Journal articles: 'Low and ultra low sulfur diesel fuels'

1

Fujikawa, Takashi. "Highly Active HDS Catalyst for Producing Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel Fuels." Topics in Catalysis 52, no. 6-7 (April 14, 2009): 872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-009-9228-y.

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Malchevsky, V., and R. Varbanets. "RESEARCH OF THE EFFICIENCY OF MARINE DIESEL FUEL COOLING SYSTEM ON THE BASIS OF NEW REFRIGERANTS." Internal Combustion Engines, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/0419-8719.2021.1.01.

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The requirements of the International Maritime Organization, government environmental agencies and other non-governmental groups are aimed at reducing emissions of harmful substances into the environment during the operation of diesel engines. Among these substances, the most dangerous are sulfur oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). In accordance with the specified requirements, there is an active transition to fuels with ultra-low sulfur content. The use of these fuels in marine diesel engines is associated with a number of difficulties, because these engines are usually designed for operation on fuels with high viscosity and lubricity. The viscosity values for ultra-low sulfur fuels are close to the permitted minimums for diesel engines at normal engine room temperature. The greatest difficulties occur when the viscosity values fall below the specific range when the fuel temperature before the engine increases. For reliable operation of the engine, the fuel temperature must be constantly maintained at a range in which the fuel viscosity will have the required values. For this purpose the engine design provides presence of fuel cooling system with a water cooler and a chiller for heat removal from water. In this paper the efficiency of chiller refrigeration plant was investigated using new perspective refrigerant mixtures R125/R290 and R134a/R290 as working fluids in comparison with basic R134a and R22. The values of composition for both mixtures are chosen such that they are closest to the azeotrope. It is possible for azeotrope mixtures to minimize the temperature difference between heat exchanging medias in condenser and evaporator of refrigeration plant. During the investigation it was revealed that the values of refrigeration coefficient of refrigerating plant when using mixtures as working fluids were somewhat lower when operating on R134a and R22. But the values of volumetric refrigeration capacity with mixtures as working fluids are significantly higher.

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Zinina, N. D., A. L. Timashova, M. V. Pavlovskaya, and D. F. Grishin. "An antiwear additive for ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel." Petroleum Chemistry 54, no. 5 (September 2014): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544114050119.

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Uchôa, Igor M. A., Marcell S. Deus, and Eduardo L. Barros Neto. "Formulation and tribological behavior of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels microemulsified with glycerin." Fuel 292 (May 2021): 120257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120257.

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Díaz de León, Jorge, Chowdari Ramesh Kumar, Joel Antúnez-García, and Sergio Fuentes-Moyado. "Recent Insights in Transition Metal Sulfide Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts for the Production of Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel: A Short Review." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010087.

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The literature from the past few years dealing with hydrodesulfurization catalysts to deeply remove the sulfur-containing compounds in fuels is reviewed in this communication. We focus on the typical transition metal sulfides (TMS) Ni/Co-promoted Mo, W-based bi- and tri-metallic catalysts for selective removal of sulfur from typical refractory compounds. This review is separated into three very specific topics of the catalysts to produce ultra-low sulfur diesel. The first issue is the supported catalysts; the second, the self-supported or unsupported catalysts and finally, a brief discussion about the theoretical studies. We also inspect some details about the effect of support, the use of organic and inorganic additives and aspects related to the preparation of unsupported catalysts. We discuss some hot topics and details of the unsupported catalyst preparation that could influence the sulfur removal capacity of specific systems. Parameters such as surface acidity, dispersion, morphological changes of the active phases, and the promotion effect are the common factors discussed in the vast majority of present-day research. We conclude from this review that hydrodesulfurization performance of TMS catalysts supported or unsupported may be improved by using new methodologies, both experimental and theoretical, to fulfill the societal needs of ultra-low sulfur fuels, which more stringent future regulations will require.

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Farahani, M., D. J. Y. S. Pagé, and M. P. Turingia. "Sedimentation in biodiesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel blends." Fuel 90, no. 3 (March 2011): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.10.046.

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7

Dunn, Robert O. "Fuel Properties of Biodiesel/Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) Blends." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 88, no. 12 (June 17, 2011): 1977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1871-3.

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Zarrabi, Mahshid, Mohammad H. Entezari, and Elaheh K. Goharshadi. "Photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by C/TiO2@MCM-41 nanoparticles under visible light and mild conditions." RSC Advances 5, no. 44 (2015): 34652–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02513c.

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Today, due to the environmental pressures on the sulfur content of gasoline and fuel cell applications, petroleum refineries need a very deep desulfurization process to reach the ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD, 1 ppm).

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Tran, Viet Dung, Anh Tuan Le, and Anh Tuan Hoang. "An Experimental Study on the Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with ULSD-Biodiesel Blends." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.34022.

