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Grinnell, Rachael C. "Recipes for low carbon, adaptable design." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25481.
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The thesis contributes a more lucid understanding of the potential for interaction amongst different facets of sustainability in the context of building design, providing evidence that the assimilation of diverse and often seemingly unconnected aspects of sustainability is not the unassuming process implicit in the current sustainability discourse. Working inductively and with a focus on two sustainable principles (the current UK government sponsored sustainability agenda, low carbon design, and an alternative interpretation, adaptable design, whose literature is framed in a sometimes complementary, at others antagonistic fashion to the former), this thesis develops an understanding of interaction in building design processes, using publically available documentary evidence and a comparative case-study approach. The thesis describes and categorises instances of interaction arising in the twenty-three case study building design processes, demonstrating both the empirical existence of interaction and improving the theoretical conceptualisation beyond basic ideas of synergy and conflict. Interaction is noted as arising from both technical incompatibilities and project actors interpretation of the agendas themselves: a socio-technical issue. The thesis distinguishes multiple approaches adopted by design teams to managing the entanglement encountered. Interpreting these interaction strategies in their case context, factors driving the selection of a particular approach are inductively derived and combined to form a tentative conceptual framework. This framework aides a systematic comparison across project cases, facilitated by the crisp set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA) technique. Projects are described as configurations of the identified conditions and, by operationalizing interaction in a manner consistent with case study observation and the existing literatures of adaptable and low carbon design, assessed for successfulness in reconciling the agendas. The technique identifies three causal pathways to successful reconciliations of adaptable and low carbon design. Finally, the thesis makes a methodological contribution, through an evaluation of the application of QCA to a novel problem space (socio-technical, project-orientated problems of the built environment). Through the richness of documentary data obtained for study, it also demonstrates the potential effectiveness of documents as primary sources in the field of building design, where they are often relegated to a supporting role.
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Bostanci, Sevket Can. "Low carbon sustainable concrete design and construction." Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/34545/.
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Tresidder, Esmond. "Accelerated optimisation methods for low-carbon building design." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10512.
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This thesis presents an analysis of the performance of optimisation using Kriging surrogate models on low-carbon building design problems. Their performance is compared with established genetic algorithms operating without a surrogate on a range of different types of building-design problems. The advantages and disadvantages of a Kriging approach, and their particular relevance to low-carbon building design optimisation, are tested and discussed. Scenarios in which Kriging methods are most likely to be of use, and scenarios where, conversely, they may be dis- advantageous compared to other methods for reducing the computational cost of optimisation, such as parallel computing, are highlighted. Kriging is shown to be able, in some cases, to find designs of comparable performance in fewer main-model evaluations than a stand-alone genetic algorithm method. However, this improvement is not robust, and in several cases Kriging required many more main-model evaluations to find comparable designs, especially in the case of design problems with discrete variables, which are common in low-carbon building design. Furthermore, limitations regarding the extent to which Kriging optimisa- tions can be accelerated using parallel computing resources mean that, even in the scenarios in which Kriging showed the greatest advantage, a stand-alone genetic algorithm implemented in parallel would be likely to find comparable designs more quickly. In light of this it is recommended that, for most lowcarbon building design problems, a stand-alone genetic algorithm is the most suitable optimisation method. Two novel methods are developed to improve the performance of optimisation algorithms on low-carbon building design problems. The first takes advantage of variables whose impact can be quickly calculated without re-running an expensive dynamic simulation, in order to dramatically increase the number of designs that can be explored within a given computing budget. The second takes advantage of objectives that can be !Keywords To Be Included For Additional Search Power: Optimisation, optimization, Kriging, meta-models, metamodels, low-energy design ! "2 calculated without a dynamic simulation in order to filter out designs that do not meet constraints in those objectives and focus the use of computationally expensive dynamic simulations on feasible designs. Both of these methods show significant improvement over standard methods in terms of the quality of designs found within a given dynamic-simulation budget.
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Stephens, Amanda C. "Carbon Neutral Building: Architectural Manifestation of Carbon Efficient Design." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554210795873197.
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Hak, Mao. "A DESIGN OF LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT ACTION TOWARDS 2050 IN CAMBODIA." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202700.
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Uzan, Sacha. "Design of a low carbon building : Case study of an architectural competition." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264756.
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Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions due to human activities have considerably increased in the past decades which are the main contributors of global warming. In order to limit the consequences of the global climate change happening, all sectors must reduce their carbon emissions and especially the building industry which represents 19% of the carbon footprint of human activities. This paper is giving methods to help reduce the carbon footprint of a building when designing it such as life cycle assessment which allow project teams to compare the global warming potential of all building materials. Those methods are used and challenged in a case study of an architectural competition project named quai d’Issy in Paris, France. Using biobased materials help reduce the carbon footprint of a building, a structure made of timber and concrete elements can emit less than 21% of GHGs than a classic concrete structure. By sourcing reused and recycled building materials, by using geothermal heat pump as heating and cooling systems for example, we have been able to reach for the quai d’Issy project a carbon footprint of 930kgC02eq/m2 of floor area, which is less than level needed for the highest French environmental certification. However, these results can be obtained only if the building materials companies continue their work to develop low-carbon materials and promote recycled and reused materials. This study emphasises the need to spread knowledge of the tools to design low-carbon building to all the actors of the building industry in order to promote behaviours that will limit the consequences of climate change.
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Castleton, Holly. "Assessment of design stage energy prediction models for low carbon office buildings." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6676/.
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Elizondo-González, Sergio Iván. "Market-based coordination for domestic demand response in low-carbon electricity grids." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28831.
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Efforts towards a low carbon economy are challenging the electricity industry. On the supply-side, centralised carbon-intensive power plants are set to gradually decrease their contribution to the generation mix, whilst distributed renewable generation is to successively increase its share. On the demand-side, electricity use is expected to increase in the future due to the electrification of heating and transport. Moreover, the demand-side is to become more active allowing end-users to invest in generation and storage technologies, such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and home batteries. As a result, some network reinforcements might be needed and instrumentation at the users’ end is to be required, such as controllers and home energy management systems (HEMS). The electricity grid must balance supply and demand at all times in order to maintain technical constraints of frequency, voltage, and current; and this will become more challenging as a result of this transition. Failure to meet these constraints compromises the service and could damage the power grid assets and end-users’ appliances. Balancing generation, although responsive, is carbon-intensive and associated with inefficient asset utilisation, as these generators are mostly used during peak hours and sit idle the rest of the time. Furthermore, energy storage is a potential solution to assist the balancing problem in the presence of non-dispatchable low-carbon generators; however, it is substantially expensive to store energy in large amounts. Therefore, demand response (DR) has been envisioned as a complementary solution to increase the system’s resilience to weather-dependent, stochastic, and intermittent generation along with variable and temperature-correlated electric load. In the domestic setting, operational flexibility of some appliances, such as heaters and electric cars, can be coordinated amongst several households so as to help balance supply and demand, and reduce the need of balancing generators. Against this background, the electricity supply system requires new organisational paradigms that integrate DR effectively. Although some dynamic pricing schemes have been proposed to guide DR, such as time of use (ToU) and real-time pricing (RTP), it is still unclear how to control oscillatory massive responses (e.g., large fleet of electric cars simultaneously responding to a favourable price). Hence, this thesis proposes an alternative approach in which households proactively submit DR offers that express their preferences to their respective retailer in exchange for a discount. This research develops a computational model of domestic electricity use, and simulates appliances with operational flexibility in order to evaluate the effects and benefits of DR for both retailers and households. It provides a representation for this flexibility so that it can be integrated into specific DR offers. Retailers and households are modelled as computational agents. Furthermore, two market-based mechanisms are proposed to determine the allocation of DR offers. More specifically, a one-sided Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG)-based mechanism and penalty schemes were designed for electricity retailers to coordinate their customers’ DR efforts so as to ameliorate the imbalance of their trading schedules. Similarly, a two-sided McAfee-based mechanism was designed to integrate DR offers into a multi-retailer setting in order to reduce zonal imbalances. A suitable method was developed to construct DR block offers that could be traded amongst retailers. Both mechanisms are dominant-strategy incentive-compatible and trade off a small amount of economic efficiency in order to maintain individual rationality, truthful reporting, weak budget balance and tractable computation. Moreover, privacy preserving is achieved by including computational agents from the independent system operator (ISO) as intermediaries between each retailer and its domestic customers, and amongst retailers. The theoretical properties of these mechanisms were proved using worst-case analysis, and their economic effects were evaluated in simulations based on data from a survey of UK household electricity use. In addition, forecasting methods were assessed on the end-users’ side in order to make better DR offers and avoid penalties. The results show that, under reasonable assumptions, the proposed coordination mechanisms achieve significant savings for both end-users and retailers, as they reduce the required amount of expensive balancing generation.
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De, Wolf Catherine (Catherine Elvire Lieve). "Low carbon pathways for structural design : embodied life cycle impacts of building structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111491.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Building Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 151-174).
