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Books on the topic 'Low-Interest Rate Policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

S, Feldstein Martin. The role for discretionary fiscal policy in a low interest rate environment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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2

Cornell, Christopher M. Are currency crises low-state equilibria?: An empirical, three-interest-rate model. Ottawa: Bank of Canada, 2006.

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3

Cornell, Christopher M. Are currency crises low-state equilibria?: An empirical, three-interest-rate model. Ottawa: Bank of Canada, 2006.

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4

Cornell, Christopher M. Are currency crises low-state equilibria?: An empirical, three-interest-rate model. Ottawa: Bank of Canada, 2006.

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5

Fund, International Monetary. World economic outlook: Safeguarding macroeconomic stability at low inflation. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1999.

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6

Tang mu, suo ya li xian ji. Bei jing: Chao hua chu ban she, 2004.

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7

Twain, Mark. The adventures of Tom Sawyer. New York: Penguin Group, 2006.

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8

Twain, Mark. The adventures of Tom Sawyer. Sanbornville, N.H: Large Print Book Co., 2007.

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9

Twain, Mark. Tomu Sōya no bōken. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, 2001.

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10

Twain, Mark. Adventures of Tom Sawyer. San Diego, CA: ICON Classics, 2005.

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11

Twain, Mark. Dobrodružství Toma Sawyera. Praha: BB art, 1999.

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12

Twain, Mark. Tangmu li xian ji: The adventures of Tom Sawyer. Tainan Shi: Da xia chu ban she, 1996.

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13

Twain, Mark. Tang mu, suo ya li xian ji. Xi an: San qin chu ban she, 2009.

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14

Twain, Mark. Tangmu Suoya li xian ji: The adventures of Tom Sawyer / Mark Twain. Shanghai: Shanghai wen yi chu ban she, 2015.

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15

Twain, Mark. Prikli︠u︡chenii︠a︡ Toma Soĭera. Kharʹkov: SP "Folio", 1993.

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16

Twain, Mark. The adventures of Tom Sawyer. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 1998.

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17

Twain, Mark. The adventures of Tom Sawyer. New York: Sterling Pub., 2004.

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18

hua, Wan, ed. Tang mu, suo ya li xian ji. Wu han: Chong wen shu ju, 2012.

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19

Twain, Mark. The adventures of Tom Sawyer. New York: Books of Wonder, 1989.

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20

Twain, Mark. The adventures of Tom Sawyer. New York: Golden Books, 1985.

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21

shi, Cheng, ed. Tang mu, suo ya li xian ji. Bei jing: Ren min wen xue chu ban she, 1998.

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22

Twain, Mark. Tangmu li xian ji: The adventures of Tom Sawyer. Taibei Shi: Xi dai shu ban gu fen you xian gong si, 1999.

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23

Twain, Mark. The adventures of Tom Sawyer. New York: Baronet Books, 1989.

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24

Twain, Mark. Przygody Tomka Sawyera - lektura z opracowaniem. Kraków, Poland: Skrzat, 2009.

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25

Twain, Mark. Tom Sawyer: And, Huckleberry Finn. [London]: Everyman's Library, 1991.

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26

Twain, Mark. Tangmu li xian ji: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Taibei Shi: Shang zhou chu ban, 2005.

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27

Fund, International Monetary, ed. Possible effects of European Monetary Union on Switzerland: A case study of policy dilemmas casued by low inflation and the nominal interest rate floor. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1997.

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28

Yoshino, Naoyuki, Pornpinun Chantapacdepong, and Matthias Helble, eds. Macroeconomic Shocks and Unconventional Monetary Policy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838104.001.0001.

