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Journal articles on the topic 'Low duty cycle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Ho, Ying-Yi, Yin-Ping Fang, Cheng-Han Chou, Hsi-Chi Cheng, and Hsueh-Wen Chang. "High Duty Cycle to Low Duty Cycle: Echolocation Behaviour of the Hipposiderid Bat Coelops frithii." PLoS ONE 8, no. 5 (2013): e62938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062938.

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Burke, Caitlin W., Alexander L. Klibanov, Jason P. Sheehan, and Richard J. Price. "Inhibition of glioma growth by microbubble activation in a subcutaneous model using low duty cycle ultrasound without significant heating." Journal of Neurosurgery 114, no. 6 (2011): 1654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.11.jns101201.

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Object In this study, the authors sought determine whether microbubble (MB) destruction with pulsed low duty cycle ultrasound can be used to reduce brain tumor perfusion and growth through nonthermal microvascular ablation. Methods Studies using C57BLJ6/Rag-1 mice inoculated subcutaneously with C6 glioma cells were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Microbubbles were injected intravenously, and 1 MHz ultrasound was applied with varying duty cycles to the tumor every 5 seconds for 60 minutes. During treatment, tumor heating was quantified. Following treatment, tumor growth, hemodynamics, necrosis, and apoptosis were measured. Results Tumor blood flow was significantly reduced immediately after treatment, with posttreatment flow ranging from 36% (0.00002 duty cycle) to 4% (0.01 duty cycle) of pretreatment flow. Seven days after treatment, tumor necrosis and apoptosis were significantly increased in all treatment groups, while treatment with ultrasound duty cycles of 0.005 and 0.01 inhibited tumor growth by 63% and 75%, respectively, compared with untreated tumors. While a modest duty cycle–dependent increase in intratumor temperature was observed, it is unlikely that thermal tissue ablation occurred. Conclusions In a subcutaneous C6 glioma model, MB destruction with low–duty cycle 1-MHz ultrasound can be used to markedly inhibit growth, without substantial tumor tissue heating. These results may have a bearing on the development of transcranial high-intensity focused ultrasound treatments for brain tumors that are not amenable to thermal ablation.

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3

Karybakas, C. A., and G. A. Sarafis. "A low-frequency duty-cycle dependent sinusoidal oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 41, no. 5 (1992): 720–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.177351.

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4

Duckworth, Kelsey, Michael Spencer, Christopher Bates, et al. "Advanced oxidation degradation kinetics as a function of ultraviolet LED duty cycle." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 9 (2015): 1375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.108.

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Ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) may be a viable option as a UV light source for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing photocatalysts or oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide. The effect of UV-LED duty cycle, expressed as the percentage of time the LED is powered, was investigated in an AOP with hydrogen peroxide, using methylene blue (MB) to assess contaminant degradation. The UV-LED AOP degraded the MB at all duty cycles. However, adsorption of MB onto the LED emitting surface caused a linear decline in reactor performance over time. With regard to the effect of duty cycle, the observed rate constant of MB degradation, after being adjusted to account for the duty cycle, was greater for 5 and 10% duty cycles than higher duty cycles, providing a value approximately 160% higher at 5% duty cycle than continuous operation. This increase in adjusted rate constant at low duty cycles, as well as contaminant fouling of the LED surface, may impact design and operational considerations for pulsed UV-LED AOP systems.

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5

Shrestha, Neeraj, Jong Hoon Youn, and Nitin Sharma. "A Code-Based Sleep and Wakeup Scheduling Protocol for Low Duty Cycle Sensor Networks." Journal of Advances in Computer Networks 2, no. 3 (2014): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jacn.2014.v2.109.

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6

Hao, Jiang Nan, Chao Gao, and Yin Zhe Li. "Flow Control over a Circular-Cone-Cylinder by Unsteady Plasma Actuations." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.933.