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As a rule, the highest permissible sulfur content in the marine fuel must drop below 0.5% from 1 January 2020 for global fleets. As such, ships operating in emission control areas must use low sulfur or non-sulfur fuel to limit sulfur emissions as a source of acid rain. However, that fact has revealed two challenges for the operating fleet: the very high cost of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and the installation of the fuel conversion system and the ULSD cooling system. Therefore, a solution that blends ULSD and biodiesel (BO) into a homogeneous fuel with properties equivalent to that of mineral fuels is considered to be significantly effective. In the current work, an advanced ultrasonic energy blending technology has been applied to assist in the production of homogeneous ULSD-BO blends (ULSD, B10, B20, B30, and B50 with blends of coconut oil methyl ester with ULSD of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% by volume) which is supplied to a small marine diesel engine on a dynamo test bench to evaluate the power and torque characteristics, also to consider the effect of BO fuel on specific fuel consumption exhaust gas temperature and brake thermal efficiency. The use of the ultrasonic mixing system has yielded impressive results for the homogeneous blend of ULSD and BO, which has contributed to improved combustion quality and thermal efficiency. The results have shown that the power, torque, and the exhaust gas temperature, decrease by approximately 9%, 2%, and 4% respectively with regarding the increase of the blended biodiesel rate while the specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency tends to increase of around 6% and 11% with those blending ratios.

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Baik, Doo Sung, and Young Chool Han. "The effect of biodiesel and ultra low sulfur diesel fuels on emissions in 11,000 CC heavy-duty diesel engine." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 19, no. 3 (March 2005): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02916135.

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11

Hossain, M., S. M. A. Sujan, and M. S. Jamal. "Antioxidant Effect on Oxidation Stability of Blend Fish Oil Biodiesel with Vegetable Oil Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Fuel." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 2 (June 17, 2013): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.2.75-80.

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Two different phenolic synthetic antioxidants were used to improve the oxidation stability of fish oil biodiesel blends with vegetable oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) most effective for improvement of the oxidation stability of petro diesel, whereas tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) showed good performance in fish oil biodiesel. Fish oil/Rapeseed oil biodiesel mixed showed some acceptable results in higher concentration ofantioxidants. TBHQ showed better oxidation stability than BHT in B100 composition. In fish oil biodiesel/diesel mixed fuel, BHT was more effective antioxidant than TBHQ to increase oxidationstability because BHT is more soluble than TBHQ. The stability behavior of biodiesel/diesel blends with the employment of the modified Rancimat method (EN 15751). The performance ofantioxidants was evaluated for treating fish oil biodiesel/Rapeseed oil biodiesel for B100, and blends with two type diesel fuel (deep sulfurization diesel and automotive ultra-low sulfur or zero sulfur diesels). The examined blends were in proportions of 5, 10, 15, and 20% by volume of fish oilbiodiesel.

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12

Du, H., and F. Yu. "Nanoparticle formation in the exhaust of vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 16 (August 18, 2008): 4729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4729-2008.

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Abstract. The concern of adverse health impacts from exposure to vehicle-emitted nanoparticles has been escalating over the past few years. In order to meet more stringent EPA emission standards for particle mass emissions, advanced exhaust after-treatment systems such as continuously regenerating diesel particle filters (CRDPFs) have to be employed on vehicles and fuel with ultra-low sulfur is to be used. Although CRDPFs were found to be effective in reducing particle mass emissions, they were revealed to increase the potential of volatile nanoparticle formation. Significant nanoparticle concentrations have also been detected for vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel but without CRDPFs. The main focus of this paper is the formation and evolution of nanoparticles in an exhaust plume under ultra-low sulfur conditions. Such a study is necessary to project future nanoparticle emissions as fuel compositions and after-treatment systems change. We have carried out a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the effects of enhanced sulfur conversion efficiency, sulfur storage/release, and presence of non-volatile cores on nanoparticle formation using a detailed composition resolved aerosol microphysical model with a recently improved H2SO4-H2O homogeneous nucleation (BHN) module. Two well-controlled case studies show good agreement between model predictions and measurements in terms of particle size distribution and temperature dependence of particle formation rate, which leads us to conclude that BHN is the main source of nanoparticles for vehicles equipped with CRDPFs. We found that the employment of CRDPFs may lead to the higher number concentration of nanoparticles (but smaller size) in the exhaust of vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel compared to those emitted from vehicles running on high sulfur fuel. We have also shown that the sulfate storage and release effect can lead to significant enhancement in nanoparticle production under favorable conditions. For vehicles running on ultra-low sulfur fuel but without CRDPFs, the BHN is negligible; however, the condensation of low volatile organic compounds on nanometer-sized non-volatile cores may explain the observed nucleation mode particles.

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13

Elsayed, Omar, Ralf Kirsch, Fabian Krull, Sergiy Antonyuk, and Sebastian Osterroth. "Pore-Scale Simulation of the Interaction between a Single Water Droplet and a Hydrophobic Wire Mesh Screen in Diesel." Fluids 6, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6090319.

