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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Low back patients'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Mak, Nin-fung Joseph, and 麥年豐. "Electromyographic characterization of functional status of back musculature: applications in low back painrehabilitation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42182372.

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2

Law, Kam-yin. "The quality of life of patients with low back pain /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31683502.

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3

Law, Kam-yin, and 羅錦燕. "The quality of life of patients with low back pain." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45011643.

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4

Grewe, Jennifer R. "Detecting Malingering in Compensated Low Back Pain Patients: An Analog Study." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/552.

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Given the prevalence and cost of low back pain, particularly among workers' compensation patients, it is advantageous to understand how various psychological constructs may be related to prolonged disability and failure to return to work. Malingering is a psychological construct that is clearly relevant for worker compensation populations and is a construct that is well suited for experimental control within an analog study. Malingering is the intentional exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms that are motivated by external incentives such as time away from work. The ability to det

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5

Kool, Jan Pieter. "Physiotherapy and sick leave in patients with chronic low back pain." [Maastricht] : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2005. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6532.

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6

Rofail, Diana. "Treatment satisfaction and dissatisfaction in patients with chronic low back pain." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4616.

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This thesis explores treatment satisfaction and dissatisfaction in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Chapters 1 and 2 provide background on CLBP, and treatment satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Chapter 3 presents study 1, the systematic review which identified research concerning treatment satisfaction and dissatisfaction in patients with CLBP. Findings indicated a need to define the concept, and establish appropriate measurement based on patient input and evidence to support the reliability and validity of items. Chapter 4 presents study 2, a qualitative study. Ten patients with CLB

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7

Zadurian, Natalie. "The role of coping in primary care low back pain patients." Thesis, Keele University, 2011. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/3833/.

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Low back pain affects a large proportion of the general population. For some individuals, back pain becomes chronic, complex and difficult to treat effectively, with patients reporting continued pain and disability. A biopsychosocial framework has been adopted within research and clinical practice, as psychosocial factors have been recognised to be important in terms of pain management and recovery from back pain. Coping-related factors have been identified as particularly important, however a comprehensive examination of a wide range of coping factors is missing from available literature. A s

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8

Hill, Jonathan. "Identifying subgroups among patients with low back pain in primary care: Evaluating the STarT Back Tool." Thesis, Keele University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491699.

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Background: Identification of low back pain subgroups has been highlighted as a .priority for secondary prevention of persistent problems in primary care. The aim of this PhD was to develop and evaluate a new clinical tool (called the STarT Back Tool) to allocate patients with back pain into initial treatment subgroups based on treatmentmodifiable prpgnostic indicators. Methods: The setting was, UK primary care adults consulting with non-specific pack Ã‚Â·Ã‚Â·pain:Constructs that were independent prognostic indicators for persistence were identified from secondary analysis of 2 existing cohort

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9

Leung, Siu-lun Arran, and 梁兆麟. "Low back pain in Hong Kong: prevalence, service utilization and disability." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31238865.

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10

Abdel-Moty, Alma R. "Stated versus observed performance levels in patients with chronic low back pain." FIU Digital Commons, 1992. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1079.

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This study examined the relationship between chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients' perceived (stated) levels of function and their measured (observed) performance in squatting and stair climbing activities as compared to healthy volunteers. Twenty patients with CLBP and 20 healthy subjects were asked through an interview to self-assess their ability to comfortably perform stair climbing and squatting as well as other tolerances. The subjects were then asked to perform the activities and their performance levels were recorded. Results of the t-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedures

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11

Tobin, Derek. "An RCT comparison of advice versus usual care in low back pain patients classified as low risk with the start-back tool." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.726788.

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12

Hynes, Elizabeth. "Learning needs and perceived self-efficacy of patients with chronic low back pain." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25851.pdf.

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13

Kaliarntas, Konstantinos T. "Supported treadmill walking for low back pain patients : a biomechanical randomised controlled trial." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2011. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16797.