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An experimental study of plasma duty-cycled actuation over slender forebodies is performed on a 20° circular-cone-cylinder model using a pair of Single Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD) plasma actuators near the cone apex combined with a duty-cycle technique. The tests are carried out in a low-turbulence 3.0 m ×1.6 m low-speed wind tunnel at an angle of attack of 45°. The Reynolds number based on the cone base diameter is 50, 000. The frequency of the duty cycle is 10 Hz. The mechanisms of the unsteady excitations over various duty cycles of frequency 10 Hz are studied using ten Kulite pressure transducers mounted around a cross section of the cone forebody at angle of attack of 45°.The circumferential pressure distributions over a station on the cone forebody is measured by unsteady pressure tappings, Phase-locked averaged pressures are studied and compared with ensemble-averaged pressures.

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7

Hussain, S. N., C. Roussos, and S. Magder. "Effects of tension, duty cycle, and arterial pressure on diaphragmatic blood flow in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 2 (1989): 968–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.968.

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We investigated the selective effects of changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and duty cycle on diaphragmatic blood flow in supine dogs at normal arterial pressure (N), moderate hypotension (MH), and severe hypotension (SH) [mean arterial pressure (Part) of 116, 75, and 50 mmHg, respectively]. The diaphragm was paced at a rate of 12/min by bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation. Left phrenic (Qphr-T) and left internal mammary (Qim-T) arterial flows were measured by electromagnetic flow probes. Changes in Pdi and duty cycle were achieved by changing the stimulation frequencies and the duration of contraction, whereas Part changes were produced by bleeding. With N and at a duty cycle of 0.5, incremental increases in Pdi produced peaks in Qphr-T and Qim-T at 30% maximum diaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax) with a gradual decline at higher Pdi. With MH and SH, blood flow peaked at 10% Pdimax. At any given Pdi, blood flow was lower with MH and SH in comparison to N. The effect of duty cycle was tested at two levels of Pdi. With N and at low Pdi (25% Pdimax), blood flow rose progressively with increases in duty cycle, whereas at moderate Pdi level (50% Pdimax) blood flow peaked at a duty cycle of 0.3, with no increase thereafter. With MH, blood flow at low Pdi rose linearly with increasing duty cycle but to a lesser extent than with N, and at a moderate Pdi flow peaked at a duty cycle of 0.3. With SH, blood flow at low and moderate Pdi was limited at duty cycles greater than 0.3 and 0.1, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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8

Wang, Xiaowei, Chuanqi Wang, Tao Gao, Tengteng Li, and Hailiang Lao. "Analysis of the engine test cycles from China VI heavy duty vehicle standard and China automotive test cycle." E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801020.

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This paper studied the engine test cycles including world harmonized steady cycle (WHSC), world harmonized transient cycle (WHTC) , china heavy-duty steady cycle (CHSC) and china heavy-duty transient cycle (CHTC) based on a diesel engine which meet the China VI heavy duty vehicle emission standard. The results show that regression analysis of speed, torque and power all meet the requirements of the China VI heavy duty vehicle standard. For this engine, NOx, PM and THC pollutants under CHSC are 134.5%, 29.6% and 94.4% higher than those under WHSC, respectively. PN emissions of CHSC is 65.6% lower than that of WHSC. NOx, PM and PN pollutants under CHTC are 62.9%, 96.4% and 64.3% higher than those under WHTC, respectively. The exhaust temperature of the first 350 seconds at CHTC is lower, which poses a greater challenge to the conversion efficiency of the after-treatment system at low speed and low load.

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9

Bang, Young-Bong, and Kyung-Min Lee. "Large thrust linear motors for low-duty-cycle operation." Mechatronics 14, no. 8 (2004): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2004.05.001.

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10

Tajalli, A., M. Atarodi, and H. Bazargan. "Duty-cycle controller for low-jitter frequency-doubling DLL." IEE Proceedings - Circuits, Devices and Systems 152, no. 5 (2005): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cds:20045151.