Whole life cycle emissions of buildings include not only operational carbon due to their use phase, but also embodied carbon due to the rest of their life cycle: material extraction, transport to the site, construction, and demolition. With ongoing population growth and increasing urbanization, decreasing immediate and irreversible embodied carbon emissions is imperative. With feedback from a wide range of stakeholders - architects, structural engineers, policy makers, rating-scheme developers, this research presents an integrated assessment approach to compare embodied life cycle impacts of building structures. Existing literature indicates that there is an urgent need for benchmarking the embodied carbon of building structures. To remediate this, a rigorous and transparent methodology is presented on multiple scales. On the material scale, a comparative analysis defines reliable Embodied Carbon Coefficients (ECC, expressed in kgCO2e/kg) for the structural materials concrete, steel, and timber. On the structural scale, data analysis evaluates the Structural Material Quantities (SMQ, expressed in kg/m²) and the embodied carbon for existing building structures (expressed in kgCO2e/m²). An interactive database of building projects is created in close collaboration with leading structural design firms worldwide. Results show that typical buildings range between 200 and 550 kgCO2e/m² on average, but these results can vary widely dependent on structural systems, height, size, etc. On the urban scale, an urban modeling method to simulate the embodied carbon of neighborhoods is proposed and applied to a Middle Eastern case study. A series of extreme low carbon case studies are analyzed. Results demonstrate that a novel design approach can lead to buildings with an embodied carbon as low as 30 kgCO2e/m² which is an order of magnitude lower than conventional building structures today. Two pathways are implemented to lower the embodied carbon of structures: choosing low carbon materials (low ECC) and optimizing the structural efficiency of buildings (low SMQ). This research recommends new pathways for low carbon structural design, crucial for lowering carbon emissions in the built environment.
by Catherine De Wolf.
Ph. D. in Building Technology
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Lam, Hei, and 林熙. "Planning and design for low-carbon public housing development in Hong Kong: an evaluation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49885194.
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It has been widely recognized that there is urgent need to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emission for mitigation of climate change. The mitigation strategies are highly associated with planning and design that assist to tackle CO2 emissions embodied in housing development.
This research conducts evaluation of planning and design of public housing in Hong Kong as it affects the production of CO2 has shown a quite unique situation in comparison with other cities because of a combination of various aspects. Firstly, the reduction in energy consumption of transportation by lower transportation demand that directly cutbacks the fossil fuel consumption as well as reduces the emission of CO2. Dramatic change of location-based mobility patterns due to the failure of selfcontained new town development that highly impacts the daily trip of low-income people, who live in public housing that locate distant from the urban area and even the railway station. Cross-district to work or conduct their activities by multiple trips generate more CO2 emission.
Secondly, the reduction of carbon dioxide increases the importance of carbon absorption by greening and CO2 diminution by recycling. As Hong Kong is a compact city, planning and design of housing face to the challenges of conserve lands for greenery and reserve space for recycling facilities in estate.
Thirdly, enhancing low-carbon living through the reduction of electricity consumption. High-rise and high-density housing development is unique in Hong Kong, which has no doubt amplified the electricity consumption. While residents’ behavioral study shows that convenient, privacy, and practicability are the driven consideration factors.
This study reveals the practicing planning and design of public housing in Hong Kong positively contribute to reduce CO2 emission; while less attention has been paid to the jobs-housing balance and non-motorized transportation developments. This study fills a gap of variations between theoretical and practical differences context by suggesting integrate residents’ perspectives and administrative approach in fostering low-carbon development in compact urban context.published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning
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Chung, Ho-ting Elton, and 鍾浩霆. "Enhancement in pedestrian feeder system of transit oriented development facilitate a low carbon lifestyle." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46736657.
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Bacon, M. "Low energy – low carbon acute hospital engineering design and operation in the UK : analysis of the impact of In-use." Thesis, University of Salford, 2015. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/34433/.
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This thesis introduces an innovative contribution to the low energy - low carbon design of acute hospitals in the UK. The need for innovation in acute hospital design arises from the consistently poor energy and carbon performance of the health care estate over a period of nearly three decades. This poor performance translates into a situation where overall consumption of energy in the health care estate has remained largely unchanged over that period, despite substantive improvements in the asset specifications of these facilities. With respect to the commitment made by the British Government to reduce carbon emissions under the Climate Change Act (2008) this situation is clearly unacceptable, because that commitment requires an 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050. Of equal concern has been the poor predictability of energy forecasts for new buildings, where the apparent difference in performance between design and what is actually achieved In-use can be substantial. In terms of energy consumption and the associated carbon emissions, the author’s research has discovered that the issues of poor In-Use performance and poor predictability of performance in acute hospitals are directly linked. The central causal factor that leads to both is a poor understanding of clinical user practices and the impact of those practices on the design and engineering of the hospital. The research identified that without such an understanding it means that hospital planners, designers and engineers are required to make substantial assumptions concerning In-Use during the design process, most notably concerning occupancy presence and the diversity of occupancy. The author’s investigations found that it would be possible to use simulation to replicate how acute hospitals operate by utilising clinical process information contained in operational policy documents. It was also discovered that the data derived from clinical information systems could be used to run the simulation. It is the unique methods developed by the author that are his contribution to new knowledge. One method developed by the author is called Occupancy Analytics. The method enables the author to predict occupancy presence and diversity within a range of probabilities at any hour of the day within the hospital. A second method enables these values to be modelled within another simulation called the Whole Facility Energy Model. Using both models in sequence the author discovered how to directly correlate the impacts of operational policies and working practices to energy consumption and the associated carbon emissions. Using this new knowledge, the factors that determine occupancy presence and diversity were then investigated. The author reasoned that if these could be managed then it would be possible to optimise the engineering design, and the consequential energy consumption and the associated carbon emissions. Through the use of a case study that is both revelatory and longitudinal (Yin, Op Cit) the author demonstrates how this objective was achieved. Finally, using the results from both Occupancy Analytics and Whole Facility Energy Modelling the author also discovered that it would be possible to establish norms for energy and carbon performance based on each patient type using the clinical services of the acute hospital. In the case study, the author demonstrates how this form of analysis could be used to establish the basis for departmental energy budgets, which he envisages could make an important contribution to the future optimisation of low energy – low carbon performance of acute hospitals in the UK.
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Hou, Shan. "An investigation into the development of low/zero carbon design training programmes for the purpose of disseminating the knowledge and skills of low/zero carbon design to architects in practice in England and Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/66068/.
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The research aims to investigate the development of low/ zero carbon design training programmes for the purpose of disseminating the knowledge and skills of low/ zero carbon design to architects in practice in England and Wales. There are three stages: 1) Literature review This research starts with a review on low/ zero carbon design, architectural education, learning styles, and adult learning. The initial models of low/ zero carbon design and architects’ learning preference are developed to reflect the initial understanding of the research topic. 2) Case studies Three low/ zero carbon design training programmes are chosen as case studies with the acknowledgement of the limitations. The revised models are established with the feedback from the discussions and the survey results in the case studies to reflect architects’ current perspectives. 3) Questionnaire survey Based on the revised models, a nationwide questionnaire survey is conducted. Adding the survey results to the revised models, the final models are developed to inform the content and dissemination methods of low/ zero carbon design training programmes. The final model of low/ zero carbon design reflects the iterative process and the holistic approach to achieve low/ zero carbon goal, identifies that the knowledge and skills that architects require are associated with new active technologies, the updated Building Regulations and standard, and tasks in construction, hand over and close out stages, and reveals the importance to raise architects’ awareness of the importance of waste management, the legislation and regulations, and cost and value. The final model of architects’ learning preference points out the importance of workplace follow-up sessions, indicates that architects prefer different learning styles and share the characteristics of adult learning except wanting to be involved in the planning of the future training programmes, and supports that presentational styles influence the knowledge transfer processes for architects.
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Orr, John. "Flexible formwork for concrete structures." Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.566135.
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Concrete, our most widely used construction material, is a fluid that offers the opportunity to economically create structures of almost any geometry. Yet this unique fluidity is seldom capitalised on, with concrete instead being cast into rigid prismatic moulds to create high material use structures with large carbon footprints. Our rate of concrete consumption means that cement manufacture alone is estimated to account for some 5% of global Carbon Dioxide emissions. This dissertation shows that by replacing conventional orthogonal moulds with a flexible system comprised primarily of high strength, low cost fabric sheets, the fluidity of concrete can be utilised to create structurally optimised concrete structures. Flexible formwork therefore has the potential to facilitate the change in design and construction philosophy that will be required for a move towards a less material intensive, more sustainable, construction industry. Optimisation and design processes developed in this thesis show that material savings of up to 40% are possible in flexibly formed concrete beams. Full scale structural testing of these processes is undertaken to verify the flexural and shear behaviours of non-prismatic elements. This is supported by further experimental and theoretical investigations into the durability of concrete cast in a permeable, flexible mould. Detailed analysis is provided alongside practical guidance for designers. Coupled with innovation in design and analysis techniques, flexible formwork is shown to provide a globally accessible method for the construction of low carbon, materially efficient and architecturally interesting concrete structures. Recognising the impact construction has on the environment, design philosophies centred around the need to put material where it is required are becoming increasingly desirable. This can now be achieved by replacing rigid formworks with systems comprised of flexible sheets of fabric. This is a step change in the way we think about our new concrete structures.
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Tuohy, Paul Gerard. "Strategies for low carbon buildings : assessment of design options and the translation of design intent into performance in practice." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19216.
