Journal articles: 'Low-cost test bench'

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Chen, Xi Qu, and Qiang Lv. "Low-Cost and Modularized Test Bench for Focal Plane Array." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.46.

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In this paper, a low-cost and modularized test bench for microbolometric focal plane array is proposed. Based on the analysis of driving microbolometric focal plane array, we have set up the simple test bench. The test bench consists of four major modules: optical part, driving sequence timer, power supply and signal processing board, and data analyzer. Each module in the test bench is reconfigurable and the driving sequence timer is programmable in system. The proposed test bench is low-cost and has been applied to practical microbolometric focal plane arrays in our laboratory.

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Laidani, Abdelmalek, Mohamed Bouhamida, Mustapha Benghanem, Karl Sammut, and Benoit Clement. "A Low-Cost Test Bench for Underwater Thruster Identification." IFAC-PapersOnLine 52, no. 21 (2019): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.12.316.

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Moreno-Ramírez, Ciro, Carmen Iniesta, Alejandro González, and José Luis Olazagoitia. "Development and Characterization of a Low-Cost Sensors System for an Acoustic Test Bench." Sensors 20, no. 22 (2020): 6663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226663.

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Existing acoustic test benches are usually costly devices based on proprietary designs, sensors, and acquisition devices. In this paper, a low-cost test bench for acoustic purposes is introduced. The design of the test bench takes into account not only the low-cost mechanical design, but also uses low-cost sensors and control boards. This test bench has been designed for a range of signals compatible with those used by thermoacoustic engines, but it can be useful for applications with similar requirements. Taking advantage of an auxiliary pressure reference, low-cost unidirectional differential pressure sensors can be used to significantly increase the accuracy of the sampling system. The acoustic and mechanical design and development are presented along with the sampling system and the sensors arrangement implemented. Both the sensor and sampling system are evaluated by comparison with a high-fidelity sound acquisition system. An unexpected effect on the time error values distribution of the low-cost acquisition system is found and described. Finally, the errors introduced by the system and the sensors in terms of time and pressure sampling are characterized. As a result, the low-cost system’s accuracy has been satisfactory assessed and validated for the conditions expected in thermoacoustic experiments in terms of frequency and dynamic pressure.

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Silva, L. C. A., F. G. Dedini, F. C. Corrêa, J. J. Eckert, and M. Becker. "Measurement of wheelchair contact force with a low cost bench test." Medical Engineering & Physics 38, no. 2 (2016): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.11.014.

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Jiao, Hai Ning, Zu Lin Wang, and Jie Yang. "Design of Electric Closed Gearbox Comprehensive Test Bench Based on AC Generation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.61.

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This paper designs a new and power-saving electrical power closed loading comprehensive test bench whose characteristic is AC generation. According to the requirement of non-uniform load, the paper applies the advanced virtual instrument technology to monitor and manage the test bench automatically. The results indicate that the test bench has the advantages of simple operation, complete function, high-level automation, easily implementing upgrading and expanding, low cost and remarkable energy saving result.

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Yangjun. "LOW COST TEST BENCH TO ASSESS ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK EQUIPMENT." Journal of Computer Science 8, no. 11 (2012): 1849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2012.1849.1853.

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Oliveira, Gilberto da Luz, Cristiano Marcio Alves de Souza, Sálvio Napoleão Soares Arcoverde, José Carlos Venturin, Egas José Armando, and Lucas De Oliveira Donaire. "Construction of low-cost benches to assist in teaching machine elements and small engine testing." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 10, no. 12 (2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss12.3911.

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The teaching practice in technical, technological, and engineering education requires well-structured laboratories with didactic resources that provide the actors in the teaching and learning process with better interaction between the topics covered and the search for a practice. Thus, it is fundamental that lecturing institutions have teaching resources in their laboratories that the lecturers would use to improve their teaching-learning process. A teaching bench is a good option among the previous didactic models. The machine elements didactic benches allow a better explanation and application of the relationships between the various mechanical elements and related several subjects. For this reason, this work aims to build two didactic benches to assist the teaching-learning process under technical and didactic standards for teaching courses and/or related subjects of machine elements and later performance of engine bench tests to ensure its operation. The first didactic bench aims to assist in classes in relevant subjects involving machine elements. It has several components in it, and its characteristics and functionalities can be visualized. It has an electric engine for activation and a Prony brake type that measures the motor's torque and power demands. Additionally, it allows the student to visualize the correlations of the various calculations with practice, such as transmission ratio, torque, and power. The second didactic bench concerns the analysis of internal combustion or electric engines' functionalities, in which several parameters are analyzed, such as speed motor, torque, power, and fuel consumption. The engine bench has a load cell, rotation sensor, and Prony brake type initially adapted to test two engine models (electric and internal combustion). This work was developed using machine design methodology, highlighting the informational, conceptual, preliminary, and detailed design. The didactic bench tests ensured that they could be used in the teaching-learning process for engineering students. Moreover, with the construction of the small engine test bench, it is possible to evaluate internal combustion engine operating parameters, such as power, strength, rotation, and fuel consumption.

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Alves, Matheus Ferreira, Carlos Alberto Gurgel Veras, and Paulo Henrique Reis Brandão. "Low-cost academic test bench for preliminary development of solid fuel ramjet engines." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 6, no. 1 (2025): e14863. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv6n1-030.

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The Solid Fuel Ramjet (SFRJ) is an airbreathing propulsion system widely employed in missiles and aerospace applications due to its mechanical simplicity, high thermal efficiency, and relatively low development and production costs. Unlike traditional rocket engines, the SFRJ relies on atmospheric oxygen, eliminating the need for an onboard oxidizer, which significantly enhances its operational efficiency. This study presents the design and implementation of a low-cost experimental test rig specifically developed for SFRJ testing. A key feature of this setup is the incorporation of a packed bed heat regenerator, which enables controlled air heating. Additionally, a dedicated computational code was developed to assist in test planning by optimizing key engine parameters, such as equivalence ratio, air inlet temperature, and chamber pressure, to enhance stable operation. The effectiveness of both the test rig and computational tool was successfully demonstrated through experimental validation, where a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-fueled ramjet engine of the 50 N thrust class achieved stable and sustained operation.

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Xing, Zhichao, Guoye Wang, Zhangpeng Gong, Shudong Zhang, Dongxin Xu, and Sijie Peng. "Double-Drum Test Bench for Variable Load Transfer Simulation by Electromechanical Inertia Compensation." Sensors 19, no. 19 (2019): 4322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194322.