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Merlin, Christophe J., and Wendi B. Heinzelman. "Duty Cycle Control for Low-Power-Listening MAC Protocols." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 9, no. 11 (2010): 1508–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2010.116.

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12

Ghadimi, Euhanna, Olaf Landsiedel, Pablo Soldati, Simon Duquennoy, and Mikael Johansson. "Opportunistic Routing in Low Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks." ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 10, no. 4 (2014): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2533686.

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13

Fan, Zuzhi. "Minimum Delay Query in Low-duty-cycle Sensor Networks." International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking 9, no. 6 (2016): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijfgcn.2016.9.6.33.

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Yang, Zequ, Peng Cheng, and Jiming Chen. "Learning-Based Jamming Attack against Low-Duty-Cycle Networks." IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 14, no. 6 (2017): 650–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdsc.2015.2501288.

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15

Fan, Zuzhi. "Delay-Driven Routing for Low-Duty-Cycle Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 9, no. 9 (2013): 198283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/198283.

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16

Wang, Peng, Suxin Hui, Shakeel Akram, et al. "Influence of Repetitive Square Voltage Duty Cycle on the Electrical Tree Characteristics of Epoxy Resin." Polymers 12, no. 10 (2020): 2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102215.

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The application of wide band-gap power electronic devices brings more challenges to insulating packaging technology. Knowing the influence of applied voltage parameters on insulation performance is helpful to evaluate the insulation condition of electric power equipment. In this paper, the effect of repetitive square wave voltage duty cycle on the growth characteristics of electrical trees in epoxy resin was studied. The experimental results show that the square wave voltage duty cycle has a significant influence on treeing features. The electrical tree proportion initiation has shown a decreasing trend, and the shape of the electrical tree changes from pine-like to branch-like by increasing the duty cycles. The length and damaged area of electrical tree increased with the increase in the duty cycle up to 10% and then decrease by increasing the duty cycle higher than 30%. It indicates that a low duty cycle will enhance the electron injection and accumulate space charges and thus accelerate electrical tree development. Under short duty cycles, the electric field due to the shielding effect near the needle tip suppresses the electrical tree growth, which results in treeing growth stagnation. The obtained results are helpful to keep these parameters in mind during the design of epoxy-based insulation such high-voltage rotating machines and power electronic device packaging.

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Liu, Xiao, Mianxiong Dong, Yuxin Liu, Anfeng Liu, and Neal N. Xiong. "Construction Low Complexity and Low Delay CDS for Big Data Code Dissemination." Complexity 2018 (June 20, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5429546.

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The diffusion of codes is an important processing technology for big data networks. In previous scheme, data analysis was conducted for small samples of big data and complex problems that cannot be processed by big data technology. Due to the limited capacity of intelligence device, a better method is to select a set of nodes (intelligence device) to form a connected dominating set (CDS) to save energy, and constructing CDS is proved to be a complete NP problem. However, it is a challenge to reduce the communication delay and complexity for urgent data transmission in big data. In this paper, an appropriate duty cycle control (ADCC) scheme is proposed to reduce communication delay and complexity while improving energy efficient in CDS-based WSNs. In ADCC scheme, the method for constructing CDS is proposed at lower complexity. Nodes in CDS are selected according to the degree of nodes. Then, duty cycle of dominator nodes in CDS is higher than that of dominated nodes, so the communication delay in the proposed scheme is far less than that of previous scheme. The duty cycle of dominated nodes is small to save energy. This is because the number of dominator nodes in CDS is far less than the number of dominated nodes whose duty cycle is small; thus, the total energy consumption of the network is less than that of the previous scheme. As a result, the performance of energy consumption and communication delay and complex have been improved. Its complexity O∑i=0vm−i+2m−2v−s is reduced a lot for big data. The theoretical analysis shows that compared to the previous scheme, the transmission delay can be reduced 25–92% and the energy efficiency is improved by about 80% while retaining network lifetime.

