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Journal articles on the topic 'Low cost automation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 June 2025

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1

Erbe, H. H. "Introduction to Low Cost/Cost Effective Automation." Robotica 21, no. 3 (2003): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026357470200471x.

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I. INTRODUCTIONThe contributions to this issue aim to provide robotics and, in general, the automatic control community with results of research and applications focused on the cost-effectiveness of automation systems.Low Cost Automation or Cost Effective Automation promotes cost oriented reference architectures and development approaches that properly integrate human skill and technical solutions, includes decentralized process control strategies, addresses automation integrated with information processing, as well as automation of non-sophisticated and easily handled operations for production maintenance.Low Cost Automation is not an oxymoron like military intelligence or jumbo shrimps. It opposes the rising cost of sophisticated automation and propagates the use of innovative and intelligent solutions at an affordable cost. The concept can be regarded as a collection of methodologies aiming at exploiting tolerance of imprecision or uncertainties to achieve tractability, robustness and, in the end, low cost solutions. Mathematically, elegant designs of automation systems are often not feasible because of neglecting real world problems, i.e. they are failure-prone and therefore often very expensive for their users.Low Cost Automation does not mean basic or poor performance control. The design of automation systems considers their life cycle with respect to their costs. For example, machine vision, despite in some cases costly components, properly applied can reduce the overall cost. It is used to guide field robots, identifying and assembling parts, and to sort out agricultural products.

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2

Kopacek, P. ""Low-Cost" Factory Automation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 25, no. 25 (1992): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)49574-7.

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3

Ferraté, G. A. "About Low Cost Automation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 13 (1986): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)59506-3.

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4

Albertos, P. "Low Cost Automation Issues." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 18 (1989): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)52813-x.

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5

Albertos, Pedro. "Trends in Low Cost Automation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 25 (1998): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)36353-x.

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6

Leskiewicz, H. "Reliability in Low Cost Automation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 18 (1989): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)52875-x.

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7

Erbe, Heinz-Hermann. "Manufacturing with low cost automation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no. 7 (2003): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)35813-5.

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8

Schmidt, Kolja, and Moritz Rohde. "Low Cost Automation in der Logistik." ZWF Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb 105, no. 1-2 (2010): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/104.110244.

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9

Guareschi, D., M. Staroswiecki, and P. H. Delmaire. "Intelligent Actuators for Low Cost Automation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 18 (1989): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)52859-1.

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10

Erbe, Heinz-H. "LOW COST INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION IN MANUFACTURING." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.00064.

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11

Rodge, Prof Pramod. "High Efficient, Low Cost Home Automation System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 4 (2018): 4856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.4795.

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12

Book, Wayne J. "Low Cost Automation with Lighter, Versatile Machines." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 13 (1986): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)59509-9.

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13

Davies, Tom, and Stanislaw Paul MAJ. "Wastewater Automation – The Development of a Low Cost, Distributed Automation System." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 6 (2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n6p41.

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In developed countries wastewater management is considered a vital aspect of community health and wellbeing. Failures in wastewater management may result in the release of pathogens into natural water bodies and in extreme circumstances into drinking water. Illnesses caused by contamination range from gastroenteritis and viral infections to death. As such in Australia it is a highly regulated industry accountable to a range of state authorized bodies such as Department of Environment Regulations (DER) and Department of Health (DoH) . The Shire of Moora was made responsible for their wastewater system in 2013. An analysis of this system found that the SCADA system conveyed fault location but no alarm status information. It should be noted that alarm status is needed in order to determine required responses. In order to address this problem a range of different potential solutions were evaluated according to a wide range of ranked factors such as cost, security, features etc. This resulted in the design and implementation of a low cost, distributed wireless solution based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The authors believe this is the first implementation of this system in a rural/regional environment.

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14

Kopacek, P. "Advanced "Low-Cost" Automation for Small Sized Industries." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 23, no. 8 (1990): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)51854-6.

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15

Schroeder, D. "Trends in Electrical Drives for Low Cost Automation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 18 (1989): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)52861-x.

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16

Faust, Martin, and Dieter Müller. "LOW COST ENTRY INTO EDUCATION FOR UBIQUITIOUS AUTOMATION." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 39, no. 4 (2006): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20060522-3-fr-2904.00049.

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17

Fernández, Luis M., Guillermo Álvarez, Pablo Sierra, and Ramón E. Rodríguez. "ASTRODATA: LOW COST AUTOMATION FOR HAVANA RADIOASTRONOMICAL STATION." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.00071.