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14

Kim, Jung-Yong. "Patterns of trunk neuromuscular performance in normal subjects and low-back pain patients /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487868114109762.

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15

Tafazzoli, Faryaneh. "Mechanical behaviour of hamstring muscles in low-back pain patients and control subjects." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9583.

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16

Seferlis, Thanassis. "Acute low-back pain : a randomised controlled trial of sick-listed patients, with emphasis on co-morbidity, clinical outcome, predictors and costs /." Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3349-9/.

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17

Nabar, Sean J. "Modern Techniques of Adjunctive Pain Control Lower Opioid Use, Pain Scores, and Length-of-Stay in Patients Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/281776.

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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.<br>Study Design. Retrospective analysis. Objective. To determine if the use of adjunctive pain medications (subcutaneous bupivacaine, dexmedetomidine infusion, and intravenous ketorolac) will reduce the need for opioids, reduce postoperative pain, and shorten length of hospital stay in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion. Methods. Retrospective review of children 10 to 18 years with adolesce

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18

Gagnon, Laura. "Efficacy of pilates exercises as therapeutic intervention in treating patients with low back pain." Access full text, 2005. http://etd.utk.edu/2005/GagnonLaura.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2005.<br>UMI no.: 3177252. "A dissertation presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville". "May 2005". Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-89). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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19

Siu, Hiu-fai, and 蕭曉暉. "Quantitative lumbar surface EMG topographic analysis: comparison between normal and low back pain patients." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4327870X.

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20

Siu, Hiu-fai. "Quantitative lumbar surface EMG topographic analysis comparison between normal and low back pain patients /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4327870X.

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21

Rispinto, Sarah C. "Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Low Back Pain Treated in a Pain Rehabilitation Program." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1409235938.

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22

Razmjou, Helen. "Inter-tester reliability of the McKenzie evaluation in assessing patients with mechanical low back pain." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0005/MQ32502.pdf.

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23

Potter, Louise J. "An exploration of the physiological effects of spinal manipulation in patients with low back pain." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491146.

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Spinal manipulation (SM) is effective in reducing back pain, despite poor understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which it exerts its effect. There is some evidence of a biomechanical effect whereby joint 'gapping' stretches the joint capsules and weak evidence of a reflex muscular response. In terms of the latter it is far from clear whether this reflex is attributable to a SM and is not just a result of general movement or other non-specific effects nor whether it is associated with any therapeutic effect. SM is thought to be associated with an anti-algesic effect, although no previ

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24

El-Gohary, Tarek. "Partial versus full range of back extension endurance testing using the swiss ball in discogenic low back pain patients : a comparative study." Diss., NSUWorks, 2010. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/32.

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25

Mngoma, Nomusa F. "Evaluating outcomes of a return-to-work rehabilitation program for patients with work-related low back pain." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/824.

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26

Elfving, Britt. "Lumbar muscle fatigue and recovery : evaluation of electromyography in patients with long-term low-back pain and in healthy subjects /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-391-0/.

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27

Braddock, Sharon. "Does a physiotherapy cognitive behavioural chronic low back pain programme alter patients' health locus of control?" Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2016. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/617670/.

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BACKGROUND: Health locus of control (HLOC) is a person’s belief of where responsibilities for his/her health condition lies. It is associated with health attitudes, behaviours and outcomes in non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP). It is unknown whether a physiotherapy cognitive-behavioural chronic low back pain (CBCLBP) programme affects patients’ HLOC. AIMS: To examine: (1) the effect of a six-week CBCLBP programme on the patients’ primary outcome-HLOC, and also pain intensity, disability, fear-avoidance belief (FAB) and self-care attitude; (2) the association between changes in pain in

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28

Watterson, Kyle A. "Physical Therapy Utilization and Length of Stay among Patients with Low Back Pain in Florida Hospitals." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6978.