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18

Mian, Adnan Noor, Mehwish Fatima, Raees Khan, and Ravi Prakash. "An Empirical Evaluation of Lightweight Random Walk Based Routing Protocol in Duty Cycle Aware Wireless Sensor Networks." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/946249.

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Energy efficiency is an important design paradigm in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and its consumption in dynamic environment is even more critical. Duty cycling of sensor nodes is used to address the energy consumption problem. However, along with advantages, duty cycle aware networks introduce some complexities like synchronization and latency. Due to their inherent characteristics, many traditional routing protocols show low performance in densely deployed WSNs with duty cycle awareness, when sensor nodes are supposed to have high mobility. In this paper we first present a three messages exchange Lightweight Random Walk Routing (LRWR) protocol and then evaluate its performance in WSNs for routing low data rate packets. Through NS-2 based simulations, we examine the LRWR protocol by comparing it with DYMO, a widely used WSN protocol, in both static and dynamic environments with varying duty cycles, assuming the standard IEEE 802.15.4 in lower layers. Results for the three metrics, that is, reliability, end-to-end delay, and energy consumption, show that LRWR protocol outperforms DYMO in scalability, mobility, and robustness, showing this protocol as a suitable choice in low duty cycle and dense WSNs.

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19

Shen, Xingfa, Lili Liu, Zhenxian Ni, Mingxin Liu, Bei Zhao, and Yuling Shang. "Link-Correlation-Aware Opportunistic Routing in Low-Duty-Cycle Wireless Networks." Sensors 21, no. 11 (2021): 3840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113840.

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In low-duty-cycle wireless networks with unreliable and correlated links, Opportunistic Routing (OR) is extremely costly because of the unaligned working schedules of nodes within a common candidate forwarder set. In this work, we propose a novel polynomial-time node scheduling scheme considering link correlation for OR in low-duty-cycle wireless networks (LDC-COR), which significantly improves the performance by assigning nodes with low correlation to a common group and scheduling the nodes within this group to wake up simultaneously for forwarding packets in a common cycle. By taking account of both link correlation and link quality, the performance of the expected transmission count (ETX) is improved by adopting the LDC-COR protocol. As a result, the energy consumption of low-duty-cycle OR is significantly reduced. LDC-COR only requires the information of one-hop neighboring nodes which introduces minimal communication overhead. The proposed LDC-COR bridges the gap between the nodes’ limited energy resource and the application lifetime requirements. We evaluate the performance of LDC-COR with extensive simulations and a physical wireless testbed consisting of 20 TelosB nodes. The evaluation results show that both transmission efficiency and energy consumption of low-duty-cycle OR are significantly improved with only a slight increase of end-to-end delay.

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20

Fan, Zuzhi. "Delay-constrained flooding in extremely low-duty-cycle sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 3 (2019): 155014771984022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719840225.

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Flooding is a fundamental function for the network-wide dissemination of command, query, and code update in wireless sensor networks. However, it is challenging to enable fast and energy-efficient flooding in sensor networks with low-duty cycles because it is rare that multiple neighboring nodes wake up at the same time, making broadcast instinct of wireless radio unavailable. The unreliability of wireless links deteriorates the situation. In this work, we study the delay-constrained flooding problem in order to disseminate data packets to all nodes within given expected delivery delay. In particular, a transmission power control–based flooding algorithm is proposed to reduce the flooding delay in such low-duty-cycle sensor networks. According to the soft delay bound, each node can locally adjust its transmission power level. To alleviate transmission conflicts, the backoff method with transmission power adaptive mechanism has been proposed. Based on the large-scale simulations, we validate that our design can reduce flooding delay with small extra energy expenditure compared with conventional flooding schemes.

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21

DU, Zhengchang, Jianhui WU, Shanli LONG, Meng ZHANG, and Xincun JI. "Duty Cycle Corrector for Pipelined ADC with Low Added Jitter." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E92-C, no. 6 (2009): 864–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e92.c.864.

