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1

Howson, M. R. "Solubility and crystallization of low Mg-calcites." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373757.

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2

Zhang, Liang Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Modeling radiation-induced mixing at interfaces between low solubility metals." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87493.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 123-139).<br>This thesis studies radiation-induced mixing at interfaces between low solubility metals using molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations. It provides original contributions on the fundamental mechanisms of radiation-induced mixing and morphological stability of multilayer nanocomposites under heavy ion or neutron radiation. An embedded atom method (EAM) interatomic potential is constructed to reproduce the main topological features of the experimental equilibrium phase diagram of the Cu-Nb system in both solid and liquid states. Compared with two previously available EAM Cu-Nb potentials, the phase diagram of the current potential shows better agreement with the experimental phase diagram. The newly constructed potential predicts that the Cu-Nb liquid phase at equilibrium is compositionally patterned over lengths of about 2.3 nm. All three Cu-Nb potentials have the same solid phase behavior but different liquid phase properties, serving as a convenient set of model systems to study the effect of liquid phase properties on radiation-induced mixing. To study radiation-induced intermixing, a specialized MD simulation is developed that models multiple 10 keV collision cascades sequentially up to a total dose of ~5 displacements per atom (dpa). These simulations are comparable to experiments conducted at cryogenic temperatures. Mixing is modeled using all three Cu-Nb potentials and found to be proportional to the square root of dose, independent of interface crystallography, and highly sensitive to liquid phase interdiffusivity. It occurs primarily by liquid phase interdiffusion in thermal spikes rather than by ballistic displacements. Partial de-mixing is also seen within thermal spikes, regardless of liquid phase solubility, which is explained by segregation of impurities into the liquid core of the thermal spikes. Additional MD and phase field simulations are carried out on Cu-Nb multilayered nanocomposites with individual layer thicknesses above 1 nm. These simulations demonstrate that Cu-Nb multilayers with individual layer thicknesses above 2-4 nm remain morphologically stable when subjected to 100 keV collision cascades, characteristic of neutron or heavy ion irradiation. The probability of morphological instability rapidly increases as the layer thickness decreases to 1 nm, which is due to overlap of zones of liquid-like interdiffusion inside radiation-induced thermal spikes at neighboring interfaces in the multilayer. This work shows that to design morphologically stable radiation-tolerant nanocomposites, it is desirable to a) choose low solubility metals with small liquid phase interdiffusivity as the constituents, and b) use a microstructural length scale larger than twice the size of the interdiffusion zone inside thermal spikes.<br>by Liang Zhang.<br>Ph. D.
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3

Maldei, Michael. "Low-temperature dry scrubbing reaction kinetics and mechanisms limestone dissolution and solubility." Ohio : Ohio University, 1993. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175715332.

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4

Madden, Aaron. "Scalable Nano Particle Production of Low Bioavailability Pharmaceuticals for Augmented Aqueous Solubility." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1614.

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The billion dollar pharmaceutical research and development pipeline suffers greatly from high attrition rates of novel therapeutic compounds within pre-clinical and clinical trials. Poor bioavailability in many new drugs, originating in the various methodologies of high throughput screening, may explain part of these growing failure rates. One interpretation of this phenomenon relies on bioavailability's correlation with aqueous solubility; much modern processing allows chemicals to fully develop without touching water, yielding upwards of 90% of new chemical entities practically insoluble in aqueous media. Thus, one approach to alleviating bioavailability and potentially clinical attrition rates necessitates augmented aqueous solubility. The amorphous nanoparticle presents the largest boost in aqueous solubility of a chemical through processing alone. In this contribution, we propose electrospray as a novel, competitive candidate to produce pharmaceutical amorphous nanoparticles with the intent of augmenting solubility. Electrospray represents an idyllic nominee for three reasons: repeatability, flexibility, and scalability. Electrospray offers low batch to batch variation with less than 30% relative standard deviation between various droplets. This triumphs over the several orders of magnitude in variation in pneumatic sprays. Electrospray's flexibility draws from its ability to attain diameters over several orders of magnitude, ranging from hundreds of microns to several nanometers; in this contribution droplets are produced between 500 nm and 1[micro]m. Finally, electrospray displays scalability to any industrial requirement; though a single nozzle operates at mere microliters per hour, a single multiplexed array of emitters may increase this throughput by several orders of magnitude. This exploration, utilizing Indomethacin as a model low solubility chemical, verifies electrospray as a compatible processing tool for the pharmaceutical industry. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with the image analysis software ImageJ gleans the size and shape of emitted (and dried) particles. Amorphicity verification of particles employs grazing angle x-ray diffraction. Finally, ultraviolet and visual spectrum spectroscopy evaluates the solubility advantage of particles.<br>B.S.M.E.<br>Bachelors<br>Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Mechanical Engineering
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5

Zhao, Min. "The Development of Spray Dried Solid Dispersion Systems for the Formulation of Low Tg and Low Solubility Drugs." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527643.

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6

Miller, Stephanie A. "Investigation of Lead Solubility and Orthophosphate Addition in High pH Low DIC Water." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406821208.

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7

Gutiérrez, Chavida Alexandra. "Étude cinétique aux basses sursaturations et modèle thermodynamique de la précipitation oxalique de l’uranium IV." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0306.