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18

Ferreira Braga, Ruan Mattheus, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Gisele De Freitas Lopes. "Low Cost Process Modeling for a Manaus Industrial Polo factory." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (2019): 620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1916.

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Through the centuries man has found easier and better ways to produce the goods he needs and desires. Thus through new technologies through different forms of automation, manual processes of high physical risk and high financial cost are minimized. The aim of this paper is to show that industrial automation can be applied aiming at a low cost in its implementation, presenting a fast financial return time, besides improving the product quality, reducing the production defect rates and consequently the production increase. Article was based on the automation of a modem assembly cell, where it was necessary to use four (4) operators to assemble it, the modem had a defect index of 0.12% related to annual production. The result achieved showed that after the implementation of an automatic tightening machine, only one (1) operator is required to assist in assembly and one (1) defect rate per year dropped to 0.02% per year. Industrial automation has been showing companies the power to become more competitive in the world market. Thus, it becomes essential in the process of using technologies as a tool to support business management.

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19

Tiboni, Monica, Francesco Aggogeri, Roberto Bussola, Alberto Borboni, Cesare Augusto Perani, and Nicola Pellegrini. "Low-Cost Design Solutions for Educational Robots." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 30, no. 5 (2018): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2018.p0827.

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Low-cost robotics, fully integrated in the corporate IT infrastructure, is a requirement in the era of modern industrial automation derived from the Industry 4.0 model. This paper presents a multidisciplinary robotics-based learning (R-BL) project consisting of the development of a modular control architecture and a gripper for small manipulators. The solution, as compared with options available in the current robotic market, is a balance between low-cost devices with industrial robot performance. The project is carried out as part of the Robotics and Mechanisms program, a course in the automation engineering degree program at the University of Brescia in Italy. A 4-axis small-size robot, able to manipulate many kinds of objects, was designed and built by a student team by integrating the controller and the gripper. The controller was implemented using a real-time Raspberry platform by following a modular design concept. The control software is characterized by a short development time. The gripper was advanced to achieve low cost and modularity tradeoffs.

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20

Mispan, Mohd Syafiq, Ahmad Haﬁzzudin Mustafa, Hafez Sarkawi, and Aiman Zakwan Jidin. "Low-cost and portable automatic sheet cutter." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 5 (2020): 5139. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp5139-5146.

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Process automation is crucial to increase productivity, more efficient use of materials, better product quality, improved safety, etc. In small-medium enterprise (SME) businesses related to household retailing, one of the process automation needed is the measurement and cutting of the mat or sheet, made of rubber or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials. Most of the household retailers that selling the sheet, the process of measuring and cutting according to the customer’s requirements are manually performed using a measuring tape and scissors. These manual processes can cause inaccuracy in length, inefficient use of material, low productivity and reduce product quality. This paper presents a low cost and portable automatic sheet cutter using the Arduino development board, which is used to control the process of measuring and cutting the materials. The system uses a push-button where the user can set the required length and quantity of the sheet. Once the required information is set, the stepper motor rolls the sheet until the required length is satisfied. Subsequently, another stepper motor moves the cutter horizontally and cut the sheet. With the automatic sheet cutter, the material is cut with acceptable precision. The design of the automatic sheet cutter is low cost and portable which significantly suitable to be used by SME household retailers.

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21

Fast-Berglund, Å., Omkar Salunkhe, and Magnus Åkerman. "Low-cost Automation – changing the traditional view on automation strategies using collaborative applications." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 10285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.2762.

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22

Patil, Mamata. "Low Cost Multipurpose Android Controlled Automation System using ESP8266." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 5 (2019): 3725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.5613.

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23

Leung, T. P., and W. K. Chick. "CAD for Pneumatic Circuit Design in Low Cost Automation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 18, no. 9 (1985): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)60292-1.

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24

Patil, Sumit. "Low Cost Automation for Manufacturing of Conveyor Chain Bushes." IOSR Journal of Engineering 3, no. 12 (2013): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-031240106.

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25

Montalvo, William, Juan Escobar-Naranjo, Carlos A. Garcia, and Marcelo V. Garcia. "Low-Cost Automation for Gravity Compensation of Robotic Arm." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 3823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113823.

