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Journal articles on the topic 'Low density polyethylene (LPDE)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 8 July 2025

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1

Nguamo, S., G. A. Ijuo, and S.O. Oloruntoba. "Combustible Gases from Low Density Polyetylene via Low Temperature Catalytic Pyrolysis." Chemistry Research Journal 5, no. 6 (2020): 172–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13148378.

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<strong>Abstract </strong>A cylindrical pressure cooking pot of height 30 cm with an internal diameter of 31.5cm was adapted for the pyrolysis of low density polyethylene (LDPE) in the presence of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) catalyst. The gases evolved were collected and analysed using Tedlar bag and a BUCK 530 Gas Chromatograph respectively. At 150 °C and 250 °C and at catalyst/sample ratio of 1:8, the pyrolsis reaction using fresh FCC catalyst showed aliphatic hydrocarbon in the range of C<sub>1</sub> – C<sub>9</sub> corresponding to the total concentrations of 82.4914 and 192.2153 respectively. The values (ppm) obtained at 150 °C and 250 °C using catalyst/sample ratio of 1:16 to be 92.2837 and 485.8220. With spent FCC catalyst at 150 °C and 250 °C using catalyst/sample ratio of 1:8, the total concentrations (ppm) obtained was  92.4257 and 116.9178, while the corresponding values (ppm) at catalyst/sample ratio of 1:16 was 65.3531 and 120.1380 respectively. Aliphatic hydrocarbons (C<sub>1</sub> – C<sub>9</sub>) were the main fuel gases revealed which can be fractionated into gasoline range gases and organic solvents.

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2

Caramitu, Alina Ruxandra, Radu Dascalu, Ioana Ion, Andreea Voina, and Iosif Lingvay. "Obtaining and Preliminary Characterization of Some Polyethylene Composites with Nickel-Silver Ferrite Filler." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 3 (2021): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.3.5516.

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Samples of LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and LDPE-PANSA (low-density polyethylene -4-Amino-3-hydroxy- 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid) copolymer with Ag0.5�Ni0.5�Fe2O4 powder (as a filler) composites were developed. Following the preliminary characterizations on the thermooxidability (by thermal analysis techniques), the dielectric behavior (by dielectric spectroscopy technique), the mechanical behavior, etc. it was found that the developed materials do not show significant changes after 240 h exposure to 150 mW / m2 UV. The addition of 3wt% PANSA in LDPE has the effect of increasing the mechanical performance of polymer composites with Ag0.5�Ni0.5�Fe2O4 filler. The addition of 15 wt% ferritic powder leads to significant increases in dielectric losses (by about 100% in the case of pure LDPE and about 185% of the LDPE copolymer with 3 wt% PANSA) and to the increase of the real component of the relative permittivity (by about 34.4 % in LPDE, respectively about 36.4% in LPDE copolymer / 3% wt PANSA). Dielectric behavior of the investigated materials indicates that the effect of Ag0.5�Ni0.5�Fe2O4 powder in LDPE and of copolimer LDPE with 3 wt% PANSA consists in the increasing of the shielding efficiency of electromagnetic waves - the maximum effect being recorded in the case of the composite material with the content: LDPE 84.5 wt%, 2.5 wt% / PANSA and 13% wt% Ag0.5�Ni0.5�Fe2O4.

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Caramitu, Alina Ruxandra, Radu Dascalu, Ioana Ion, Andreea Voina, and Iosif Lingvay. "Obtaining and Preliminary Characterization of Some Polyethylene Composites with Nickel-Silver Ferrite Filler." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 3 (2021): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.3.5516.

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Samples of LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and LDPE-PANSA (low-density polyethylene -4-Amino-3-hydroxy- 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid) copolymer with Ag0.5�Ni0.5�Fe2O4 powder (as a filler) composites were developed. Following the preliminary characterizations on the thermooxidability (by thermal analysis techniques), the dielectric behavior (by dielectric spectroscopy technique), the mechanical behavior, etc. it was found that the developed materials do not show significant changes after 240 h exposure to 150 mW / m2 UV. The addition of 3wt% PANSA in LDPE has the effect of increasing the mechanical performance of polymer composites with Ag0.5�Ni0.5�Fe2O4 filler. The addition of 15 wt% ferritic powder leads to significant increases in dielectric losses (by about 100% in the case of pure LDPE and about 185% of the LDPE copolymer with 3 wt% PANSA) and to the increase of the real component of the relative permittivity (by about 34.4 % in LPDE, respectively about 36.4% in LPDE copolymer / 3% wt PANSA). Dielectric behavior of the investigated materials indicates that the effect of Ag0.5�Ni0.5�Fe2O4 powder in LDPE and of copolimer LDPE with 3 wt% PANSA consists in the increasing of the shielding efficiency of electromagnetic waves - the maximum effect being recorded in the case of the composite material with the content: LDPE 84.5 wt%, 2.5 wt% / PANSA and 13% wt% Ag0.5�Ni0.5�Fe2O4.

