Journal articles: 'Low-latency services'

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Varga, József, Attila Hilt, József Bíró, Csaba Rotter, and Gábor Járó. "Reducing operational costs of ultra-reliable low latency services in 5G." Infocommunications journal, no. 4 (2018): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2018.4.6.

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Ultra-reliable low latency (uRLL) communication in 5G dictates the deployment of distributed infrastructure with numerous datacenters for low latency, while hosting ultra-reliable services mandates attended datacenters. This would boost the operational costs of 5G network operators planning country-wide coverage for uRLL services. This paper examines how these operational expenses dominated by administrative costs can be reduced without impacting the quality of the provided uRLL service. Our results indicate that hosting uRLL services in unattended datacenters with increased hardware redundancy schemes can produce significant cost savings.

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Sachs, Joachim, Lars A. A. Andersson, Jose Araujo, Calin Curescu, Johan Lundsjo, Goran Rune, Eckehard Steinbach, and Gustav Wikstrom. "Adaptive 5G Low-Latency Communication for Tactile InternEt Services." Proceedings of the IEEE 107, no. 2 (February 2019): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2018.2864587.

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Lockwood, John W., and Madhu Monga. "Implementing Ultra-Low-Latency Datacenter Services with Programmable Logic." IEEE Micro 36, no. 4 (July 2016): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.2016.55.

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Martin-Perez, Jorge, Luca Cominardi, Carlos J. Bernardos, Antonio de la Oliva, and Arturo Azcorra. "Modeling Mobile Edge Computing Deployments for Low Latency Multimedia Services." IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 65, no. 2 (June 2019): 464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2019.2901406.

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Kim, Eunkyung, Yuro Lee, and Heesoo Lee. "An Applicable Repeated Transmission for Low Latency and Reliable Services." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 69, no. 8 (August 2020): 8468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2995846.

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Kim, Kwang Soon, Dong Ku Kim, Chan-Byoung Chae, Sunghyun Choi, Young-Chai Ko, Jonghyun Kim, Yeon-Geun Lim, et al. "Ultrareliable and Low-Latency Communication Techniques for Tactile Internet Services." Proceedings of the IEEE 107, no. 2 (February 2019): 376–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2018.2868995.

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Zhou, Jianhong, Gang Feng, and Yi Gao. "Network Function Parallelization for High Reliability and Low Latency Services." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 75894–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2988719.

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Simon, Csaba, Markosz Maliosz, and Miklos Mate. "Design Aspects of Low-Latency Services with Time-Sensitive Networking." IEEE Communications Standards Magazine 2, no. 2 (June 2018): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2018.1700081.

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Szymanski, Ted H. "An Ultra-Low-Latency Guaranteed-Rate Internet for Cloud Services." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 24, no. 1 (February 2016): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2014.2358497.

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Wang, Chunpu, Chen Feng, and Julian Cheng. "Distributed Join-the-Idle-Queue for Low Latency Cloud Services." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 26, no. 5 (October 2018): 2309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2018.2869092.

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Sun, Yunlei, Xiuquan Qiao, Wei Tan, Bo Cheng, Ruisheng Shi, and Junliang Chen. "A Low-Delay, Light-Weight Publish/Subscribe Architecture for Delay-Sensitive IOT Services." International Journal of Web Services Research 10, no. 3 (July 2013): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2013070104.

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In order to build a low-latency and light-weight publish/subscribe (pub/sub) system for delay-sensitive IOT services, the authors propose an efficient and scalable broker architecture named Grid Quorum-based pub/sub (GQPS). As a key component in Event-Driven Service-Oriented Architecture (EDSOA) for IOT services, this architecture organizes multiple pub/sub brokers into a Quorum-based peer-to-peer topology for efficient topic searching. It also leverages a topic searching algorithm and a one-hop caching strategy to minimize the search latency. Light-weight RESTful interfaces make the authors’ GQPS more suitable for IOT services. Cost analysis and experimental study demonstrate that the GQPS achieves a significant performance gain in search satisfaction without compromising search cost. The authors apply the proposed GQPS in the District Heating Control and Information Service System in Beijing, China. This system validates the effectiveness of GQPS.

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Sharma, Abhilasha, and Sangeetha R G. "Comparative Study of Optical Interconnection Architectures in Data Center Networks." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0074.

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Abstract The internet traffic is increasing exponentially with cloud services. This demands high and efficient data center networks (DCNs). Current DCNs are equipped with electronic counter parts which consumes high power to provide the cloud services. Optical interconnection network (OIN) architectures provide high scalability, low latency, high throughput and low power consumption. This paper presents a study of the OIN architectures as the future requirements of the DCNs are the need for high scalability and low latency. This paper also presents a comparative study of their average latency and scalability.

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Milovanovic, Dragorad, Zoran Bojkovic, Madhavsingh Indoonundon, and Tulsi Pawan Fowdur. "5G Low-latency Communication in Virtual Reality services: Performance Requirements and Promising Solutions." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 20 (July 9, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2021.20.10.

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This work explores low-latency communication enabled by the Fifth Generation of mobile networks (5G) and its integration in emerging virtual reality (VR) applications. Mobile VR is at the crossroad between mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (uRLLC) services. The current trends in wireless multimedia communication are introduced. A review of mobile VR and haptics requirements is made and end-to-end (E2E) latency components in uRLLC downlink physical layer are described. Moreover, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in short-packet downlink transmission is discussed. It is pointed out that NOMA is a promising technology for realizing massive mobile connectivity and more comprehensive research is required to better understand its suitability for VR applications.