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Barely two decades after the Asian financial crisis Asia was suddenly confronted with multiple challenges originating outside the region: the 2008 global financial crisis, the European debt crisis, and, finally developed economies’ implementation of unconventional monetary policies. Especially the implementation of quantitative easing (QE), ultra-low interest rate policies, and negative interest rate policies by a number of large central banks has given rise to concerns over financial stability and international capital flows. One of the regions most profoundly affected by the crisis was Asia due to its high dependence on international trade and international financial linkages. The objective of this book is to explain how macroeconomic shocks stemming from the global financial crisis and recent unconventional monetary policies in developed economies have affected macroeconomic and financial stability in emerging markets, with a particular focus on Asia. In particular, the book covers the following thematic areas: (i) the spillover effects of macroeconomic shocks on financial markets and flows in emerging economies; (ii) the impact of recent macroeconomic shocks on real economies in emerging markets; and (iii) key challenges for the monetary, exchange rate, trade, and macroprudential policies of developing economies, especially Asian economies, and suggestions and recommendations to increase resiliency against external shocks.
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29

Alichi, Ali, Marshall Mills, Douglas Laxton, and Hans Weisfeld. Inflation Forecast Targeting in a Low-Income Country. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0019.

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A model in which monetary policy pursues fully fledged inflation targeting is adapted to Ghana. Model features include: endogenous policy credibility; non-linearities in the inflation process; and a policy loss function that aims to minimize the variability of output and the interest rate, as well as deviations of inflation from the long-term low-inflation target. The optimal approach from initial high inflation to the ultimate target is gradual; and transitional inflation-reduction objectives are flexible. Over time, as policy earns credibility, expectations of inflation converge towards the long-run target, the output-inflation variability trade-off improves, and optimal policy responses to shocks moderate.
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30

Berg, Andrew, Rafael Portillo, and Filiz Unsal. On the Role of Money Targets in the Monetary Policy Framework in SSA. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0008.

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Many low-income countries continue to describe their monetary policy framework in terms of targets on monetary aggregates. This chapter extends the New Keynesian model to provide a role for ‘M’ in the conduct of monetary policy, and examine the conditions under which some adherence to money targets is optimal. In the spirit of Poole (1970), this role is based on the incompleteness of information available to the central bank, a pervasive issue in these countries. Ex ante announcements and forecasts for money growth are consistent with a Taylor rule for the relevant short-term interest rate. Ex post, the policymaker must choose his relative adherence to interest rate and money growth targets. The chapter shows that some adherence to previously set money targets can emerge endogenously from the signal extraction problem faced by the central bank. The chapter also provides an analytical representation of the factors influencing the degree of optimal target adherence.
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31

Berg, Andrew, Jan Vlcek, Luisa Charry, and Rafael A. Portillo. The Monetary Transmission Mechanism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0005.

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Many central banks in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa are modernizing their monetary policy frameworks. Standard statistical procedures have had limited success in identifying the channels of monetary policy transmission in such countries. This chapter takes a case study approach and examines a significant tightening of monetary policy that took place in 2011 in four members of the East African Community: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Rwanda. The authors find evidence of the transmission mechanism in most of the countries. After a large policy-induced rise in the short-term interest rate in Kenya and Uganda, lending rates rose, the exchange rate appreciated, output growth tended to fall, and inflation declined. The other two countries present somewhat different pictures. Variations across countries can be explained mainly by differences in the policy regime.
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32

Cukierman, Alex. Central Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.64.