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4

Veitmann, Marie, Richard Jumeau, Patrice Bourson, Michel Ferriol, and François Lahure. "Understanding and Control of High Temperature Oxidation Flaws of Low-Density Poly(ethylene) with Raman Spectroscopy." International Journal of Spectroscopy 2014 (June 5, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/194563.

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Studies of high temperature oxidation of polyethylene are not much present in the literature though it can really be a problem especially in polymer production and processing. This study aims to detect oxidation flaws in polyethylene and to determine their impact on polymer structure and properties. Besides, we suggest a method via PLS-regression to determine the degree of flaws that can occur during polymer processing due to oxidation. Several kinds of oxidation flaws were reproduced in laboratory at 150°C in an oven operating in air and Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed on each sample. Using statistical tools as chemometrics on these spectra, we have built a Partial Least Square (PLS) model able to predict the oxidation degree of flaws. Interpretation of the model construction and further characterization tests show that oxidation can be followed with the evolution of the crystalline carbon group and of the created carbonyl functions. Finally we suggest possible mechanisms which can explain the high temperature oxidation process in LPDE, and we link them to the modification of the material properties.

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5

Garcia Moreno, Daniela, Diana Milena Morales Fonseca, and Gloria Astrid Nausa Galeano. "Development of a Bioreactor-Based Model for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Biodegradation by Aspergillus brasiliensis." Universitas Scientiarum 29, no. 2 (2024): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc292.doab.

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Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a widely used polymer due to its chemical resistance, high flexibility, and mechanical properties. However, its low degradation rate, coupled with its low lifespan and widespread accumulation, poses significant environmental and public health concerns. This study presents a biodegradation model for LDPE using a suspension bioreactor, which could serve as a biological treatment alternative before polymer disposal. In our model, an initial culture of Aspergillus brasiliensis metabolized the carbon within the polymer structure and used it as an energy source, leading to LPDE biodegradation and mineralization. The procedure took place in a laboratory-scale bioreactor prototype under aerobic conditions and submerged liquid fermentation. After one month of culture, a biodegradation percentage of 1:890:56 % was reached. The treated materials were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We found evidence of biodegradation, colonization of the material, and biofilm formation. This research provides preliminary data on the biodegradation of LDPE under submerged liquid fermentation, marking an initial phase in the development of a prototype for polymer biodegradation.

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6

Bors, Adriana Mariana, Nicoleta Butoi, Alina Ruxandra Caramitu, Virgil Marinescu, and Iosif Lingvay. "The Thermooxidation and Resistance to Moulds Action of Some Polyethylene Sorts Used at Anticorrosive Insulation of the Underground Pipelines." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 3 (2017): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.3.4869.

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Polyethylene (PE) insulations have a wide applicability in the insulation of both underground pipelines and underground power cables. In this context, by coupled techniques of thermal analysis (TG/DTG+DTA) and microbiological determinations, have been studied thermooxidability and resistance to moulds action of some polyethylene sorts. Following the processing of the experimental data obtained by thermal analysis it was found that during the applied heat treatment (100 grd C), in the first approx. 380 h, there is a growth of LDPE (low density polyethylene) polymerization degree by elongation of the aliphatic chains, after which the predominant process consists in the structure crosslinking. For MDPE (mean density polyethylene) samples, during the thermal treatment applied, it was found that the crosslinking degree of polyethylene (PE) increased without significant molecular weight change (with all the related consequences of increasing the weight of the tertiary and quaternary carbon atoms in the molecule). Microbiological determinations have highlighted that the resistance to filamentous fungal action of LPDE is higher than that of the investigated MDPE. It was found that after heat treatment applied (1000 h and 100 oC), both at LDPE and at MDPE, decreases the resistance to moulds action is decreased. It has also been found that moulds action resistance is substantially decreased when inoculated culture media and PE samples are exposed to an alternative electric field of 50 Hz - 6 Vrms/cm.

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7

Government, R. M., and S. Ayuba. "Optimization of Mechanical Characteristics of Low-priced Breadfruit Peel Waste by Impregnating Low Density Polyethylene for Production Printer Components." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 28, no. 7 (2024): 2083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i7.21.