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To deliver low carbon buildings requires: a) Performance assessment and option appraisal; b) Industry process to translate selected options into low carbon performance in practice. This thesis aims to make some contribution in each of these two areas. Legislation such as the European Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is stimulating the market to put forward many technical options for design or retrofit of low carbon buildings. The need is identified here for a low cost, EPBD compatible, simulation based, real time method for performance assessment and upgrade option appraisal to inform decisions for a range of users with various levels of technical knowledge. The hypothesis is advanced that such a method can be developed. An EPBD compatible, dynamic simulation based, real time, performance assessment and option appraisal method is then proposed and evaluated. A range of test applications and user groups are considered. Test applications include the generation of energy performance ratings based on a simple questionnaire. Other applications cover a range of individual building, policy or strategy contexts. A critical analysis is carried out of the applicability, scope and limitations of the method. The proposed method proved useful in a range of applications. For other applications some limitations were identified. How these can be addressed is discussed. The development and deployment examples are for a specific building stock but provide insights to enable replication for other situations. The research provides a foundation for further research and development. There is much evidence that selection of appropriate options is not sufficient to achieve low carbon performance. Many issues can lead to gaps between intended and actual performance. Problems are identified in the design and implementation of low carbon systems and controls. Problems include poor understanding, errors in implementation, and poor visibility of actual performance. The need for a method to address these problems is identified. The hypothesis is advanced that such a method can be developed. A Modular Control Mapping and Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) method is then proposed and evaluated for a range of test applications to buildings intended to be low carbon. The insights from the test applications are reviewed and the scope and limitations of the proposed method discussed. Overall the applications were successful and the useful application demonstrated. The method was deployed post-occupancy, then applicability at various stages of the design process was demonstrated by using concept and detailed design information. The modular control mapping and FMEA process proposed leverages in part the approach taken in industrial sectors identified as benchmarks by proponents of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) initiative. The potential application of further processes from BIM benchmark industry is discussed in the context of current buildings industry initiatives. The performance assessment and option appraisal method, the modular control mapping and FMEA method, and the outcomes from their evaluations are intended to contribute to the realisation of low carbon buildings in practice. The future integration of both methods within a BIM framework is proposed.
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Baba, Abiola Olayemi. "Developing a decision support framework for low carbon housing design and delivery in the UK." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2013. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/19447/.
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There is an increasing drive to achieve sustainability agenda, as well as climate change challenges. The construction industry is facing increasing pressure to address environmental performance earlier in the design process. For UK buildings, design is believed to be the key in delivering the low carbon agenda. Hence, a fundamental change to designers’ approach in designing for low impact buildings is needed. The ways design decisions are made can greatly influence the outcomes of design. Fundamental design decisions taken early in the design process have far-reaching environmental impacts later on. Better informed design, from the earliest conceptual stage, will improve the design of individual buildings, and help achieve low impact buildings. For this reason, tools have become a necessity for the early and on-going consideration of environmental performance and an important delivery mechanism to aid architects’ design and decision making to deliver the low impact buildings. However, the existing decision support tools had not addressed in full the expectation of architects. Design-decision support tools, specifically the Building Performance Energy Simulation (BPES) are not fully integrated into the design process, to enable UK architects to make informed decision especially at the early stage of the design process. Thus, the study seeks to provide a decision support framework for architects to achieve low carbon housing (LCHs) design in the United Kingdom (UK). It sets out to determine how UK architects can achieve the design; what the needs of architects are in BPES tools characteristics to deliver the design and what design decision tasks are required, towards development of the decision support framework. Consequently, the research examined low carbon housing design. Existing statutory and non-statutory regulations, as well as design and decision support tools, which relate to low carbon housing design and delivery, were identified. These were used to frame the questions for the qualitative semi structured, face-to-face and in-depth interviews with practicing architects and academics. Online questionnaires were also administered to a representative sample of UK architectural practices to investigate the fitness of purpose between decision-support tools and design decision-making to achieve low carbon housing. Data analysis revealed that there is a lack of fitness between existing decision support tools, in the form of Building Performance Energy Simulation (BPES) tools, and the various stages of the design process. It emerged that architects use BPES tools, primarily at the later stage of the process. Support for the early design stage remains poor, especially at the conceptual stage of the design process. The findings confirmed that design decisions for LCHs vary significantly in terms of level of accuracy, flexibility, and detail. At the early stages of the process, as relatively little information is available, flexibility and approximation in BPES tools is more relevant to support design decisions. As the design develops, and more information becomes available, precision and higher level of detail in BPES tools is required. Thus, the research developed a decision support framework which defines the characteristics of BPES tools fit for architects design and decision making; it also maps out an integrated building design process (IBDP) that includes the use of BPES tools. Implications of the study on research, software development and design practice are finally examined.
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Zapata, Poveda Maria Gabriela. "An investigation of the tools and situated learning in non-domestic low carbon building design." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56324/.
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This thesis investigated the enactment of low carbon policy aspirations by practitioners designing new non-domestic buildings during the 2010 transitional energy regulation change in England and Wales. The investigation called on social theories to examine how the low carbon policy model was adopted by designers in real-time project design. It analyses what designers were doing as compared to what they were expected to be doing by documenting the design process, the knowledge and the tools to embed performance. The research was conducted by ethnographic methods that included non-participant observations, interviews and document analysis. Four architecture practices were recruited to analyse the conceptual and detailed design process in six non-domestic buildings for twelve to twenty-one months per case study. The architects were the main research participants and other design team members such as the mechanical engineers, the energy specialists and the BREEAM assessors were included. The study reveals how the compliance tools, guidance and standards (official tools) were incorporated in routine project design and the informal tools that designers used to embed low carbon performance throughout the design process. The findings suggest that the designers’ enactment of the policy enters already formed design processes that reflect a multitude of concerns and precedents, a preexisting social context. The social context is likely to affect the evolution of the low carbon aspirations, the dissemination of knowledge and the use of tools in the process. The field data reveals the understanding performance cycles enacted by designers and the knowledge gaps likely to emerge in the process. The study identifies the designers’ enactment of the policy aspirations and increases the understanding of the designers’ adoption of official standards, tools and guidance during the real time design process.
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Osz, Katalin. "Improvisatory home heating : the gap between intended and actual use of radiators and TRVs." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21742.
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Ongoing modification and change is core to how domestic and built environments function. Thus occupants domestication and development of home heating practices around low-carbon technologies is likely to exceed what building engineering sciences have the ability to plan ahead for. Yet, environmental policies and low -carbon industry approaches to sustainable energy consumption are characterised by a high degree of technological determinism. Disciplinary approaches to sustainable energy consumption tend to separate home heating into stable, routine interaction with control points, environmental factors and socio-demographic drivers. Framing low-carbon technical change in isolation from domestic environments often leads to a gap between intended and actual use of technologies. By focusing on TRVs (thermostatic radiators valve) and radiators, this thesis takes an interdisciplinary turn to jointly examine the social and environmental elements of households energy use. A turn to sensory ethnography and practice-place relationships offers a way to better understand how people use energy for space heating in relation to the buildings they live in and how improvisatory uses of technologies emerge from flows of material, domestic, sensory and physical contingencies of the home. Combining home video tours with building energy monitoring in eight homes, the thesis demonstrates that home heating is a place-event of the home because heating systems and energy consumption are woven into the fabric of everyday life. Environmental elements show that the social and technical are inseparable in energy used for space heating and individual elements imply that the domestication of technologies is highly unpredictable. The thesis synthesises findings into a taxonomy table of irregular radiator and TRV use. On the one hand, irregularities indicate that improvisatory uses of technologies are productive sources of sustainable change because they can be potential sites for co-design. On the other hand, the interwoven character of the social and technical in households energy use critically challenges how environmental policy, low-carbon industry and disciplinary approaches frame intervention into sustainable energy consumption. The thesis argues for the value of logic of intervention and sustainable change that is collaborative, system-focused and gradually uncovers interrelationships.
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Mak, Yet Feng. "Conditions for natural gas to become an effective bridge fuel to a low-carbon future." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107607.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, System Design and Management Program, Engineering and Management Program, February 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 78-84).
Natural gas has commonly been described as a 'bridge fuel' that could transition U.S. from fossil fuels to a low-carbon energy system by 2050 in order to reach the internationally agreed target of limiting the global mean surface temperature to about 2 degrees Celsius (°C) above pre-industrial levels. This natural gas resource has grown tremendously over the last decade, as its production has been fueled by the use of more advanced hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technologies. Being a cleaner form of fossil fuel, burning natural gas emits about half as much carbon dioxide as coal and is thought to aid in decarbonizing the nation by displacing coal as a fuel for power generation. However, the increased supply of cheap natural gas could also have an effect of delaying the advancement of renewable resources such as solar and wind. Nonetheless, optimal conditions could be explored on how natural gas can become an effective 'bridge fuel' towards a low carbon energy system. This thesis developed a system dynamics model to analyze these required conditions and found that high natural prices that rise to $26.45/mmBTU in 2050 are necessary to hit the 2°C target. An efficient policy that could drive these high natural gas prices is the carbon tax. Furthermore, another important role that natural gas serves is as a backup power source for intermittent renewable energy resources.
by Yet Feng Mak.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Ceyhan, Ahmet. "Interconnects for future technology generations - conventional CMOS with copper/low-k and beyond." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53080.