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Purpose: The purpose of this work was identify key factors associated with inpatient physical therapy utilization and length of stay for patients with low back pain (LBP) in Florida hospitals. Rationale: Little is known about factors associated with inpatient physical therapy or length of hospitalization for patients with LBP. This group of works identified the key factors associated with inpatient physical therapy and long lengths of hospitalization for this patient population. Since physical therapy and reduced length of stay are known cost-reducers, identifying key factors

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29

Perry, J. "The neurophysiological effects of physiotherapy (spinal manual and manipulative therapies) on patients with low back pain." Thesis, Coventry University, 2013. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/9bdd5b0c-87ae-4be4-ab28-0703ed195efc/1.

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Low Back Pain (LBP) is a condition that most people experience at least once in their lifetime and for which many will seek physiotherapeutic intervention. Recently published and internationally recognised clinical guidelines for the management of LBP recommend the use of spinal manual and manipulative therapy techniques alongside exercise, advice, education and pharmaceutical therapies, particularly in the early stages. Other areas of development in the last decade include classification systems, clinical prediction rules (CPR’s), patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS’s) and minimum clinic

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30

Houweling, Taco August Wilhelm. "Description of outcomes, patient experiences and related costs of care in low back pain patients undergoing chiropractic treatment in the UK." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/description-of-outcomes-patient-experiences-and-related-costs-of-care-in-low-back-pain-patients-undergoing-chiropractic-treatment-in-the-uk(fc402d9b-0521-4b42-a57b-43ee7f641238).html.

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Rationale: The prevalence of low back pain and associated costs to society are high. Despite this, the number of studies investigating observational data on the quality and costs of care in routine health care services, such as chiropractic, is relatively small in comparison to the clinical trial evidence available on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of manual therapies for low back pain. Objective: To document the quality and cost of care in low back pain patients undergoing routine chiropractic care in the United Kingdom. Design: Prospective single cohort multi-centre study. Particip

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31

Laslett, Mark. "Diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination compared to available reference standards in chronic low back pain patients /." Linköping : Dept. of Health and Society, Univ, 2005. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2005/med894s.pdf.

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32

Leeuw, Maaike. "Safe but sorry Theory, assesment, and treatment of pain-related fear in chronic low back pain patients /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2008. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=9708.

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33

林德 and Tak Lam. "An evidence-based guideline on yoga in reducing pain among adult patients with chronic low back pain." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193028.

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Low back pain (LBP) is a common complaint and health problem in Hong Kong, particularly among middle-aged individuals. LBP is the main cause of chronic disability which significantly affects the daily life activities of patients. Pain might result in repeated hospital admissions and subsequently increase the burden on health care providers in Hong Kong. LBP has an enormous effect on quality of life and therefore deserves research attention. Growing evidence shows that yoga may help reduce the level of chronic LBP in adult patients. However, no systematic review has been conducted to support

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34

Alm, Patrik. "Test- retest reliability of a test for joint position sense in patients with mechanical low back pain." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-74996.

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Abstract Background:Low back pain has a reported lifetime prevalence of about 70% and tops the list of years lived with disease in the developed countries. There is still to date areas on the mechanisms driving pain andmovement system impairments not fully understood. For some areas the research are evident butclinically friendly methods lack. A new test for measuring joint position sense (JPS) in the lumbar spine is tested forreliability. Objectives:Aim of this study was to evaluate test-retest reliability on a new test measuring JPS, using two laser pointers attached to the vertebrates

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35

Lewis, Sandra. "The relationships between stature recovery, muscle activity and psychological factors in patients with chronic low back pain." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2011. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/583373/.

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It has previously been established that individuals with mild chronic low back pain (CLBP) have a delayed rate of post-exercise stature recovery compared to asymptomatic controls, and that this is associated with increased paraspinal muscle activity, pain and disability. The purpose of this thesis was to explore these relationships further in NHS patients with CLBP and to establish if links exist between these measures and a number of psychological factors known to play an important role in the development of the condition. Forty seven patients were recruited from the waiting list for two phys

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36

Snelgrove, Sherrill. "A longitudinal investigation into patients' experiences of chronic low back pain (CLBP) using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42594.