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To improve the accuracy and actual road equivalence of vehicle performance testing using test benches, a double-drum test bench that meets the test requirements of vehicle control system prototypes and in-use vehicles was designed. Dynamic models of the single-wheel test bench and the vehicle test bench were established, and mechanisms were theoretically analyzed for single-wheel variable adhesion and vehicle load transfer for equivalent testing using the variable placement angle. The mechanism of electromechanical inertia compensation was studied to realize stepless simulation of vehicle inertia and simulate dynamic load while braking. The simulation model of the vehicle test bench system was established based on MATLAB/Simulink. Simulations were carried out to verify the anti-lock braking system (ABS) performance test functionality of the test bench under high adhesion, bisectional, and low adhesion conditions. Referring to the simulation conditions, ABS tests under actual test bench and road conditions were carried out. Results demonstrated that the mechanism of variable load transfer simulation by electromechanical inertia compensation improves the equivalent accuracy compared to that of its road test equivalent, verifying the feasibility of the simulation mechanism. This study could help further improve the accuracy and reduce the cost of vehicle performance testing, thus greatly benefitting the vehicle development and testing industry.

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Tiboni, Monica, Azzurra Filippini, Cinzia Amici, and David Vetturi. "Test-Bench for the Characterization of Flexion Sensors Used in Biomechanics." Electronics 10, no. 23 (2021): 2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10232994.

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The design, prototyping and validation of an innovative test bench for the characterization and the hysteresis measurement of flexion sensors are presented in this paper. The device, especially designed to test sensors employed in the biomedical field, can be effectively used to characterize also sensors intended for other applications, such as wearable devices. Flexion sensors are widely adopted in devices for biomedical purposes and in this context are commonly used in two main ways: to measure movements (i) with fixed radius of curvature and (ii) with variable radius of curvature. The test bench has been conceived and designed with reference to both of these needs of use. The technological choices have been oriented towards simplicity of manufacture and assembly, configuration flexibility and low cost of realization. For this purpose, 3D printing technology was chosen for most of the structural components of the device. To verify the test bench performances, a test campaign was carried out on five commercial bending sensors. To characterize each sensor, the acquired measurements were analysed by assessing repeatability and linearity of the sensors and hysteresis of the system sensor/test bench. A statistical analysis was performed to study the positioning repeatability and the hysteresis of the device. The results demonstrate good repeatability and low hysteresis.

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Longo, Domenico, Giuseppe Manetto, Rita Papa, and Emanuele Cerruto. "Design and Construction of a Low-Cost Test Bench for Testing Agricultural Spray Nozzles." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (2020): 5221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155221.

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Droplet size distribution is probably the most important feature of a spray as it affects all aspects of a phytosanitary treatment, i.e., biological, environmental, and safety aspects. This study describes a low-cost laboratory test bench able to analyze agricultural spray nozzles under realistic conditions. The design of the equipment was mainly based on the ISO 5682-1 standard. It has a couple of 3 m long rails, along which the nozzle under test moves while spraying, controlled by a closed-loop position and speed controller. The drops were captured with three Petri dishes containing silicone oil, photographed by means of a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera, and then analyzed with the ImageJ software in order to measure the usual spray parameters: the volumetric diameters, the Sauter mean diameter, and the number mean diameter. Spray trials and tuning of the system parameters were managed by means of a purposely designed user interface running on a Windows 10 PC. Some tests were carried out by using an Albuz ATR80 orange hollow cone nozzle at the working pressures of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 MPa. The results about spray quality agree with the factory information, and the whole system, even if some aspects still need improvements, has proven reliable.

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Naouss, M., and F. Marc. "Design and implementation of a low cost test bench to assess the reliability of FPGA." Microelectronics Reliability 55, no. 9-10 (2015): 1341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2015.06.087.

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Krüger, Dennis, Volker Lenz, and Tobias Ulbricht. "Simulation of the natural draft for test bench measurements." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 10, no. 1 (2019): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00531-0.

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AbstractSingle room heaters are usually type tested with constant draft and are allowed under these conditions. However, the mode of operation of the user’s firing usually deviates significantly from these conditions of approval, since these are operated in most cases by natural draft and not by constant draft. Since the repeatability of natural draft is hardly given due to the changing environmental conditions, a simulation has been developed, which can simulate the natural draft with high accuracy. Thus, it is basically possible to replicate the natural draft with constant environmental conditions and to use it for test bench measurements. It is a purely physical simulation that does not require any calibration parameters. Chimney geometry and environmental boundary conditions, such as the outside temperature, can be chosen freely. In addition, the cost of the necessary hardware is very low, since the system only needs cheap thermocouples, pressure sensors, and a small USB module for data acquisition.

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Sarson-Lawrence, Jarrow, Roberto Sabatini, Reece Clothier, and Alessandro Gardi. "Experimental Determination of Low-Cost Servomotor Reliability for Small Unmanned Aircraft Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 629 (October 2014): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.629.202.

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One of the key challenges of designing low-cost Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is to ensure acceptable and certifiable reliability factors for the adopted Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) components since their reliability is often not quantified. In this paper, the experimental results obtained for quantifying the reliability of mini Unmanned Aircraft (UA) servomotors (by recording their time-to-failure on a defined set of test runs) are presented. The Weibull prediction model is adopted for quantitative analysis and the associated key mathematical models. The methodology adopted for performing the reliability analysis including the test bench setup used for the experiments is described. The results indicate a level of reliability expected for low-cost servos. Such servos could be used for low-risk UAS operations (e.g. small UA operating over sparsely populated regions) and where the economics of the business case permitted higher loss rates.

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Bian, Yinxu, Tao Xing, Kerong Jiao, et al. "Computational Portable Microscopes for Point-of-Care-Test and Tele-Diagnosis." Cells 11, no. 22 (2022): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11223670.

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In bio-medical mobile workstations, e.g., the prevention of epidemic viruses/bacteria, outdoor field medical treatment and bio-chemical pollution monitoring, the conventional bench-top microscopic imaging equipment is limited. The comprehensive multi-mode (bright/dark field imaging, fluorescence excitation imaging, polarized light imaging, and differential interference microscopy imaging, etc.) biomedical microscopy imaging systems are generally large in size and expensive. They also require professional operation, which means high labor-cost, money-cost and time-cost. These characteristics prevent them from being applied in bio-medical mobile workstations. The bio-medical mobile workstations need microscopy systems which are inexpensive and able to handle fast, timely and large-scale deployment. The development of lightweight, low-cost and portable microscopic imaging devices can meet these demands. Presently, for the increasing needs of point-of-care-test and tele-diagnosis, high-performance computational portable microscopes are widely developed. Bluetooth modules, WLAN modules and 3G/4G/5G modules generally feature very small sizes and low prices. And industrial imaging lens, microscopy objective lens, and CMOS/CCD photoelectric image sensors are also available in small sizes and at low prices. Here we review and discuss these typical computational, portable and low-cost microscopes by refined specifications and schematics, from the aspect of optics, electronic, algorithms principle and typical bio-medical applications.