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22

XU, Dan, Xiaojiang CHEN, Junjie HUANG, Xiaoyan YIN, and Dingyi FANG. "Collection tree-based opportunistic routing protocol with low duty cycle." Journal of Computer Applications 33, no. 12 (2013): 3394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2013.03394.

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23

Chung, Ching-Che, Duo Sheng, and Chang-Jun Li. "A Wide-Range Low-Cost All-Digital Duty-Cycle Corrector." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 23, no. 11 (2015): 2487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2370631.

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24

Mao, Yingchi, Ambassa Joel Yves, and Feng Xu. "Delay-Bounded Data Forwarding in Low-Duty-Cycle Sensor Networks." Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 18, no. 7 (2012): 795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10798587.2012.10643289.

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25

Nystuen, Jeffrey A., M. Bradley Hanson, Candice Emmons, Paul Wade, and Jennifer Miksis‐Olds. "Detection of killer whale presence using low duty cycle recorders." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (2009): 2616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4783968.

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26

Feng Wang and Jiangchuan Liu. "On Reliable Broadcast in Low Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 11, no. 5 (2012): 767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2011.94.

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27

Baldesi, Luca, Leonardo Maccari, and Renato Lo Cigno. "Infective flooding in low-duty-cycle networks, properties and bounds." Computer Communications 151 (February 2020): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2019.12.044.

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28

Yang, Hai Li, Yan Li, Yun Gang Li, Guo Zhang Tang, Ning He, and Yu Zhu Zhang. "Influence of Duty Cycle on Composition and Microstructure of Siliconized Layer Using Pulse Electrodeposition." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.666.

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The siliconized layer was pulse electrodeposited on grain oriented low-silicon steel sheet substrate in KCl-NaCl-NaF-SiO2 molten salts and the influence of duty cycle on the composition and microstructure of the siliconized layer was investigated. The results showed that when the duty cycle was in the range of 10% to 50% at average current density 30mA/cm2, Si content of siliconized layers was similar and the thickness of the layer was did not change much with different duty cycle. Cross sectional observation revealed that the siliconized layers had a two-layer structure. The top layer composed of columnar grains and a transition layer with equiaxed grains was close to the substrate. The layer was unsmooth when the duty cycle was 10%. While the surface appeared smooth and dense and the grains were fine when the duty cycle were 20% and 30%. The layer became more porous as the duty cycle increased to 40% and 50%.

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29

Babu, Anand. "Adaptive Duty Cycle Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 5, no. 2 (2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v5i2.pp79-85.

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<p>To increase the network lifetime of WSNs is a major concern. Network lifetime can be increased by reducing energy consumptions through MAC protocols periodic and a- periodic sleep mode mechanisms. The short duty cycle makes sensors have low energy consumption rate but increases the transmission delay and long duty cycle makes the sensor to increase the energy consumption and reduce the delay. Duty cycle need to be adaptively varied to reduce the idle listening. In the proposed Adaptive Duty cycle MAC (ADMAC) protocol, duty cycle is varied by taking nodes rate of energy consumption and filled queue length in account. It reduces the delay and energy spent by reducing the idle listening. ADMAC is realized in NS2 and its performance is compared with SMAC.</p>

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Jovanovic, Goran, and Mile Stojcev. "Pulse width control loop as a duty cycle corrector." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 1, no. 2 (2004): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee0402215j.

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The clock distribution and generation circuitry forms a critical component of current synchronous digital systems. A digital system?s clocks must have not only low jitter, low skew, but also well-controlled duty cycle in order to facilitate versatile clocking techniques. In high-speed CMOS clock buffer design, the duty cycle of a clock is liable to be changed when the clock passes through a multistage buffer because the circuit is not pure digital [8]. In this paper, we propose a pulse width control loop referred as MPWCL (modified pulse width control loop) that adopts the same architecture as the conventional PWCL, but with a new pulse generator and new charge pump circuit as a constituent of the duty cycle detector. Thanks to using new building blocks the proposed pulse width control loop can control the duty cycle in a wide range, and what is more important it becomes operative in saturation region too, what provides conditional for fast locking time. For 1.2 ?m double-metal double-poly CMOS process with Vdd = 5 V and operating frequency of 133 MHz, results of SPICE simulation show that the duty cycle can be well controlled in the range from 20 % up to 80 % if the loop parameters are properly chosen.