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Recently, the trend towards sustainable energy production and pollution control has motivated the increased consumption of ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) or bio-fuels. Such fuels have relatively low surface tension with water and therefore, the separation of water from fuel has become a challenging problem. The separation process relies on using porous structures for the collection and removal of water droplets. Hence, understanding the interaction between water droplets and the separators is vital. The simplest geometry of a separator is the wire mesh screen, which is used in many modern water–diesel separators. Thus, it is considered here for systematic study. In this work, pore-scale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using OpenFOAM® (an open-source C++ toolbox for fluid dynamics simulations) coupled with a new accurate scheme for the computation of the surface tension force. First, two validation test cases were performed and compared to experimental observations in corresponding bubble-point tests. Second, in order to describe the interaction between water droplets and wire mesh screens, the simulations were performed with different parameters: mean diesel velocity, open area ratio, fiber radii, Young–Laplace contact angle, and the droplet radius. New correlations were obtained which describe the average reduction of open surface area (clogging), the pressure drop, and retention criteria.

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L. G. Schumacher and B. T. Adams. "Lubricity Effects of Biodiesel when Used with Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 24, no. 5 (2008): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25265.

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15

Hazrat, M. A., M. G. Rasul, and M. M. K. Khan. "Lubricity Improvement of the Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel Fuel with the Biodiesel." Energy Procedia 75 (August 2015): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.619.

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16

Kazmi, Bilal, Awan Zahoor, Hashmi Saud, and Zafar Khan Ghouri. "Desulfurization Of The Dibenzothiophene (DBT) By Using Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids(Ils)." Materials Physics and Chemistry 1, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/mpc.v1i2.571.

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In this work we examined the industrial scale extraction process of ultra-low sulfur diesel with the help of simulation software ASPEN Plus®. This work focuses on the [Cnmim] [BF4] (imidazolium-based) ionic liquid and employed it in the extractive desulfurization of the dibenzothiophene (DBT) from the model diesel fuel under a very mild process condition. UNIFAC (uniquasi functional activity) was chosen as the thermodynamic method to model the ionic liquid on ASPEN Plus® and different physical and chemical properties were then taken from the literature to be incorporated in the simulation model. Different parametric analysis was studied for the removal of thiophene-based compounds from the model diesel. The results acquired shows the significance of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) for the extraction of S-contents from the liquid fuels at an optimal process conditions of 40 ℃ and 2 bar pressure with the 2.8: 1 ratio of ionic liquid and model diesel which validates the experimental results obtained previously in the literature.

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17

An, Gao Jun, Chun Hua Xiong, Chang Bo Lu, Ya Wen Liu, You Jie Zhou, and Xu Dong Wang. "Production of Clean Fuel Utilizing the Unsupported Sulfide Catalysts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.84.

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The sulfur specification for diesel fuel has been tightened exponentially over the years. In this manuscript, the unsupported Ni-Mo (-W) sulfide hydrotreating catalysts were prepared to produce the clean diesel fuel with ultra-low sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatics contents. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Low Temperature N2Adsorption (BET method), and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) were applied to characterize the as-prepared catalysts. The characterization results indicate that the unsupported Ni-Mo (-W) hydrotreating catalyst have high specific surface area, large pore volume, high MoS2or WS2stacking layers, and large MoS2or WS2crystal length. The catalysts were evaluated in the micro-reactor using FCC diesel fuel as the raw material. The evaluation results reveal that the unsupported Ni-Mo (-W) catalysts have excellent hydrogenation performance. Utilizing the unsupported Ni-Mo (-W) sulfide catalysts is an efficient method to produce clean diesel fuel. Keywords: clean fuel; Ni-Mo (-W) sulfide; catalyst; hydrogenation

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18

MAYER, Andreas, Jan CZERWINSKI, Peter BONSACK, and Lassi KARVONEN. "DPF regeneration with high sulfur fuel." Combustion Engines 148, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117054.

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During the first decade of Diesel particle filter development and deployment in cars, trucks, buses and underground sites, DPF regeneration methods were engineered to be compatible with the then prevalent high sulfur content in the fuel > 2000 ppm. The mainly used methods were burners, electrical heaters, replaceable filters and non-precious metal fuel additives. Low sulfur Diesel fuel became only available from 1996 in Sweden, 1998 in Switzerland, and after 2000 everywhere in Europe. Thus, the deployment of precious metal catalytic converters was feasible both as original equipment and retrofitting of in-use engines. The so-called CRT particle filters using PGM-catalysis for providing NO2 for low temperature regeneration became very successful wherever ULSD was available. However, in many applications, e.g. off-road and in the construction industry, Diesel engines continued to run on high sulfur fuel and in many emerging countries, even on-road Diesel fuel still contains between 1000 and 2000 ppm sulfur. These countries suffer very much from air pollution through increasing Diesel particle emissions and the high impact of black carbon particles on human health as well as on the global warming is worrying. Hence, the necessity for modern particle filters which are compatible with high sulfur content of the fuel. In the context of Chinese megalopolis, this paper reports investigation of a fuel which is typical for China (containing > 1000 ppm sulfur) and compares results with European standard Diesel fuel. The test objects were two modern SiC particle filters, which were regenerated using different iron-based FBC. The combustion attributes of the soot were investigated by TGA and their EC/OC composition was examined. The results indicate that at the given test conditions the fuel sulfur does not significantly change the filters’ physical and chemical properties. Neither the filter particle loading process nor the filter regeneration is noticeably different for the high sulfur test fuel compared to the ultra-low sulfur European fuel. Therefore VERT-verified iron-based FBC-type DPF can be used in countries where ULSD is not yet available.