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Jung, Jinhwa, and Donghyeok An. "Access Latency Reduction in the QUIC Protocol Based on Communication History." Electronics 8, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101204.

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Internet traffic is experiencing rapid growth, with the majority of traffic generated from video steaming, web data services and Internet of Things. As these services include the transmission of small data, such as web pages, video chunks and sensing data, data latency affects the quality of experience rather than the throughput. Therefore, this study aims to decrease latency to improve the quality of the user experience. To this end, we measure the web service delay and throughput in mobile networks. The results indicate a low quality experience for mobile users, even though mobile networks support a large throughput. We therefore propose a light-weight latency reduction scheme for the Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC) protocol. The proposed scheme calculates the average congestion window, which is utilized as the initial congestion window when a new connection is established. The proposed scheme is evaluated through experiments on a testbed. The results show that our scheme reduces latency significantly. The results of this study can help improve user experiences of video streaming and web data services.

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Gilly, Katja, Sonja Filiposka, and Salvador Alcaraz. "Predictive Migration Performance in Vehicular Edge Computing Environments." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030944.

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Advanced learning algorithms for autonomous driving require lots of processing and storage power, which puts a strain on vehicles’ computing resources. Using a combination of 5G network connectivity with ultra-high bandwidth and low latency together with extra computing power located at the edge of the network can help extend the capabilities of vehicular networks. However, due to the high mobility, it is essential that the offloaded services are migrated so that they are always in close proximity to the requester. Using proactive migration techniques ensures minimum latency for high service quality. However, predicting the next edge server to migrate comes with an error that can have deteriorating effects on the latency. In this paper, we examine the influence of mobility prediction errors on edge service migration performances in terms of latency penalty using a large-scale urban vehicular simulation. Our results show that the average service delay increases almost linearly with the migration prediction error, with 20% error yielding almost double service latency.

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Kim, Won-Suk. "Progressive Traffic-Oriented Resource Management for Reducing Network Congestion in Edge Computing." Entropy 23, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050532.

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Edge computing can deliver network services with low latency and real-time processing by providing cloud services at the network edge. Edge computing has a number of advantages such as low latency, locality, and network traffic distribution, but the associated resource management has become a significant challenge because of its inherent hierarchical, distributed, and heterogeneous nature. Various cloud-based network services such as crowd sensing, hierarchical deep learning systems, and cloud gaming each have their own traffic patterns and computing requirements. To provide a satisfactory user experience for these services, resource management that comprehensively considers service diversity, client usage patterns, and network performance indicators is required. In this study, an algorithm that simultaneously considers computing resources and network traffic load when deploying servers that provide edge services is proposed. The proposed algorithm generates candidate deployments based on factors that affect traffic load, such as the number of servers, server location, and client mapping according to service characteristics and usage. A final deployment plan is then established using a partial vector bin packing scheme that considers both the generated traffic and computing resources in the network. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using several simulations that consider actual network service and device characteristics.

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Jun, Sunmi, Yoohwa Kang, Jaeho Kim, and Changki Kim. "Ultra‐low‐latency services in 5G systems: A perspective from 3GPP standards." ETRI Journal 42, no. 5 (October 2020): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2020-0200.

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Taleb, Tarik, Zinelaabidine Nadir, Hannu Flinck, and JaeSeung Song. "Extremely Interactive and Low-Latency Services in 5G and Beyond Mobile Systems." IEEE Communications Standards Magazine 5, no. 2 (June 2021): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.001.2000053.

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Gilly, Katja, Sonja Filiposka, Salvador Alcaraz Carrasco, and Anastas Mishev. "Dynamic Resource Management of Real-Time Edge Services for Intelligent Vehicular Networks: A Case Study." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 25, no. 4 (August 7, 2019): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.25.4.23971.

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The Internet of Vehicles requires high bandwidth and low latency services to unleash the potential of fully connected vehicles. Thus, the offloading proposals that successfully manage massive real-time service requests from vehicle nodes are needed. In this paper, we analyse the dynamic resource management for intelligent vehicular networks based on Multi-access Edge Computing architecture services. Using a combination of CloudSim and SUMO simulators, we present a case study of infotainment services in the city centre of Alicante, in Spain, that shows a high degree of optimality both in service allocation and migration when considering dense urban environments.

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Mai, Long, Nhu-Ngoc Dao, and Minho Park. "Real-Time Task Assignment Approach Leveraging Reinforcement Learning with Evolution Strategies for Long-Term Latency Minimization in Fog Computing." Sensors 18, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 2830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092830.

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The emerging fog computing technology is characterized by an ultralow latency response, which benefits a massive number of time-sensitive services and applications in the Internet of things (IoT) era. To this end, the fog computing infrastructure must minimize latencies for both service delivery and execution phases. While the transmission latency significantly depends on external factors (e.g., channel bandwidth, communication resources, and interferences), the computation latency can be considered as an internal issue that the fog computing infrastructure could actively self-handle. From this view point, we propose a reinforcement learning approach that utilizes the evolution strategies for real-time task assignment among fog servers to minimize the total computation latency during a long-term period. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach reduces the latency by approximately 16.1% compared to the existing methods. Additionally, the proposed learning algorithm has low computational complexity and an effectively parallel operation; therefore, it is especially appropriate to be implemented in modern heterogeneous computing platforms.