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During the Industry 4.0 era, the open source-based robotic arms control applications have been developed, in which the control algorithms apply for movement precision in the trajectory tracking paths based on direct or reverse kinematics. Therefore, small errors in the joint positions can summarize in large position errors of the end-effector in the industrial activities. Besides the change of the end-effector position for a given variation of the set-point in manipulator joint positions depends on the manipulator configuration. This research proposes a control based on Proportional Derivative (PD) Control with gravity compensation to show the robustness of this control scheme in the robotic arm’s industrial applications. The control algorithm is developed using a low-cost board like Raspberry Pi (RPI) where the Robot Operating System (ROS) is installed. The novelty of this approach is the development of new functions in ROS to make the PD control with gravity compensation in low-cost systems. This platform brings a fast exchange of information between the Kuka™ youBot robotic arm and a graphical user’s interface that allows a transparent interaction between them.

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26

Yanguang, Sun, Wang Daixian, Fang shubiao, et al. "A Low Cost Steelmaklng Automation System for Mini-Mill." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 25 (1998): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)36387-5.

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27

Cipriano, A., W. Escobedo, V. Varela, and G. Gonzalez. "A Low Cost Automation System with Advanced Control Capabilities." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 18 (1989): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)52879-7.

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28

Yashvant Khire, Mohan, and S. D. Madnaik. "Folding cartons using low cost automation – a case study." Assembly Automation 21, no. 3 (2001): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000005618.

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29

Ollero, A. "Plenary Session 1: Low Cost Automation in Field Robotics." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 34, no. 29 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)32782-9.

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30

Spale, Jiri. "Home Automation with a low-cost AVR-based Board." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 4 (2015): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.07.067.

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31

Bernhardt, Rolf, and Heinz-H. Erbe. "Conference Reports." Robotica 20, no. 2 (2002): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574701223741.

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6TH IFAC SYMP. ON COST ORIENTED AUTOMATION (LOW COST AUTOMATION 2001)(Oct. 8–9, 2001, Berlin, Germany)The symposium brought together researchers and industrialists in two plenary sessions, eight regular sessions and two industrial workshops (special sessions). The organizers intended to rescue Low Cost Automation from its bad reputation by considering mostly the development and application of cheap components of control systems of low performance, just suitable for developing industries. Because of this, the organizers intended to focus on considering and discussing cost-oriented or cost-effective solutions for automation systems. This intention was quite successful. Despite expensive components, the life cycle of automation systems regarding design, production, operating, maintenance, reconfiguration and recycling was cost effective (cost of ownership). The participants of the Industrial Workshops I and II on “Virtual Programmable Logic Control” and “Lifecycle Costs” presented and discussed new developments in these fields. As it turned out, companies are currently refraining from the implementation of highly automated svstems because they are too inflexible, and their maintenance and reconfiguration is too expensive. Companies are looking for cost-effective solutions. Additionally, the invited keynote speech of the second plenary session, “Maintenance Holistic Framework for Optimizing the Cost/Availability Compromise of Manufacturing Systems” stressed these problems.

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32

Valdiero, Antonio Carlos, Ivan Jr Mantovani, Andrei Fiegenbaum, Giovani P. B. Dambroz, and Luiz A. Rasia. "Development of a Pneumatically Driven Cell for Low Cost Automation." Journal of Industrial Engineering 2016 (September 8, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8431893.

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The present work addresses the development of a pneumatically driven manufacturing cell for low cost automation applications. This cell can be used in innovative applications as a low cost alternative to increase production and quality in industry. The state of the art shows that technological advances in computing have made possible a drop in equipment prices, making them more accessible. The aim of this work is to develop automation through a classic methodology for a manufacturing cell to minimize errors and facilitate the sequential logic conception. This experimental prototype has been developed at the UNIJUI with financial support by public organizations and companies. Pneumatic actuator used in bench driven has the following advantages: its maintenance is easy and simple, is of relatively low cost, self-cooling properties, and good power density (power/dimension rate), and is fast acting with high acceleration and installation flexibility. However, there are difficulties of control logic due to the complex systems. The sequential controller strategy design considers the pneumatic system, experimental results, and performance of the proposed control strategy.

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33

Garbossa, Luis Hamilton Pospissil, André Luis Novaes, and Katt Regina Lapa. "Low-Cost Automation for Hydrological Monitoring in Water Resources Management." Proceedings 48, no. 1 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecws-4-06416.

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To properly manage water resources, data acquisition through environmental monitoring is required. However, the cost of professional sophisticated hydrological monitoring equipment may be prohibitive for many locations around the world. This work aims to develop a low-cost data collection platform (L-DCP) to be used to densify the hydrological monitoring network for rainfall, small rivers level and water temperature. Low cost sensors were compared to professional ones and presented an excellent correlation, with the coefficient of determination higher than 0.99 for temperature. The L-DCP was kept activated and collecting data for over 150 days without major problems. The low-cost solution has approximately 9% of the cost of a professional solution.