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The limitations of the conventional Cu/low-k interconnect technology for use in future ultra-scaled integrated circuits down to 7 nm in the year 2020 are investigated from the power/performance point of view. Compact models are used to demonstrate the impacts of various interconnect process parameters, for instance, the interconnect barrier/liner bilayer thickness and aspect ratio, on the design and optimization of a multilevel interconnect network. A framework to perform a sensitivity analysis for the circuit behavior to interconnect process parameters is created for future FinFET CMOS technology nodes. Multiple predictive cell libraries down to the 7‒nm technology node are constructed to enable early investigation of the electronic chip performance using commercial electronic design automation (EDA) tools with real chip information. Findings indicated new opportunities that arise for emerging novel interconnect technologies from the materials and process perspectives. These opportunities are evaluated based on potential benefits that are quantified with rigorous circuit-level simulations and requirements for key parameters are underlined. The impacts of various emerging interconnect technologies on the performances of emerging devices are analyzed to quantify the realistic circuit- and system-level benefits that these new switches can offer.
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Nyberg, Harald, Takayuki Tokoroyama, Urban Wiklund, and Staffan Jacobson. "Design of low-friction PVD coating systems with enhanced running-in performance - carbon overcoats on TaC/aC coatings." Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad materialvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-200653.
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The widespread use of low friction PVD coatings on machine elements is limited by the high costs associated with fulfilling the demands on the surface quality of both the supporting substrate and the counter surface. In this work, an attempt is made at lowering these demands, by adding a sacrificial carbon overcoat to a TaC/aC low friction coating. Both coatings were deposited by planar magnetron DC sputtering, as separate steps in a single PVD-process. Coatings were deposited on substrates of two different surface roughnesses, in order to test the ability of this coating system to function on rougher substrates. Reciprocating ball on disc tests was performed, using balls with two different surface roughnesses. The worn surfaces were investigated using 3-D profilometry and SEM. The ability of the different overcoats to initially reduce the roughness of both the coated surface and the counter surface and to produce stable, low-friction conditions was examined for the different initial roughnesses. The implications for design of efficient run-in coatings for various systems are discussed.
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Bibri, Mohamed. "Sustaining ICT for Sustainability : Towards Mainstreaming De–carbonization–oriented Design & Enabling the Energy–Efficient, Low Carbon Economy." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5936.
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The study set out to understand and demonstrate the role the ICT sector could play as a critical enabler in the transition and progress towards an energy– efficient, low carbon economy. More specifically, the study of sustaining ICT for sustainability has twofold intent: (2) to investigate the direct footprint of ICT sector and explore how it can be tackled through adopting sustainable design–based solutions; and (2) to highlight the enabling potential of ICT sector to mitigate climate change and massively improve energy efficiency across the economy, identifying and quantifying the global ICT impacts and opportunities in the context of energy and carbon emissions savings. To achieve the aim of this study, a pertinent and extensive literature review covering theoretical, empirical, and critical scholarship was performed to investigate the phenomenon. The study draws on a variety of sources to survey the unsustainability of ICT sector pertaining to energy–intensive consumption and explore potential solutions through espousing environmental design practice, and also to examine the role of ICT in delivering energy–efficient solutions through its products and services. Validity was ensured through using quality academic and industry literature as well as relevant studies carried out by a range of eminent researchers, experts, and stakeholders (i.e. NGOs, research centers). Findings highlight the unsustainability of ICT sector regarding energy– intensive consumption and concomitant GHG emissions associated with its products and services. Of the whole lifecycle, the use phase of ICT is the most critical. Data centers and telecom networks devour energy. Planned obsolescence entrenched in software design shorten upgrade cycle, which makes software utilities a planet killer as to energy consumption. Alternative sustainable design–based solutions entail using renewable energy and most efficient energy required over ICT’s life cycle – de–carbonization strategy. Also, digitization is an effective strategy for ICT sector to slash energy use per unit. To reduce the footprint of data centers and telecom networks, design solutions vary from hardware and software to technological improvements. Designing out built–in obsolescence in software technology is a key factor in the energy equation. As for the enabling role of ICT, the findings are highly illuminating. The ICT sector must step up its efforts in reducing its direct footprint in order to claim a leadership role in an energy–efficient, low carbon economy. Although the ICT sector’s own emissions will increase because of global growing demand for its products and services, the real gains will come from its enabling potential to yield substantial energy efficiency improvements and emissions reductions across the economy. The sheer scale of the climate change challenge presents smart development mitigation opportunities for ICT sector to deliver environmentally sustainable solutions. The largest identified opportunities are: dematerialization; intelligent transport and logistics; intelligent buildings; smart power supply; and efficient industrial processes and systems. This study provides a novel approach into sustainable design in ICT, underlining unsustainable design practices in ICT sector. Review of the literature makes an advance on extant reviews by highlighting the synergic relationship between ICT design, sustainability, and the economy.+46 704 35 21 35
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Bodach, Susanne [Verfasser], Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Lang, and Thomas [Gutachter] Auer. "Climate responsive building design for low-carbon development in Nepal / Susanne Bodach ; Gutachter: Thomas Auer, Werner Lang ; Betreuer: Werner Lang." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1125627085/34.
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Bohland, Moritz [Verfasser], Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Schwenen, Sebastian [Gutachter] Schwenen, and Hanna [Gutachter] Hottenrott. "Competition Policy and Market Design in Low-Carbon Energy Markets / Moritz Bohland ; Gutachter: Sebastian Schwenen, Hanna Hottenrott ; Betreuer: Sebastian Schwenen." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236343360/34.
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Schofield, James. "Dynamic time-of-use electricity pricing for residential demand response : design and analysis of the Low Carbon London smart-metering trial." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25575.
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This thesis describes the trial design and analysis of the Low Carbon London (LCL) residential dynamic Time-of-Use (dToU) trial. This trial investigated the potential for dToU tariffs to deliver residential demand response to the Supplier, where it may contribute to system balancing through Supply Following (SF) actions, and to the distribution network operator (DNO), where it may be used for network Constraint Management (CM). 5,533 households from the London area participated in the trial and their consumption was measured at 30 minute resolution. 1,119 of these received the dToU tariff, which subjected them to CM and SF price events that were designed according to the specific requirements of these respective use cases. A novel, data driven, engagement ranking index was developed that allowed stratification of subsequent results into sets of the most engaged consumers, who may be indicative of a future populace that is more experienced/engaged in home energy management. Demand response (DR) was calculated relative to baseline model that used the dToU group mean demand as an input, with aggregate response levels calculated over a range of time, socio-economic and household occupancy related variables. Taking a network perspective, the reliability of CM event response was examined and two simple linear models presented as candidate predictors of response level, which was found to be consistent with an 8% reduction in demand. The network capacity contribution of residential DR was theorised to consist of two components: 'mean response' and 'variance response', and the real impact of these was investigated using the LCL gathered data. Potential risks to the network from low price induced demand spikes were explored empirically using the SF event data and the times of highest risk were identified. The extensive metadata set gathered from trial participants was processed into some 200 numerical variables. A correlation analysis was performed which was visualised using weighted correlation network graphs. A number of parameters were found to predict response level, but responsiveness (the level of deliberate engagement) could only be reliably measured by engagement rank.
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Abosbaia, Alhadi Amar Salem. "Design and processing of low alloy high carbon steels by powder metallurgy : P/M processing and liquid phase sintering of newly designed low-alloy high carbon steels based on Fe-0.85Mo-C-Si-Mn with high toughness and strength." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4857.
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The work presented has the ultimate aim to increase dynamic mechanical properties by improvements in density and optimisation of microstructure of ultra high carbon PM steels by careful selection of processes, i.e. mixing, binding, alloying, heating profile and intelligent heat treatment. ThermoCalc modelling was employed to predict liquid phase amounts for two different powder grades, Astaloy 85Mo or Astaloy CrL with additive elements such as (0.4-0.6wt%)Si, (1.2-1.4wt%)C and (1-1.5wt%)Mn, in the sintering temperature range 1285-1300ºC and such powder mixes were pressed and liquid phase sintered. In high-C steels carbide networks form at the prior particle boundaries, leading to brittleness, unless the steel is heat-treated. To assist the breaking up of these continuous carbide networks, 0.4-0.6% silicon, in the form of silicon carbide, was added. The water gas shift reaction (C + H2O = CO + H2, start from ~500ºC) and Boudouard reaction (from ~500ºC complete ~930ºC) form CO gas in the early part of sintering and can lead to large porosity, which lowers mechanical properties. With the use of careful powder drying, low dew point atmospheres and optimisation of heating profiles, densities in excess of 7.70g/cm3 were attained. The brittle microstructure, containing carbide networks and free of cracks, is transformed by intelligent heat treatment to a tougher one of ferrite plus sub-micron spheroidised carbides. This gives the potential for production of components, which are both tough and suitable for sizing to improve dimensional tolerance. Yield strengths up to 410 MPa, fracture strengths up to 950 MPa and strains of up to 16 % were attained. Forging experiments were subsequently carried out for spheroidised specimens of Fe-0.85Mo+06Si+1.4C, for different strain rates of 10-3, 10-2, 10-1 and 1sec-1 and heated in argon to 700ºC, density ~7.8g/cm3 and 769 MPa yield strength were obtained.