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Ganesan, Elaiyasuriyan, I.-Shyan Hwang, Andrew Tanny Liem, and Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman. "5G-Enabled Tactile Internet Resource Provision via Software-Defined Optical Access Networks (SDOANs)." Photonics 8, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050140.

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Emerging research trends in smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, and Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) applications are based on 5G services, which can achieve ultra-reliable and low-latency communication networks. In such fields of application, haptic applications have gained importance. The invention of 5G wireless communication networks and advances in Tactile Internet (TI) technology, which provides controlled communications through the transmission of touch and actuation in real-time, have been envisioned as promising enablers of TI services. This study introduces TI-based smart hospital healthcare applications to enhance the alignment of services provided to patients. The existing telesurgery system has high communication delay and overhead, which limit its applicability. To alleviate these problems, we analyze and provide insights into the communication architecture for 5G-enabled low-latency telesurgery in a smart hospital. We then propose a new TI-software-defined optical access networking (TI-SDOANs) framework in Next-Generation Passive Optical Network 2, which includes cloud-based human-to-machine steering servers and supports multiple cloud-based applications. We further propose the implementation of an effective TI-dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (TI-DWBA) resource provisioning scheme that meets the quality of service requirements of TI services. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling schemes can significantly improve the Quality of Service (QoS) performance in terms of the packet delay, jitter, throughput and packet drop.

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Xiang, Zuo, Patrick Seeling, and Frank H. P. Fitzek. "You Only Look Once, But Compute Twice: Service Function Chaining for Low-Latency Object Detection in Softwarized Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052177.

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With increasing numbers of computer vision and object detection application scenarios, those requiring ultra-low service latency times have become increasingly prominent; e.g., those for autonomous and connected vehicles or smart city applications. The incorporation of machine learning through the applications of trained models in these scenarios can pose a computational challenge. The softwarization of networks provides opportunities to incorporate computing into the network, increasing flexibility by distributing workloads through offloading from client and edge nodes over in-network nodes to servers. In this article, we present an example for splitting the inference component of the YOLOv2 trained machine learning model between client, network, and service side processing to reduce the overall service latency. Assuming a client has 20% of the server computational resources, we observe a more than 12-fold reduction of service latency when incorporating our service split compared to on-client processing and and an increase in speed of more than 25% compared to performing everything on the server. Our approach is not only applicable to object detection, but can also be applied in a broad variety of machine learning-based applications and services.

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Ejaz, Muneeb, Tanesh Kumar, Ivana Kovacevic, Mika Ylianttila, and Erkki Harjula. "Health-BlockEdge: Blockchain-Edge Framework for Reliable Low-Latency Digital Healthcare Applications." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072502.

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The rapid evolution of technology allows the healthcare sector to adopt intelligent, context-aware, secure, and ubiquitous healthcare services. Together with the global trend of an aging population, it has become highly important to propose value-creating, yet cost-efficient digital solutions for healthcare systems. These solutions should provide effective means of healthcare services in both the hospital and home care scenarios. In this paper, we focused on the latter case, where the goal was to provide easy-to-use, reliable, and secure remote monitoring and aid for elderly persons at their home. We proposed a framework to integrate the capabilities of edge computing and blockchain technology to address some of the key requirements of smart remote healthcare systems, such as long operating times, low cost, resilience to network problems, security, and trust in highly dynamic network conditions. In order to assess the feasibility of our approach, we evaluated the performance of our framework in terms of latency, power consumption, network utilization, and computational load, compared to a scenario where no blockchain was used.

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Goldstein, B., V. Elagin, K. Kobzev, and A. Grebenshchikova. "An Introduction to 5G Network Slicing Technology." Telecom IT 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2019-7-4-21-29.

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Communications Service Providers are looking to 5G technology as an enabler for new revenues, with network slicing providing a cost-effective means of supporting multiple services on shared infrastructure. Different radio access technologies, network architectures, and core functions can be brought together under software control to deliver appropriate Quality of Service “slices,” enabling new levels of service innovation, such as high bandwidth for video applications, low latency for automation, and mass connectivity for Smart Cities.

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Tseng, Chia-Wei, Yu-Kai Huang, Fan-Hsun Tseng, Yao-Tsung Yang, Chien-Chang Liu, and Li-Der Chou. "Micro Operator Design Pattern in 5G SDN/NFV Network." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (July 10, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3471610.

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The trend of 5G mobile networks is increasing with the number of users and the transmission rate. Many operators are turning to small cell and indoor coverage of telecom network service. With the emerging Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization technologies, Internet Service Provider is able to deploy their networks more flexibly and dynamically. In addition to the change of the wireless mobile network deployment model, it also drives the development trend of the Micro Operator (μO). Telecom operators can provide regional network services through public buildings, shopping malls, or industrial sites. In addition, localized network services are provided and bandwidth consumption is reduced. The distributed architecture ofμO tackles computing requirements for applications, data, and services from cloud data center to edge network devices or to the micro data center ofμO. The service model ofμO is capable of reducing network latency in response to the low-latency applications for future 5G edge computing environment. This paper addresses the design pattern of 5G micro operator and proposes a Decision Tree Based Flow Redirection (DTBFR) mechanism to redirect the traffic flows to neighbor service nodes. The DTBFR mechanism allows differentμOs to share network resources and speed up the development of edge computing in the future.