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Nur, Fernaz Narin, Selina Sharmin, Md Abdur Razzaque, Md Shariful Islam, and Mohammad Mehedi Hassan. "A Low Duty Cycle MAC Protocol for Directional Wireless Sensor Networks." Wireless Personal Communications 96, no. 4 (2016): 5035–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3728-4.

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Fan, Zuzhi. "Reducing Delay with Mobile Sink in Low-Duty-Cycle Sensor Networks." International Journal of Smart Home 10, no. 8 (2016): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2016.10.8.30.

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Ekstrom, Martin C., Marcus Bergblomma, Maria Linden, Mats Bjorkman, and Mikael Ekstrom. "A Bluetooth Radio Energy Consumption Model for Low-Duty-Cycle Applications." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 61, no. 3 (2012): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2011.2172997.

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Fan, Zuzhi, Shi Bai, Shuai Wang, and Tian He. "Delay-Bounded Transmission Power Control for Low-Duty-Cycle Sensor Networks." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 14, no. 6 (2015): 3157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2015.2402681.

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Chen, Liangyin, Zhe Wang, Hua Cheng, et al. "Asynchronous probabilistic neighbour discovery algorithm in mobile low‐duty‐cycle WSNs." Electronics Letters 51, no. 13 (2015): 1031–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2015.0167.

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Chen, Liangyin, Yuanchao Shu, Yu Gu, et al. "Group-Based Neighbor Discovery in Low-Duty-Cycle Mobile Sensor Networks." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 15, no. 8 (2016): 1996–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2015.2476471.

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37

Yu, Byeong-Jae, and Hyun-Mook Cho. "Low-area Duty Cycle Correction Circuit for Voltage-Controlled Ring Oscillator." Journal of Software Assessment and Valuation 15, no. 1 (2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29056/jsav.2019.06.12.

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Cheng, Long, Linghe Kong, Yongjia Song, et al. "Adaptive Forwarding With Probabilistic Delay Guarantee in Low-Duty-Cycle WSNs." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 19, no. 7 (2020): 4775–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2020.2987308.

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39

Le, Tian. "Adaptive Source Time Synchronization for Low-Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking 8, no. 4 (2015): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijfgcn.2015.8.4.06.

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Le, Tian. "Adaptive Source Time Synchronization for Low-Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking 8, no. 4 (2015): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijfgcn.2015.8.4.6.

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Cao, Zhichao, Yuan He, Qiang Ma, and Yunhao Liu. "$L^{2}$: Lazy Forwarding in Low-Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Network." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 23, no. 3 (2015): 922–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2014.2310812.

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Cheng, Long, Jianwei Niu, Yu Gu, Chengwen Luo, and Tian He. "Achieving Efficient Reliable Flooding in Low-Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 24, no. 6 (2016): 3676–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2016.2549017.

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Chen, Quan, Hong Gao, Zhipeng Cai, Lianglun Cheng, and Jianzhong Li. "Distributed Low-Latency Data Aggregation for Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 26, no. 5 (2018): 2347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2018.2868943.

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44

Liu, P., P. Upadhyaya, J. Jung, D. Heo, J. H. Kim, and B. S. Kim. "Low phase noise LC VCO with reduced drain current duty cycle." Electronics Letters 48, no. 2 (2012): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2011.3189.

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45

Verrina, V., S. Edward, H. Zhang, S. Witte, and P. C. M. Planken. "Photoacoustic detection of low duty cycle gratings through optically opaque layers." Applied Physics Letters 117, no. 5 (2020): 051104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0016078.