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Abosbaia, Alhadi A. S. "Design and processing of low alloy high carbon steels by powder metallurgy. P/M processing and liquid phase sintering of newly designed low-alloy high carbon steels based on Fe-0.85Mo-C-Si-Mn with high toughness and strength." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4857.
Full textAbstract:
The work presented has the ultimate aim to increase dynamic mechanical properties by improvements in density and optimisation of microstructure of ultra high carbon PM steels by careful selection of processes, i.e. mixing, binding, alloying, heating profile and intelligent heat treatment. ThermoCalc modelling was employed to predict liquid phase amounts for two different powder grades, Astaloy 85Mo or Astaloy CrL with additive elements such as (0.4-0.6wt%)Si, (1.2-1.4wt%)C and (1-1.5wt%)Mn, in the sintering temperature range 1285-1300ºC and such powder mixes were pressed and liquid phase sintered. In high-C steels carbide networks form at the prior particle boundaries, leading to brittleness, unless the steel is heat-treated. To assist the breaking up of these continuous carbide networks, 0.4-0.6% silicon, in the form of silicon carbide, was added. The water gas shift reaction (C + H2O = CO + H2, start from ~500ºC) and Boudouard reaction (from ~500ºC complete ~930ºC) form CO gas in the early part of sintering and can lead to large porosity, which lowers mechanical properties. With the use of careful powder drying, low dew point atmospheres and optimisation of heating profiles, densities in excess of 7.70g/cm3 were attained. The brittle microstructure, containing carbide networks and free of cracks, is transformed by intelligent heat treatment to a tougher one of ferrite plus sub-micron spheroidised carbides. This gives the potential for production of components, which are both tough and suitable for sizing to improve dimensional tolerance. Yield strengths up to 410 MPa, fracture strengths up to 950 MPa and strains of up to 16 % were attained. Forging experiments were subsequently carried out for spheroidised specimens of Fe-0.85Mo+06Si+1.4C, for different strain rates of 10-3, 10-2, 10-1 and 1sec-1 and heated in argon to 700¿C, density ~7.8g/cm3 and 769 MPa yield strength were obtained.Libyan Education Ministry Office
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Sunel, Ezgi. "Design Of An Advanced Composite Shell For Helicopter Pilot Helmets." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614053/index.pdf.
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This thesis reports on a design study, conducted for an advanced composite helmet shell for helicopter pilots. The helmet shell is expected to provide a level of protection against low velocity impacts with its weight criteria. Therefore, ergonomy, light weight, and the ability to withstand low velocity impact became the main issues for this study. For this purpose, an experimental program has been developed including low velocity impact tests on specimens. The drop height, drop weight, specimen stacking sequences and size were constant parameters. Test specimens were produced using the plate size of 220x220 mm having different thicknesses. Specimen materials were aramid, carbon, and a hybrid form of these two. Thus, the parameters of the study were specimen thickness and the material types.
The impact tests are carried out on a specially designed test rig. The design decisions are made in accordance with the results of the experiments. In compliance with the lightweight and manufacturing criteria, the hybrid specimen was selected helmet shell.
For the purpose of ergonomy a geometric design was also conducted from headfrom sizes of Turkish Army by using 3D design software. After specifying the composite material, manufactured helmet shell was tested in another test rig according to the ANSI Z90.1.1992. For the requirement of the acceleration level 300g, the helmet shell design was found to be successful at seven different and critical impact points.
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Tricàs, Rosell Núria. "Plasma modification on carbon black surface: From reactor design to final applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9288.
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El present treball es basa en l'estudi de la modificació de la superfície del negre de carboni (NC) per mitjà de tècniques de plasma. Tot i que aquest tipus de tractament s'utilitza de manera comú sobre superfícies planes, tanmateix encara existeixen problemes a l'hora de treballar en materials en pols degut a la dificultat que suposa la seva manipulació. En aquest treball s'ha modificat NC tant per tècniques de plasma a baixa pressió com per mitjà de tècniques de plasma atmosfèric. Per tal d'assolir aquest objectiu s'han posat a punt tres reactors de plasma capaços de modificar aquest tipus de material; dos reactors treballen a baixa pressió mentre que el tercer es tracta d'un equip a pressió atmosfèrica.Els sistemes de plasma a baixa pressió utilitzats han estat un reactor down-stream i un reactor de llit fluiditzat. Ambdós sistemes utilitzen un generador de radio freqüències a 13,56MHz per tal de general el plasma. Tots dos sistemes han estat optimitzats per la modificació de materials en pols. En el cas del reactor down-stream, s'ha estudiat a posició d'entrada del gas reactiu, la potència del generador i el temps de modificació per a tres tipus de tractament: oxigen, nitrogen i amoníac. En el cas del reactor de llit fluiditzat, els paràmetres que s'han estudiat han estat la distància entre la pols i la zona de generació de plasma, la mida de la partícula i la porositat de la placa suport.
Pel que fa a la modificació mitjançant la utilització de plasma atmosfèric, s'ha dissenyat un sistema que permet utilitzar una torxa de plasma atmosfèric comercial (Openair® de Plasmatreat GmbH) per tal de modificar materials en pols. Aquest sistema consisteix en un reactor adaptable a la torxa de plasma atmosfèric on té lloc la modificació, un sistema d'introducció de la pols dins de la zona de reacció així com també un sistema de refredament i col·lecció del material modificat que conjuntament permeten un funcionament quasi-continu del tractament.
S'ha utilitzat el reactor down-stream i el reactor a pressió atmosfèrica per tal de modificar tres tipus diferents de negre de carboni (N134, XPB 171 i Vulcan XC-72). D'altra banda, s'ha grafititzat i extret el N134 prèviament a la modificació per tal de realitzar un estudi sobre la influència de l'estructura superficial així com també de la presència d'impureses sobre la superfície del NC. L'oxidació i l'augment de nitrogen en superfície han estat les dues modificacions que s'han estudiat principalment per tal de comparar el resultat obtingut per les tècniques presentades.
El NC s'ha caracteritzat mitjançant diverses tècniques analítiques per tal de poder obtenir informació sobre els canvis produïts durant la modificació per plasma. Aquestes tècniques inclouen superfície específica, XRD, WAXS, STM per tal d'estudiar els canvis en la seva morfologia i estructura de la superfície. D'altra banda, per tal d'estudiar els canvis en la composició química s'han emprat mesures de pH, valoracions àcid/base i XPS.
Finalment, alguns dels negres de caboni modificats han estat seleccionats per tal de ser avaluats en aplicacions finals tal i com són el reforçament d'elastòmers i la seva activitat vers la reducció d'oxigen utilitzada en les PEMFC per tal d'eliminar els metalls nobles. En el primer cas, s'ha estudiat l'efecte sobre la cinètica i el mecanisme de vulcanització del negre de carboni modificat mitjançant el plasma atmosfèric. Aquest estudi s'ha dut a terme utilitzant dues tècniques complementaries com són les corbes reomètriques i la vulcanització de molècules model (MCV). També s'han realitzat mesures d'adsorció de polímer sobre el NC i Bound Rubber per tal d'estudiar la interacció polímer-càrrega la qual presenta una gran influència en les propietats finals dels materials. D'altra banda, s'ha estudiat també la capacitat del NC modificat vers a la reducció d'oxigen a partir de voltametria cíclica i s'han determinat les propietats del NC que poden influir de manera rellevant en l'activitat cataítica final del NC per a aquesta reacció. Tot i que es necessari fer una preparació posterior al tractament de plasma per a aquesta aplicació, el material final pot contribuir notablement a la eliminació de metalls nobles com a catalitzadors de reducció d'oxigen en les Piles de Combustible.
The present works deals with plasma modification of carbon black (CB). Although this type of treatment is widely used on flat surfaces handling problems should be overcome in order to treat powders as CB. In this study CB has been modified both by means of low-pressure and atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasmas. In order to accomplish this objective three different plasma reactors have been set-up; two at low pressure and one at atmospheric pressure working conditions.
Low pressure plasma reactors utilised in this work consist in a down-stream and a fluidised bed system working at Radio Frequency generation power (RF 13,56 MHz). Both reactors have been optimized to treat powder materials. For the down-stream reactor, position of the reactive gas inlet, and treatment conditions such as generator power and time have been studied for oxygen, nitrogen and ammonia treatments. For the fluidized bed reactor the distance of the powder sample to the plasma generation zone, particle size and support porosity have been taken into account.
Concerning atmospheric plasma, a device has been set up in order to adapt a commercial plasma torch (Openair® from Plasmatreat GmbH), for powder modification. An adaptable reactor, a method to introduce the powder in the plasma zone as well as a collecting system had been developed in order to obtain a quasi-continuous modification treatment.
Three types of CBs, N134, XPB 171 and Vulcan XC-72 have been modified in both the down-stream and the atmospheric plasma system. Graphitization and extraction of N134 were also carried out before plasma modification in order to study the effect of both impurities and surface structure of the CB during plasma modification. Surface oxidation and nitrogen enrichment were the two main studied treatments in both systems which allowed comparing their performances.
Unmodified and Modified CBs have been characterised from several points of view. Specific surface area, XRD, WAXS and STM have been used in order to study morphological and surface structure changes. On the other hand, pH measurements, acid/base titration and XPS were employed in order to study the surface chemistry composition changes that had taken place during plasma modification.