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Wang, Bicheng, Ruoqi Shi, Fanwei Shi, and Jianling Hu. "mmWave-NOMA-Based Low-Latency and High-Reliable Communications for Enhancement of V2X Services." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 57049–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2982068.

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Shanbehzadeh, Mostafa, Hadi Kazemi-Arpanahi, and Mohammad Mahbubi. "Determining of Optimal Telemedicine Communication Technologies with Regards to Network Interactive Modes: A Delphi Survey." Frontiers in Health Informatics 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/fhi.v10i1.256.

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Introduction: Different communication services with varying bandwidth are used to send information in the form of telemedicine technology. Bandwidth management, as defined in telemedicine technology, refers to using the desirable communication services according to the type of transaction and the information size to be transferred. Selection of communication services must be in such a way to result in minimum latency in the process of sending information and maintaining maximum cost-effectiveness.Material and Methods: This is an applied research which was conducted in 2019 by questionnaire survey amongst 60 participants, specialized in health information technology and medical informatics, who are working in hospitals and educational institutions of Tehran. Likert rating scale was used to quantify the research questions. Finally, by analyzing each weighted average, this study revealed the desirable communication services that correspond to the required transactions for deployment of telemedicine.Results: Transfer of multimedia information, using synchronized teleconferencing via primary low bandwidth technologies, had the lowest number average (0.96) and transmission of hybrid data (combination of picture, text, multimedia templates in synchronized or asynchronized modes) via Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology had the highest average (4.96).Conclusion: Selection of communication services, with regard to its convergence with the information size and the type of their application, plays a significant role in controlling network traffic and preventing latency in the process of sending information in the context of telemedicine technology. High bandwidth communication services should be used for those telemedicine systems, which are offering services to many users, as well as those in which real-time transmission of information is essential. It needs to be pointed out that with regard to the cost-effectiveness of sending information, it is necessary to use low-cost services with low bandwidth for transfer of light weight information as well as for asynchronous applications in which latency in the process of information transfer is not detrimental.

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Amjad, Zubair, Kofi Atta Nsiah, Benoît Hilt, Jean-Philippe Lauffenburger, and Axel Sikora. "Latency reduction for narrowband URLLC networks: a performance evaluation." Wireless Networks 27, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 2577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02553-x.

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AbstractFifth-generation (5G) cellular mobile networks are expected to support mission-critical low latency applications in addition to mobile broadband services, where fourth-generation (4G) cellular networks are unable to support Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC). However, it might be interesting to understand which latency requirements can be met with both 4G and 5G networks. In this paper, we discuss (1) the components contributing to the latency of cellular networks and (2) evaluate control-plane and user-plane latencies for current-generation narrowband cellular networks and point out the potential improvements to reduce the latency of these networks, (3) present, implement and evaluate latency reduction techniques for latency-critical applications. The two elements we detected, namely the short transmission time interval and the semi-persistent scheduling are very promising as they allow to shorten the delay to processing received information both into the control and data planes. We then analyze the potential of latency reduction techniques for URLLC applications. To this end, we develop these techniques into the long term evolution (LTE) module of ns-3 simulator and then evaluate the performance of the proposed techniques into two different application fields: industrial automation and intelligent transportation systems. Our detailed evaluation results from simulations indicate that LTE can satisfy the low-latency requirements for a large choice of use cases in each field.

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Ahn, Hyunsik. "A Function as a Service Based Fog Robotic System for Cognitive Robots." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (October 27, 2019): 4555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214555.

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Cloud robotics is becoming an alternative to support advanced services of robots with low computing power as network technology advances. Recently, fog robotics has gained attention since the approach has merit relieving latency and security issues over the conventional cloud robotics. In this paper, a function as a service based fog robotic (FaaS-FR) for cognitive robots is proposed. The model distributes the cognitive functions according to the computational power, latency, and security with a public robot cloud and fog robot server. During the experiment with a Raspberry Pi as an edge, the proposed FaaS-FR model shows efficient and practical performance in the proper distribution of the computational work of the cognitive system.

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Park, Seongmin, Daeun Kim, Youngkwon Park, Hyungjin Cho, Dowon Kim, and Sungmoon Kwon. "5G Security Threat Assessment in Real Networks." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 5524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165524.

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Advances in mobile communication networks from 2G to 5G have brought unprecedented traffic growth, and 5G mobile communication networks are expected to be used in a variety of industries based on innovative technologies, fast not only in terms of extremely low latency but massive access devices. Various types of services, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low latency communication (uRLLC), represent an increase in the number of attacks on users’ personal information, confidential information, and privacy information. Therefore, security assessments are essential to verify and cope with these various attacks. In this research, we (1) looked at 5G mobile communication network backgrounds and problems to investigate existing vulnerabilities and (2) assessed the current situation through evaluation of 5G security threats in real-world mobile networks in service.

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He, Shiming He, Kun Xie, Xuhui Zhou, Thabo Semong, and Jin Wang. "Multi-Source Reliable Multicast Routing with QoS Constraints of NFV in Edge Computing." Electronics 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101106.