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The objective of this paper is the optimization of mechanical characteristics of low-priced breadfruit peel (BRP) waste by impregnating low density polyethylene (LPDE) for production printer components using appropriate standard procedure. The BRP at particle size (A) and fiber content (B) without modification was combined with LDPE melted and molded by injection molding machine. The characteristics of the BRP-LDPE composite that were evaluated are tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TSM), flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), Brinell’s hardness (BH), impact strength (IM) and water absorption resistance (WAR). The data obtained for the factors, A, B and the responses; TS, TSM, FS, FSM, BH, IS, and WAR of BRP-LDPE composite, respectively were inserted into design of experiment software using central composite design (CCD) package of response surface methodology (RSM) models. The outcomes obtained at critical optimal situation noticeable to be; A, B, TS, TSM, FS, FSM, BH, IS, and WAR were 180 µm (80 mesh), 14.39 wt%, 6.036284 MPa, 0.315798 GPa, 18.62651 MPa, 0.31388 GPa, 151.8932 Pa, 43.04614 KJ/m2 and 4.830519 %, respectively. With deviation of errors between experimental and CCD models differs by 2.232%. The R2>98.3, Ad.R2>96.9 and Pr.R2>98.3 with errors of the entire process to be below 10 %. This is a confirmed indication that RSM models are very good for prediction of the characteristics of BRP-LDPE composite for primer components.

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8

Marín-Genescà, Marc, Ramon Mujal Rosas, Jordi García Amorós, Lluis Massagues Vidal, and Xavier Colom Fajula. "Influence of Tire Rubber Particles Addition in Different Branching Degrees Polyethylene Matrix Composites on Physical and Structural Behavior." Polymers 13, no. 19 (2021): 3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193213.

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Waste from pneumatic wheels is one of the major environmental problems, and the scientific community is looking for methods to recycle this type of waste. In this paper, ground tire rubber particles (GTR) from disused tires have been mixed with samples of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and morphological tests have been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as the dynamic electric analysis (DEA) dielectric characterization technique using impedance spectroscopy. From this experience, how GTR reinforcement influences polyethylene and what influence GTR particles have on the branched polyethylene has been detected. For pure LDPE samples, a Debye-type dielectric behavior is observed with an imperfect semicircle, which depends on the temperature, as it shows differences for the samples at 30 °C and 120 °C, unlike the HDPE samples, which do not show such a trend. The behavior in samples with Debye behavior is like an almost perfect dipole and is due to the crystalline behavior of polyethylene at high temperature and without any reinforcement. These have been obtained evidence that for branched PE (LPDE) the Maxwell Wagner Sillars (MWS) effect is highly remarkable and that this happens due to the intrachain polarization effect combined with MWS. This means that the permittivity and conductivity at LDPE/50%GTR are high than LDPE/70%GTR. However, it does not always occur that way with HDPE composites in which HDPE/70%GTR has the highest values of permittivity and conductivity, due to the presence of conductive fraction (Carbon Black-30%) in the GTR particles and their dielectric behavior.

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9

Sharif, Umer, Beibei Sun, Md Shafiqul Islam, et al. "Fracture Toughness Analysis of Aluminum (Al) Foil and Its Adhesion with Low-Density Polyethylene (LPDE) in the Packing Industry." Coatings 11, no. 9 (2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091079.

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Liquid food packages consist of various polymers films, which are bonded together with Aluminum foil (Al-foil) using adhesion or by direct heat. The main aim of this research was to define important material properties such as fracture toughness and some FE-simulation material model parameters such as damage initiation, damage evolution, and the adhesion between Al-foil and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film. This investigation is based on both physical experiments and FE simulations in ABAQUS with and without initial cracks of different lengths for comparison purposes. The final FE model in ABAQUS was used to compare the numerical input parameters in an extensive study with the ambition to investigate the materials’ parameters in cases with or without adhesion between laminates. Finally, the relation between the theoretical and experimental results for Al-foil using linear elastic fracture mechanics and modified strip yield model were shown, and the fracture toughness was calculated for two different thicknesses of Al-foil.

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10

Chinwe Joan ogu, Makwin Danladi Makut, Smart O. Obiekezie, and Ngozika F. Okey-Ndeche. "Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (IDPE) by bacteria isolated from dump sites in some metropolitan cities in north central Nigeria." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 9, no. 2 (2023): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.9.2.0223.