Some of the modified CB grades were selected in order to be tested in final applications such as rubber reinforcement and oxygen reduction non-noble metal catalyst for PEMFC. In the first case, the effect of atmospheric plasma treatment on the vulcanization kinetics and mechanism has been evaluated both by rheometre curves and the model compounding approach. Studies about the polymer-filler interaction have been also carried out by calculating bound rubber and adsorption from polymer solution. Last but not least, plasma modification capacity to enhance the oxygen reduction activity to obtain non-noble metal catalysts for PEMFC has been evaluated after the correspondent preparation. Oxygen reduction activity has been studied by means of cyclic voltammetry. The main CB properties which could play an important role in such applications have been analyzed.
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Rodriguez, George IV. "Finite Element Modeling of Delamination Damage in Carbon Fiber Laminates Subject to Low-Velocity Impact and Comparison with Experimental Impact Tests Using Nondestructive Vibrothermography Evaluation." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1583.
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Carbon fiber reinforced composites are utilized in many design applications where high strength, low weight, and/or high stiffness are required. While composite materials can provide high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios, they are also more complicated to analyze due to their inhomogeneous nature. One important failure mode of composite structures is delamination. This failure mode is common when composite laminates are subject to impact loading.
Various finite element methods for analyzing delamination exist. In this research, a modeling strategy based on contact tiebreak definitions in LS-DYNA®was used. A finite element model of a low-velocity impact event was created to predict delamination in a composite laminate. The resulting delamination relative size and shape was found to partially agree with analytical and experimental results for similar impact events, while the force-time plot agreed well with experimental results. A small difference in contact time in the simulation compared to experimental testing is likely due to the omission of composite failure modes other than delamination.
Experimental impact testing and subsequent vibrothermography analysis showed delamination damage in locations shown in previous research. This confirmed the validity of vibrothermography as a nondestructive evaluation technique for analyzing post-impact delamination.
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Seow, Yingying. "A framework for modelling embodied product energy to support energy efficient manufacturing." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8766.
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This thesis reports on the research undertaken to minimise energy consumption within the production phase of a product lifecycle through modelling, monitoring and improved control of energy use within manufacturing facilities. The principle objective of this research is to develop a framework which integrates energy data at plant and process levels within a manufacturing system so as to establish how much energy is required to manufacture a unit product. The research contributions are divided into four major parts. The first reviews relevant literature in energy trends, related governmental policies, and energy tools and software. The second introduces an Embodied Product Energy framework which categorises energy consumption within a production facility into direct and indirect energy required to manufacture a product. The third describes the design and implementation of a simulation model based on this framework to support manufacturing and design decisions for improved energy efficiency through the use of what-if scenario planning. The final part outlines the utilisation of this energy simulation model to support a Design for Energy Minimisation methodology which incorporates energy considerations within the design process. The applicability of the research concepts have been demonstrated via two case studies. The detailed analysis of energy consumption from a product viewpoint provides greater insight into inefficiencies of processes and associated supporting activities, thereby highlighting opportunities for optimisation of energy consumption via operational or design improvements. Although the research domain for this thesis is limited to the production phase, the flexibility offered by the energy modelling framework and associated simulation tool allow for their employment other product lifecycle phases. In summary, the research has concluded that investment in green sources of power generation alone is insufficient to deal with the rapid rise in energy demand, and has highlighted the paramount importance of energy rationalisation and optimisation within the manufacturing industry.
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Božek, Alexandr. "Návrh procesu integrace ekodesignu a strojní bezpečnosti do procesu vývoje výrobku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241935.
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The thesis deals with the issue of the formulation of new requirements to the development of new product with regard to the development of carbon-free economy and product safety improvement. The first part of the thesis describes the state of art of science and technique in the field of process management and the life cycle of a machine tool with emphasis placed on the machine tool development together with requirements and recommendations of ISO 9001:2016 – Quality Management Systems – Requirements. The second part of the thesis includes a research of legislative requirements concerning machine safety and environmental aspects of the design of the machine to be manufactured. The practical part focuses on an analysis of key processes of the company of TOS KUŘIM – OS, a.s. with emphasis placed on safety and environmental friendly design processes with suggestions concerning improvement of processes with implemented sub-processes necessary for the identification and verification of safety. A sub-process that allows for the manufacture of machines able to meet requirements of environmental friendly design is implemented to the processes. The thesis has practical implications for the introduction of automated sub-process of the identification and verification of safety requirements and implementation of the product development in the framework of future environmental friendly design development requirements to the products of TOS KUŘIM – OS, a.s.
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Atkinson, Jonathan G. B. "Market influences on low carbon energy designs in buildings." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493510.
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Mohammad, Azhar. "EMERGING COMPUTING BASED NOVEL SOLUTIONS FOR DESIGN OF LOW POWER CIRCUITS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/125.
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The growing applications for IoT devices have caused an increase in the study of low power consuming circuit design to meet the requirement of devices to operate for various months without external power supply. Scaling down the conventional CMOS causes various complications to design due to CMOS properties, therefore various non-conventional CMOS design techniques are being proposed that overcome the limitations. This thesis focuses on some of those emerging and novel low power design technique namely Adiabatic logic and low power devices like Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) and Carbon Nanotube Field Effect transistor (CNFET). Circuits that are used for large computations (multipliers, encryption engines) that amount to maximum part of power consumption in a whole chip are designed using these novel low power techniques.
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Liu, Shing-yueh, and 劉昕月. "Ecological Wooden House Design in Low-Carbon Era." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45024939833737854168.
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碩士國立高雄大學
都市發展與建築研究所
100
The WHO has identified that there is a need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through developing housing and health guidelines. Lots of countries are developing programs which are expected to contribute to economic recovery and to become a key element in greening the economy. Underlined the need to strengthen life‐cycle analysis of buildings and looking at the health effects. Low carbon, low cost and healthy issues should be considered as priority. According to statistics, Construction industries around the world, nearly consumed 50% of the global energy, 50% of water resource, 40% of the raw material and 80% loss of agricultural land. Simultaneously, construction industries generate 50% of air pollution, 42% of greenhouse gases, 50% of water pollution, 48% of solid waste and 50% of the CFC compounds. Therefore, to rethink the negative impacts due to inappropriate architectural design and construction methods should be one of the most serious tasks of all related professions. Wood architecture usually represents as a high awareness on ecological materials in many developed countries. The design concepts of wood architecture are also considered as priority for most of architects. Not only their excellent performance on energy saved and carbon reduction, but also they can provide better indoor environmental quality that benefit human healthy. Wood is the best low-carbon green material. Comparing to the other materials, the dry method of wood construction facilitate significantly the construction. The purposes of this research are in one hand, to discuss the role of wooden houses in low carbon design by reviewing the global trends including material characteristics, design and construction methods. In other hand, to study the influencing factors of the durability and physical situations of wooden houses in Taiwan, such as human behaviors, climate condition and construction regulations by investigating the users’ feed back in different cases. Finally the basis considerations for local design will be concluded and proposed. The results display, the key factors of promoting the wooded houses in Taiwan are related to followings: the construction quality, design request, regular maintenance and material control. Most of them can be technically overcome and in fact, different systems or construction methods of wooden houses are feasible in Taiwan. As conventional opinion pronounced, hot and humid weather obstructs the development of wooded houses in Taiwan. On the contrary, according to the results and analysis of this research, wooden houses can be promoted as a true ecological housing type in Taiwan by studying more details regarding the micro-climate problems of different localities in the low carbon era.
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Chang, Shuo-Hsiu, and 張碩修. "Low-carbon Passive Design Strategies Utilized in Building Renovation." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70813532938736086360.
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碩士國立高雄大學
創意設計與建築學系碩士班
101
The topic of sustainable energy saving now is very popular. However what is green building? How to reconstruct high-energy consuming, function impaired and unhealthy established buildings? Would applying some energy saving designs achieve the best result of sustainable construction and low-carbon? Is energy saving index the ultimate basis of environment improvement? There is no answer for those questions. This research believes that applying some energy saving techniques may not sufficient to achieve the expected goal of sustainable low-carbon. Integrated low-carbon passive designs are needed in the project. This research is based on observation of the smart energy house in Ciaotou Sugar Refinery. This research tries to use “pattern”concept to help the environment improvement participants. During the planning process they can have the better understandings of local life style and comprehend how the local people respond and reform their environment. The concept is also helpful for environment improvement participants to analyze the local ecological, economical and society behaviors. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a planning module that includes analysis frames, decision systems and standard operation procedures according to analyzing the relations between the environment levels and patterns。This module is not only for ecological experts. By following the standard planning process any inhabitant can use this module to analyze the environment problems and participate in designing. Therefore the inhabitants can develop their reconstruction ideas to solve the complicated environment problems and activate the space based on their personal experiences in order to attain the ultimate environment and build the local low-carbon happy life.
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Liu, Jia-Yi, and 劉佳儀. "Apply Multi-Objective Planning in Low-Carbon Costs and Carbon Footprint of Design Assessment." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24873797956401260182.
