprostol groups had similar age distribution. Mean age in MVA group 23.5 years (± 4.5) and in MISO group 23.4 Years (± 4.8). For treatment of first-trimester uncomplicated incomplete abortion, both manual vacuum aspiration and 600 µg oral misoprostol are safe, effective, and acceptable treatments. However, misoprostol appears to be somewhat better option than MVA, in regards to availability, low cost of therapy, less pain, less need of expert manpower or specialised instruments.
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Schoonderwoerd, Ruud, Owen E. Holland, Janet L. Bruten, and Leon J. M. Rothkrantz. "Ant-Based Load Balancing in Telecommunications Networks." Adaptive Behavior 5, no. 2 (January 1997): 169–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105971239700500203.
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This article describes a novel method of achieving load balancing in telecommunications networks. A simulated network models a typical distribution of calls between nodes; nodes carrying an excess of traffic can become congested, causing calls to be lost. In addition to calls, the network also supports a population of simple mobile agents with behaviors modeled on the trail-laying abilities of ants. The ants move across the network between randomly chosen pairs of nodes; as they move, they deposit simulated pheromone as a function of their distance from their source node and the congestion encountered on their journey. They select their path at each intermediate node according to the distribution of simulated pheromone at each node. Calls between nodes are routed as a function of the pheromone distributions at each intermediate node. The performance of the network is measured by the proportion of calls that are lost. The results of using ant-based control (ABC) are compared with those achieved by using fixed shortest-path routes, and also those achieved by using an alternative algorithmically based type of mobile agent previously proposed for use in network management. The ABC system is shown to result in fewer call failures than the other methods, while exhibiting many attractive features of distributed control.
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Rudner, Justine, Albrecht Lepple-Wienhues, Wilfried Budach, Johannes Berschauer, Björn Friedrich, Sebastian Wesselborg, Klaus Schulze-Osthoff, and Claus Belka. "Wild-type, mitochondrial and ER-restricted Bcl-2 inhibit DNA damage-induced apoptosis but do not affect death receptor-induced apoptosis." Journal of Cell Science 114, no. 23 (December 1, 2001): 4161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.23.4161.
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The proto-oncogene Bcl-2 is expressed in membranes of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and mediates resistance against a broad range of apoptotic stimuli. Although several mechanisms of Bcl-2 action have been proposed, its role in different cellular organelles remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the function of Bcl-2 targeted specifically to certain subcellular compartments in Jurkat cells. Bcl-2 expression was restricted to the outer mitochondrial membrane by replacing its membrane anchor with the mitochondrial insertion sequence of ActA (Bcl-2/MT) or the ER-specific sequence of cytochrome b5 (Bcl-2/ER). Additionally, cells expressing wild-type Bcl-2 (Bcl-2/WT) or a transmembrane domain-lacking mutant (Bcl-2/ΔTM) were employed. Apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation or by the death receptors for CD95L or TRAIL was analyzed by determination of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and activation of different caspases. Bcl-2/WT and Bcl-2/MT strongly inhibited radiation-induced apoptosis and caspase activation, whereas Bcl-2/ΔTM had completely lost its anti-apoptotic effect. Interestingly, Bcl-2/ER conferred protection against radiation-induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis similarly to Bcl-2/MT. The finding that ER-targeted Bcl-2 interfered with mitochondrial ΔΨm breakdown and caspase-9 activation indicates the presence of a crosstalk between both organelles in radiation-induced apoptosis. By contrast, Bcl-2 in either subcellular position did not influence CD95- or TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.
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Hartijasti, Yanki, Joash Tapiheru, and Purwo Santoso. "Borobudur: Commodification Within A Poor Knowledge Conservation." Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 4 (2020): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.44366.
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This paper takes Borobudur as a showcase in the promotion of an artifact with poor knowledge management. It indeed, one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1991, but it has been presented merely as a physical appearance. What makes it interesting is its grandeur as the largest Buddhist temple in the world during the glory of the Sailendra Kingdom in Java for five centuries, instead of the landmark of science and technological advance which should have advanced Indonesia’s achievement by now. The commodification has led Indonesia to turn Borobudur as a magnet for foreign tourists. There are numerous Buddhist sites in Indonesia which are part of the tourist destinations to trace Buddhist civilization in Indonesia, such as Buddhist temple in Jambi (Sumatra), Sleeping Buddha Statue in Mojokerto (East Java), and other Buddhist temples in Java and Bali. Yet, Borobudur has not been presented as the trail of Buddhist Civilization given the absence of knowledge conservation, let alone knowledge reproduction. Borobudur signifies the fact that Buddhism is the earliest religion that heavily influenced the incoming dominant religion later on. Much of its intangible aspect of the heritage has lost and forgotten given the poor knowledge management in the country. Ministry of Education needs to recover and reinvent the lost knowledge to make the commodification go along with meaning-making.
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Doyle, Tony. "Privacy, obfuscation, and propertization." IFLA Journal 44, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0340035218778054.