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34

Kashan Ali Shah, Syed, and Waqas Mahmood. "Smart Home Automation Using IOT and its Low Cost Implementation." International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing 10, no. 5 (2020): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijem.2020.05.03.

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35

Mishra, Priti. "Internet of Things Based Low-Cost Real-Time Home Automation." IJARCCE 7, no. 12 (2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/ijarcce.2018.71204.

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36

Aliyu, Salihu, Abdulazeez Yusuf, Umar Abdullahi, Mustapha Hafiz, and Lukman A. Ajao. "Development of a Low-Cost GSM-Bluetooth Home Automation System." International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications 9, no. 8 (2017): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2017.08.05.

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37

Sarungu, Cornelius Mellino, and Liliana Liliana. "Low Cost Data Analytics Implementation on Project Management Process Automation." International Journal of New Media Technology 5, no. 2 (2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/ijnmt.v5i2.1065.

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Project management practice used many tools to support the process of recording and tracking data generated along the whole project. Project analytics provide deeper insights to be used on decision making. To conduct project analytics, one should explore the tools and techniques required. The mostcommon tool is Microsoft Excel. Its simplicity and flexibility make project manager or project team members can utilize it to do almost any kind of activities. We combine MS Excel with R Studio to brought data analytics into the project management process. While the data input process still using the old way that the project manager already familiar, the analytic engine could extract data from it and create visualization of needed parameters in a single output report file. This kind of approach deliver a low cost solution of project analytics for the organization. We can implement it with relatively low cost technology onone side, some of them are free, while maintaining the simple way of data generation process. This solution can also be proposed to improve project management process maturity level to the next stage, like CMMI level 4 that promote project analytics. Index Terms—project management, project analytics, data analytics.

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38

Wittenmark, B. "Theory as a Part of the Low Cost Automation Control." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 18 (1989): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)52814-1.

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39

Cronquist, Carol. "Low Cost Automation Of Acquisition In A Small Academic Library." OCLC Micro 6, no. 3 (1990): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003622.

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40

Chiang, Luciano E. "Low Cost Automation of a Cable System for Timber Harvesting." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 34, no. 29 (2001): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)32813-6.

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41

Chalmers, David R. "Applying Automation to High Quality/Low Cost Orchestra Live Streaming." SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 129, no. 3 (2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/jmi.2020.2969762.

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42

Müller-Polyzou, R., N. Meier, and A. Georgiadis. "Case study analysis of laser-assisted Low-Cost Automation assembly." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 10403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.2780.

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43

Porsch, Marcia Regina Maboni Hoppen, Luiz Antonio Rasia, Nelson José Thesing, Patricia Carolina Pedrali, and Antonio Carlos Valdiero. "Low Cost Robotic Manipulator for Family Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural Studies 7, no. 2 (2019): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v7i4.15369.

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This article introduces or designs and practices a Gantry pneumatic robotic manipulator for greenhouse automation. The prototype was built on the reduced model for sowing and harvesting vegetables using the familiar concept of agriculture. Low-cost robotic handlers can contribute to improved working conditions in family farming and enable strategies to diversify agricultural activities for low-income families. The system has two degrees of freedom, was mounted on a metal workbench using cylinders and specially manufactured guided cable actuator. The control system includes nonlinear compensations of the servo valves used. Functional tests used step input electrical signals (-4 V to +4 V and -8 V to +8 V) using open loop circuit for robot pressure and positioning control. The results obtained are important for perfecting the robotic manipulator for family farming applications.

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44

Wang, Guochun, Champak Das, Bradley Ledden, Qian Sun, and Chien Nguyen. "Development of Fully Automated Low-Cost Immunoassay System for Research Applications." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 22, no. 5 (2017): 518–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630316684795.

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) automation for routine operation in a small research environment would be very attractive. A portable fully automated low-cost immunoassay system was designed, developed, and evaluated with several protein analytes. It features disposable capillary columns as the reaction sites and uses real-time calibration for improved accuracy. It reduces the overall assay time to less than 75 min with the ability of easy adaptation of new testing targets. The running cost is extremely low due to the nature of automation, as well as reduced material requirements. Details about system configuration, components selection, disposable fabrication, system assembly, and operation are reported. The performance of the system was initially established with a rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) assay, and an example of assay adaptation with an interleukin 6 (IL6) assay is shown. This system is ideal for research use, but could work for broader testing applications with further optimization.

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45

Ran, Xue Nong. "Discusses on the Application and Development Prospect of Mechanical Automation Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 1324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.1324.