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19

Fujikawa, Takashi. "Development of New CoMo HDS Catalyst for Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Production." Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 50, no. 5 (2007): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi.50.249.

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20

Nancarrow, Paul, Nadia Mustafa, Ammara Shahid, Vandhana Varughese, Umaimah Zaffar, Rania Ahmed, Nawshad Akther, et al. "Technical Evaluation of Ionic Liquid-Extractive Processing of Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 54, no. 43 (October 13, 2015): 10843–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02825.

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21

Çamur, Hüseyin, and Ebaa Alassi. "Physicochemical Properties Enhancement of Biodiesel Synthesis from Various Feedstocks of Waste/Residential Vegetable Oils and Palm Oil." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 4928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164928.

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The main aim of the present study was to improve the oxidation stability and cold flow properties of biodiesel produced from waste frying/cooking oil and palm oil. In this work, waste frying/cooking methyl ester (WFME) and palm methyl ester (PME) were prepared using an alkali-catalyzed transesterification process, and the physicochemical properties of the pure biodiesel as well as of binary blends among them were investigated. The results indicated that palm biodiesel and WFME18, produced from a mixture of frying, cooking, sunflower, and corn oils, can be used as antioxidant additives, enhancing biodiesel stability. Additionally, it was found that WFME1 and WFME12 derived from waste residential canola oil can be used as cold flow improvers for enhancing the cold flow properties of palm biodiesel. Moreover, ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel winter (ULSDFW), ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel summer (ULSDFS), kerosene (KF), and benzene (BF) were utilized to enhance the cold flow properties of the samples and meet the requirements of diesel fuel standards. The investigation of the experimental results indicated that blending WFME-PM with a low proportion of petroleum-based fuel (KF and BF) could significantly improve the cold flow properties (CP and PP) as well as oxidation stability of WFME.

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22

Figueiredo, M. A. G., W. C. Souza, Harrison Corrêa, L. B. Ventura, H. L. Corrêa, S. S. X. Chiaro, and R. J. F. Souza. "Adsorption of Nitrogen Contaminants in the Light Gas Oil (LGO) and Light Cycle Oil (LCO) to Produce Diesel with Low Sulfur." Defect and Diffusion Forum 364 (June 2015): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.364.35.

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Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is obtained by Light Gas Oil (LGO) and Light Cycle Oil (LCO) feedstocks (middle fractions from distillate petroleum). In addition to the environmental requirements related to the production of fuels with a lower content of nitrogen, technical specifications refineries also stimulate the need to remove such compounds. Nitrogenous compounds, for example, are strong inhibitors for hydrodesulfurization reactions. As Brazilian oil has a high amount of nitrogen compounds, an alternative process for nitrogen removal has been investigated, such as adsorption. In this paper, the nitrogen removal was investigated. The adsorption tests were carried out in a shaking water batchs, by performing kinetic and isotherm tests. Two commercial clays were used: Fuller's earth and bentonite.

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23

Cramer, Jeffrey A., Robert E. Morris, Mark H. Hammond, and Susan L. Rose-Pehrsson. "Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel Classification with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares." Energy & Fuels 23, no. 2 (February 19, 2009): 1132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef8007739.

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Moser, Bryan R., Roque L. Evangelista, and Gulab Jham. "Fuel properties of Brassica juncea oil methyl esters blended with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel." Renewable Energy 78 (June 2015): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.01.016.

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Dai, Yongchuan, Yutai Qi, Dezhi Zhao, and Huicheng Zhang. "An oxidative desulfurization method using ultrasound/Fenton's reagent for obtaining low and/or ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel." Fuel Processing Technology 89, no. 10 (October 2008): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.03.009.

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Olindo and Vogtländer. "The Role of Hydrogen in the Ecological Benefits of Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel Production and Use: An LCA Benchmark." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072184.

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Desulphurization of oil-based fuels is common practice to mitigate the ecological burden to ecosystems and human health of SOx emissions. In many countries, fuels for vehicles are restricted to 10 ppm sulphur. For marine fuels, low sulphur contents are under discussion. The environmental impact of desulphurization processes is, however, quite high: (1) The main current source for industrial hydrogen is Steam Methane Reforming (SMR), with a rather high level of CO2 emissions, (2) the hydrotreating process, especially below 150 ppm, needs a lot of energy. These two issues lead to three research questions: (a) What is the overall net ecological benefit of the current desulphurization practice? (b) At which sulfphur ppm level in the fuel is the additional ecological burden of desulphurization higher than the additional ecological benefit of less SOx pollution from combustion? (c) To what extent can cleaner hydrogen processes improve the ecological benefit of diesel desulphurization? In this paper we use LCA to analyze the processes of hydrotreatment, the recovery of sulphur via amine treating of H2S, and three processes of hydrogen production: SMR without Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), SMR with 53% and 90% CCS, and water electrolysis with two types of renewable energy. The prevention-based eco-costs system is used for the overall comparison of the ecological burden and the ecological benefit. The ReCiPe system was applied as well but appeared not suitable for such a comparison (other damage-based indicators cannot be applied either). The overall conclusion is that (1) the overall net ecological benefit of hydrogen-based Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel is dependent of local conditions, but is remarkably high, (2) desulphurization below 10 ppm is beneficial for big cities, and (3) cleaner production of hydrogen reduces eco-cost by a factor 1.8–3.4.