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碩士中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
100
Due to rising awareness of environmental protection, more and more consumers paid their attention to the lower environmental impact product development under the same features and conditions. Many companies begin to perform the environmental impact assessment and get the certification for their products in order to enhance their brand value. However, this environmental assessment process is generally implemented only when the products are designed and mass produced. It is too late for the designers to change their product design when they found the product may have higher environmental impacts. The reason is that it will cost a lot of efforts and costs to perform the change. In this research, the products’ environmental impacts are provided and analyzed during the design stage based on the previous certified products. In order to solve the confiscation of carbon emission and cost problems, a multi-objective decision making method, step method. Finally, a case study is applied for the demonstration of the results.
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Chang, Po-Cheng, and 張博程. "Design and Analysis on the Low-Carbon Product Supply Chain Network." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28435475926182199128.
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碩士中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
102
Global warming is the most concerned issue for recent years. The development of human civilization caused many irreversible influences to the environment. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, international organizations actively promoting the development of low-carbon products and low-carbon emission supply chain network. Therefore, many companies have active inventoried carbon emissions, applied and verified the carbon footprint label of products. On the one hand, they want to reduce environmental impact by exposing greenhouse gas emissions and low-carbon products designing; on the other hand, they want to promote the corporate image so that their sales volume of products could be rising up. In Taiwan, many companies take the initiative to apply carbon label. They want to find out some opportunity on products design stage, to make lower carbon emissions by carbon emissions calculation of the scope of life cycle. And so that they could by means of redesign the products to reduce carbon emissions of products. However, because the carbon reduction of products has a wider scope and it could cover many suppliers in the supply chain. In addition, the change of products design could also make changes to products costs. Due to above reasons, although many companies expose carbon information of their products, but because of the lack of an effective low-carbon supply chain network evaluation system, which can not execute further analysis of carbon reduction. Obviously, it loses the purposes that companies expose the carbon emissions information. In this study, in order to help companies design low-carbon products, we hope to develop a low-carbon supply chain network evaluation system to analyze the carbon reduction opportunities of supply chain network. We collect and analyze the components, the transport carbon emissions, and the cost data from suppliers. Using multiple objective decision making analysis method and normalized normal constraint method, to find the optimal solution from numerous carbon reduction opportunities. After the joint assessment and discussion with suppliers, companies will be able to use this study result to identify the carbon reduction methods which is lower environmental impact and lower cost in the product design stage, in order to achieve the purpose of carbon reducing.
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Lin, Bo-shiang, and 林泊享. "Building design challenges and planning strategy of low carbon to neutral." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49585066826763912080.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
102
Architecture is one of the world's largest energy consuming industries, which release of greenhouse gases and energy consumption accounted for one-third of the world's total energy consumption, also, with climate change caused a lot of problems and comprehensive disaster , we must pay attention to this topic. As the result, carbon emission control has becomes the target of global concern. Therefore, Committed to reducing building's energy consumption will be the trend. Nowadays In many building energy and reduce carbon emissions issues , is most concerned about the zero energy building and zero carbon building, they are all considered to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In recent years, however, researchers from the zero-carbon building development process, found mostly always focus on the application of technical and equipment, but not much for the integration of design and method of zero carbon buildings. Therefore, this research will begin on the design and concept of zero carbon buildings, discuss about design challenges of low carbon to neutral. First, this study will review the literature and case study will be basis on low-carbon building thinking, and design strategies in integrate zero carbon buildings, to explore ways to promote real zero carbon buildings row. This research are include architectural design competition and simulated operating, trying to establish the design strategy of low carbon to neutral. The study includes the context of environmental changes and sustainable building, as well as an attempt to reduce and balance the building generated carbon emissions. And from the perspective of the building life cycle, discuss how to achieve the architectural and environmental symbiosis. Finally, establishment of the design operating strategies is proof to be available for the design stages of learning.
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Pin-DangWang and 王品登. "Discussion on Factors of Architectural Practitioner's Cognition toward Low-Carbon Building Design." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wmnq39.
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碩士國立成功大學
建築學系
102
Climate change caused by global warming has brought serious impact on ecological and socio-economic, buildings as one of the main energy consumers and carbon emitters attract increasing attention. According to IPCC, buildings consumed 40% energy sources To mitigate the impact of global climate change, must promote low-carbon buildings. Building design and construction can decide whether to implement the concept of low-carbon buildings. Architectural practitioner's cognition toward low carbon building affecting the architectural design concept. The purpose of this study is to investigate architectural practitioner's willing of using low carbon building and related product. This questionnaire survey targeted architectural practitioner of Taiwan, and 392 questionnaires sent in total, 186 effective questionnaires were collected. All data are analyzed and verified with descriptive statistics, item analysis, factor analysis, pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance. The study shows that important obstacles of low-carbon building design can be divided into“cost of building materials”and “proprietor acceptance”. Architectural Relationship between practitioner's adoption intention and Environmental benefits of the equipment
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Feng, Lin, and 林鋒. "The Innovation of Green Building Design Strategy to Promote Low Carbon Communities." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08728541760227420498.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
103
In the condition of Global warming, low-carbon has become an issue in this century. This issue revolutes the life style of human beings, and urge the green building and the low-carbon community to emerge. However, they are linked each other and it will not make a big difference until we put the two ones together to think about how to improve our living environment. The research finds that the green building and the low- carbon community are still isolated each other by analyzing their development. Therefore, the research puts forward an innovative green building design strategy to promote low-carbon communities. Firstly, the research proves the theoretic feasibility with literature review and case studies. Secondly, it verifies the operability with some projects which win in architectural design competitions. Finally, the new green building design strategy is established. We hope it can help other architecture learners.
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YuLiu and 劉昱. "Innovative Design and Assessment of Low-carbon Emission Concept Product Service System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53679355227980256840.
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Tsai, Chih-Chang, and 蔡志昌. "Low Carbon Tourism Information Systems Analysis and Design - Using Kinmen as an Example." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2f4g5n.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
企業管理系
103
The government is set to make the two-day weekly holiday the norm, giving people more time to travel and engage in recreational activities, thereby boosting the development of related industries. Consequently, crowd and traffic flow would also sabotage travel quality and pollute the environment. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nation reckons that transportation accounts for more than ten percent of man-made greenhouse gas emission. To ease global warming, it is necessary for human beings to change their living habits. In recent years, carpooling, which derived from the concept of sharing economy, has changed the way that resources are consumed. In addition to saving energy and reducing carbon emission, it has also improved the traffic and pollution problems. This study, based upon Kinmen’s current tourism, combines the concepts of low-carbon tourism and carpooling, analyzes and develops a prototype system which is capable of matching tourists need between scenic point, available time and carpooling group. Through interviews, this study figures out the requirements of tourism information system, analyzes the functional framework of the system, and designs a prototype system. In addition, this study verifies the feasibility of the system.
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Peng, Bi-Chia, and 彭必佳. "Design of the Carbon Reduction Teaching App for Low-grade Kids of Primary School." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83934172793734410880.
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碩士華梵大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
103
The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing, and this is threatening the stability of global climate. Reducing carbon emissions is the best way to mitigate global warming. The 21st century is the era of Internet and information technology, and mobile technology has become an indispensable tool for learning. This study combines Information Technology Education and Environmental Education together in response to two of the nine major themes in Grade 1-9 Curriculum Guidelines. It integrates mobile technology into the energy-saving and carbon-reduction curriculum in order to facilitate students to learn the relevant knowledge. This paper proposes the design of a mobile Carbon Reduction App for students in the lower grades of the primary curriculum to help them learn the relevant knowledge using the mobile devices. In addition, this thesis also designed a questionnaire to understand the learning effectiveness for students in the lower grades and their acceptance of using both mobile devices and the Carbon Reduction App. In this thesis, we collected data from literature reviews, Internet, and films related to carbon reduction in order to design a teaching App. The subjects were 27 students of first grade from one class of a school in New Taipei City. The data for the study were collected and analyzed by pre- and post-questionnaires as well as by interviewing students. The experimental results have shown that the students’ knowledge about energy-saving and carbon-reduction has improved significantly, and the first graders were fond of using mobile devices to learn new things.
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Mastropietro, Paolo. "Regulatory Design of Capacity Remuneration Mechanisms in Regional and Low-Carbon Electric Power Markets." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-185145.
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Capacity remuneration mechanisms (CRMs) are “climbing” regulatory agendas in all liberalised power sectors, especially in the European Union. CRMs are introduced to improve system reliability and to minimise power shortages to an economically efficient extent. These schemes will have a central role in future power systems. This PhD thesis provides an in-depth review of CRM design elements and recommendations to increase their efficiency and effectiveness, particularly in view of the challenges that these mechanisms have to confront in the current power sector environment, characterised by the pursuit of decarbonisation. The attention is focused here on the interaction with regional market integration, the need for properly-designed performance incentives, and the interaction with renewable technologies. The research is based on empirical evidence collected from international experiences, which is complemented, where applicable, by a model-based analysis to examine specific design elements. The outcomes of this PhD thesis can be summarised as follows. The participation of cross-border resources in national CRMs must be guaranteed in order to fully seize the benefits of regional market integration. However, this participation requires a strong commitment from power systems (and governments) in the regional market and the implementation of network codes and market rules that deter system operators from blocking exports when the latter are the outcome of an efficient market clearing. Where short-term markets are coordinated through market coupling, the algorithm must include a conditional nomination rule that ensures that, during regional scarcity conditions, available resources are assigned to those consumers that paid for them in the CRM market. CRMs must rely on robust performance incentives that foster the actual delivery of the committed capacity. High penalty rates may increase the cost of the capacity market, but the overall cost of electricity supply may decrease. Renewable technologies should be allowed to participate in CRMs and should be exposed to the market signals provided by these mechanisms. If renewable and conventional technologies must compete in the same markets, they should do it subject to the same rules. Obviously this participation must be coordinated with renewable support schemes, discounting CRM revenues.QC 20160411
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Yang, Ji-lin, and 楊季霖. "A Review of Passive Energy Strategies in Architecture Design and Practice－Subtropical Passive House and Low Carbon Design." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20889198303563143628.