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In this study, biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) by bacteria isolated from dump sites was evaluated in a liquid Basal Salts Medium. The bacteria, including Psuedomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus megaterium, Providencia stuarti, Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus vulgaris were isolated from soil samples taken from municipal dump sites in some metropolitan cities in North Central Nigeria, namely, Abuja, Makurdi and Jos and screened for their ability to utilize LDPE using the clear zone method. 0.500 gram waste LPDE strips (1 cm x 5 cm) were placed into a 500 milliliter flask containing sterilized liquid medium at 30 °C and incubated in a rotary shaker for eight (8) weeks. Each bacterium was added to a separate flask. Biodegradation was measured by pH changes of the media and gravimetrically by weight loss of the waste LDPE strips two weekly during the incubation period. The results obtained showed a gradual decrease in the pH of the media originally set at 7.05 with incubation time for all isolated bacteria. Psuedomonas aeruginosa and Providencia stuarti recorded the highest weight loss of the LDPE strips after eight (8) weeks at 19.80±0.04 %, with a final pH of 3.75±0.01 and 19.20±0.42 %, and final pH 4.85±0.01 respectively followed by Bacillus megaterium at 13.40±0.10% and final pH of 3.95±0.01. Klebsiella pnuemonia and Proteus vulgaris recorded the least gravimetric weight loss at 1.40±0.02 %, with a final pH of 4.75±0.01 and 0.80±0.01 %, pH 4.85±0.01 respectively. This work reveals that bacteria play a vital role in the degradation of low-density polyethylene waste in the natural environment. This can be applied to the development of commercial bioreactors in the future for the degradation of polyethylene wastes.

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11

Ngouajio, Mathieu, Rafael Auras, R. Thomas Fernandez, Maria Rubino, James W. Counts, and Thitisilp Kijchavengkul. "Field Performance of Aliphatic-aromatic Copolyester Biodegradable Mulch Films in a Fresh Market Tomato Production System." HortTechnology 18, no. 4 (2008): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.4.605.

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Removal and disposal of polyethylene mulch in vegetable production represents a high economic and environmental cost to society. This study was conducted in 2006 and 2007 at Michigan State University to test the field performance of new biodegradable mulches using ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’ tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model crop. Treatments included two biodegradable mulches (black and white), each with two thicknesses (35 and 25 μm). A conventional low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch of 25 μm was included as a control (a mulch commonly used by vegetable growers). Data loggers were installed 2 cm into the soil under the various mulches to record soil temperature. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with four replications. The mulches were used on a raised bed, drip irrigation system. Mulch degradation, soil temperature, tomato growth, weed density, and biomass were assessed during the seasons. Tomatoes were harvested at maturity and were fruit graded according to market specifications. Results indicate that soil temperature under the biodegradable mulches was greater than that under the LPDE mulch during the first week. Starting the second week, soil temperature dropped gradually under all the biodegradable mulches. The drop in temperature was greatest with the white mulch. Due to premature breakdown of the white mulches, weed pressure was high, resulting in smaller plants with low yield in 2007. Tomato growth, yield, and fruit quality from the black mulch was equivalent to that in the LDPE mulch. Future studies will optimize biodegradability of the mulches and test mechanical laying of the black mulch under commercial production.

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12

Donadei, Valentina, Heli Koivuluoto, Essi Sarlin, and Petri Vuoristo. "Icephobic Behaviour and Thermal Stability of Flame-Sprayed Polyethylene Coating: The Effect of Process Parameters." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 29, no. 1-2 (2019): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00947-0.

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Abstract The present work investigates the effect of different process parameters on the production of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coatings by flame spray technology. Previously, flame spraying of polymers has been successfully performed to obtain durable icephobic coatings, providing an interesting solution for applications facing icing problems, e.g. in marine, aviation, energy, and transportation industry. However, the fine tailoring of the process parameters represents a necessary strategy for optimising the coating production due to the unique thermal properties of each polymer. For this purpose, we vary the heat input of the process during flame spraying of the coating, by changing the transverse speed and the spraying distance. The results show that the variation in the process parameters strongly influenced the quality of the polymer coating, including its areal roughness, thickness, chemical composition, thermal stability, and degree of crystallinity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these properties significantly affect the icephobic behaviour of the surface within the spray window of the chosen parameters. In conclusion, the relationship between the thermal degradation of the polymer and the icephobicity of the surface was defined. This highlights the importance of process parameter optimisation in order to achieve the desired icephobic performance of the LPDE coatings.

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13

Olukotun, S. F., M. I. Sayyed, O. F. Oladejo, et al. "Computation of Gamma Buildup Factors and Heavy Ions Penetrating Depths in Clay Composite Materials Using Phy-X/PSD, EXABCal and SRIM Codes." Coatings 12, no. 10 (2022): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101512.