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Duncan, Andrew M., Noorbahiyah Pavlicek, Christopher D. Depcik, Aaron M. Scurto, and Susan M. Stagg-Williams. "High-Pressure Viscosity of Soybean-Oil-Based Biodiesel Blends with Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel." Energy & Fuels 26, no. 11 (October 24, 2012): 7023–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef3012068.

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Churkunti, Preetham Reddy, Jonathan Mattson, Christopher Depcik, and Ger Devlin. "Combustion analysis of pyrolysis end of life plastic fuel blended with ultra low sulfur diesel." Fuel Processing Technology 142 (February 2016): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.10.021.

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Mei, Hai, B. W. Mei, and Teh Fu Yen. "A new method for obtaining ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel via ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization☆." Fuel 82, no. 4 (March 2003): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(02)00318-6.

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30

Depcik, Christopher, Joshua Jachuck, Dylan Jantz, Farshid Kiani, Michael Mangus, Jonathan Mattson, Edward Peltier, and Susan M. Stagg-Williams. "Influence of Fuel Injection System and Engine-Timing Adjustments on Regulated Emissions from Four Biodiesel Fuels." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2503, no. 1 (January 2015): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2503-03.

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The use of biofuels for transportation has grown substantially in the past decade in response to federal mandates and increased concern about the use of petroleum fuels. As biofuels become more common, it is imperative to assess their influence on mobile source emissions of regulated and hazardous pollutants. This assessment cannot be done without first obtaining a basic understanding of how biofuels affect the relationship between fuel properties, engine design, and combustion conditions. Combustion studies were conducted on biodiesel fuels from four feedstocks (palm oil, soybean oil, canola oil, and coconut oil) with two injection systems, mechanical and electronic. For the electronic system, fuel injection timing was adjusted to compensate for physical changes caused by different fuels. The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and partial combustion products were compared across both engine injection systems. The analysis showed differences in NOx emissions based on hydrocarbon chain length and degree of fuel unsaturation, with little to no NOx increase compared with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel for most conditions. Adjusting the fuel injection timing provided some improvement in biodiesel emissions for NOx and particulate matter, particularly at lower engine loads. The results indicated that the introduction of biodiesel and biodiesel blends could have widely dissimilar effects in different types of vehicle fleets, depending on typical engine design, age, and the feedstock used for biofuel production.

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Du, Enpeng, X. Xu, K. Huang, H. Tang, and R. Tao. "Bunker diesel viscosity is dramatically reduced by electrorheological treatment." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 02 (January 16, 2018): 1850012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218500121.

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Bunker diesel is an important fuel for heavy duty engines, such as navy ships. It is different from the Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel which is used for highway system vehicles, which has high level sulfur. The Department of Defense (DOD) testified in September 2006 that its energy use represents about 1.2% of total U.S. energy use, of which marine diesel fuel accounts for 13%, that is, 16 million barrels of oil. The Navy spent $900 million for fuel for its ships and aircraft. For fossil-fueled Navy ships, reducing energy use can reduce fuel costs, increase cruising range, increasing its survivability by reducing emissions of hot exhaust gasses. If applied to a significant number of ships, an increase in cruising range might permit a reduction in Navy costs for fuel-related force structure and infrastructure. The flow rate of bunker diesel can be increased 30% by electric field treatment, that is, by reducing the viscosity at least 50%. This could lead to significant cost savings and increase cruising range.

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Palikhel, Laxman, Rupesh Lal Karn, Suman Aryal, and Barsha Neupane. "Effect of Natural and Synthesized Oil Blends with Diesel by Volume on Lubrication and Performance of Internal Combustion Engine." Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiee.v3i1.34331.

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Use of ultra-low sulfur diesel leads to improve emission but it has negative impact on lubrication. Poor lubrication leads to damage the cylinder parts and piston rings. For proper lubrication in ultra-low sulfur diesel, anti-wear agent, corrosion & Rust inhibitor, metal deactivator, Anti-oxidant, Pour point depressant, seal swell agent, viscosity improver and other are used. Viscosity improver such as polymers and copolymers of methacrylates, butadiene olefins and alkylated styrenes reduce the rate of viscosity change with temperature, metal deactivator are organic complexes containing nitrogen or sulphur, amines, sulphides and phosphites reduce catalytic effect on metals on oxidation rate, anti-wear agent such as Zinc dithiophosphates, organic phosphates and acid phosphates reduces friction and wear and prevent scoring and seizure. In this paper comparison of 5% blend of commercially available synthesized lubricating oil mixed with pure diesel by volume and 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha with pure diesel by volume is investigated. It is found that for the same brake power, indicated power provided by 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha is lower than 5% blend of lubricating oil. The friction loss for 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha is lower than 5% blend of lubricating oil. Throughout the load specific fuel consumption of 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha is lower than 5% blend of lubricating oil except at low load (i.e. before 1.5kg). Other performance parameters such as indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and mechanical efficiency also support the fact that 5% blend of transesterified Jatropha shows a better performance characteristics than 5% blend of lubricating oil.