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Edge Computing (EC) allows processing to take place near the user, hence ensuring scalability and low latency. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) provides the significant convenience of network layout and reduces the service operation cost in EC and data center. Nowadays, the interests of the NFV layout focus on one-to-one communication, which is costly when applied to multicast or group services directly. Furthermore, many artificial intelligence applications and services of cloud and EC are generally communicated through groups and have special Quality of Service (QoS) and reliable requirements. Therefore, we are devoted to the problem of reliable Virtual Network Function (VNF) layout with various deployment costs in multi-source multicast. To guarantee QoS, we take into account the bandwidth, latency, and reliability constraints. Additionally, a heuristic algorithm, named Multi-Source Reliable Multicast Tree Construction (RMTC), is proposed. The algorithm aims to find a common link to place the Service Function Chain (SFC) in the multilevel overlay directed (MOD) network of the original network, so that the deployed SFC can be shared by all users, thereby improving the resource utilization. We then constructed a Steiner tree to find the reliable multicast tree. Two real topologies are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results indicate that, compared to other heuristic algorithms, our scheme effectively reduces the cost of reliable services and satisfies the QoS requirements.

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Mei, Haibo, Kezhi Wang, and Kun Yang. "Multi-Layer Cloud-RAN With Cooperative Resource Allocations for Low-Latency Computing and Communication Services." IEEE Access 5 (2017): 19023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2017.2752279.

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Alameddine, Hyame Assem, Sanaa Sharafeddine, Samir Sebbah, Sara Ayoubi, and Chadi Assi. "Dynamic Task Offloading and Scheduling for Low-Latency IoT Services in Multi-Access Edge Computing." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 37, no. 3 (March 2019): 668–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2019.2894306.

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Guan, Xun, Raphael Dube-Demers, Wei Shi, and Leslie A. Rusch. "Heterogeneous Optical Access Networks: Enabling Low-Latency 5G Services With a Silicon Photonic Smart Edge." Journal of Lightwave Technology 39, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 2348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2021.3052372.

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Virdis, Antonio, Giovanni Nardini, Giovanni Stea, and Dario Sabella. "End-to-End Performance Evaluation of MEC Deployments in 5G Scenarios." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 9, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan9040057.

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Multi-access edge computing (MEC) promises to deliver localized computing power and storage. Coupled with low-latency 5G radio access, this enables the creation of high added-value services for mobile users, such as in-vehicle infotainment or remote driving. The performance of these services as well as their scalability will however depend on how MEC will be deployed in 5G systems. This paper evaluates different MEC deployment options, coherent with the respective 5G migration phases, using an accurate and comprehensive end-to-end (E2E) system simulation model (exploiting Simu5G for radio access and Intel CoFluent for core network and MEC), taking into account user-related metrics, such as response time or MEC latency. Our results show that 4G radio access is going to be a bottleneck, preventing MEC services from scaling up. On the other hand, the introduction of 5G will allow a considerable higher penetration of MEC services.

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Xu, Zhanyang, Wentao Liu, Jingwang Huang, Chenyi Yang, Jiawei Lu, and Haozhe Tan. "Artificial Intelligence for Securing IoT Services in Edge Computing: A Survey." Security and Communication Networks 2020 (September 14, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8872586.

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With the explosive growth of data generated by the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the traditional cloud computing model by transferring all data to the cloud for processing has gradually failed to meet the real-time requirement of IoT services due to high network latency. Edge computing (EC) as a new computing paradigm shifts the data processing from the cloud to the edge nodes (ENs), greatly improving the Quality of Service (QoS) for those IoT applications with low-latency requirements. However, compared to other endpoint devices such as smartphones or computers, distributed ENs are more vulnerable to attacks for restricted computing resources and storage. In the context that security and privacy preservation have become urgent issues for EC, great progress in artificial intelligence (AI) opens many possible windows to address the security challenges. The powerful learning ability of AI enables the system to identify malicious attacks more accurately and efficiently. Meanwhile, to a certain extent, transferring model parameters instead of raw data avoids privacy leakage. In this paper, a comprehensive survey of the contribution of AI to the IoT security in EC is presented. First, the research status and some basic definitions are introduced. Next, the IoT service framework with EC is discussed. The survey of privacy preservation and blockchain for edge-enabled IoT services with AI is then presented. In the end, the open issues and challenges on the application of AI in IoT services based on EC are discussed.

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Liao, Yi, Yiqiang Sheng, and Jinlin Wang. "A Temporally Hierarchical Deployment Architecture for an Enhanced Name Resolution System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142891.

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The challenging requirements of the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks motivate the need to explore the feasibility of delivering services over new network architectures. Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is an emerging and promising network to satisfy 5G requirements. The name resolution is at the heart of ICN. We focus on satisfying the delay-sensitive requirement of the Name Resolution Service (NRS) in a 5G-ICN integrated network. We aim to design a local NRS that provides a deterministic low latency name resolution service. In this paper, we propose a temporally hierarchical deployment architecture for an Enhanced Name Resolution System (ENRS) to realize deterministic latency. The ENRS quantifiably organizes the nodes into hierarchical and nested domains by latency constraints. We design demand-aware name registration and resolution schemes to achieve constant forwarding hops in order to realize local resolution and forwarding locality. We introduce a tolerable latency-based peer resolver forwarding algorithm to improve the query hit ratio. We present a proactive name binding replicas distribution approach based on temporal–spatial features to reduce the resolution latency and query traffic. The video streaming monitoring service in Smart Home is used as a typical use case to show the continuity of service guaranteed by ENRS. Analysis demonstrates that ENRS can achieve deterministic latency. Evaluation results show that the average query hit ratio of ENRS outperforms the K-NearestNeighbor-Distributed Name Resolution System (KNN-DNRS) and Random Name Resolution System (Random-NRS) with 23.2% and 18.1%, respectively. The query traffic overhead of ENRS is up to 33.3 times smaller than KNN-DNRS. ENRS can process up to 21 GB/s name resolution traffic when the user nodes are in the magnitude order of 106.