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As our digital wake ripples out, big data is standing by to ride it, applying its analytics to make unnerving inferences about our characters, preferences, and future behavior. This paper addresses the challenge that big data presents to privacy. I examine what are perhaps the two most promising attempts to repel big data’s attack on privacy: obfuscation and the “propertization” of personal information. Obfuscation attempts to throw data collectors off our digital trail by confusing or misleading them. Propertization calls for treating personal information as intellectual property and would require that data holders compensate data subjects for any secondary use. I try to show that both defenses largely fail. I conclude that privacy is a lost cause and that we should call off the attempts to defend it from the moral point of view. I close with some thoughts about what this all means for libraries.
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Pribbenow, Merle L. "Rolling Thunder and Linebacker Campaigns: The North Vietnamese View." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 10, no. 3-4 (2001): 197–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656101793645524.
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AbstractNorth Vietnam has the dubious distinction of having more combat experience against U.S. air power than any other nation in the world. Rolling Thunder, the first U.S. bombing campaign against North Vietnam (1965–68), lasted longer than U.S. air operations in Europe during World War II. When one adds the 1972 Linebacker air campaign against North Vietnam and the almost nine-year bombing campaign against the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos, only Iraq, with the air campaigns of Operations Desert Storm and Iraqi Freedom book-ending a twelve-year (1991–2003), low-intensity confrontation against U.S. aircraft over the no fly zones, faced U.S. air attacks longer. The air battles over Iraq, however, cannot be compared with the battles fought in the skies over North Vietnam. During the course of the war, more than 1,100 U.S. fixed wing aircraft were lost in combat operations.
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Sakiyama, Tomoko, and Yukio-Pegio Gunji. "Optimal random search using limited spatial memory." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 3 (March 2018): 171057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171057.
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Lévy walks are known to be efficient movements because Lévy walkers search wide areas while restricting returns to previously visited sites. A self-avoiding walk (SAW) is a series of moves on a lattice that visit the same place only once. As such, SAWs can also be effective search algorithms. However, it is not realistic that foragers memorize many visited positions for a long time. In this work, we investigated whether foragers performed optimal searches when having limited memory. The agent in our model followed SAWs to some extent by memorizing and avoiding visited places. However, the agent lost its memory after a while. In that situation, the agent changed its reactions to visited patches by considering global trail patterns based on local memorized information. As a result, we succeeded in making the agent occasionally produce ballistic walks related to power-law tailed movements across some ranges.
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Chen, Yihong, Anna Hultgårdh Nilsson, Isabel Goncalves, Andreas Edsfeldt, Gunnar Engström, Olle Melander, Marju Orho-Melander, et al. "Evidence for a protective role of placental growth factor in cardiovascular disease." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 572 (December 2, 2020): eabc8587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abc8587.
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Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a mitogen for endothelial cells, but it can also act as a proinflammatory cytokine. Because it promotes early stages of plaque formation in experimental models of atherosclerosis and was implicated in epidemiological associations with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), PlGF has been attributed a pro-atherogenic role. Here, we investigated whether PlGF has a protective role in CVD and whether elevated PlGF reflects activation of repair processes in response to vascular stress. In a population cohort of 4742 individuals with 20 years of follow-up, high baseline plasma PlGF was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, but these associations were lost or weakened when adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors known to cause vascular stress. Exposure of cultured endothelial cells to high glucose, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or an inducer of apoptosis enhanced the release of PlGF. Smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells treated with PlGF small interference RNA demonstrated that autocrine PlGF stimulation plays an important role in vascular repair responses. High expression of PlGF in human carotid plaques removed at surgery was associated with a more stable plaque phenotype and a lower risk of future cardiovascular events. When adjusting associations of PlGF with cardiovascular risk in the population cohort for plasma soluble tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis–inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor-2, a biomarker of cellular stress, a high PlGF/TRAIL receptor-2 ratio was associated with a lower risk. Our findings provide evidence for a protective role of PlGF in CVD.
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Clark, William F., A. Keith Stewart, Gail A. Rock, Marion Sternbach, David M. Sutton, Brendan J. Barrett, Paul A. Heidenheim, and David N. Churchill. "A Randomised Controlled Trail of Plasma Exchange in Rapidly Progressive Renal Failure of Myeloma." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 4899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.4899.4899.
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Abstract In myeloma, plasma exchange (PE) has been suggested to prevent rapidly progressive kidney failure by reducing exposure to nephrotoxic light chains. We carried out a randomized controlled multi-centre trial comparing PE or no PE in 104 patients of whom 101 met the inclusion, exclusion criteria and 4 were lost to follow-up. We compared baseline characteristics as well as renal outcomes and performed a futility analysis to determine the sample size necessary for potential statistical significance for the changes noted. Thirty-nine patients were randomized to the control group and 58 to the PE group with a 6-month follow-up. The baseline characteristics of these 2 groups were similar including serum creatinine, dialysis dependence, age, gender, serum calcium, serum albumin, 24 -hour urine for protein levels and Durie-Salmon myeloma staging. Thirteen (33.3%) of the control group and 19 (33.3%) of the PE group died within 6 months of follow up. Ten patients (31%) in the control and 10 patients (21%) in the PE arm were dialysis dependent at 6 months. Seven patients (47%) came off dialysis in the control and 13 patients (59%) in the PE arm with the mean number of dialysis days from 0–6 months being 45.7±67.6 in the control versus 29.2±56.1 in the PE arm at 6 months. The mean serum creatinine in the control group was 314.6±256.1 μmol/L versus 215.4±215.3 μmol/L in the PE group and the composite end point of death, dialysis or serum creatinine >254 μmol/L occurred in 12 (30.8%) in the control and 11 (19.3%) in the PE arm. The futility analysis to indicate the per group sample size necessary to achieve statistical significance at 6 months for the difference we observed was infinite for cumulative mortality, 805 for dialysis dependence, 2418 for coming off dialysis, 321 for number of dialysis days, 132 for creatinine difference of 100 μmol/L and for the composite outcome of death, dialysis or creatinine>354 μmol/L, 737. We did not observe a statistically significant difference in mortality or renal morbidity for PE versus no PE in patients with myeloma and rapidly progressive kidney failure.