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Most investigations of the gamma-shielding abilities of materials are often based on the Beer-Lambert law including recent studies on clay-polyethylene composites. The findings are usually silent on the secondary radiation effects that commonly occur due to photon buildup, known as Energy Absorption Buildup Factor (EABF) and Exposure Buildup Factor (EBF). In this work, the computation of EABF and EBF in the region of energy 0.015–15 MeV at different penetration depths or mean free paths up to 40 mfp—and simulation of 100 keV of Cs and Sr ion-penetration profiles of clay–polyethylene composites (A–G) containing 0–30 wt% low density polyethylene (LPDE)—was carried out. The buildup factors computation was performed using Phy-X/PSD and EXABCal codes, and the ion-penetrating profile was studied using a Monte Carlo simulation code called Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM). The EABF and EBF values are functions of the photon energy and the penetration depth. In the region of intermediate energy, the EABF and EBF values are higher for each of the samples. For a given mfp, the peak value of either EBF or EABF of each sample increases with LDPE wt% in the clay matrix. The projected range of both Cs and Sr ions in the samples decreased with increasing sample bulk densities, with Cs having a higher projected range than Sr in all the samples. The Cs and Sr ions have the lowest respective projected ranges in sample A (of bulk density 2.03 g·cm−3; 0 wt% of LDPE), while the highest projected ranges were recorded in sample G (of bulk density 1.34 g·cm−3; with 30 wt% of LDPE), respectively. This study reaffirmed the suitability of clay composite for gamma-ray shielding applications; however, it may not yet be ready to be used as a backfill material to mitigate the migration of fission products present in radioactive nuclear wastes.

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14

Sobral, Raquel Rodrigues Soares, Gisele Polete Mizobutsi, Edson Hiydu Mizobutsi, et al. "Post-Harvest Fruit Conservation of Eugenia dysenterica DC., Spondias purpurea L., Hancornia speciosa Gomes and Talisia esculenta Radlk." AgriEngineering 6, no. 3 (2024): 2306–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030135.

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The high rate of perishability of fruits such as cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC.), seriguela (Spondias purpurea L.), mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) and pitomba (Talisia esculenta Radlk.) makes it necessary to develop adequate conservation techniques to increase post-harvest shelf life. The aim of this research was to evaluate the post-harvest quality attributes of cagaita, seriguela, mangaba and pitomba fruits stored in different types of packaging during certain periods. The treatments were defined by the combination of three types of packaging (low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and without packaging) and seven storage periods. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, hydrogen potential (pH), fruit firmness and loss of fresh mass were analyzed. Fruits packaged with LDPE presented the lowest values of fresh mass loss: 2.7, 2.3, 4.2 and 1.1% for cagaita, seriguela, mangaba and pitomba, respectively. Furthermore, LPDE packaging maintained the quality attributes in all fruits analyzed. PVC packaging was more efficient in maintaining fruit firmness, with average values of 0.03 N. Atmospheric modification techniques, such as LDPE and PVC packaging, make it possible to reduce metabolic activity, ensuring better post-harvest quality and increasing the storage period of fruits that occur in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais.

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15

Kaya, Remzi, Brandon McCowan, and Melodi Kaya. "Learning from lessons in downhole gauges as part of a well optimisation strategy." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14119.

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Downhole gauges are designed to operate in a harsh working environment and are commonly installed in conjunction with a progressing cavity (PC) pump. They measure the pressure at or slightly above the PC pump and, along with a casing pressure gauge, they can be used to measure the fluid level in the well. An understanding of the fluid level in a well allows the operator to control the well drawdown process and protect the PC pump if it is installed with a well optimisation system that can maintain the desired water level or stop the pump if required. Downhole gauges provide valuable data for reservoir analysis and well planning, especially for low-perm coals. They are often criticised for failing, but root cause analysis often finds that failure is not the gauge, rather it is caused by other components of the well completion. This extended abstract discusses the operational experience and analysis of operating downhole gauges across a 10-year period while working with several gas companies in Queensland, NSW and China. In these locations different cable-type downhole gauges, such as a low-density polyethylene (LPDE) sheathed, armoured cables and solid tubular stainless steel cables, were fixed to the tubing. This knowledge can extend the working life of downhole gauges and help operators develop well optimisation strategies.

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Pani, R. Soelarso, Heribertus Sukarjo, and Yustinus Sigit Purwono. "Pembuatan Biofuel dengan Proses Pirolisis Berbahan Baku Plastik Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) pada Suhu 250 °C dan 300 °C." Jurnal Engine: Energi, Manufaktur, dan Material 1, no. 1 (2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jeemm.v1i1.226.