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The first CBs were private institutions that were given a monopoly over the issuance of currency by government in return for help in financing the budget and adherence to the rules of the gold standard. Under this standard the price of gold in terms of currency was fixed and the CB could issue or retire domestic currency only in line with gold inflows or outflows. Due to the scarcity of gold this system assured price stability as long as it functioned. Wars and depressions led to the replacement of the gold standard by the more flexible gold exchange standard. Along with restrictions on international capital flows this standard became a major pillar of the post–WWII Bretton Woods system. Under this system the U.S. dollar (USD) was pegged to gold, and other countries’ exchange rates were pegged to the USD. In many developing economies CBs functioned as governmental development banks.Following the world inflation of the 1970s and the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, eradication of inflation gradually became the explicit number one priority of CBs. The hyperinflationary experiences of the first half of the 20th century, which were mainly caused by over-utilization of the printing press to finance budgetary expenditures, convinced policymakers in developed economies, following Germany’s lead, that the conduct of monetary policy should be delegated to instrument independent CBs, that governments should be prohibited from borrowing from them, and that the main goal of the CB should be price stability. During the late 1980s and the 1990s numerous CBs obtained instrument independence and started to operate on inflation targeting systems. Under this system the CB is expected to use interest rate policy to deliver a low inflation rate in the long run and to stabilize fluctuations in economic activity in the short and medium terms. In parallel the fixed exchange rates of the Bretton Woods system were replaced by flexible rates or dirty floats. The conjunction of more flexible rates and IT effectively moved the control over exchange rates from governments to CBs.The global financial crisis reminded policymakers that, of all public institutions, the CB has a comparative advantage in swiftly preventing the crisis from becoming a generalized panic that would seriously cripple the financial system. The crisis precipitated the financial stability motive into the forefront of CBs’ policy concerns and revived the explicit recognition of the lender of last resort function of the CB in the face of shocks to the financial system. Although the financial stability objective appeared in CBs’ charters, along with the price stability objective, also prior to the crisis, the crisis highlighted the critical importance of the supervisory and regulatory functions of CBs and other regulators. An important lesson from the crisis was that micro-prudential supervision and regulation should be supplemented with macro-prudential regulation and that the CB is the choice institution to perform this function. The crisis led CBs of major developed economies to reduce their policy rates to zero (and even to negative values in some cases) and to engage in large-scale asset purchases that bloat their balance sheets to this day. It also induced CBs of small open economies to supplement their interest rate policies with occasional foreign exchange interventions.
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33

Shirakawa, Masaaki. Tumultuous Times. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300258974.001.0001.

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The Japanese economy, once the envy of the world for its dynamism and growth, lost its shine after a financial bubble burst in early 1990s and slumped further during the Global Financial Crisis in 2008. It suffered even more damage in 2011, when a severe earthquake set off the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. However, the Bank of Japan soldiered on to combat low inflation, low growth, and low interest rates, and in many ways it served as a laboratory for actions taken by central banks in other parts of the world. This book provides a rare insider's account of the workings of Japanese economic and monetary policy during this period and how it challenged mainstream economic thinking.
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34

Schamp, Eike W. Frankfurt. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817314.003.0005.

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The European banking crisis and the subsequent euro crisis triggered considerable shocks in Germany’s financial world which fully revealed the weaknesses of the German banking sector. Changing regulation and the low-interest-rate policy from the European Central Bank put the bank’s business models into question. Furthermore, delays became apparent in the improvement of Frankfurt’s sector-specific infrastructure. Frankfurt’s resilience in the crises results from the entangled agency by various actors at local, national, and European levels. Employment in the financial sector at large remained rather stable. Frankfurt increased its role as a European centre in bank and insurance supervision and considerably improved its infrastructure in higher education and research as well as in the digital economy. Although still fragile in various aspects, Frankfurt may become a potential winner on the European continent from the forthcoming Brexit.
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35

Portillo, Rafael, Filiz Unsal, Stephen O’Connell, and Catherine Pattillo. Implementation Errors and Incomplete Information. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0009.

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This chapter shows that limited effects of monetary policy can reflect shortcomings of existing policy frameworks in low-income countries rather than (or in addition to) the structural features often put forward in policy and academic debates. The chapter focuses on two pervasive issues: lack of effective frameworks for implementing policy, so that short-term interest rates display considerable unintended volatility, and poor communication about policy intent. The authors introduce these features into an otherwise standard New Keynesian model with incomplete information. Implementation errors result from insufficient accommodation to money demand shocks, creating a noisy wedge between actual and intended interest rates. The representative private agent must then infer policy intentions from movements in interest rates and money. Under these conditions, even exogenous and persistent changes in the stance of monetary policy can have weak effects, even when the underlying transmission (as might be observed under complete information) is strong.
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36

Conti-Brown, Peter. Politics, Independence, and Retirees. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0002.

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Until recently, it was widely believed that central banks must protect people from their own worst instincts: the populace demands easy money and low interest rates, and a politically sensitive representative class will give it to them. Central banks have the responsibility of resolving this time inconsistency problem by protecting the long-term value of the currency even against the short term demands of politics. Yet the financial crisis of 2008 and the 2016 election have changed this narrative. This chapter explores how this new political economy of central banking, in the face of long-term low interest rates, changes the posture of central banks against the rest of the polity. It discusses some history of political pressures against central banks in other climates and makes predictions about how the ‘new normal’ of lower interest rates will challenge the Fed’s ability to stay above the political fray, despite its best intentions.
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37

Dias da Silva, Antonio, Audrey Givone, and David Sondermann. When Do Countries Implement Structural Reforms? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821878.003.0002.