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Kuroda, Yoshiaki, Akira Sakai, Naohiro Tsuyama, Yuta Katayama, Shoso Munemasa, Yoshiko Okikawa, Hideki Asaoku, et al. "Cyclin D1 Overexpression Increases Chemosensitivity Via Prolonged S-Phase and TRAIL Signal in Myeloma Cell." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3530.3530.
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Abstract The mechanism of oncogenesis of plasma cells remains unclear. Since tumor cells are post-germinal center B cells, reciprocal chromosomal translocations between the IgH gene located on chromosome 14q32 and other chromosomal partners such as cyclin D1 located on chromosome 11q23, which are supposed to be candidate oncogene, arise in myeloma cells during the procedure of isotype switching. However, a recent study demonstrated that multiple myeloma (MM) with cyclin D1 overexpression belongs to the low-risk group. Previously, we reported that cyclin D1 overexpression downregulated cyclin D2 expression in myeloma cells and increased the sensitivity to treatment with anti-myeloma agents such as bortezomib (PS-341), dexamethasone, melphalan, and immunomodulatory thalidomide analogs in a comparison between RPMI8226 transfected cyclin D1 and mock. Here we have analyzed characteristics of RPMI8226 transfected cyclin D1. This cyclin D1 transfectant did not induce cell growth advantage, and cell cycle analysis by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) stimulation showed significant increase cell number in S-phase without an increase of that in G2/M-phase and decrease of cell number in G0/G1-phase. Therefore, Cyclin D1 overeexpression prolonged the S-phase. Western blot analysis demonstrated an increase in the hyperphosphorylated form of retinoblastoma protein (ppRb), and this ppRb was also found in KMS12BM, KMS21BM, in which myeloma cell line cyclin D1 overexpresion was detected due to t(11;14). Considering that ppRb releases free E2F, the increase in E2F could be expected to upregulate apoptosis-related genes. However, expressions of p53, Bcl-2, Bax, Bad, Bim, Mcl-1, p16, and CDK4 were not changed in cyclin D1 transfectant besides the decrease in p27 expression compared with those of the mock and parent cells. Furthermore, cyclin D1 overexpression that alone did not induce apoptosis because there were no such cells detected in sub-G0/G1 by BrdU stimulation without treatment by anti-myeloma agents. On the other hand, treatment with anti-myeloma agents induced both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways earlier in the cyclin D1 transfectant. And this cyclin D1 transfectant cells easily lost viability in confluent samples. Interestingly, expression of the TRAIL receptors (DR4 & DR5) were significantly higher in cyclin D1 transfectant cells and treatment with recombinant TRAIL induced apoptosis earlier compared with those of mock and parent cells. There was no difference of TRAIL expression in these cells by western blot. These findings suggest that high sensitivity to anti-myeloma agents in myeloma cell with cyclin D1 overexpressin might be due to the prolonged S-phase duration and high expression of TRAIL receptor. We speculate that high ppRb induces gene instability via high E2F and leads to progressive disease in MM. This might be a reason why cyclin D1 overexpression caused by t(11;14) or hyperdiploidy is an early event in the progression of MM.
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Bhoyar, Nitin, Baraturam Bhaisara, and Dinesh Kumar Singh. "Efficacy of intermittent prophylaxis vis a vis no prophylactic interventions in febrile seizure recurrence: randomised controlled trail." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 4064. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20194592.
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Background: To compare efficacy of intermittent prophylaxis during subsequent febrile episodes with antipyretics alone or antipyretics with anticonvulsant (clobazam) vis a vis no prophylactic interventions except need-based antipyretic measures in preventing recurrence of febrile seizures.Methods: This prospective randomized controlled interventional study was carried out in neurologically normal children. Study conducted over 14 months (March 2014 - May 2015), tertiary care hospital Mumbai. Inclusion criteria was, children aged from 6 month to 5 years with history of simple febrile seizure, lasting for less than 15 minutes, with Frequency less than one episode in 24 hours. Children with history of afebrile or complex febrile seizure, CNS comorbidity, family history of epilepsy, abnormal electroencephalogram, Unwillingness or non-feasibility of follow up were excluded from study. The patients were randomly grouped in A (No Prophylaxis n= 60), B (Antipyretic prophylaxis n=57) and C (Antipyretics + clobazam prophylaxis n=55). All cases were followed up telephonically every 15 days from date of first seizure as well as personal follow up at 1,3,6 months either in the hospital or at home. End point of study was taken as six months of follow-up from enrolment or lost-to-follow up. Efficacy of intervention was compared using chi-square test, Pearson chi-square test with/without Yates continuity correction and/or Fisher exact test, with p value of <0.05 as test of significance.Results: Sixty cases in group A developed febrile episodes and 6 of them developed recurrence of febrile seizures, with a recurrence rate of 10% among total cases and 9.67% among all febrile episodes. Recurrence rate was significantly higher (10%) in cases who did not receive any prophylactic intervention (Group A) as compared to pooled recurrence rate in group B and C together 1.78% (p=0.022).Conclusion: Regular antipyretic prophylaxis, alone or along with clobazam does not reduce the risk of recurrence in simple febrile seizures as compared to those who receive antipyretic intervention.