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Lee, Woosik, Eun Suk Suh, Woo Young Kwak, and Hoon Han. "Comparative Analysis of 5G Mobile Communication Network Architectures." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072478.

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Mobile communication technology is evolving from 4G to 5G. Compared to previous generations, 5G has the capability to implement latency-critical services, such as autonomous driving, real-time AI on handheld devices and remote drone control. Multi-access Edge Computing is one of the key technologies of 5G in guaranteeing ultra-low latency aimed to support latency critical services by distributing centralized computing resources to networks edges closer to users. However, due to its high granularity of computing resources, Multi-access Edge Computing has an architectural vulnerability in that it can lead to the overloading of regional computing resources, a phenomenon called regional traffic explosion. This paper proposes an improved communication architecture called Hybrid Cloud Computing, which combines the advantages of both Centralized Cloud Computing and Multi-access Edge Computing. The performance of the proposed network architecture is evaluated by utilizing a discrete-event simulation model. Finally, the results, advantages, and disadvantages of various network architectures are discussed.

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Aldmour, Ismat, Thair Al-Dala’in, Lelyzar Siregar, and Rahmat Budiarto. "SeamSAR: Seamless, Secure And Robust Handover Model for Mobile IPTV Network Using Enhanced FMIPv6." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i2.pp371-378.

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Multimedia becomes one of the most wanted content in the modern Internet world. Since the Mobile Internet Protocol version 6 (MIPv6) was proposed, many researchers have tried to develop a new protocol based on this technology in order to improve the performance of mobile multimedia services. The world is emerging toward the Mobile Internet Protocol Television (MIPTV) era where people are enabled to watch television while roaming. The MIPTV technology requires high bandwidth and low latency handover. This paper proposes a new model of secure and robust handover with low handover latency, called SeamSAR. The model introduces a new way to perform home binding update and correspondent binding update simultaneously. Simulation results show that the proposed model reduced the handover latency to 63% compared to FMIPv6. Moreover, the secureness of the proposed model was verified using CMurphi simulator.

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Hussain, Md, and M. M. Beg. "Fog Computing for Internet of Things (IoT)-Aided Smart Grid Architectures." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 3, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010008.

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The fast-paced development of power systems necessitates the smart grid (SG) to facilitate real-time control and monitoring with bidirectional communication and electricity flows. In order to meet the computational requirements for SG applications, cloud computing (CC) provides flexible resources and services shared in network, parallel processing, and omnipresent access. Even though CC model is considered to be efficient for SG, it fails to guarantee the Quality-of-Experience (QoE) requirements for the SG services, viz. latency, bandwidth, energy consumption, and network cost. Fog Computing (FC) extends CC by deploying localized computing and processing facilities into the edge of the network, offering location-awareness, low latency, and latency-sensitive analytics for mission critical requirements of SG applications. By deploying localized computing facilities at the premise of users, it pre-stores the cloud data and distributes to SG users with fast-rate local connections. In this paper, we first examine the current state of cloud based SG architectures and highlight the motivation(s) for adopting FC as a technology enabler for real-time SG analytics. We also present a three layer FC-based SG architecture, characterizing its features towards integrating massive number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices into future SG. We then propose a cost optimization model for FC that jointly investigates data consumer association, workload distribution, virtual machine placement and Quality-of-Service (QoS) constraints. The formulated model is a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem which is solved using Modified Differential Evolution (MDE) algorithm. We evaluate the proposed framework on real world parameters and show that for a network with approximately 50% time critical applications, the overall service latency for FC is nearly half to that of cloud paradigm. We also observed that the FC lowers the aggregated power consumption of the generic CC model by more than 44%.

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Slamnik-Kriještorac, Nina, Erik de Britto e Silva, Esteban Municio, Henrique C. Carvalho de Resende, Seilendria A. Hadiwardoyo, and Johann M. Marquez-Barja. "Network Service and Resource Orchestration: A Feature and Performance Analysis within the MEC-Enhanced Vehicular Network Context." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 3852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143852.

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By providing storage and computational resources at the network edge, which enables hosting applications closer to the mobile users, Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) uses the mobile backhaul, and the network core more efficiently, thereby reducing the overall latency. Fostering the synergy between 5G and MEC brings ultra-reliable low-latency in data transmission, and paves the way towards numerous latency-sensitive automotive use cases, with the ultimate goal of enabling autonomous driving. Despite the benefits of significant latency reduction, bringing MEC platforms into 5G-based vehicular networks imposes severe challenges towards poorly scalable network management, as MEC platforms usually represent a highly heterogeneous environment. Therefore, there is a strong need to perform network management and orchestration in an automated way, which, being supported by Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV), will further decrease the latency. With recent advances in SDN, along with NFV, which aim to facilitate management automation for tackling delay issues in vehicular communications, we study the closed-loop life-cycle management of network services, and map such cycle to the Management and Orchestration (MANO) systems, such as ETSI NFV MANO. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of existing MANO solutions, studying their most important features to enable network service and resource orchestration in MEC-enhanced vehicular networks. Finally, using a real testbed setup, we conduct and present an extensive performance analysis of Open Baton and Open Source MANO that are, due to their lightweight resource footprint, and compliance to ETSI standards, suitable solutions for resource and service management and orchestration within the network edge.