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Soto-Ocampo, César Ricardo, Joaquín Maroto, Juan David Cano-Moreno, and José Manuel Mera. "Optimization of Low-Cost Data Acquisition Equipment Applied to Bearing Condition Monitoring." Mathematics 11, no. 16 (2023): 3498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11163498.

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The development of low-cost data acquisition equipment is relevant in the increasingly automated industry of today. This study presents the optimization of low-cost data acquisition equipment performance to achieve acquisition speeds of 200 kHz. This was possible by evaluating two essential aspects: considering the influence of the power supplied by the power source and changing the type of data used from “Double” to “uint”. This equipment was validated through the acquisition of known waves and vibration signals from a bearing test bench. The frequency component was satisfactorily identified in each case, for both the known waves and the damaged bearing components. This demonstrated the viability of developing low-cost data acquisition equipment that can be implemented to monitor bearing condition.

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Gong, Zhi Guang, Chun Hui Du, Ya Jie Li, and Jiang Li Yu. "The Control System of Test Bench for Thermal Insulating Properties of Building Doors and Windows Based on Fuzzy-PID Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.968.

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According to many temperature measuring points, the large delay, nonlinear and time-varying characteristics of the temperature control system of test bench for thermal insulating property, By combining fuzzy-PID control technology with Zigbee WSN technology, a design scheme of the automatic control system of test bench for thermal insulating properties of building doors and windows is put forward, which is low-cost and high precision. The microprocessor of sensor node adopts CC2530 wireless MCU. The system adopts Zigbee wireless network and RS-485 bus to transmit digital temperature and humidity signals, and is no wiring, intermediate links are lessened, transmission error is reduced and temperature measuring accuracy is improved. By adopting Fuzzy-PID control, the self-adaptability of controller and the precision of temperature control is improved.

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Farré, Ramon, Miguel A. Rodríguez-Lázaro, Julian Gonzalez-Martin, et al. "Device for Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Low-Resource Regions: Open-Source Description and Bench Test Evaluation." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 18 (2022): 5417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185417.

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Background: Negative (vacuum) pressure therapy promotes wound healing. However, commercially available devices are unaffordable to most potential users in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), limiting access to many patients who could benefit from this treatment. This study aimed to design and test a cheap and easy-to-build negative pressure device and provide its detailed open-source description, thereby enabling free replication. Methods: the negative pressure device was built using off-the-shelf materials available via e-commerce and was based on a small pump, a pressure transducer, and the simplest Arduino controller with a digital display (total retail cost ≤ 75 US$). The device allows the user to set any therapeutic range of intermittent negative pressure and has two independent safety mechanisms. The performance of the low-cost device was carefully tested on the bench using a phantom wound, producing a realistic exudate flow rate. Results: the device generates the pressure patterns set by the user (25–175 mmHg of vacuum pressure, 0–60 min periods) and can drain exudate flows within the clinical range (up to 1 L/h). Conclusions: a novel, low-cost, easy-to-build negative pressure device for wound healing displays excellent technical performance. The open-source hardware description provided here, which allows for free replication and use in LMICs, will facilitate the application and wider utilization of this therapy to patients.

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Zhou, Peng Fei, Zhi Ping Guo, Li Li Bai, Jin Zhong Yang, Yu Gang Meng, and Jian Mei Hao. "The Design of Plate Heat Exchanger Prototype Test Bench Based on Similarity Theory." Advanced Materials Research 644 (January 2013): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.644.284.

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The new plate heat exchanger with modular design is easy to realize the large-scale. It also has the performance advantage of low pressure drop and anticorrosion. The oil refining, chemical industry, steel and iron, metallurgy, electric power industries will be the future main application of it. But the designed engine for product is too big, the production cost is high, the production time is long, and it does not suit for processing experiment. Based on the above product structure and similarity theory, the paper designs another small type of reflux plate heat exchanger and the corresponding bench for testing.

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Ghodke, Pundlik, and Jiwak Suryawanshi. "Investigation of diesel engine for low exhaust emissions with different combustion chambers." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 2013–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140904176g.

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Upcoming stringent Euro-6 emission regulations for passenger vehicle better fuel economy, low cost are the key challenges for engine development. In this paper, 2.2L, multi cylinder diesel engine have been tested for four different piston bowls designed for compression ratio of CR 15.5 to improve in cylinder performance and reduce emissions. These combustion chambers were verified in CFD at two full load points. 14 mode points have been derived using vehicle model run in AVL CRUISE software as per NEDC cycle based on time weightage factor. Base engine with compression ratio CR16.5 for full load performance and 14-mode points on Engine test bench was taken as reference for comparison. The bowl with flat face on bottom corner has shown reduction 25% and 12 % NOx emissions at 1500 and 3750 rpm full load points at same level of Soot emissions. Three piston bowls were tested for full load performance and 14 mode points on engine test bench and combustion chamber ?C? has shown improvement in thermal efficiency by 0.8%. Combinations of cooled EGR and combustion chamber ?C? with geometrical changes in engine have reduced exhaust NOx, soot and CO emissions by 22%, 9 % and 64 % as compared to base engine at 14 mode points on engine test bench.

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Wagner, Larry, and Peter Nguyen. "Roadmaps: Use of ATE Drives Changes in FA: A Commentary." EDFA Technical Articles 1, no. 2 (1999): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.1999-2.p004.

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Abstract Many standard physical failure site isolation techniques require an electrical stimulus to drive test devices into a failing condition. This function has been provided by bench test electronics for some time, but increasing device complexity is causing a migration to more sophisticated equipment such as pattern generators and logic analyzers. In anticipation of further increases in pin count and density, a new class of small footprint testers is emerging. These portable systems, called ASIC verification testers, facilitate the transfer of ATE test programs to failure analysis laboratories at relatively low cost.

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Gao, Chenyang, Jia Xiu, Chong Huang, Kaixue Ma, and Ting Li. "Reliability Evaluation for Continuous-Wave Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Systems: Comprehensive Testing from Bench Characterization to Human Test." Sensors 24, no. 7 (2024): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24072045.