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Matson, Roger, and Jack Magathan. "Hanna of Wyoming—The Rockies’ Deepest Basin." Mountain Geologist 54, no. 4 (November 2017): 265–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.54.4.265.
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The Hanna Basin is one of the world’s deeper intracratonic depressions. It contains exceptionally thick sequences of mature, hydrocarbon-rich Paleozoic through Eocene rocks and has the requisite structural and depositional history to be a significant petroleum province. The Tertiary Hanna and Ferris formations consist of up to 20,000 ft of organic-rich lacustrine shale, shaly mudstone, coal, and fluvial sandstone. The Upper Cretaceous Medicine Bow, Lewis, and Mesaverde formations consist of up to 10,000 ft of marine and nonmarine organic-rich shale enclosing multiple stacked beds of hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone. Significant shows of oil and gas in Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks occur in the basin. Structural prospecting should be most fruitful around the edges where Laramide flank structures were created by out-of-the-basin thrust faults resulting from deformation of the basin’s unique 50-mile wide by 9-mile deep sediment package. Strata along the northern margin of the basin were compressed into conventional anticlinal folds by southward forces emanating from Emigrant Trail-Granite Mountains overthrusting. Oil and gas from Pennsylvanian to Upper Cretaceous aged rocks have been found in such structures near the Hanna Basin. Only seven wells have successfully probed the deeper part of the Hanna Basin (not including Anadarko’s #172 Durante lost hole, Sec. 17, T22N, R82W, lost in 2004, hopelessly stuck at 19,700 ft, unlogged and untested). Two of these wells tested gas at commercial rates from Upper Cretaceous rocks at depths of 10,000 to 12,000 ft. Sparse drilling along the Hanna Basin’s flanks has also revealed structures from 3,000 to 7,000 feet deep which yielded significant shows of oil and gas.
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Najafian, Mahin, Mojgan Barati, Sara Masihi, and Ailin Fardipor. "Investigation the Effects of Metformin versus Insulin on Neonatal and Maternal Outcomes in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Clinical Trail." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 4 (September 28, 2016): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n4p272.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of metformin versus insulin in the glycemic control and to investigate the maternal and neonatal outcomes in in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Pregnant women with gestational diabetes were randomized to either receive metformin (n=70) or insulin (n=70). Inclusion criteria were singleton pregnancy, following healthy diet and performing exercise for at least one week without satisfactory blood glucose level, no risk factor contributing to lactic acidosis, and no anatomic and/or chromosome anomalies. Two patients were excluded from the study due to lost to follow-up. The mean score of BMI and FBS after treatment was similar between two groups. But, the mean score of 2 hours blood sugar in insulin group (104.38±7.06 mg/dl) was significantly higher than metformin group (97.5±5.98 mg/dl) (P<0.0001). The weight gain in metformin group was slightly lower than insulin group. (P=0.123). The proportion of neonatal hypoglycemia in insulin group was higher than metformin group (20 vs 3, P=0.002). Other neonatal outcomes such as IUGR, IUFD, fetal anomaly, polyhydramnios, macrosomia, oligohydramnios, and NICU stay did not differ significantly between two groups. In conclusion, metformin had compatible effect with insulin in decreasing adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes even in some parameters such as neonatal hypoglycemia it works better. Totally, metformin is safe and effectiveness in controlling the gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Iliff, John. "T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN OIL SPILL: RESTORATION PROJECTS OVERVIEW." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-145.
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ABSTRACT The January 7, 1994, barge Morris J. Berman grounding and oil spill off Punta Escambrín, near San Juan, Puerto Rico, resulted in injury to natural resources along the shoreline and impaired their use for an extended time. Three major injury categories were pursued by the Trustees and the restoration projects for these injuries are presented in this paper. Including interest, approximately $10M in settlement funds are being used to fund 6 restoration projects. About $6 million of the settlement funds is being used for three projects to restore eolianite reef habitat, a type of fossilized sand dune, and other reef resources injured by the barge grounding and subsequent spill. One project, called the Condado Coral Trail project, will install artificial reef modules in the Condado Lagoon, approximately 1 mile southeast of the barge grounding site. Also in the Condado Lagoon, a 32-acre dredge hole will be brought back to historic elevations through beneficial use of dredged marine sediments. The third reef project entails acquisition of shoreline and coastal property which is intended to provide reef resource services comparable to those lost as a result of the oil spill and grounding. This parcel provides habitat for over 40 rare species of plants and animals including a major nesting beach for the endangered Leatherback Sea Turtle. The acquisition project also serves as the sole compensatory restoration project for lost recreational beach use. The parcel is being designated as a Puerto Rico Natural Reserve thereby allowing the public to use the land, including its unspoiled beaches, for recreational purposes. Finally, three restoration projects are being implemented to compensate for the lost historic visitor use services at the San Juan National Historic Site. More than 123,000 visitors to the El Morro and San Cristobal forts were affected by the spill for approximately six weeks. The first of the three projects includes Improving and Extending the Coastal Promenade, a walkway at the base of El Morro. The second is restoration of El Morro Water Battery and the third is cleaning and stabilizing certain exterior walls of the El Morro Fort.