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Marabissi, Dania, Lorenzo Mucchi, Stefano Caputo, Francesca Nizzi, Tommaso Pecorella, Romano Fantacci, Tassadaq Nawaz, Marco Seminara, and Jacopo Catani. "Experimental Measurements of a Joint 5G-VLC Communication for Future Vehicular Networks." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 9, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan9030032.

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One of the main revolutionary features of 5G networks is the ultra-low latency that will enable new services such as those for the future smart vehicles. The 5G technology will be able to support extreme-low latency thanks to new technologies and the wide flexible architecture that integrates new spectra and access technologies. In particular, visible light communication (VLC) is envisaged as a very promising technology for vehicular communications, since the information provided can flow by using the lights (as traffic-lights and car lights). This paper describes one of the first experiments on the joint use of 5G and VLC networks to provide real-time information to cars. The applications span from road safety to emergency alarm.

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Meng, Yun, Yuan Dong, Chunling Wu, and Xinyi Liu. "A Low-Cost Resource Re-Allocation Scheme for Increasing the Number of Guaranteed Services in Resource-Limited Vehicular Networks." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 3846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113846.

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Vehicular networks are becoming increasingly dense due to expanding wireless services and platooning has been regarded as a promising technology to improve road capacity and on-road safety. Constrained by limited resources, not all communication links in platoons can be allocated to the resources without suffering interference. To guarantee the quality of service, it is required to determine the set of served services at which the scale of demand exceeds the capability of the network. To increase the number of guaranteed services, the resource allocation has to be adjusted to adapt to the dynamic environment of the vehicular network. However, resource re-allocation results in additional costs, including signal overhead and latency. To increase the number of guaranteed services at a low-cost in a resource-limited vehicular network, we propose a time dynamic optimization method that constrains the network re-allocation rate. To decrease the computational complexity, the time dynamic optimization problem is converted into a deterministic optimization problem using the Lyapunov optimization theory. The simulation indicates that the analytical results do approximate the reality, and that the proposed scheme results in a higher number of guaranteed services as compared to the results of a similar algorithm.

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Zou, Deyue, Shutong Niu, Shuhao Chen, Binhong Su, Xinyi Cheng, Jie Liu, Yunfeng Liu, and Yang Li. "A smart city used low-latency seamless positioning system based on inverse global navigation satellite system technology." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 9 (September 2019): 155014771987381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719873815.

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People have to move between indoor and outdoor frequently in city scenarios. The global navigation satellite system signal cannot provide reliable indoor positioning services. To solve the problem, this article proposes a seamless positioning system based on an inverse global navigation satellite system signal, which can extend the global navigation satellite system service into the indoor scenario. In this method, a signal source is arranged at a key position in the room, and the inverse global navigation satellite system signal is transmitted to the global navigation satellite system receiver to obtain a preset positioning result. The indoor positioning service is continued with the inertial navigation system after leaving the key position. The inverse global navigation satellite system seamless positioning system proposed in this article can unify indoor and outdoor positioning using the same receiver. The receiver does not need to re-receive navigation information when the scene changes, which avoids the switching process. Through the design of signal layer coverage, the receiver is in a warm start state, and the users can quickly fix the position when the scenario changes, realizing quick access in a true sense. This enables the ordinary commercial global navigation satellite system receiver to obtain indoor positioning capability without modification, and the algorithm can perform accurate positioning indoors and outdoors without switching.

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Xu, Xiaolong, Zijie Fang, Lianyong Qi, Xuyun Zhang, Qiang He, and Xiaokang Zhou. "TripRes." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3401979.

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The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) connects vehicles, roadside units (RSUs) and other intelligent objects, enabling data sharing among them, thereby improving the efficiency of urban traffic and safety. Currently, collections of multimedia content, generated by multimedia surveillance equipment, vehicles, and so on, are transmitted to edge servers for implementation, because edge computing is a formidable paradigm for accommodating multimedia services with low-latency resource provisioning. However, the uneven or discrete distribution of the traffic flow covered by edge servers negatively affects the service performance (e.g., overload and underload) of edge servers in multimedia IoV systems. Therefore, how to accurately schedule and dynamically reserve proper numbers of resources for multimedia services in edge servers is still challenging. To address this challenge, a traffic flow prediction driven resource reservation method, called TripRes, is developed in this article. Specifically, the city map is divided into different regions, and the edge servers in a region are treated as a “big edge server” to simplify the complex distribution of edge servers. Then, future traffic flows are predicted using the deep spatiotemporal residual network (ST-ResNet), and future traffic flows are used to estimate the amount of multimedia services each region needs to offload to the edge servers. With the number of services to be offloaded in each region, their offloading destinations are determined through latency-sensitive transmission path selection. Finally, the performance of TripRes is evaluated using real-world big data with over 100M multimedia surveillance records from RSUs in Nanjing China.