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In recent years, biomedical optics technology has developed rapidly. The current widespread use of biomedical optics was made possible by the invention of optical instruments. The advantages of being non-invasive, portable, effective, low cost, and less susceptible to system noise have led to the rapid development of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology for hemodynamics detection, especially in the field of functional brain imaging. At the same time, laboratories and companies have developed various fNIRS-based systems. The safety, stability, and efficacy of fNIRS systems are key performance indicators. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic evaluation methods for fNIRS instruments. This study uses the fNIRS system developed in our laboratory as the test object. The test method established in this study includes system validation and performance testing to comprehensively assess fNIRS systems' reliability. These methods feature low cost and high practicality. Based on this study, existing or newly developed systems can be comprehensively and easily evaluated in the laboratory or workspace.

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Rogkas, Nikolaos, Eustratios Tsolakis, Christos Kalligeros, et al. "UPCYCLING OBSOLETE MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT INTO INNOVATIVE LABORATORY TEST RIGS: A LOW-COST SOLUTION OR A SUSTAINABLE DESIGN APPROACH?" Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 3309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.592.

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AbstractCircular Economy (CE) and the potential of reusing and recycling the products after the end of their life, becomes imperative for environmental, economic and social reasons. Especially during the 4th Industrial Revolution that is taking place nowadays, an increasing number of out-of-date equipment has to be replaced, which constitutes a chance and necessity to be reused, through recycling, redesigning and remanufacturing. The paper presents proof-of-concept studies regarding upcycling of obsolete and outdated equipment into novel test rigs mainly addressing research activities. Three such case studies are presented, namely the upcycling of an injection moulding machine into a modular test bench for power hydraulic components, the upcycling of scrap components into a hybrid hydraulic/ ICE powertrain rig and the functional augmentation of a gear roll tester to accommodate single and double flank tests. Significant savings in cost, raw materials and time are demonstrated in all cases and adherence to the CE objectives are observed.

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Martínez-Martínez, Josué, Diego Aponte-Roa, Idalides Vergara-Laurens, and Wayne W. Weaver. "A Low-Cost Secure IoT Mechanism for Monitoring and Controlling Polygeneration Microgrids." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (2020): 8354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238354.

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The use of Internet-connected devices at homes has increased to monitor energy consumption. Furthermore, renewable energy sources have also increased, reducing electricity bills. However, the high cost of the equipment limits the use of these technologies. This paper presents a low-cost secured-distributed Internet of Things (IoT) system to monitor and control devices connected in a polygeneration microgrid, as a combined power system for local loads with renewable sources. The proposed mechanism includes a Wireless Sensor Actuator Networked Control System that links network nodes using the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The Internet communication enables the monitor and control of devices using a mobile application to increase the efficiency. In addition, security mechanisms are implemented at several levels including the authentication, encryption, and decryption of the transmitted data. Furthermore, a firewall and a network intrusion detection-and-prevention program are implemented to increase the system protection against cyber-attack. The feasibility of the proposed solution was demonstrated using a DC microgrid test bench consisting of a diverse range of renewable energy sources and loads.

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Agyekum, Ephraim Bonah, Seepana PraveenKumar, Aleksei Eliseev, and Vladimir Ivanovich Velkin. "Design and Construction of a Novel Simple and Low-Cost Test Bench Point-Absorber Wave Energy Converter Emulator System." Inventions 6, no. 1 (2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010020.

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This paper proposed a test bench device to emulate or simulate the electrical impulses of a wave energy converter (WEC). The objective of the study is to reconstruct under laboratory conditions the dynamics of a WEC in the form of an emulator to assess the performance, which, in this case, is the output power. The designed emulator device is programmable, which makes it possible to create under laboratory conditions the operating mode of the wave generator, identical to how the wave generator would work under real sea conditions. Any control algorithm can be executed in the designed emulator. In order to test the performance of the constructed WEC emulator, an experiment was conducted to test its power output against that of a real point-absorber WEC. The results indicate that, although the power output for that of the real WEC was higher than the WEC emulator, the emulator performed perfectly well. The relatively low power output of the emulator was because of the type of algorithm that was written for the emulator, therefore increasing the speed of the motor in the algorithm (code) would result in higher output for the proposed WEC emulator.

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MELCESCU, Leonard. "SOLUȚII PRIVIND ANALIZA PE MODELE EXPERIMENTALE LA SCARA REDUSĂ A FUNCȚIONĂRII UNUI MOTOR ELECTRIC DE TRACȚIUNE." ACTUALITĂŢI ŞI PERSPECTIVE ÎN DOMENIUL MAŞINILOR ELECTRICE (ELECTRIC MACHINES, MATERIALS AND DRIVES - PRESENT AND TRENDS) 2024, no. 1 (2025): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.36801/apme.2024.1.8.

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The paper presents a study on the findings of design data for small-scale experimental models for an electric motor intended for use in the car powertrain system. The first stage describes a procedure for determining the requirements and characteristics of an electric traction motor based on the specifications of the car body, a standardized driving cycle, and technical prescriptions related to the construction of public roads. Considering the particularities of the electric motor load in traction applications, the configuration of a test bench under laboratory conditions is presented. Two experimental models with reduced power at a scale of 1:10 are proposed, which allow for a low-cost analysis of the operation of the actual motor at maximum torque and maximum speed, respectively. A reduced-scale version of the test bench allows the same loading system for the tests of the two experimental models.

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Iqbal, Ali, Naeem S. Mian, Andrew Longstaff, and Simon Fletcher. "Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Vibration Sensors in Industrial IoT Applications." International Journal of Automation Technology 16, no. 3 (2022): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2022.p0329.

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The recent development of low-cost accelerometers, driven by the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) revolution, provides an opportunity for their application in precision manufacturing. Sensor data is often of the highest consideration in any precision machining process. While high-cost vibration sensors have traditionally been employed for vibration measurements in industrial manufacturing, the measurement uncertainty affecting the accuracy of low-cost vibration sensors has not been explored and requires performance evaluation. This research focuses on the characterization of measurements from low-cost tri-axial micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers in terms of identifying the parameters that induce uncertainties in measured data. Static and dynamic calibration was conducted on a calibration test bench using a range of frequencies while establishing traceability according to the ISO 16063 series and the IEEE-STD-1293-2018 standards. Moreover, comparison tests were performed by installing the sensors on machine tools for reliability evaluation in terms of digital transmission of recorded data. Both tests further established the relationship between the baseline errors originating from the sensors and their influence on the data obtained during the dynamic performance profile of the machine tools. The outcomes of this research will foresee the viability offered by such low-cost sensors in metrological applications enabling Industry 4.0.

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Ahmad, A., and D. Al-Abri. "Design of a Realistic Test Simulator For a Built-In Self Test Environment." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 7, no. 2 (2010): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol7iss2pp69-79.