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Botana-de la Cruz, Anakaren, Philip E. Boahene, Sundaramurthy Vedachalam, Ajay K. Dalai, and John Adjaye. "Mesoporous Adsorbents for Desulfurization of Model Diesel Fuel: Optimization, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies." Fuels 1, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010005.

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Mesoporous alumina-based adsorbents consisting of a π-electron acceptor complexing agent (2,7-dinitro-9-fluorenone) were synthesized and characterized. Adsorbents were screened for the removal of sulfur compounds from a model ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel via a charge transfer complex (CTC) mechanism. The sulfur adsorption isotherms and kinetics were examined. The kinetics of sulfur adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model with the CTC adsorbents. Among the three adsorbents screened, a commercial γ-Al2O3 CTC adsorbent showed the highest desulfurization in a short-run period. The regeneration of spent adsorbent was studied with three different polar solvents, namely chloroform, dichloromethane, and carbon tetrachloride. Dichloromethane was found to be the most suitable solvent for extracting a major portion of sulfur compounds occupied in the pores of the spent adsorbent. γ-Al2O3 CTC adsorbent can be reused after regeneration. Thermodynamic parameters such as Ea, ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS provided a better insight into the adsorption process.

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Lin, Cherng-Yuan, and Shih-Ming Tsai. "Comparison of Engine Performance between Nano- and Microemulsions of Solketal Droplets Dispersed in Diesel Assisted by Microwave Irradiation." Molecules 24, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193497.

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As a derivative product of bio-glycerol, this study first uses solketal as a combustion improver for enhancing diesel engine characteristics. The emulsions of nanometer- and micrometer-sized droplets of solketal, which disperse evenly in the ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), are formed by the effects of microwave irradiation. The performance of diesel engine fueled with the nanoemulsion of ULSD with scattered solketal droplets is analyzed and compared to that with the microemulsion. The experimental results show that the nanoemulsions can form when over 15 wt. % surfactant mixtures of Span 80 and Tween 80 and less than 5 wt. % solketal are mixed and emulsified with the remaining ULSD content, which acts as the continuous phase of the emulsions. The nanoemulsions are observed to have significantly lower brake-specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and higher fuel conversion efficiency and exhaust gas temperature than those of the microemulsions and the neat ULSD. However, the bsfc of the nanoemulsions increases with greater engine speed and gradually approaches those of the latter two test fuels. In addition, the dispersed solketal droplet sizes are mostly concentrated around 127 nm with peak intensity of 12.65% in the nanoemulsions. The microwave-assisted formation used in this study is found to successfully produce the nanoemulsions in which all of the dispersed droplet sizes are much smaller than 1000 nm.

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Qu, Jun, John J. Truhan, Peter J. Blau, and Harry M. Meyer. "Scuffing transition diagrams for heavy duty diesel fuel injector materials in ultra low-sulfur fuel-lubricated environment." Wear 259, no. 7-12 (July 2005): 1031–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.019.

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Lin, B. H., B. X. Shen, and J. G. Zhao. "A Study on the Prediction Model for the Lubricity of Hydrogenated Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel Fuel." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 33, no. 3 (November 29, 2010): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030902842210.

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Sentorun-Shalaby, Cigdem, Shyamal Kumar Saha, Xiaoliang Ma, and Chunshan Song. "Mesoporous-molecular-sieve-supported nickel sorbents for adsorptive desulfurization of commercial ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 101, no. 3-4 (January 2011): 718–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.11.014.

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Du, Yi, Bradley Wooler, Scott J. Hoy, David J. Lebron, and Michael R. Harper. "Detailed Mechanistic Studies of Hydroprocessing Catalysts on Real Feeds for Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel Production." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 18 (August 30, 2021): 14671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02160.

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Thepwatee, Sukanya, Nitipon Chekuntod, Atisayapan Chanchawee, and Pawnprapa Pitakjakpipop. "Light-Enhanced Adsorptive Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene Using Supported TiO₂-ZrO₂." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.391.

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Combustion of diesel fuel containing sulfur compounds emits SOx into atmosphere causing acid rain and respiratory illness in human. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) is one of the most difficult sulfur compounds in diesel to be removed by hydrodesulfurization (HDS). To produce ultra-low sulfur diesel (<15 ppmw-S), severe operating condition is required. As a result, production cost is increase. In this work, we investigated an alternative method for sulfur removal called Light-enhanced Adsorptive Desulfurization or L-ADS using supported TiO2-ZrO2. The TiO2-ZrO2 was loaded on commercial γ-Al2O3, fumed silica (FS), silica gel (SG) and zeolite (Z30) by wet-impregnation method. Impact of these supports on DBT removal were focused. Characteristic of the supported TiO2-ZrO2 was analyzed by N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). The presence of TiO2-ZrO2 greatly enhanced DBT removal compared to TiO2 and ZrO2. SG promoted DBT removal by facilitating the adsorption of dibenzothiophene sulfone (DBTO2), a product of DBT photocatalytic oxidation. Using TiO2-ZrO2/SG, 86% of sulfur was removed from 50 ppmw-S DBT/C16 within 4 h.