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<em>The level of fuels’ consumption as an energy source in the world is currently experiencing huge increase. When the use of the oil as fuels is not managed properly, it can be sure that the oil will run out and triggered the world’s energy crisis. Currently, plastik waste become a serious problem that can lead into the environment contamination if not properly managed. One of the solution to overcome the energy crisis and environmental polution is to find and create a renewable energy such as biofuel. The research was conducted in order to know the effect of combustion temperature on pyrolisis process based on the Low Density Polythylene (LPDE) plastic material to produce biofuel. The eraly stages of the research was start with pyrolisis process of the LDPE plastic which comes from the bottle and glass logo waste with the reactor temperature of 250 ºC and 300 ºC. The weight of each material was 2 kg. After getting the crude oil, the researcher examined the crude oil characteristic from pyrolisis process using viscosity test, density test, caloric value test, and flash point test. From the test results, the test results that the gigher the temperature in the pyrolisis reactor, the production of the biofuel oil from pyrolisis were more and have a better quality. The result of the experiment pointed out that the higher the pirolysis reactor temperature , the greater the yield and the better quality. The pyrolisis result was crude oil with each of the weight was 240 ml on the 250 ºC reactor temperature and 260 ml on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The viscosity test showed the results 3.128 mm²/s on the 250 ºC reactor temperature and 2.698 mm²/s on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The density on the 250 ºC reactor temperature was 0.9984 and 0.9085 on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The caloric value test on the 250 ºC reactor temperature showed the results 9084.101 kal/g on the first test and 8765.253 kal/g on the second test. Whereas the caloric value test on the 300 ºC reactor temperature were 9588.312 kal/g on the first test and 9507.779 on the second test. The results of the crude oil flash point test on 250 ºC and 300 ºC showed the same temperature result at 28.5 ºC. From the characteristic test results it can be concluded that the crude oil from the pyrolisis process has approaching the kerosene characteristic and entered into the fuel category.</em>

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17

Hamah Sor, Nadhim, Taghreed Khaleefa Mohammed Ali, Kolimi Shaiksha Vali, et al. "The behavior of sustainable self-compacting concrete reinforced with low-density waste Polyethylene fiber." Materials Research Express 9, no. 3 (2022): 035501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac58e8.

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Abstract Sustainable concrete production and recycling the construction wastes are of utmost importance for today’s sustainable urban development. In this study, low-density polyethylene waste was recycled in the form of fibers (LDPF) to produce eco-friendly fiber-reinforced sustainable self-compacting concrete (SCC). The content of LDPF ranged from 0.5% to 3.5% at a raise of 0.5% of the mix’s volume. The SCC’s features in fresh and hardened states were tested. The slump flow diameter, T500, V-funnel, and L-box ratio were measured for the fresh properties. The compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths were tested at the age of 28 days. However, the outcomes indicated that LPDF had some negative effect on the workability features, but all the results of SCC mixtures were within the standard limitations of SCC except that related to the L-box, which satisfied the standards up to 2% of LDPF. However, the incorporation of LDPF enhanced the mechanical properties, especially the flexural strength. The optimum ratio for the LPDF was 2%, which satisfies the required workability and the highest strength with modulus of elasticity. The thermal conductivity decreased with increasing LDPF content in the SCC mixtures.

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18

Javed, Nuzhat, Sana Muhammad, Shazia Iram, et al. "Analysis of Fuel Alternative Products Obtained by the Pyrolysis of Diverse Types of Plastic Materials Isolated from a Dumpsite Origin in Pakistan." Polymers 15, no. 1 (2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010024.

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The current energy crisis and waste management problems have compelled people to find alternatives to conventional non-renewable fuels and utilize waste to recover energy. Pyrolysis of plastics, which make up a considerable portion of municipal and industrial waste, has emerged as a feasible resolution to both satisfy our energy needs and mitigate the issue of plastic waste. This study was therefore conducted to find a solution for plastic waste management problems, as well as to find an alternative to mitigate the current energy crisis. Pyrolysis of five of the most commonly used plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high- and low-density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), was executed in a pyrolytic reactor designed utilizing a cylindrical shaped stainless steel container with pressure and temperature gauges and a condenser to cool down the hydrocarbons produced. The liquid products collected were highly flammable and their chemical properties revealed them as fuel alternatives. Among them, the highest yield of fuel conversion (82%) was observed for HDPE followed by PP, PS, LDPE, PS, and PET (61.8%, 58.0%, 50.0%, and 11.0%, respectively). The calorific values of the products, 46.2, 46.2, 45.9, 42.8 and 42.4 MJ/kg for LPDE, PP, HPDE, PS, and PET, respectively, were comparable to those of diesel and gasoline. Spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis proved the presence of alkanes and alkenes with carbon number ranges of C9–C15, C9–C24, C10–C21, C10–C28, and C9–C17 for PP, PET, HDPE, LDPE, and PS, respectively. If implemented, the study will prove to be beneficial and contribute to mitigating the major energy and environmental issues of developing countries, as well as enhance entrepreneurship opportunities by replicating the process at small-scale and industrial levels.