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Ribeiro, Patricia, Herminia Pereira, Isabel Costa, Maria H. Sousa, Antonio Conduto, Isabel Pocas, Paula Viegas, et al. "The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway Is Implicated in Myelodysplastic Syndromes through the Fas/Fas-L/FADD System." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 4840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.4840.4840.
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Abstract The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenias, increased apoptosis and possible transformation into acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). MDS are considered “clonal” stem cell disorders but the precise mechanism is yet unknown. Lately there has been some evidence implicating the extrinsic apoptosis pathway in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The present study included 30 cases (2001/03) classified according to WHO: 6 RA, 1 RARS, 7 RAEB type I, 3 RAEB type II, 2 RCMD, 2 MDS/MDP, and 2 aplastic anemias, 3 AML secondary to MDS and 4 control cases with normal histology. We assessed the expression of TNF-related-apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its receptors, of Fas, Fas-L, Fas-associated-death-domain (FADD), caspase-8, caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation factor (DFFP) by RT-PCR and by immunohistochemical staining. Results were correlated with the expression of CD34, HLA-DR15, CD15, CD20, CD68 and CD117. Patients were stratified according to the international prognostic scoring system (IPSS). Fas, Fas-L and FADD were overexpressed in low risk IPSS categories and in RA and RARS, but gradually lost their expression in more advanced stages and were not expressed in RAEB II and AML cases. This expression was inversely correlated with the expression of caspase-8 and DFFP. We observed that CD34+ and HLA-DR15+ samples were positively correlated with the expression of FADD, caspase-8 and DFFP. TRAIL was positive in normal histology and AML cases but its expression was diminished in all other samples. Our data suggest that the extrinsic apoptotic pathway may be implicated in MDS through Fas, Fas-L and FADD. RAEB II may be grouped with AML, as it shows a lesser degree of apoptosis than lower risk MDS categories. A better understanding of these diseases will allow for a better and more individualized management. This work was supported by a grant from the Terry-Fox Foundation.
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Mak, Po Yee, Duncan H. Mak, Yuexi Shi, Vivian Ruvolo, Rodrigo Jacamo, Michael Andreeff, and Bing Z. Carter. "ARC Is Regulated by MAPK and PI3K and Confers Drug Resistance and Survival Advantage to AML in Vitro and in Vivo." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.893.893.
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Abstract Abstract 893 ARC (Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain) is a unique antiapoptotic protein that has been shown to suppress the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. We previously reported that ARC is one of the most potent adverse prognostic factors in AML and that high ARC protein expression predicted shorter survival and poor clinical outcome in patients with AML (Carter BZ et al., Blood 2011). Here we report how ARC is regulated and its role in inhibition of AML apoptosis and in cell survival. We provide evidence that ARC expression is regulated by MAPK and PI3K signaling. Inhibition of MAPK and PI3K pathways decreased ARC mRNA and protein levels in AML cells. ARC expression in AML cells is upregulated in co-cultures with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and the upregulation is suppressed in the presence of MAPK or PI3K inhibitors. To investigate the role of ARC in apoptosis resistance in AML, we generated stable ARC overexpressing (O/E) KG-1 and stable ARC knock down (K/D) OCI-AML3 and Molm13 cells and treated them with Ara-C and agents selectively inducing intrinsic (ABT-737) or extrinsic (TRAIL) apoptosis. We found that ARC O/E cells are more resistant and ARC K/D cells more sensitive to Ara-C, ABT-737, and TRAIL-induced apoptosis: EC50s of Ara-C, ABT-737, or TRAIL treatment at 48 hours for ARC O/E KG-1 and control cells were 1.5 ± 0.1 μM vs. 83.5 ± 4.6 nM, 2.2 ± 0.2 μM vs. 60.2 ± 3.1 nM, or 0.97 ± 0.03 μg/mL vs. 0.17 ± 0.08 μg/mL, respectively and for ARC K/D OCI-AML3 and control cells were 0.33 ± 0.02 μM vs. 3.4 ± 0.2 μM, 0.24 ± 0.01 μM vs. 1.3 ± 0.1 μM, or 0.13 ± 0.09 μg/mL vs. 0.36 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively. Bone marrow microenvironment is known to play critical roles in AML disease progression and in protecting leukemia cells from various therapeutic agent-induced apoptosis. Leukemia cells were co-cultured with MSCs in vitro study to mimic the in vivo condition. ARC was found to be highly expressed in MSCs and stable ARC K/D MSCs were generated. AML cell lines and primary patient samples were co-cultured with ARC K/D or control MSCs and treated with Ara-C, ABT-737, or TRAIL. Interestingly, ARC K/D MSCs lost their protective activity for leukemia cells treated with these agents. EC50s for OCI-AML3 cells co-cultured with ARC K/D or control MSCs for 48 hours treated with Ara-C, ABT-737, or TRAIL were 1.0 ± 0.04 μM vs. 4.5 ± 0.2 μM, 0.15 ± 0.06 μM vs. 0.53 ± 0.02 μM, or 1.4 ± 0.8 μg/mL vs. 8.1 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, ARC O/E KG-1 cells grew faster and ARC K/D OCI-AML3 and Molm13 cells and ARC K/D MSCs grew slower than their respective controls. We then injected KG-1 cells into mice and found that NOD-SCID mice harboring ARC O/E KG-1 had significantly shorter survival than mice injected with the vector control KG-1 (median 84 vs. 111 days) as shown in the figure. Collectively, results demonstrate that ARC plays critical roles in AML. ARC is regulated by MSCs through various signaling pathways in AML cells, protects leukemia cells from apoptosis induced by chemotherapy and by agents selectively inducing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. ARC regulates leukemia cell growth in vitro and in vivo. The results suggest that ARC is a potential target for AML therapy. In addition, targeting ARC in MSCs suppresses microenvironmental protection of AML cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Foit Jr., Franklin F., Peter J. Mehringer Jr., and John C. Sheppard. "Age, distribution, and stratigraphy of Glacier Peak tephra in eastern Washington and western Montana, United States." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-042.