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46

Al-Arfaj, Esam, R. Glosser, Kambiz Alavi, and E. A. Beam III. "Effect of the modulation duty cycle on the amplitude of photoreflectance." Canadian Journal of Physics 83, no. 10 (2005): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-052.

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We have observed the behavior of photoreflectance (PR) spectra from a set of a molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown heterostructures as a function of the modulation duty cycle. This was done over a range of frequencies extending from 101000 Hz. By varying the duty cycle of the pump beam at different frequencies, we are able to find the duty cycle that gave the largest amplitude. While standard PR techniques use a 50% duty cycle, we have found that at low frequencies (1030 Hz) the optimal value is between 3040% in these particular sets of experiments resulting in as much as a 33% increase in amplitude. The change in the optimal values of the duty cycle from sample to sample was qualitatively correlated to the deep levels sample. PACS Nos.: 78.20.Ci, 78.40., 78.40.Fy

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Rodríguez, Alma, Avelina Alejo-Reyes, Erik Cuevas, Francisco Beltran-Carbajal, and Julio C. Rosas-Caro. "An Evolutionary Algorithm-Based PWM Strategy for a Hybrid Power Converter." Mathematics 8, no. 8 (2020): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8081247.

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In the past years, the interest in direct current to direct current converters has increased because of their application in renewable energy systems. Consequently, the research community is working on improving its efficiency in providing the required voltage to electronic devices with the lowest input current ripple. Recently, a hybrid converter which combines the boost and the Cuk converter in an interleaved manner has been introduced. The converter has the advantage of providing a relatively low input current ripple by a former strategy. However, it has been proposed to operate with dependent duty cycles, limiting its capacity to further decrease the input current ripple. Independent duty cycles can significantly reduce the input current ripple if the same voltage gain is achieved by an appropriate duty cycle combination. Nevertheless, finding the optimal duty cycle combination is not an easy task. Therefore, this article proposes a new pulse-width-modulation strategy for the hybrid interleaved boost-Cuk converter. The strategy includes the development of a novel mathematical model to describe the relationship between independent duty cycles and the input current ripple. The model is introduced to minimize the input current ripple by finding the optimal duty cycle combination using the differential evolution algorithm. It is shown that the proposed method further reduces the input current ripple for an operating range. Compared to the former strategy, the proposed method provides a more balanced power-sharing among converters.

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Jiang, Chan, Tao-Shen Li, Jun-Bin Liang, and Heng Wu. "Low-Latency and Energy-Efficient Data Preservation Mechanism in Low-Duty-Cycle Sensor Networks." Sensors 17, no. 5 (2017): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17051051.

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Jalalifar, Majid, and Gyung-Su Byun. "A low-power low-jitter DLL with a differential closed-loop duty cycle corrector." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 93, no. 1 (2017): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-017-0984-5.

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Mayorga-Macías, Walter A., Luis E. González-Jiménez, Marco A. Meza-Aguilar, and Luis F. Luque-Vega. "Low-Cost Experimental Methodology for the Dynamic Model Approximation of Multirotor Actuators." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (July 11, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9263961.

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A methodology for the experimental modelling of the electric actuators of a multirotor is presented in this work. These actuators are usually brushless DC motors which are driven by electronic speed controllers in an open loop. The duty cycle of a PWM signal, generated by the electronic control unit, is the input of the electronic controller. However, during the control design procedure for the multirotor, it is important to account with a model of the actuators as its dynamical features define the closed-loop performance of the overall aircraft. Hence, a procedure, based on low-cost electronic components, to obtain approximated transfer functions of the actuators of a multirotor is presented. Moreover, as the proposed signal processing algorithms are simple, the computational capabilities of the required embedded system are also low. Given that different control schemes require different information from the actuator, two models were obtained: a duty cycle vs. angular velocity transfer function and a duty cycle vs. consumed current transfer function. The effectivity of the proposal is validated with experimental results on common electric actuators of a multirotor.

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