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Prada Silvy, Ricardo, and Sathish Kumar Lageshetty. "Conversion of heavy gasoil into ultra-low sulfur and aromatic diesel over NiWRu/TiO2–γAl2O3 catalysts: Role of titanium and ruthenium on improving catalytic activity." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 76 (December 23, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2020084.

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This contribution deals with about selective conversion of heavy gas oils into middle distillates fuels that meet ultra-low sulfur and aromatic compound quality standards by using a novel NiWRu/TiO2–γAl2O3 catalyst under typical hydrotreatment conditions. A diesel fuel fraction having sulfur, nitrogen and aromatics compound content of about 50 ppm, 10 ppm and 15 v%, respectively, was obtained when the reactor was operated at T = 370 °C, P = 12.4 MPa, LHSV = 0.5 h−1 and H2/hydrocarbon ratio = 800 Nm3/m3. Titanium and ruthenium additives used in the preparation of the NiWRu/TiO2–γAl2O3 catalyst, remarkably improved the catalytic activities for the hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation and hydrocracking reactions compared to the reference NiW/γAl2O3 catalyst. The coprecipitation of titanium and aluminum hydroxides produced a catalyst support having greater surface area, pore volume and surface acidity. An improvement in mechanical properties of the support extrudates was also observed. Characterization analysis by XPS, AUGER and XRD techniques of the TiO2–γAl2O3 support suggested the formation of an aluminum-titanate mixed phase (AlxTiyOz) having a non-well-defined stoichiometry. The NiW/TiO2–γAl2O3 and NiWRu/TiO2–γAl2O3 exhibited a greater surface dispersion of the supported nickel and tungsten species compared to the NiW/γAl2O3 catalyst. The promoter effect of ruthenium on the NiW bimetallic system caused a strong increase in both hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation reactions. Hydrodenitrogenation and hydrocracking reactions were also favored by the increase in the hydrogenation capacity and in the surface acidity of the catalyst. The highest conversion levels for all investigated reactions were obtained when the NiWRu/TiO2–γAl2O3 catalyst was prepared by co-impregnation of Ni and Ru in a second step. This catalyst showed sulfur tolerance properties when the reaction was conducted in the presence of different H2S partial pressures. The catalytic behavior of the NiWRu/TiO2–γAl2O3 catalyst was explained by the existence of a promoting effect between separated Ni and Ru sulfides species and the NiWS phase (dual mechanism).

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Yang, Ning, Xiaowen Deng, Bin Liu, Liwei Li, Yuan Li, Peng Li, Miao Tang, and Lin Wu. "Combustion Performance and Emission Characteristics of Marine Engine Burning with Different Biodiesel." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 5177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145177.

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Ship emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution in port cities. The prosperous maritime trade has brought great harm to the air quality of port cities while promoting the development of the world economy. During the berthing process, ship auxiliary machines emit a large amount of air pollutants, which have a great impact on air quality and public health. Alternative marine fuels are being studied and used frequently to reduce ship emissions. This research was carried out to investigate the gaseous and particles emission characteristics of a marine diesel engine during the application of experimental biodiesel fuels. To study the influence of mixed fuels on engine performance, measurements were made at different engine loads and speeds. Different diesel fuels were tested using various ratios between biodiesel and BD0 (ultra-low sulfur diesel) of 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100%. The results indicated the use of biodiesel has little influence on the combustion performance but has a certain impact on exhaust emissions. The octane number and laminar flame speed of biodiesel are higher than those of BD0, so the combustion time of the test diesel engine is shortened under the mixed mode of biodiesel. In addition, a high ratio of biodiesel leads to a decrease of the instantaneous peak heat release rate, causing the crank angle to advance. As the biodiesel blending ratio increased, most of the gaseous pollutants decreased, especially for CO, but it led to an increase of particle numbers. The particle size distribution exhibits a unimodal distribution under various conditions, with the peak value appearing at 30–75 nm. The use of biodiesel has no effect on this phenomenon. The peak positions strongly depend on fuel types and engine conditions. The particulate matter (PM) emitted from the test engine included large amounts of organic carbon (OC), which accounted for between 30% and 40% of PM. Whereas the elemental carbon (EC) accounted for between 10% and 20%, the water-soluble ions components accounted for 6–15%. Elemental components, which accounted for 3–8% of PM emissions, mainly consisted of Si, Fe, Sn, Ba, Al, Zn, V, and Ni. Generally, biodiesel could be a reliable alternative fuel to reduce ship auxiliary engine emissions at berth and improve port air quality.

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Bandyopadhyay, Sujaya, Ranjana Chowdhury, Chiranjib Bhattacharjee, and Supratim Pan. "Simultaneous production of biosurfactant and ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) using Rhodococcus sp. in a chemostat." Fuel 113 (November 2013): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.036.

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43

Moser, Bryan R., Aaron Williams, Michael J. Haas, and Robert L. McCormick. "Exhaust emissions and fuel properties of partially hydrogenated soybean oil methyl esters blended with ultra low sulfur diesel fuel." Fuel Processing Technology 90, no. 9 (September 2009): 1122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.05.004.