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This paper presents a realistic test approach suitable to Design For Testability (DFT) and Built- In Self Test (BIST) environments. The approach is culminated in the form of a test simulator which is capable of providing a required goal of test for the System Under Test (SUT). The simulator uses the approach of fault diagnostics with fault grading procedure to provide the tests. The tool is developed on a common PC platform and hence no special software is required. Thereby, it is a low cost tool and hence economical. The tool is very much suitable for determining realistic test sequences for a targeted goal of testing for any SUT. The developed tool incorporates a flexible Graphical User Interface (GUI) procedure and can be operated without any special programming skill. The tool is debugged and tested with the results of many bench mark circuits. Further, this developed tool can be utilized for educational purposes for many courses such as fault-tolerant computing, fault diagnosis, digital electronics, and safe - reliable - testable digital logic designs.

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Cican, Grigore, Ionut Florian Popa, Adrian Nicolae Buturache, and Andrei Iaroslav Hapenciuc. "Design, Manufacturing, and Testing Process of a Lab Scale Test Bench Hybrid Rocket Engine." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 6 (2023): 12039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6351.

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The current paper presents the architecture of a test bench for small (laboratory) scale hybrid rocket motors destined for teaching purposes. The sustainability of the proposed methodology is emphasized, as it addresses the development of small-scale hybrid rocket motor test benches, to be used either as didactic means for students or for research laboratories, by using low-cost materials, while preserving efficiency. In this regard, the entire development process is approached, from designing to manufacturing (including the casting of the fuel rod) and testing of the product. The developed product uses a mixture of 88% paraffin, 10% stearic acid, and 2% coal for the solid phase and liquid oxygen for the liquid phase. The testing of the hybrid rocket motor demonstrator was performed outdoors, in controlled conditions. The results showed a good correlation between the theoretical testing parameters with the obtained ones.

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Laayati, Oussama, Hicham El Hadraoui, Nasr Guennoui, Mostafa Bouzi, and Ahmed Chebak. "Smart Energy Management System: Design of a Smart Grid Test Bench for Educational Purposes." Energies 15, no. 7 (2022): 2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072702.

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The presented article aims to design an educational test bench setup for smart grids and renewable energies with multiple features and techniques used in a microgrid. The test bench is designed for students, laboratory engineers, and researchers, which enables electrical microgrid system studies and testing of new, advanced control algorithms to optimize the energy efficiency. The idea behind this work is to design hybrid energy sources, such as wind power, solar photovoltaic power, hydroelectric power, hydrogen energy, and different types of energy storage systems such as batteries, pumped storage, and flywheel, integrating different electrical loads. The user can visualize the state of the components of each emulated scenario through an open-source software that interacts and communicates using OPC Unified Architecture protocol. The researchers can test and validate new solutions to manage the energy behavior in the grid using machine learning and optimization algorithms integrated in the software in form of blocks that can be modified and improved, and then simulate the results. A model-based system of engineering is provided, which describes the different requirements and case studies of the designed test bench, respecting the open-source software and the frugal innovation features in which there is use of low-cost hardware and open-source software. The users obtain the opportunity to add new sources and new loads, change software platforms, and communicate with other simulators and equipment. The students can understand the different features of smart grids, such as defect classification, energy forecasting, energy optimization, and basics of production, transmission, and consumption.

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de la Cruz Severiche Maury, Zurisaddai, Ana Fernández Vilas, and Rebeca P. Díaz Redondo. "Low-Cost HEM with Arduino and Zigbee Technologies in the Energy Sector in Colombia." Energies 15, no. 10 (2022): 3819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103819.

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Since no solutions have been proposed in Colombia that seek to reduce the consumption of electricity at the residential level, this paper describes the design and implementation of a simple prototype of a low-cost home energy management system (HEMS). The objective of this platform is to monitor the energy consumption of typical household devices so that users can access the consumption of each device separately and then establish the strategy that allows them to reduce energy consumption at home. In order to demonstrate that our system is viable, the system has been evaluated by measuring weekly energy consumption with the on-line and off-line HEMS using a test bench with typical household devices in a Sincelejo typical household. The evaluation has shown that with the installation of this HEMS, consumption is reduced by 27%. This shows that it is possible to achieve a good reduction percentage with a low-cost system.

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Fang, Zecong, Andrew I. Li, Hongcheng Wang, Ruoyu Zhang, Xiyan Mai, and Tingrui Pan. "AmbuBox: A Fast-Deployable Low-Cost Ventilator for COVID-19 Emergent Care." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 25, no. 6 (2020): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630320953801.

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We present a low-cost clinically viable ventilator design, AmbuBox, using a controllable pneumatic enclosure and standard manual resuscitators that are readily available (AmbuBag), which can be rapidly deployed during pandemic and mass-casualty events with a minimal set of components to manufacture and assemble. The AmbuBox is designed to address the existing challenges presented in the existing low-cost ventilator designs by offering an easy-to-install and simple-to-operate apparatus while maintaining a long lifespan with high-precision flow control. As an outcome, a mass-producible prototype of the AmbuBox has been devised, characterized, and validated in a bench test setup using a lung simulator. This prototype will be further investigated through clinical testing. Given the potentially urgent need for inexpensive and rapidly deployable ventilators globally, the overall design, operational principle, and device characterization of the AmbuBox system have been described in detail with open access online. Moreover, the fabrication and assembly methods have been incorporated to enable short-term producibility by a generic local manufacturing facility. In addition, a full list of all components used in the AmbuBox has been included to reflect its low-cost nature.

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Zhang, Xingmin, Zhe Dong, and Jiahuan He. "Digital twin and hardware-in-the-loop based robotic arm modelling simulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2803, no. 1 (2024): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2803/1/012053.

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Abstract Aiming at a series of problems such as high testing cost, complex testing scenarios, and low testing efficiency in the testing of control algorithms for robotic arms, this paper proposes a method using semi-physical simulation technology combined with digital twin technology to solve this problem. Based on the V-model development process, the robotic arm control algorithm is designed, and the control effect is verified on the twin model. The extreme working condition test of the robotic arm controller is performed on the virtual test bench to achieve continuous algorithm optimization, verification, and iteration.

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Srokosz, Piotr Emanuel, Ewa Daniszewska, Jakub Banach, and Michał Śmieja. "In-Depth Analysis of Low-Cost Micro Electromechanical System (MEMS) Accelerometers in the Context of Low Frequencies and Vibration Amplitudes." Sensors 24, no. 21 (2024): 6877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24216877.