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Войчик С. С. and Тимошин Ю. А. "АРХІТЕКТУРА МЕХАНІЗМІВ ОБРОБКИ ДАНИХ ТА СИНХРОНІЗАЦІЯ МОДУЛІВ У ВИСОКОНАВАНТАЖЕНИХ СИСТЕМАХ SMART CITY." World Science 1, no. 10(38) (October 31, 2018): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/31102018/6173.

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The study is aimed to determine the main problem during developing and maintaining services of high load Smart City system and propose solutions for achieving eventual consistency between services. The main problem with the services and databases is a significant amount of requests which is produced by millions of devices and how to process and store it quite fast. Low latency, high scalability and failure resistance should be the main characteristic of the system. That is why choosing a database, a right strategy for database replicas, service synchronization and its monitoring are basic problems which must be solved first. There are several architecture and database types which are already used in more simple systems. Key aspect needs to be resolved – how to synchronize data between multiple services in Smart City system. To solve the problems we need to redevelop already existing technology which is used for more simple problems, join them and apply on new solution.

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Marques, Rafael Salema, Gregory Epiphaniou, Haider Al-Khateeb, Carsten Maple, Mohammad Hammoudeh, Paulo André Lima De Castro, Ali Dehghantanha, and Kkwang Raymond Choo. "A Flow-based Multi-agent Data Exfiltration Detection Architecture for Ultra-low Latency Networks." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 21, no. 4 (July 16, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3419103.

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Modern network infrastructures host converged applications that demand rapid elasticity of services, increased security, and ultra-fast reaction times. The Tactile Internet promises to facilitate the delivery of these services while enabling new economies of scale for high fidelity of machine-to-machine and human-to-machine interactions. Unavoidably, critical mission systems served by the Tactile Internet manifest high demands not only for high speed and reliable communications but equally, the ability to rapidly identify and mitigate threats and vulnerabilities. This article proposes a novel Multi-Agent Data Exfiltration Detector Architecture (MADEX), inspired by the mechanisms and features present in the human immune system. MADEX seeks to identify data exfiltration activities performed by evasive and stealthy malware that hides malicious traffic from an infected host in low-latency networks. Our approach uses cross-network traffic information collected by agents to effectively identify unknown illicit connections by an operating system subverted. MADEX does not require prior knowledge of the characteristics or behavior of the malicious code or a dedicated access to a knowledge repository. We tested the performance of MADEX in terms of its capacity to handle real-time data and the sensitivity of our algorithm’s classification when exposed to malicious traffic. Experimental evaluation results show that MADEX achieved 99.97% sensitivity, 98.78% accuracy, and an error rate of 1.21% when compared to its best rivals. We created a second version of MADEX, called MADEX level 2, that further improves its overall performance with a slight increase in computational complexity. We argue for the suitability of MADEX level 1 in non-critical environments, while MADEX level 2 can be used to avoid data exfiltration in critical mission systems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article in the literature that addresses the detection of rootkits real-time in an agnostic way using an artificial immune system approach while it satisfies strict latency requirements.

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Guo, Shaoyong, Xing Hu, Gangsong Dong, Wencui Li, and Xuesong Qiu. "Mobile edge computing resource allocation: A joint Stackelberg game and matching strategy." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 7 (July 2019): 155014771986155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719861556.

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Mobile edge computing has attracted great interests in the popularity of fifth-generation (5G) networks and Internet of Things. It aims to supply low-latency and high-interaction services for delay-sensitive applications. Utilizing mobile edge computing with Smart Home, which is one of the most important fields of Internet of Things, is a method to satisfy users’ demand for higher computing power and storage capacity. However, due to limited computing resource, how to improve efficiency of resource allocation is a challenge. In this article, we propose a hierarchical architecture in Smart Home with mobile edge computing, providing low-latency services and promoting edge process for smart devices. Based on that, a Stackelberg Game is designed in order to allocate computing resource to devices efficiently. Then, one-to-many matching is established to handle resource allocation problems. It is proved that the allocation strategy can optimize the utility of mobile edge computing server and improve allocating efficiency. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy compared with schemes based on auction game, and present performance with different changing system parameters.

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Zhou, Hang, Yong Xiang, Hao-Feng Li, and Rong Yuan. "Task Offloading Strategy of 6G Heterogeneous Edge-Cloud Computing Model considering Mass Customization Mode Collaborative Manufacturing Environment." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1059524.

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With the continuous integration of cloud computing, edge computing, and Internet of things (IoT), various mobile applications will emerge in future 6G network. Driven by real-time response and low energy consumption requirements, mobile edge-cloud computing (MECC) will play an important role to improve user experience and reduce costs. However, due to the complexity of applications, the computing capacity of devices cannot meet the low-latency and low energy consumption requirement. Meanwhile, subject to the limited supplement of power and energy system, the heterogeneous multilayer mobile edge-cloud computing (HetMECC) is proposed to join cloud server, edge server, and terminal devices for data calculation and transmission. By dividing computing tasks, terminal applications can receive reliable and efficient computing services. The simulation results show that the proposed model can achieve the low-latency requirement of data calculation and transmission and improve the robustness of architecture.

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Han, Rui, Siguang Huang, Zhentao Wang, and Jianfeng Zhan. "CLAP: Component-Level Approximate Processing for Low Tail Latency and High Result Accuracy in Cloud Online Services." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 28, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 2190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2017.2650988.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Low-latency services'

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