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19

Quilez-Molina, Ana Isabel, Lara Marini, Athanassia Athanassiou, and Ilker S. Bayer. "UV-Blocking, Transparent, and Antioxidant Polycyanoacrylate Films." Polymers 12, no. 9 (2020): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092011.

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Applications of cyanoacrylate monomers are generally limited to adhesives/glues (instant or superglues) and forensic sciences. They tend to polymerize rapidly into rigid structures when exposed to trace amounts of moisture. Transforming cyanoacrylate monomers into transparent polymeric films or coatings can open up several new applications, as they are biocompatible, biodegradable and have surgical uses. Like other acrylics, cyanoacrylate polymers are glassy and rigid. To circumvent this, we prepared transparent cyanoacrylate films by solvent casting from a readily biodegrade solvent, cyclopentanone. To improve the ductility of the films, poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) biopolymer was used as an additive (maximum 5 wt.%) while maintaining transparency. Additionally, ductile films were functionalized with caffeic acid (maximum 2 wt.%), with no loss of transparency while establishing highly effective double functionality, i.e., antioxidant effect and effective UV-absorbing capability. Less than 25 mg antioxidant caffeic acid release per gram film was achieved within a 24-h period, conforming to food safety regulations. Within 2 h, films achieved 100% radical inhibition levels. Films displayed zero UVC (100–280 nm) and UVB (280–315 nm), and ~15% UVA (315–400 nm) radiation transmittance comparable to advanced sunscreen materials containing ZnO nanoparticles or quantum dots. Transparent films also exhibited promising water vapor and oxygen barrier properties, outperforming low-density polyethylene (LPDE) films. Several potential applications can be envisioned such as films for fatty food preservation, biofilms for sun screening, and biomedical films for free-radical inhibition.

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20

Maeda, Shuichi. "Miscibility of Linear Low-Density Polyethylene/Low-Density Polyethylene Blends." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 49, no. 3 (2021): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology.49.227.

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21

Ho, Kam, Larry Kale, and Scott Montgomery. "Melt strength of linear low-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 85, no. 7 (2002): 1408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10677.

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22

CZAJA, KRYSTYNA, and MARZENA BIALEK. "Linear low-density polyethylene." Polimery 47, no. 10 (2002): 685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2002.685.

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23

Shah, G. D. "Biodegradable Low Density Polyethylene." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 24, no. 3 (2008): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060802400305.

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24

Drummond, Kate M., Jefferson L. Hopewell, and Robert A. Shanks. "Crystallization of low-density polyethylene- and linear low-density polyethylene-rich blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 78, no. 5 (2000): 1009–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628(20001031)78:5<1009::aid-app100>3.0.co;2-2.

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25

Tremblay, Bernard. "Elongation viscosity estimates of linear low-density polyethylene/ low-density polyethylene blends." Polymer Engineering and Science 32, no. 1 (1992): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760320111.

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26

Yang, Yuhua, Rong Hua, Chunxia Bai, Min Yu, Sanxi Li, and Tiejun Ge. "Miscibility and Properties of Linear Low Density Polyethylene/Low Density Polyethylene Blends." Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry 13, no. 5 (1996): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/j.issn.1000-0518.1996.5.88.

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27

Yang, Yuhua, Rong Hua, Chunxia Bai, Min Yu, Sanxi Li, and Tiejun Ge. "Miscibility and Properties of Linear Low Density Polyethylene/Low Density Polyethylene Blends." Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry 13, no. 5 (1996): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/j.issn.1000-0518.1996.5.8890.

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28

Rana, S. K. "Crystallization of high-density polyethylene-linear low-density polyethylene blend." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69, no. 13 (1998): 2599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980926)69:13<2599::aid-app10>3.0.co;2-q.

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29

Qiang Yuan, Stuart A. Bateman, and Dongyang Wu. "Mechanical and Conductive Properties of Carbon Black-filled High-density Polyethylene, Low-density Polyethylene, and Linear Low-density Polyethylene." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 23, no. 4 (2009): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705709349318.

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30

Andersson, Thorbjörn, Berit Stålbom, and Bengt Wesslén. "Degradation of polyethylene during extrusion. II. Degradation of low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, and high-density polyethylene in film extrusion." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 91, no. 3 (2003): 1525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.13024.

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31

Andersson, Thorbjörn, Berit Stålbom, and Bengt Wesslén. "Degradation of polyethylene during extrusion. II. Degradation of low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, and high-density polyethylene in film extrusion." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, no. 1 (2004): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20183.