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Tephra layers from Williams Lake Fen, Wildcat Lake, and East Wenatchee, Washington, and Kearns Basin, Lost Trail Pass, Sheep Mountain Bog, and Marys Frog Pond, Montana, were analyzed by electron microprobe (EMP), and associated lake deposits were radiocarbon dated. Though the tephra layers can be grouped by source (Glacier Peak, Mount Mazama, Mount Saint Helens, and unknown source), statistical analyses of both glass and mineral compositions show that finer distinctions within a group (for example, Glacier Peak B, M, and G) cannot be made on the basis of chemical data obtained using conventional EMP techniques. It appears that more-sensitive analytical techniques may be needed to discriminate among the Glacier Peak tephras. Tephra stratigraphy at the various sites reveals a potentially greater complexity in Glacier Peak tephra distributions and ages than was anticipated. All sites, except Sheep Mountain Bog and East Wenatchee, contained two Glacier Peak tephras. Taken as a whole the Glacier Peak tephra layers may record closely timed, multiple eruptions with restricted ash falls as well as widespread tephra from large eruptions. Radiocarbon dating generally confirms a 14C age of 11 200 years BP for a distal Glacier Peak couplet(s) that occurs, stratigraphically, both above and below Mount Saint Helens J tephra in east-central Washington.
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Milazzo, Kathy M. "The Cuna: An Expression of Cultural Preservation and Creole Identity in Nineteenth Century New Mexico." Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings 2016 (2016): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cor.2016.35.
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Spanish dance history begins in Roman times with the puellae Gaditanae, the temple dancers who expressed eastern Mediterranean fertility rites through a legendary sensuality. Nineteenth-century accounts of dance in New Mexico that allude to highly sensual movements suggest a continuation of this representation of the female dancing body. In an 1846 diary detailing her travels on the Santa Fe Trail, Susan Magoffin offers a report of the cuna as witnessed in a gambling hall in Santa Fe. Her descriptions echo accounts of notorious Spanish dances from previous centuries like the zarabanda and the zorongo—dances created at crossroads in the Spanish Americas where Spaniards, black Africans, Native peoples, and other Europeans intersected. Studies show that the Spanish language spoken by old New Mexican families contains many archaic elements that have been lost in other Spanish-speaking countries due to the State's isolated geographic location. Like Spanish terminology, were the cuna and other dances remnants of dances forgotten in other Spanish lands? In the first half of the nineteenth century, New Mexico progressed from a Spanish colony to the northern frontier of independent Mexico, before it was absorbed into the United States. Building on narratives found in eyewitness accounts, this paper will explore the role of dance as a preservation site of old Spanish practices as it was shaping a unique New Mexican creole identity.
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Dias, B., J. B. Scoggins, and T. E. Magin. "Luminosity calculation of meteor entry based on detailed flow simulations in the continuum regime." Astronomy & Astrophysics 635 (March 2020): A184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037498.
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Context. Composition, mass, and trajectory parameters of meteors can be derived by combining observations with the meteor physics equations. The fidelity of these equations, which rely on heuristic coefficients, significantly affects the accuracy of the properties inferred. Aims. Our objective is to present a methodology that can be used to compute the luminosity of meteor entry based on detailed flow simulations in the continuum regime. Methods. The methodology consists in solving the Navier–Stokes equations using state-of-the-art physico-chemical models for hypersonic flows. It includes accurate boundary conditions to simulate the surface evaporation of the molten material and coupled flow-radiation effects. Such detailed simulations allow for the calculation of heat-transfer coefficients and luminous efficiency, which can be incorporated into the meteor physics equations. Finally, we integrate the radiative transfer equation over a line of sight from the ground to the meteor to derive the luminosity magnitude. Results. We use the developed methodology to simulate the Lost City bolide and to derive the luminosity magnitude, obtaining good agreement between numerical results and observations. The computed color index is more prominent than the observations. This is attributed to a lack of refractory elements such as Ca in the modeled flow that might originate from the vaporization of droplets in the trail, a phenomenon currently not included in the model.