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This chapter’s objective is to investigate which factors—macroeconomic, policy-related, or institutional—foster the implementation of structural reforms. We therefore look at episodes of structural reforms over three decades across forty OECD and EU countries and link them to these factors. Our results suggest that structural reforms implementation is more likely during deep recessions and when unemployment rates are high. Moreover, the further it is distant from best practice, the more likely a country is to implement reforms. External pressures, such as being subject to a financial assistance programme, or being part of the European Single Market facilitated pro-competitive reforms. Low interest rates tend to promote rather than discourage structural reforms, while there seems no clear link between fiscal policy and reforms. Moreover, reforms in product markets tend to increase the likelihood of labour market reforms following suit. Many robustness checks have been carried out confirming our main results.
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38

Berg, Andrew, Tokhir Mirzoev, Rafael Portillo, and Luis-Felipe Zanna. The Short-Run Macroeconomics of Aid Inflows. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785811.003.0012.

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The authors develop a tractable two-sector New Keynesian model to analyse the short-term effects of aid-financed fiscal expansions. The analysis distinguishes between spending the aid (increasing expenditures and/or cutting revenues) and absorbing the aid—using the aid to finance a higher current account deficit. The standard treatment of the transfer problem implicitly assumes spending equals absorption. Here, a policy mix that results in spending but not absorbing the aid, a common reaction, generates demand pressures and results in an increase in real interest rates. It can also lead to a temporary real depreciation. Certain features of low-income countries, such as limited domestic financial markets, make a real depreciation more likely. The analysis presented in the chapter can help understand the experience of Uganda in the early 2000s.
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39

Castaldelli-Maia, João Mauricio, Antonio Ventriglio, and Dinesh Bhugra, eds. Homelessness and Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198842668.001.0001.

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There is considerable research evidence indicating that rates of psychiatric disorders are higher in homeless individuals, although in some cases, psychiatric illness itself may lead to homelessness if no safety net is available. These rates of psychiatric disorders across nations, be they high-income countries or low- and middle-income countries, are broadly similar. Homelessness and psychiatric disorders are both strongly affected by various social determinants and may feed into each other. Exploring these issues across the globe, this volume aims to provide up-to-date research and policy evidence from across different countries and cultures. The bidirectional relationship between homelessness and mental ill health is still far from being completely understood, but the impact of social and psychological factors is of interest. In addition, the result of transgenerational factors on people’s mental health is crucial. The devastating and well-proven association between homelessness and mental illness needs to be approached at all levels of governmental policy in each country with policy changes as needed. There needs to be a joined-up approach across departments. Every nation needs to develop optimal models of social care and rehabilitation that build on the particular local research-driven needs of homeless people with mental illnesses. This volume aims to provide a more cultural and international overview with contributors and experts from across continents.
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40

Tax policy: Health insurance tax credit participation rate was low : report to the Chairman and the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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41

Tax policy: Health insurance tax credit participation rate was low : report to the Chairman and the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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42

Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Dreamscape Media, 2013.

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43

Twain, Mark. Tom Sawyer: A Musical. Encore Performance Publishing, 1992.

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44

Twain, Mark, and Claire Fletcher. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Gardners Books, 2005.

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45

Twain, Mark. Las aventuras de Tom Sawyer/ The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Clasicos Juveniles / Juvenile Classics). 3rd ed. Editorial Bruno, 2006.

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46

Twain, Mark. Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Classic Library). Egmont Books Ltd, 1991.

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47

Twain, Mark. Tom Sawyer. Real Reads Ltd., 2009.

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48

Twain, Mark. Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Unabridged. Complete with All Original Illustrations). Benediction Classics, 2020.

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49

Twain, Mark. Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Modern Library Classics (Sagebrush)). Tandem Library, 2001.

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50

Twain, Mark. Adventures of Tom Sawyer (08454) (Deans Childrens Classics). Bookthrift Co, 1986.

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