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32

La Mantia, Francesco Paolo. "Photo-oxidation of blends of low density polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene." Polymer Degradation and Stability 13, no. 4 (1985): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(85)90078-3.

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33

Wang, Xuyun, Zhaobo Wang, and Xin Wang. "Preparation and characterization of linear low-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene/TiO2 membranes." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 98, no. 1 (2005): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.22064.

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34

Ilg, Andrea D., Craig J. Price, and Stephen A. Miller. "Linear Low-Density Polyoxymethylene versus Linear Low-Density Polyethylene." Macromolecules 40, no. 22 (2007): 7739–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma702066y.

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35

Gupta, A. K., S. K. Rana, and B. L. Deopura. "Crystallization behavior of high-density polyethylene/linear low-density polyethylene blend." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44, no. 4 (1992): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070440418.

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36

Gupta, A. K., S. K. Rana, and B. L. Deopura. "Crystallization kinetics of high-density polyethylene/linear low-density polyethylene blend." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51, no. 2 (1994): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070510204.

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37

Vasile, Cornelia, Raluca Nicoleta Darie, Catalina Natalia Cheaburu-Yilmaz, et al. "Low density polyethylene – Chitosan composites." Composites Part B: Engineering 55 (December 2013): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.06.008.

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38

Sabetzadeh, Maryam, Rouhollah Bagheri, and Mahmood Masoomi. "Study on ternary low density polyethylene/linear low density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch blend films." Carbohydrate Polymers 119 (March 2015): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.038.

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39

STERZYNSKI, TOMASZ. "Synchrotron studies of the crystalline structure of low-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene." Polimery 33, no. 10 (1988): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1988.364.

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40

Na, Yinna, Shengyu Dai, and Changle Chen. "Direct Synthesis of Polar-Functionalized Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)." Macromolecules 51, no. 11 (2018): 4040–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00467.

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41

Kyu, Thein, Shi-Ru Hu, and Richard S. Stein. "Characterization and properties of polyethylene blends II. Linear low-density with conventional low-density polyethylene." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25, no. 1 (1987): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250107.

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42

Luyt, A. S., and M. J. Hato. "Thermal and mechanical properties of linear low-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene/wax ternary blends." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 96, no. 5 (2005): 1748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.21642.

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43

Huang, Le-Ping, Xing-Ping Zhou, Wei Cui, Xiao-Lin Xie, and Shen-Yi Tong. "Toughening effect of maleic anhydride grafted linear low density polyethylene on linear low density polyethylene." Journal of Materials Science 43, no. 12 (2008): 4290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2626-x.

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44

Hu, Shi-Ru, Thein Kyu, and Richard S. Stein. "Characterization and properties of polyethylene blends I. Linear low-density polyethylene with high-density polyethylene." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25, no. 1 (1987): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250106.

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45

Wu, Wei-Li, and Yi-Wen Wang. "High density polyethylene film toughened with polypropylene and linear low density polyethylene." Materials Letters 257 (December 2019): 126689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126689.

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46

Albano, C., G. Sanchez, A. Ismayel, and P. Hernández. "Recovery of Plastic Low-Density Polyethylene/High-Density Polyethylene (LDPE/HDPE) Wastes." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 5, no. 2 (1999): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236669908014178.

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47

C, NWAPA, OKUNWAYE O. J, OKONKWO C. L, and CHIMEZIE O. W. "Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene and Linear Low Density Polyethylene Blend." International Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering 7, no. 01 (2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23942592/ijpte-v7i1p103.

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48

Garcia-Rejon, Andres, and C. Alvarez. "Mechanical and flow properties of high-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene blends." Polymer Engineering and Science 27, no. 9 (1987): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760270907.

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49

Yuan, Qiang, Stuart Bateman, and Dong Yang Wu. "Stiff and Tough Conductive Composites Using Carbon Black-Filled Polyethylene." Key Engineering Materials 312 (June 2006): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.312.139.

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Stiff and tough conductive composites were manufactured using carbon black compounded with high and low density polyethylene, as well as linear low density polyethylene. A low percolation threshold value for the composites was achieved at 2 wt% carbon black. The impact strengths of the composites incorporating low density and linear low density polyethylene were found to be almost 16 and 26 times greater, respectively, than that of high density polyethylene composites. On the other hand, the modulus of high density polyethylene filled with carbon black was 2 times as high as low and linear low density polyethylene-based composites. Tensile modulus increased with the content of carbon black, however the impact strength of the composites decreased.

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50

Desai, Vaibhav, M. A. Shenoy, and P. R. Gogate. "Ultrasonic degradation of low-density polyethylene." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 47, no. 9-10 (2008): 1451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2008.02.003.

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