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Mangado, E. Ochoa, A. Madoz-Gúrpide, and E. Salvador Vadillo. "Does Gender have any Effect on the Neurophycological Damage in Cocaine Addicts?" European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70598-x.
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Records:Taking into account the differences on the basal cognitive performance, pattern of drug use, and the influence of menstrual cycle on cerebral blood flow and neuronal lost, it is expected to find differences on the neuropsychological damage resulting of chronic cocaine use according to the patient's gender.Objetive:To know about the influence of the gender factor on the neurophycological damage as a result of chronic use of cocaine.Experiment and method:Using a neurophicological assessment battrery (digit (WAIS-III), Trail Making, Card's, Zoo's (BADS), and Wisconsin Card test), we compare the performance between males (N= 19) and females (N= 5). This assessment is part of a wider observatory prospective study with a control group, to study neurophycology damage caused by the cronic consumption of cocaine (Proyect MSC-2005/465 (DGPNSD).Results:The mean age on our sample is 36.0 years (ds: 6.3); mean of schooling time was 8.4 years. 83.3% consume cocaine daily, but only 12.5% injected intravenously. The average of daily cocaine consumption is 1.5 gr (ds: 1.3). 87.5% use also other illegal substances.No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in any of the tests applied. The adjustment was made considering different patterns of drug use, schooling time and other variables. In the others analysis of the same tests in the group control neither did no find any different evidence in gender factor.Conclusions:Differences according to gender could not be found. On the statistical adjustment, pattern of cocaine use and previous cognitive function were considered.
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Mangado, E. Ochoa, A. Madoz-Gúrpide, and E. Salvador Vadillo. "Does Gender have any Effect on the Neurophycological Damage in Cocaine Addicts?" European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70681-9.
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Records:Taking into account the differences on the basal cognitive performance, pattern of drug use, and the influence of menstrual cycle on cerebral blood flow and neuronal lost, it is expected to find differences on the neuropsychological damage resulting of chronic cocaine use according to the patient's gender.Objetive:To know about the influence of the gender factor on the neurophycological damage as a result of chronic use of cocaine.Experiment and method:Using a neurophicological assessment battrery (digit (WAIS-III), Trail Making, Card's, Zoo's (BADS), and Wisconsin Card test), we compare the performance between males (N= 19) and females (N= 5). This assessment is part of a wider observatory prospective study with a control group, to study neurophycology damage caused by the cronic consumption of cocaine (Proyect MSC-2005/465 (DGPNSD).Results:The mean age on our sample is 36.0 years (ds: 6.3); mean of schooling time was 8.4 years. 83.3% consume cocaine daily, but only 12.5% injected intravenously. The average of daily cocaine consumption is 1.5 gr (ds: 1.3). 87.5% use also other illegal substances.No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in any of the tests applied. The adjustment was made considering different patterns of drug use, schooling time and other variables. In the others analysis of the same tests in the group control neither did no find any different evidence in gender factor.Conclusions:Differences according to gender could not be found. On the statistical adjustment, pattern of cocaine use and previous cognitive function were considered.
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Afsar, Sardar Sohail, Mohammad Gulzar, Mohammad Idrees, and Iqtidar Ullah Babar. "LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 01 (January 10, 2015): 049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.01.1411.
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Objective: With aging, chemical hormonal and vascular factors have their partto play in lateral epicondylitis. The objective is to compare results of autologous blood injectionand corticosteroid injection in treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Place and Location: Out PatientDepartment of Peshawar Institute of Medical Sciences, Peshawar from March 2013 to February2014. Material and Methods: A prospective randomized control trail conducted on 58 patientsfulfilling inclusion criteria. DASH score and VAS score used as outcome measures and bothwere recorded before injections and at each follow up made at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 12 weeksand 24 weeks interval. P-value was calculated where applicable. Results: Out of 79 patients 65met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 41.43 years ±13.43. 36 were females and 29 males.Dominant elbow involved in 39 patients. Mean duration of symptoms was 7.1±2.9 months. 7patients lost in follow up. DASH score improved in both groups (P value <0.0001) but whencompared there was no significance difference between the two groups ( P value 0.33 at 12weeks and 0.09 at 24 week follow up). Similarly Mean VAS improved at 12 and 24 week followup (P value <0.0001) in both groups but when compared the difference was non-significant(P value .071 at 12 weeks and 0.12 at 24 weeks follow up. Conclusions: Both steroid andautologous blood injection has shown improvement in pain and physical activity and provideacceptable results although none superior to other significantly.
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Ballantyne, Mark, Donna Louise Treby, Joseph Quarmby, and Catherine Marina Pickering. "Comparing the impacts of different types of recreational trails on grey box grassy-woodland vegetation: lessons for conservation and management." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 3 (2016): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15239.