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Background/aim: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a variant of chronic pain and an overarching term for a diverse number of painful and benign conditions of the lower spine. Research has shown that CLBP challenges biomedical explanation and treatments and incurs passive coping strategies. Despite the enduring nature of CLBP there are few longitudinal studies. The aim of this investigation was to gain understandings of any consistencies and changes in the experiences of participants' experiences of living with CLBP. Design: A qualitative, longitudinal IP A research project that explored participa

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37

Tarescavage, Anthony Michael. "PREDICTING TREATMENT OUTCOMES AMONG LOW BACK PAIN PATIENTS USING THE MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY-2-RESTRUCTURED FORM." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1447070671.

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38

Stenner, R. "Exercise prescription for patients with non-specific chronic low back pain : a qualitative exploration of physiotherapy practice." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2014. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/22930/.

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Background: Providing an effective exercise prescription process for a patient with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) within the limits of time that a busy clinician faces is a challenging task. Emerging research has indicated that partnership in care and shared decision making are important for people with NSCLBP, and calls for further investigation into the approaches used to prescribe exercise. Objective: To explore the characteristics and processes of physiotherapy exercise prescription for patients with NSCLBP, and investigate how shared decision making and patient partnership a

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39

Tarimo, Nesto Salia. "Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs on contributing factors among low back pain patients attending outpatients physiotherapy treatment in Malawi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9816_1331807958.

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<p>Low back pain (LBP) is a growing health and socio-economic problem worldwide, affecting humans from adolescent to adult age. In developed countries, more than 80% of adults are at risk of suffering a disabling episode of LBP at one point during their life time. In developing countries, particularly in Africa, the life time prevalence of LBP varies in population groups, but the disability due to LBP is increasing. The aetiology of LBP is multifactorial, and there is still no consensus on the exact cause and contributing factors to LBP. In addition, little is known about patients&rsquo<br>kno

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40

Russell, Brent S., Mark D. Geil, Jianhua Wu, and Kathryn T. Hoiriis. "Variability of vertical ground reaction forces in patients with chronic low back pain, before and after chiropractic care." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/kin_health_theses/3.

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Introduction Many chiropractic articles and textbooks discuss gait, but there actually has been little research into the effects of chiropractic adjustment on gait. This pilot study used a quantitative method of gait evaluation before and after a series of chiropractic visits. Hypotheses: (1) adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP) would show increased variability in vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) while walking, as compared to healthy control subjects, and (2) that, following chiropractic care, will show decreased variability. Methods VGRF data were collected for 6 controls and compar

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41

Grönblom-Lundström, Lena. "Rehabilitation in light of different theories of health : Outcome for patients with low-back complaints - a theoretical discussion." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och folkhälsovetenskap, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33475.

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The aim of this thesis was to investigate if the outcome of rehabilitation efforts is depending on what view health care has in relation to what need of care people have and if the outcome for different groups of patients with low-back complaints (specific versus non-specific complaints) is various successful. The outcome is measured in length of sick leave, number of spells and granted sickness and disability pensions. This thesis combines a theoretical analysis of different theories of health with studies of two empirical materials. One material comprises a group of individuals with low-back

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42

Lambert, Martin. "Use of a Direction Tolerance System (DTS) in Patients with Low Back Pain: Intra-Rater Reliability and Outcome." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2014. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/49.

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Problem Statement: Because of the lack of evidence in support of a pathology-based approach to low back pain (LBP), many researchers advocate the use of classification systems that classify patients with LBP based on common clinical characteristics. Treatment based on direction tolerance can improve circulation, diminish pain and inflammation, restore normal motion, and reduce fear-avoidance beliefs. Treatment performed in the standing position can functionally integrate related regions of the body, can replicate normal tissue loading in standing position, replicate normal proprioceptive deman

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43

Espahbodi, Shima. "Investigation of lumbar artery haemodynamics in patients with low back pain and degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416129.