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It describes the application and development prospect of mechanical automation technology, reviews the development history of mechanical technology and looks our country mechanical automation in the future, proposes the reference of foreign experience in mechanical automation technology, suggests the priority and development direction to Chinas low cost of mechanical automation technology.

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46

Ab Ghani, Mohd Ruddin, Siti Hajar Raman, Wan Nor Shela Ezwane Wan Jusoh, Mohd Ariff Mat Hanafiah, and Jano Zanariah. "A Low Cost Wireless Data Acquisition System for Distribution Automation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.776.

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This paper analyzed the design and development of a 16F877A microcontroller-based wireless data acquisition system. Besides, it also discussed the possibility of different existing methodologies to be linked to field data acquisition from distribution automation systems. Various existing data transmission techniques were studied, especially for wireless systems such as satellite, radio, GSM and paging. The hardware and software implementations were included. The system was used for reading, storing and analyzing data which were obtained from DAS. The wireless communications were based on the GSM network. The laboratory results were compared with the simulation results to determine final conclusion.

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47

Minchala, Luis I., Jonnathan Peralta, Paul Mata-Quevedo, and Jaime Rojas. "An Approach to Industrial Automation Based on Low-Cost Embedded Platforms and Open Software." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (2020): 4696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144696.

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This paper presents a performance evaluation of the development of the instrumentation, communications and control systems of a two-tank process by using low-cost hardware and open source software. The hardware used for automating this process consists of embedded platforms (Arduino and Raspberry Pi) integrated into programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which are connected to a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system implemented with an open source Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) platform. The main purpose of the proposed approach is to evaluate low-cost automation solutions (hardware and software) within the framework of modern industry requirements in order to determine whether these technologies could be enabling factors of IIoT. The proposed control strategy for regulating tank levels combines the classic PID algorithm and the fuzzy gain scheduling PID (FGS-PID) approach. Fault detection capabilities are also enabled for the system through a fault detection and diagnosis module (FDD) implemented with an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The distributed controller’s (DC) algorithms are embedded into the PLC’s processors in order to demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed system. Additionally, a remote human to machine interface (HMI) is deployed through a web client of the IIoT application. Experimental results show the proper operation of the overall system.

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48

V, Srinivasan. "Improving Efficiency of the Process and Safety by Low Cost Automation." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 23, no. 3 (2019): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i3/pr190117.

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49

Koritsoglou, Kyriakos, Vasileios Christou, Georgios Ntritsos, et al. "Improving the Accuracy of Low-Cost Sensor Measurements for Freezer Automation." Sensors 20, no. 21 (2020): 6389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216389.

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In this work, a regression method is implemented on a low-cost digital temperature sensor to improve the sensor’s accuracy; thus, following the EN12830 European standard. This standard defines that the maximum acceptable error regarding temperature monitoring devices should not exceed 1 °C for the refrigeration and freezer areas. The purpose of the proposed method is to improve the accuracy of a low-cost digital temperature sensor by correcting its nonlinear response using simple linear regression (SLR). In the experimental part of this study, the proposed method’s outcome (in a custom created dataset containing values taken from a refrigerator) is compared against the values taken from a sensor complying with the EN12830 standard. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed method reduced the mean absolute error (MAE) by 82% for the refrigeration area and 69% for the freezer area—resulting in the accuracy improvement of the low-cost digital temperature sensor. Moreover, it managed to achieve a lower generalization error on the test set when compared to three other machine learning algorithms (SVM, B-ELM, and OS-ELM).

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Sasiadek, J. Z., and Q. Wang. "Low cost automation using INS/GPS data fusion for accurate positioning." Robotica 21, no. 3 (2003): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574702004757.

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Abstract:

Low cost automation often requires accurate positioning. This happens whenever a vehicle or robotic manipulator is used to move materials, parts or minerals on the factory floor or outdoors. In last few years, such vehicles and devices are mostly autonomous. This paper presents the method of sensor fusion based on the Adaptive Fuzzy Kalman Filtering. This method has been applied to fuse position signals from the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) for the autonomous mobile vehicles. The presented method has been validated in 3-D environment and is of particular importance for guidance, navigation, and control of mobile, autonomous vehicles. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the noise characteristic have been modified using the Fuzzy Logic Adaptive System and compared with the performance of regular EKF. It has been demonstrated that the Fuzzy Adaptive Kalman Filter gives better results (more accurate) than the EKF. The presented method is suitable for real-time control and is relatively inexpensive. Also, it applies to fusion process with sensors different than INS or GPS.

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