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Tourism and recreation are popular in natural areas but can damage plant communities, including those of high conservation value in protected areas. This includes impacts from recreational trails, but what type of trail has the most impact and why? We compared the impacts of five different trails (narrow, intermediate and wide bare earth trails, intermediate gravel trails and wide tarmac trails) on the endangered grey box grassy-woodland (Eucalyptus microcarpa (Maiden) Maiden) in Belair National Park near Adelaide in South Australia. First, the extent, width and area of recreational trails in the remnant woodland were mapped. Then, vegetation parameters were recorded in quadrats at three distances from the edge of trails in the woodland, with 10 replicate sites per trail type and single quadrats at 10 control sites (i.e. total 60 sites, 160 quadrats). All trails resulted in vegetation loss on the trail surface and along the edges of the trails, as well as changes in vegetation composition, including reductions in shrubs and bulbs close to the trail. The most common types of trail were bare earth trails with an average width of 2.5 m (50% of trails) which resulted in the greatest soil loss (>88 000 m3) and vegetation loss (33 899 m2 or 3.4 ha) in the 167 ha woodland remnant overall. Wider (5.4 m) hardened tarmac trails, however, were associated with low species richness, high cover of exotic grasses and few herbs, shrubs and bulbs compared with vegetation away from trails and closer to other trails. Therefore a mixed approach to the provision of trails may be most appropriate, with hardened trails used in areas of highest use, but in some circumstances leaving trails unhardened may be more appropriate where they are likely to remain narrow and where there is less likely to be erosion and/or safety issues.
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Liu, Xiaoran, Dennis J. Hanseman, Catherine M. Champagne, George A. Bray, Lu Qi, Donald A. Williamson, Stephen D. Anton, Frank M. Sacks, and Jenny Tong. "Predicting Weight Loss Using Psychological and Behavioral Factors: The POUNDS LOST Trial." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 1274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz236.
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Abstract Context Eating habits and food craving are strongly correlated with weight status. It is currently not well understood how psychological and behavioral factors influence both weight loss and weight regain. Objective To examine the associations between psychological and behavioral predictors with weight changes and energy intake in a randomized controlled trial on weight loss. Design and setting The Prevention of Obesity Using Novel Dietary Strategies is a dietary intervention trial that examined the efficacy of 4 diets on weight loss over 2 years. Participants were 811 overweight (body mass index, 25-40.9 kg/m2; age, 30-70 years) otherwise healthy adults. Results Every 1-point increase in craving score for high-fat foods at baseline was associated with greater weight loss (-1.62 kg, P = .0004) and a decrease in energy intake (r = -0.10, P = .01) and fat intake (r = -0.16, P < .0001) during the weight loss period. In contrast, craving for carbohydrates/starches was associated with both less weight loss (P < .0001) and more weight regain (P = .04). Greater cognitive restraint of eating at baseline was associated with both less weight loss (0.23 kg, P < .0001) and more weight regain (0.14 kg, P = .0027), whereas greater disinhibition of eating was only associated with more weight regain (0.12 kg, P = .01). Conclusions Craving for high-fat foods is predictive of greater weight loss, whereas craving for carbohydrates is predictive of less weight loss. Cognitive restraint is predictive of less weight loss and more weight regain. Interventions targeting different psychological and behavioral factors can lead to greater success in weight loss.
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Nurk, Eha, Helga Refsum, Ingvar Bjelland, Christian A. Drevon, Grethe S. Tell, Per M. Ueland, Stein E. Vollset, Knut Engedal, Harald A. Nygaard, and David A. Smith. "Plasma free choline, betaine and cognitive performance: the Hordaland Health Study." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512001249.
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Choline and betaine are nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism. Choline is essential for neurodevelopment and brain function. We studied the associations between cognitive function and plasma concentrations of free choline and betaine. In a cross-sectional study, 2195 subjects (55 % women), aged 70–74 years, underwent extensive cognitive testing including the Kendrick Object Learning Test (KOLT), Trail Making Test (part A, TMT-A), modified versions of the Digit Symbol Test (m-DST), Block Design (m-BD), Mini-Mental State Examination (m-MMSE) and Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). Compared with low concentrations, high choline (>8·4 μmol/l) was associated with better test scores in the TMT-A (56·0v. 61·5,P= 0·004), m-DST (10·5v. 9·8,P= 0·005) and m-MMSE (11·5v. 11·4,P= 0·01). A generalised additive regression model showed a positive dose–response relationship between the m-MMSE and choline (P= 0·012 from a corresponding linear regression model). Betaine was associated with the KOLT, TMT-A and COWAT, but after adjustments for potential confounders, the associations lost significance. Risk ratios (RR) for poor test performance roughly tripled when low choline was combined with either low plasma vitamin B12( ≤ 257 pmol/l) concentrations (RRKOLT= 2·6, 95 % CI 1·1, 6·1; RRm-MMSE= 2·7, 95 % CI 1·1, 6·6; RRCOWAT= 3·1, 95 % CI 1·4, 7·2) or high methylmalonic acid (MMA) ( ≥ 3·95 μmol/l) concentrations (RRm-BD= 2·8, 95 % CI 1·3, 6·1). Low betaine ( ≤ 31·1 μmol/l) combined with high MMA was associated with elevated RR on KOLT (RRKOLT= 2·5, 95 % CI 1·0, 6·2). Low plasma free choline concentrations are associated with poor cognitive performance. There were significant interactions between low choline or betaine and low vitamin B12or high MMA on cognitive performance.