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44

Murrie, Vanessa Louise. "Aspects of the effectiveness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the assessment of patients with Low Back Pain (LBP)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620005.

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45

Buchanan, Helen. "The efficacy of an adapted Roland-Morris disability questionnaire in measuring functional status of Patients with low back pain." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26512.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether an adapted Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (ARMDQ) could be used to determine functional status in subjects with chronic mechanical low back pain, and thereby assist the surgeon in deciding on the appropriateness of spinal fusion surgery for individual patients. The study aimed to detem1ine whether the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) improved its ability to measure function and different aspects of function through the addition of a 26-item scale (AddS). The study design was retrospective and descriptive. A convenience sam

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46

Berglund, Lars. "Deadlift training for patients with mechanical low back pain : a comparison of the effects of a high-load lifting exercise and individualized low-load motor control exercises." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Fysioterapi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-119939.

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Disability due to low back pain is common. While evidence exist that exercise is effective in reducing pain and disability, it is still largely undetermined which kind of exercises that are most effective. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate and compare the effects of a high-load lifting exercise and individualized low-load motor control exercises for patients with nociceptive mechanical low back pain. A secondary aim was to evaluate which patients benefit from training with a high-load lifting exercise. All four papers in this thesis were based on a randomized controlled trial incl

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47

Eaves, Emery R., Karen J. Sherman, Cheryl Ritenbaugh, et al. "A qualitative study of changes in expectations over time among patients with chronic low back pain seeking four CAM therapies." BioMed Central Ltd, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610275.

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BACKGROUND: The relationship between patient expectations about a treatment and the treatment outcomes, particularly for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapies, is not well understood. Using qualitative data from a larger study to develop a valid expectancy questionnaire for use with participants starting new CAM therapies, we examined how participants' expectations of treatment changed over the course of a therapy. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 64 participants initiating one of four CAM therapies (yoga, chiropractic, acupuncture, massage) fo

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48

Schafer, Lisa, Clarissa Hsu, Emery Eaves, et al. "Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) providers' views of chronic low back pain patients' expectations of CAM therapies: a qualitative study." BioMed Central, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610362.

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BACKGROUND:Some researchers think that patients with higher expectations for CAM therapies experience better outcomes and that enthusiastic providers can enhance treatment outcomes. This is in contrast to evidence suggesting conventional medical providers often reorient patient expectations to better match what providers believe to be realistic. However, there is a paucity of research on CAM providers' views of their patients' expectations regarding CAM therapy and the role of these expectations in patient outcomes.METHODS:To better understand how CAM providers view and respond to their patien

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Yungtsungyang and 楊詠琮. "A Study of the Electrical Properties of the Low Back Muscles of Low Back Pain Patients." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59173682167902021595.

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碩士<br>亞洲大學<br>光電與通訊學系碩士班<br>97<br>Low back pain is a common ailment, affecting people of all backgrounds and resulting in the loss of more working days than any other single medical condition. Some 60–80% of the global population experience low back pain during their lifetime. In Taiwan more than 2.14 million patients sought medical care for back pain in 1998 and that medical cost alone exceeded 3 billion New Taiwan Dollars. The aim of this study was to study the physiological changes of low back muscles of low back pain patients in order to develop a new approach, namely bioimpedance, for rel

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Liao, Ching-Lung, and 廖慶龍. "Immediate effects of manipulative therapy in patients with low back Immediate effects of manipulative therapy in patients with low back pain." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00872329350846413134.

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碩士<br>中國醫藥大學<br>中西醫結合研究所<br>93<br>Despite a wealth of research concerning risk factors, patho-physiology, prognostic indicators, and treatment methods, low back pain continues to be an epidemic , yet poorly understood, problem. Low back pain is the most common cause of disability in patients younger than 45 years old and second only to arthritis in patients 45 to 60 years of age. Manipulative therapy is a well defined method , and may have dramatic effect for treatment of spinal problems. There are many systems of manipulative therapy, according to the tissue ( joint, disc, facet, muscle or fa

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