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Shock and vibration hazards to civil structures are common and come not only from earthquakes but most often from mining operations or foundation work involving the installation of piles using hammer-driving and vibrating technology. The purpose of this study is to present test methods for low-cost MEMS accelerometers in terms of their selection for low-amplitude acceleration vibration-prone object-monitoring systems. Tests of 24 commercially available digital accelerometers were carried out on a custom-built test bench, selecting four models for detailed tests conducted on a specially built precision vibration table capable of inflicting accelerations at frequencies of 1–2 Hz, using displacements as small as a few micrometers. The analysis of the results was based, among other things, on a modified method of determining the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and also on the idea of the effective number of bits (ENOB). The results of the analysis showed that among low-cost MEMS accelerometers, there are some that are successfully suitable for the monitoring and warning of excessive vibration hazards in situations where objects are extremely sensitive to such impacts (e.g., treatment rooms in hospitals). Examples of accelerometers capable of detecting harmonic vibrations with amplitudes as small as 10 mm/s2 or impulsive shocks with amplitudes of at least 70 mm/s2 are indicated.

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ZHANG, Wei. "Development of a Low-cost Hardware-in-the-loop Simulation System as a Test Bench for Anti-lock Braking System." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 24, no. 01 (2011): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2011.01.098.

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Pontin, Marco, Federico Colombo, Luigi Mazza, and Terenziano Raparelli. "Design and study of a pneumatically actuated inverted pendulum system controlled using a programmable logic controller." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 234, no. 7 (2019): 860–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651819888108.

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This article investigates an inverted pendulum on a mobile cart (mobile inverted pendulum) controlled via a programmable logic controller and actuated by a double-acting pneumatic cylinder. The study is conducted both theoretically, by modeling and simulating the entire system, and experimentally, using a specially developed test bench. Four low-cost 2/2 proportional valves are used for cylinder control. The control architecture consists of two nested control loops with proportional–integral–derivative compensators. To reduce cost, a programmable logic controller was used to manage both the system control and data acquisition. The results of the simulations carried out using linear and nonlinear models of the system were validated by comparison with those obtained experimentally.

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Lucas, Guilherme B., Bruno A. de Castro, Marco A. Rocha, and Andre L. Andreoli. "Study of a Low-Cost Piezoelectric Sensor for Three Phase Induction Motor Load Estimation." Proceedings 4, no. 1 (2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-5-05723.

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Due the complexity of control and automation networks in modern industries, sensor-based systems stand out as effective approaches for failure detection in electrical and mechanical machines. This kind of intervention has a high operational value in industrial scenarios, once it can avoid corrective maintenance stops, i.e., before the failure reaches a high level of severity and compromises the machine. Consequently, the development of sensors applied to non-destructive techniques (NDT) for failure monitoring in electrical machines has become a recurrent theme in recent studies. In this context, this paper investigates the application of low-cost piezoelectric sensors for vibration analysis, which is an NDT that has already proved to be efficient for the detection of many structural anomalies in induction motors. Further, the proposed work presents a low-cost alternative approach for expensive commercial sensors, which will make this NDT more attractive for industrial applications. To describe the piezoelectric sensor frequency response, a pencil lead break (PLB) test was performed. After this validation, the Root Mean Square (RMS) value from the voltage samples obtained in the test bench was used as a signal processing method. A comparison between the results for different levels of mechanical load attached to the machine shaft indicated not only the successful performance of the low-cost sensors for load estimation purposes, but also showed that oversized motors may present higher vibration levels in some components that could cause mechanical wearing.

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Garmendia, Onintza, Miguel A. Rodríguez-Lazaro, Jorge Otero, et al. "Low-cost, easy-to-build noninvasive pressure support ventilator for under-resourced regions: open source hardware description, performance and feasibility testing." European Respiratory Journal 55, no. 6 (2020): 2000846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00846-2020.

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AimCurrent pricing of commercial mechanical ventilators in low-/middle-income countries (LMICs) markedly restricts their availability, and consequently a considerable number of patients with acute/chronic respiratory failure cannot be adequately treated. Our aim was to design and test an affordable and easy-to-build noninvasive bilevel pressure ventilator to allow a reduction in the serious shortage of ventilators in LMICs.MethodsThe ventilator was built using off-the-shelf materials available via e-commerce and was based on a high-pressure blower, two pressure transducers and an Arduino Nano controller with a digital display (total retail cost <75 USD), with construction details provided open source for free replication. The ventilator was evaluated, and compared with a commercially available device (Lumis 150 ventilator; Resmed, San Diego, CA, USA): 1) in the bench setting using an actively breathing patient simulator mimicking a range of obstructive/restrictive diseases; and b) in 12 healthy volunteers wearing high airway resistance and thoracic/abdominal bands to mimic obstructive/restrictive patients.ResultsThe designed ventilator provided inspiratory/expiratory pressures up to 20/10 cmH2O, respectively, with no faulty triggering or cycling; both in the bench test and in volunteers. The breathing difficulty score rated (1–10 scale) by the loaded breathing subjects was significantly (p<0.005) decreased from 5.45±1.68 without support to 2.83±1.66 when using the prototype ventilator, which showed no difference with the commercial device (2.80±1.48; p=1.000).ConclusionThe low-cost, easy-to-build noninvasive ventilator performs similarly to a high-quality commercial device, with its open-source hardware description, which will allow for free replication and use in LMICs, facilitating application of this life-saving therapy to patients who otherwise could not be treated.

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Correvon, Nils, Jean-Bernard Michotte, and Olivier Contal. "Performance Evaluation of a Low-Cost Non-Invasive Ventilator during the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Bench Study." Healthcare 10, no. 11 (2022): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10112229.

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Background: During the COVID-19 breakout, a global call for low-cost portable ventilators was made following the strong demand for ventilatory support techniques. Among a few development projects, COVIDair non-invasive ventilator was developed and produced in a record time during the critical period of spring 2020. Objectives: To evaluate COVIDair performance (i.e., inspiratory trigger delay time, TDT, pressurization time and inspiratory to expiratory time ratio, I:E) on a test bench simulating physiological characteristics of breathing. Method: Performance tests were conducted on a breathing simulator (ASL 5000, IngMar Medical™) in two different lung mechanics (i.e., normal and severe restrictive). Results: Under normal pulmonary mechanics, the inspiratory TDT is on average between 89.0 (±2.1) and 135.0 (±9.7) ms. In a situation of severe restrictive pulmonary mechanics, the inspiratory TDT is on average between 80 (±3.1) and 99.2 (±5.5) ms. Pressurization time to pre-set inspiratory pressure was on average from 234.6 (±5.5) to 318.6 (±1.9) ms. The absolute difference between the actual I:E cycling measure and the pre-set I:E cycling value ranged from 0.1 to 10.7% on average. Conclusion: In normal and severe restrictive pulmonary mechanics scenarios, the performance of COVIDair meets the expected standards for non-invasive ventilators.