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Youn, Inmo, and Joonho Jeon. "Combustion Performance and Low NOx Emissions of a Dimethyl Ether Compression-Ignition Engine at High Injection Pressure and High Exhaust Gas Recirculation Rate." Energies 15, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051912.

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Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising alternative to diesel for compression-ignition (CI) engines used in various industrial applications. However, the high nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions of DME combustion have restricted its use. The primary cause of high NOx emissions is a high combustion temperature. In this study, a high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate was used when testing a common-rail direct injection CI engine suitable (with minor modifications) for a passenger car. A modified fuel supply system created high injection pressure during evaluation of combustion performance. The physical and chemical properties of DME were the principal determinants of the ignition delay, combustion speed, and heat release rate. Although a high injection pressure accelerated formation of the fuel-air mixture and the combustion speed, combustion performance deteriorated with increased NOx emissions. An increased EGR rate affected combustion and the NOx concentration. A high EGR rate effectively reduced NOx formation and emission under low-temperature combustion conditions. Also, the good DME combustion characteristics were maintained when the EGR rate was high, unlike for an ultra-low sulfur diesel engine.

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Saxena, Vipul, Naveen Kumar, and Raghvendra Gautam. "Experimental Investigation on the Effectiveness of Biodiesel Based Sulfur as an Additive in Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel on the Unmodified Engine." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 44, no. 2 (April 18, 2022): 2697–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2022.2059596.

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46

Liu, Huan, Changlong Yin, He Li, Bin Liu, Xuehui Li, Yongming Chai, Yanpeng Li, and Chenguang Liu. "Synthesis, characterization and hydrodesulfurization properties of nickel–copper–molybdenum catalysts for the production of ultra-low sulfur diesel." Fuel 129 (August 2014): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.03.055.

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Ergin, Selma, Murat Durmaz, and Saliha Saadet Kalender. "An experimental investigation on the effects of fuel additive on the exhaust emissions of a ferry." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 1000–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090218806709.

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This study experimentally investigates the effects of fuel additive on the exhaust emissions and performance of a marine diesel engine installed on a ferry. The fuel additive consisting of hydrocarbon solution of cyclic and aliphatic amino compounds is used to blend the ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel. On-board measurements of NOx, SO2, CO2, CO, hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions with and without fuel additive were carried out at different engine loads. The composition and formation of the particles are studied by using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The results show that the fuel additive reduced the emissions of CO, hydrocarbon and particulate matter by 6.5%, 60% and 38%, respectively. The elemental analysis of particles indicates that there are 13 major elements such as C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Zn and Fe in the samples. Considering the type of the fuel, the Ca, Fe and N are thought to come mainly from the fuel additive. The composition and components of the diesel particles and also the specific fuel oil consumption are not affected significantly by the fuel additive. Consequently, the fuel additive improves the combustion performance and reduces the CO, hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions of the engine.

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Morshedy, Asmaa S., Ahmed M. A. El Naggar, Sahar M. Tawfik, Omar I. Sif El-Din, Sana I. Hassan, and Ahmed I. Hashem. "Photoassisted Desulfurization Induced by Visible-Light Irradiation for the Production of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Using Nanoparticles of CdO." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120, no. 46 (November 14, 2016): 26350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b09057.

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Moser, Bryan R., and Steven F. Vaughn. "Evaluation of alkyl esters from Camelina sativa oil as biodiesel and as blend components in ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel☆." Bioresource Technology 101, no. 2 (January 2010): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.054.

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Zahos-Siagos, Iraklis, Vlasios Karathanassis, and Dimitrios Karonis. "Exhaust Emissions and Physicochemical Properties of n-Butanol/Diesel Blends with 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate (EHN) or Hydrotreated Used Cooking Oil (HUCO) as Cetane Improvers." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 3413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123413.

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Currently, n-butanol is a promising oxygenate (potentially of renewable origin) to be used in blends with conventional diesel fuel in compression ignition engines. However, its poor ignition quality can drastically deteriorate the cetane number (CN) of the blend. In the present work, the effects of adding n-butanol to ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) were assessed, aiming at simultaneously eliminating its negative effect on the blend’s ignition quality. Concentrations of 10% and 20% (v/v) n-butanol in ULSD fuel were studied. As cetane-improving agents, a widely used cetane improver (2-ethylhexyl nitrate—EHN) and a high-CN, bio-derived paraffinic diesel (hydrotreated used cooking oil—HUCO) were used. The initial investigation of ignition quality improvement with the addition of either EHN or HUCO produced four “ignition quality response curves” that served as mixing guides in order to create four blends of identical ignition quality as the baseline ULSD fuel. These four blends (10% and 20% v/v n-butanol in ULSD fuel, with the addition of either EHN or HUCO, at the cost of ULSD volume share only) were evaluated comparatively to the baseline ULSD fuel and a 10% (v/v) n-butanol/90% ULSD blend with regards to their physicochemical properties and the effect on the operation and exhaust emissions of a stationary diesel engine.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Low and ultra low sulfur diesel fuels'

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