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碩士國立高雄大學
都市發展與建築研究所
99
Architectural design process, for access to energy is often mandatory to adopt an active approach, the domestic cost of electricity is currently taking 21.3% less centralized nuclear and coal-fired 47.4% of the fire as a basis, resulting in a transfer process Decreasing the waste of energy, energy fuel switching the overall efficiency of electricity down to about 30%, plus usage patterns for the dependence on electricity, produced by the hidden behind the Gray Energy, in the whole building life cycle, causing considerable waste. In this study, through passive energy design (Passive design), of passive consumption and energy use, aimed at improving life cycle performance of power strategies, and use smart grid concept of reducing the electricity dependency, and reduce gray technology caused Grey energy; followed by foreign case for low energy building design of the energy processing, and energy-saving and power of appeal and significance; back nine indicators of domestic green building, in the pursuit of low energy, low carbon emissions and the pursuit of Saving equipment, for electricity still can’t get out of dependency, and lack of wisdom of the whole life cycle performance considerations discussed as electricity, which made energy design module. Through an experimental base for empirical research in the energy strategy for the passive operation, provide for observation and energy, the discussion of electricity in energy consumption on the energy performance of the design and application interface module in response to space to observe the And record the actual results and future status of the analysis of the design value, and its real efficacy and wisdom of electricity, reducing the gray energy and energy policy in the electric load of the application. The end of the control to lower the energy dimension, and spatial processing of the action strategy, including vertical (Vertical), the level of decentralized (Horizontal), local-style processing, and target type (Target) optimized for the surrounding environment Electric load in response to the actual results and future through the status of the design value of the analysis, the ongoing monitoring of energy use to achieve the performance and reduce electricity consumption in real terms, gray lower energy and energy strategy proposed in the application of electric load. Towards self-sufficiency in the future based workstation development, from single buildings to the future development of the street blocks type, the core concept of the regional pattern.
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Huang, Yu-Chen, and 黃裕宸. "The Decision Model of Sustainable Design and Development of Product Servicizing under Low Carbon Society." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09261708345419122538.
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博士國立雲林科技大學
設計學研究所
103
Global warming, climatic change, energy saving and carbon reduction have become important issues in the world. In recent years, numerous countries, including Taiwan, have paid attention to the implementation of a carbon system and related regulations. For instance, the UK plans to reduce 60% CO2 in 2050 by comparing to 1990, and Japan plans to reduce 80% CO2 in 2050. The Climate Change Conference of the UN, was held in Durban, South Africa, agrees to extend the deadline of the Kyoto Protocol for emission reduction in developed countries for five more years. A legal agreement will be established and developed countries and developing countries will be included in the scope of emission reduction in 2020. In response to the global trend of low carbon and the concept of sustainable development, low carbon and green products have been developed. Upon such environmental trends, regarding product design and development, enterprises will develop R&D for the manufacturing of energy-saving and sustainable products and low carbon products. The economic performance of enterprises should match their environmental performance. Therefore, enterprises must have complete control of carbon emission during product design and development. If enterprises can minimize the carbon mission during the product life cycle, the effort can significantly improve the energy-saving effectiveness of product design and R&D, as well as the related environmental impact. The low environmental impact of product servicizing can enhance the sustainable product effect and lead to a low carbon society. Moreover, it will be a key factor of corporate sustainable development and design & development strategies for sustainable products. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to construct a decision model for sustainable design and development of product servicizing under low carbon society. The complete research purposes are described as follows: First of all, we used the grounded theory to extract the results of the expert interviews to analyze factors of sustainable design and development for principles of product servicizing under low carbon society as the base of sustainable product design and development. Secondly, we established a sustainable design and development checklist for product servicizing under low carbon society based on life cycle as the criterion of evaluation for sustainable product design and development. Last, we integrated literature reviews and sustainable design and development principles and the checklist of product servicizing under low carbon society to construct a decision model for sustainable design and development of product servicizing under low carbon society. At the same time, we validated the case of “office desk furniture” and conducted analysis and assessment by expert interviews to establish principles of sustainable design and development for office desk furniture. And we compared difference between the original design and the improved design with Life-cycle Design Strategy Wheel proposed in the literature review. Finally, we confirmed the decision model for sustainable design and development of product servicizing under low carbon society that can achieve the goal of sustainable design and development. As a result of this research can help enterprises to meet the requirements of the EU Environmental Directive, as well as the new trend of a low carbon society and product service systems. Hence, the products will have more competitive advantages in the international market, and also achieve a new vision for the sustainable development of enterprises.
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Gong, Xuan-Jie, and 龔鉉傑. "Analysis of Low-Carbon Smart Green Building CFD Simulation and Evaluation of Energy Efficient Design Strategies." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2p43jb.
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碩士國立中央大學
能源工程研究所
107
Low carbon and clean green energy house is a comfortable and economic place for the people to stay. The green energy house consumes only 40% of the energy compared to the conventional house. This low carbon emission house coupled with Internet of Things (IoT) was demonstrated at National Central University. Every possible factor effects in the functioning and maintenance of the energy house was considered in the simulations. The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed in flow field mode. The local climatic conditions and the data of the micro weather station was considered for the outdoor flow field simulations. The indoor flow field simulation explores the indoor temperature, wind distribution, ventilation and air conditioning mode under different usage conditions in different climatic seasons. We simulated the effect of heat distribution in the house and placed the air conditioners for comfortable living environment. We also demonstrated the usage for both office and residential purposes and calculated the energy consumption based upon the local climatic conditions with effective usage of all the facilities available in the house. This study combines CFD and energy consumption estimation to provide comfortable living in the house with good air quality in different seasons. The user models, effective power consumption and other factors demonstrated and simulated in our research helps the future researchers in designing of power generation and storage for living in various situations.
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Yu, Lin Chien, and 林千又. "An Exploratory Study on Green Low-carbon Design and Intelligent Energy-saving Development for Modern Kitchen." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45528259314879021733.
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碩士義守大學
機械與自動化工程學系碩士在職專班
101
Global climate anomalies caused by global warning and greenhouse gas emissions results from global warning would be global environmental issues for those human living on earth. A green and low-carbon living space recently becomes the green energy policy promoted by government and its agencies. This research concentrates on the study of the green low-carbon manufacturing process implements to local smart kitchenware industry. Global perspective of the green industry trends and domestic energy analysis are also focused and the results are demonstrated that local kitchenware industry can be transformed into low-carbon green enterprise. In this study, an expert questionnaire method combined with data envelopment analysis (DEA) is applied to evaluate the efficiency for each unit. DEA and CCR-AR with Common Weight are key skills in this research. It is found that the results of evaluated unit efficiency illustrate life cycle assessment and the carbon reduction process during manufacture for kitchenware industry. The difference between quality control practices and policy guidance can be the main topics for the future ongoing research projects. Green low-carbon manufacturing processes for kitchenware industry would be the focus of the greenhouse gas inventory in the near future. The advantage of these processes will improve kitchenware industry competitive and lead a direction for sustainable management.
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Liu, Nai-wen, and 劉乃文. "A Guideline and Assessment of Sustainable Design from Product Service System (PSS) under Low Carbon Society." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77915179591699111878.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
創意生活設計碩士班
99
The trend of "sustainability" issues and "low carbon" has become an important issues today. Technology development and industrial revolution, bring the human a high degree of material comfort, but also an unprecedented catastrophe for the global environment and natural resources. EU environmental directives have been put forward "reduce, recycle, re-use" resources to improve efficiency, it will become the new economic model and life style. Therefore, “A Guideline and Assessment of Sustainable Design from Product Service System (PSS) under Low Carbon Society” can reduce product carbon emissions of enterprise, and increase efficient usage of resources. So that the material usage can form a closed loop. Under the low-carbon of the products and services'' concept have a characteristics of a low environmental impact. In order to understand the “sustainable product design of product-service system of low-carbon society”, the researcher experimental instruments included literature review: low-carbon society, product service systems, sustainable product design. Also, study used expert interviews and grounded theory to achieve the goal and used the cases of proven ways to validation strategy model. The findings obtained three results: sustainable product design of product-service system of low-carbon society’s guidelines, sustainable product design‘s checklist and sustainable product design’s process. As a result of study, it can improve product life-cycle phases of environmental impact and the impact of its assistance and recognition of sustainable product development goals to reach. The results of the LC-PSS green products sustainable design different from green product sustainable design is “early in the design of education”. It emphasizes understanding of the production designer of products used, the use of the material properties of the various stages and the production process of the problems faced in order to improve the product in the production process defect rate.