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Lara-Velazquez, Carlos Armando, Juan-Pablo Ramirez-Paredes, Felipe J. Torres, et al. "Implementation of an Active Ankle-Foot Orthosis Prototype with a Cam-Driven Actuator." Actuators 14, no. 2 (2025): 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/act14020072.

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The high prevalence of conditions leading to foot drop highlights the need for devices that restore functionality, enabling patients to regain a natural gait pattern. There is a demand for a portable, lightweight, low-cost, and efficient active ankle-foot orthosis. In this work, we present the prototype of a new design that was simulated in a previous contribution, with a test bench evaluation of the low-level control. The dynamical behavior of a cam suspension interaction with a proportional–integral–derivative controller system for transmission is evaluated. The proposed active orthosis includes a novel cam-based actuator, designed to intervene at the dorsiflexion stage of gait, without influencing the plantar flexion. This design is aimed at specific lower limb ailments that cause a need for assistance only in raising the foot, and it leverages a commercial servomotor to achieve ankle angle tracking. System identification was performed using a test bench, with three degrees of freedom to emulate tibial motion during gait. Response evaluations of the device showed low values for the integral time squared error, peak overshoot, and settling time for step inputs, with and without additional periodic perturbations. The root mean squared error of the device while tracking an ankle angle signal varied from 0.1 to 6.5 degrees, depending on the speed of the changes.

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Allard, Y., G. De Lentdecker, D. Hohov, F. Robert, A. Safa, and P. Vanlaer. "Development of a compact test board for silicon sensors IV/CV characterization." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (2021): C12006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/c12006.

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Abstract To build silicon trackers of modern and future high-luminosity collider experiments, thousands of silicon strip modules have to be produced and tested. The modules in new trackers must reliably work usually during 5–10 years or more under harsh irradiation conditions, as it will be impossible to replace a failing module once installed inside the detector. It means that reliable and rigorous testing of strip modules and its components is mandatory. To sustain the production throughput we should be able to test several modules in parallel. For this reason a fast, reliable, scalable and cost effective production QC test bench has to be designed and implemented. For the CV and IV measurements of sensors and modules we are developing a low-cost (less than 500 €) integrated electronic board which will be scaled up to ten channels to measure DUTs in parallel. In the current work the design of the IV/CV board and the calibration procedure to increase the accuracy of the current and capacitance measurements, for which a special calibration dipole board based on tight tolerance capacitors and resistors has been designed, as well as future development plans are described.

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Zhao, Jianfu, Dan Zhang, Dongzhi Gao, Junjiang Bao, Xiaojun Jing, and Mingxuan Li. "Investigation of methods for measuring fuel economy and emissions of heavy-duty hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs)." E3S Web of Conferences 360 (2022): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236001002.

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Hybrid-electric vehicles can achieve low fuel consumption and emission by optimal combination of electrical energy and internal combustion engine power. There are four main test method of energy consumption and emission for heavy-duty HEVs, including traditional engine bench test, powertrain test, HILS and chassis dynamometer test. The tradition engine operating conditions are distinguished from that in HEVs, which can’t reflect the performance of HEVs. Powertrain test can achieve braking energy regeneration, but need bulky installation on testbed. HILS test solves the problem that the engine test cycle is different from the actual operating condition on road and is cost-effective. However, it requires a lot of effort to monitor the HILS simulation input parameters and carry out vehicle validation. Chassis dynamometer test method can better reflect the real-road driving condition. But it is nearly impossible to test all different HEVs types on chassis dynamometer and the test cost is very expensive. By comparing different heavy-duty HEVs energy consumption and emission test methods, the advantages and disadvantages are identified, which provides guidance for the formulation of the next-stage standards of heavy-duty HEV, and promotes the healthy and orderly development of the HEV industry.

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Pérez Fernández, Javier, Manuel Alcázar Vargas, Juan M. Velasco García, Juan A. Cabrera Carrillo, and Juan J. Castillo Aguilar. "Low-Cost FPGA-Based Electronic Control Unit for Vehicle Control Systems." Sensors 19, no. 8 (2019): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081834.

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The development of new control algorithms in vehicles requires high economic resources, mainly due to the use of generic real-time instrumentation and control systems. In this work, we proposed a low-cost electronic control unit (ECU) that could be used for both development and implementation. The proposed electronic system used a hybrid system on chip (SoC) between a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and an Advanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer) Machine (ARM) processor that allowed the execution of parallel tasks, fulfilling the real-time requirements that vehicle controls demand. Another feature of the proposed electronic system was the recording of measured data, allowing the performance of the implemented algorithm to be evaluated. All this was achieved by using modular programming that, without the need for a real-time operating system, executed the different tasks to be performed, exploiting the parallelism offered by the FPGA as well as the dual core of the ARM processor. This methodology facilitates the transition between the designing, testing, and implementation stages in the vehicle. In addition, our system is programmed with a single binary file that integrates the code of all processors as well as the hardware description of the FPGA, which speeds up the updating process. In order to validate and demonstrate the performance of the proposed electronic system as a tool for the development and implementation of control algorithms in vehicles, a series of tests was carried out on a test bench. Different traction control system (TCS) algorithms were implemented and the results were compared.

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Shults, Roman, Azhar Ormambekova, Yurii Medvedskij, and Andriy Annenkov. "GNSS-Assisted Low-Cost Vision-Based Observation System for Deformation Monitoring." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (2023): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13052813.

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This paper considers an approach to solve the structure monitoring problem using an integrated GNSS system and non-metric cameras with QR-coded targets. The system is defined as a GNSS-assisted low-cost vision-based observation system, and its primary application is for monitoring various engineering structures, including high-rise buildings. The proposed workflow makes it possible to determine the change in the structure geometric parameters under the impact of external factors or loads and in what follows to predict the displacements at a given observation epoch. The approach is based on the principle of relative measurements, implemented to find the displacements between pairs of images from non-metric cameras organized in a system of interconnected chains. It is proposed to determine the displacement between the images for different epochs using the phase correlation algorithm, which provides a high-speed solution and reliable results. An experimental test bench was prepared, and a series of measurements were performed to simulate the operation of one vision-based observation system chain. A program for processing the sequence of images in the MatLab programming environment using the phase correlation algorithm was implemented. An analysis of the results of the experiment was carried out. The analysis results allowed us to conclude that the suggested approach can be successfully implemented in compliance with the requirements for monitoring accuracy. The simulation of the vision-based observation system operation with accuracy estimation was performed. The simulation results proved the high efficiency of the suggested system.

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Padulo, Johnny, Nebojša Trajković, Drazen Cular, et al. "Validity and Reliability of Isometric-Bench for Knee Isometric Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (2020): 4326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124326.

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There is a strong need for a new, probably cheaper, smaller, and more portable isometric dynamometer. With this aim, we investigated the concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost portable dynamometer to measure the isometric strength of the lower limb. Seventeen young participants (age 16.47 ± 0.51 years) were randomly assessed on three different days for knee flexion and extension isometric forces with two different devices: a commonly used isokinetic dynamometer (ISOC) and a portable isometric dynamometer prototype (ISOM). No significant differences were observed between the ISOC and the ISOM (all comparisons p > 0.05). Test–retest comparison showed the ISOM to have high reliability (ICC 0.879–0.990). This study showed that measurements with the ISOM could be performed without systematic bias and with high reliability. The ISOM is a device that is able to assess knee isometric strength with excellent concurrent validity and reliability.

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Laidani, Abdelmalek, Mohamed Bouhamida, and Zakaria Bellahcene. "A marine thruster's model identification based on experimental-simulation approach." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 3 (2022): 1414–24. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i3.pp1414-1424.

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In recent years, underwater vehicles play a very important role in the marine field, and tasks cannot be accomplished quickly and accurately without the use of such devices. Despite the progress achieved, these vehicles still have problems with their controls in order to have a very good dynamic positioning or a path tracking accurately, and these problems have a direct link to their thrusters, either by negligence or by ignorance of its mathematical model. Several works were carried out to have an accurate model of them, but its behavior is still difficult to be described and it strongly influences the behavior of a vehicle in which it is integrated. In this work we try to deal this problem in the aim to identify a marine thruster designed by us using a low-cost test bench and a hybrid identification approach, which combines the both experimental and simulation parts. The thruster will be integrated on a remotely operated vehicle under development by AVCIS-Lab to make simulation using unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) simulator and robot operating system (ROS) toolbox under MATLAB. The outcomes will be presented at the end of this paper.

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Leroux, B., J. Cali, J. Verdun, L. Morel, and H. He. "ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY AND THE ACCURACY OF ATTITUDE EXTRACTED FROM VISUAL ODOMETRY FOR LIDAR DATA GEOREFERENCING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W6 (August 23, 2017): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w6-201-2017.

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Airborne LiDAR systems require the use of Direct Georeferencing (DG) in order to compute the coordinates of the surveyed point in the mapping frame. An UAV platform does not derogate to this need, but its payload has to be lighter than this installed onboard so the manufacturer needs to find an alternative to heavy sensors and navigation systems. For the georeferencing of these data, a possible solution could be to replace the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) by a camera and record the optical flow. The different frames would then be processed thanks to photogrammetry so as to extract the External Orientation Parameters (EOP) and, therefore, the path of the camera. The major advantages of this method called Visual Odometry (VO) is low cost, no drifts IMU-induced, option for the use of Ground Control Points (GCPs) such as on airborne photogrammetry surveys. In this paper we shall present a test bench designed to assess the reliability and accuracy of the attitude estimated from VO outputs. The test bench consists of a trolley which embeds a GNSS receiver, an IMU sensor and a camera. The LiDAR is replaced by a tacheometer in order to survey the control points already known. We have also developped a methodology applied to this test bench for the calibration of the external parameters and the computation of the surveyed point coordinates. Several tests have revealed a difference about 2&amp;ndash;3 centimeters between the control point coordinates measured and those already known.

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Prada Botia, G. C., J. P. Rojas Suárez, and M. S. Orjuela Abril. "Development of a gravimetric fuel measurement system for the evaluation of engine performance physical parameters." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2073, no. 1 (2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2073/1/012015.

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Abstract This paper presents the implementation and design features of a gravimetric-based fuel consumption system. The proposed system comprises a gravimetric balance with serial output, a fuel pump, and a control valve that are integrated into a complete engine test bench via Arduino UNO®. The study implements an instrumentation methodology to minimize measurement disturbance and error propagation, which represents a major concern in engine experimental testing. Moreover, an interactive virtual environment is developed to reinforce user interaction via LabView™. Results demonstrated that the proposed measurement system features robust and reliable operation while maintaining negligible disturbance and overall uncertainty ranging from 0.010-0.23 g/s. Additionally, it was evidenced that the measurement system allows the analysis of key parameters to evaluate engine performance. The study of the fuels blends shows that the ethanol content causes a 6.8% increase in brake specific fuel consumption and a 4% decrease in the brake thermal efficiency. Due to the low cost of the developed measurement system can be easily adapted to test bench laboratories to promote a better learning process and in industrial sectors for better energy management.

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Wang, Zi, Zhe Chen, Hong Wu Wang, and Lu Ming Ma. "Enhancing Biological Nutrient Removal from Real Domestic Wastewater by Using Iron Shavings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 164 (April 2012): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.164.517.

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Feasibility of enhancing nutrient removal in municipal sewage plant by using iron shavings in conventional biological treatment reactor was evaluated. Results of 209-days bench-scale test indicate that this method is feasible in practice. Compared to control test, TN and TP removal was increased 8.72 % and 57.83 %, respectively，by adding 400 g iron shavings in 75 L biological reactor. Effluent TP concentration could attain level 1A (0.5 mg L-1) of China's urban sewage treatment plants discharge standards; Total iron concentration in effluent was 0.249 mg L-1 and iron consumption rate was 762.7 mg d-1 during stable period. The enhancing effect of iron shaving on nutrient removal is easy to achieve and low-cost. It is worth investigating in a deep-going way.

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Shiao, Yao Jung, Chi Wei Shiao, and Chi Shan Shiao. "Development of an Onboard Automatic Tire-Wear Warning System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1821.

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Over worn tires in a vehicle endanger vehicle operation and driving safety. Vehicles with worn tires frequently have flat tires in highway, and then result in fatal traffic accidents. This research developed a RFID-based automatic tire-wear detection system. A tire-wear detection RFID cell, which contains RFID tag, isolation layer and noninterference layer, was buried in specified depth of a tire. The RFID cell can provide a signal to controller to issue a tire-wear warning if the tire is over worn. The wear detection system has benefits of small size, no battery, no maintenance, low cost and low false alarm. Bench test results confirm that this system can achieve real-time and effective detection for worn tires to enhance driving safety.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Low-cost test bench'

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