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La précipitation est largement utilisée dans la chimie, l’hydrométallurgie, l’industrie pharmaceutique, le nucléaire ou de nombreuses autres activités industrielles. Les réactions de précipitation sont très sensibles à de nombreux paramètres de fonctionnement, tels que les concentrations de réactifs, la température, la sursaturation, l’hydrodynamique ou l'intensité du mélange. Ces paramètres jouent un rôle majeur pour contrôler la qualité physique du précipité. Dans l'industrie nucléaire, la précipitation est une opération très répandue, que ce soient dans l'extraction de l'uranium à partir de minerais d'uranium, dans le retraitement du combustible nucléaire irradié ou pour la gestion des effluents radioactifs. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à la précipitation de l'oxalate d’uranium IV. Seules quelques références bibliographiques liées à la précipitation de l'oxalate d'uranium tétravalent sont disponibles dans la littérature, elles concernent les fortes sursaturations (jusqu’à 2000). La présente étude a permis de proposer un modèle thermodynamique et des lois des cinétiques de précipitation à basse sursaturation à partir d’acquisitions expérimentales. De nouvelles mesures de solubilité de l’oxalate d’uranium à différentes acidités et différents excès oxaliques ont conduit à l’identification des constantes de complexation et du produit de solubilité. Les sursaturations sont calculées à partir des concentrations des ions libres. La comparaison avec l’approche basée sur les ions constitutifs montre que les deux concepts conduisent à des valeurs de sursaturations équivalentes. En ce qui concerne l’identification des cinétiques, de nombreux essais de précipitation de l’oxalate d’uranium IV en continu ont permis d’analyser l’influence des paramètres opératoires à la fois sur le rendement et les distributions de taille de particules. Les paramètres cinétiques sont obtenus par résolution du bilan de population selon la méthode des moments. Les lois de nucléation et d’agglomération sont exprimées à partir de la croissance cristalline. Le mécanisme de nucléation est de type secondaire et dépend de la puissance dissipée ainsi que de la concentration des cristaux. Quant au noyau d’agglomération, il a été identifié de type orthocinétique<br>Precipitation is widely used in many other industrial activities. Precipitation reactions are very sensitive to many operating parameters that play a major role in controlling the precipitate quality. In the nuclear industry, precipitation is a common operation, either in uranium extraction from uranium ore, nuclear fuel reprocessing or radioactive waste management. In this study we are interested in uranium IV oxalate precipitation. This study proposes a thermodynamic model and precipitation kinetics at low supersaturations on the basis of experimental acquisitions. New measures of uranium IV oxalate solubility at different acidities and oxalic excess led to the identification of the complexation constants and the solubility product. The supersaturation is calculated from free ions concentrations. The comparison with a constituent ions approach shows that the two concepts lead to equivalent supersaturation values. Regarding the identification of kinetics, many uranium IV oxalate precipitation continuous tests allowed the analysis of the influence of the operating parameters on efficiency and particle size distribution. Kinetic parameters are obtained by solving the population balance equation by the method of moments. Nucleation kinetics and agglomeration kernel are expressed from crystal growth kinetics. The nucleation mechanism corresponds to a secondary type and depends on the power dissipation and crystal concentration. As for the agglomeration kernel, it is identified of orthokinetic type
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8

Ånmark, Niclas. "A calorimetric analysis and solid-solubility examination of aluminium alloys containing low-melting-point elements." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103199.

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The formation of liquid films is a widely known problem in aluminium heat exchanger materials. The phenomenon results in decreased brazeability along with severely deteriorated mechanical properties which might cause assembly collapse. In addition, low-melting-point elements like tin, bismuth and lead are thought to promote grain boundary sliding which is the main deformation mechanism during brazing. Their melting characteristics are not adequately reported in literature. It is therefore of great importance to examine the behaviour of these elements.The main objectives with this work is melting range determination of fin heat exchanger materials, melting detection of low-melting-point elements and calculation of tin, bismuth and lead solid-solubility in aluminium. This work does also involve distribution analysis of such elements in aluminium matrix after heat treatment.These investigations require development of a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique that is applicable for analysis of aluminium fin heat exchanger material containing low-melting-point elements on ppm level. Optimization of the technique includes parameter control; like heating rate, sample mass, reproducibility and choice of crucible material. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) is additionally used in order to analyse solid solubility and distribution of low-melting-point elements in aluminium after heat treatment.The developed DSC technique shows a sensitivity limit in the range of 260-600 ppm. It means that it is not possible to detect melting of phases within and below that range. Solid solubility of tin was calculated for the three heat treatment temperatures, 400°C, 500°C and 625°C. Same procedure was applied on bismuth and lead. However, calculated values did not agree with Thermo-Calc. The distribution analysis indicate an exudation of trace elements i.e. diffusion toward surface during heat treatment.In conclusion, more knowledge regarding liquid films in aluminium fin heat exchanger material was obtained. Future work should be to further optimize the DSC technique for trace element analysis for concentrations below 100 ppm. The LA-ICP-MS technique is likely to improve experimentally unverified binary phase diagrams like Al-Bi, Al-Pb and Al-Sn phase diagrams. It can also be used to study exudation behaviour of liquid films.
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9

Wang, Ying. "Cellulose fiber dissolution in sodium hydroxide solution at low temperature dissolution kinetics and solubility improvement /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26632.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.<br>Committee Chair: Deng, Yulin; Committee Member: Banerjee, Sujit; Committee Member: Frederick, James; Committee Member: Hsieh, Jeffery; Committee Member: Ragauskas, Arthur J.. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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10

Mandiwana, KL, N. Panichev, M. Kataeva, and S. Siebert. "The solubility of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds in soil and their availability to plants." Elsevier, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000802.

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The mystery surrounding high concentrations of Cr(III) in plants has been uncovered. It is attributed to the presence of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) in soil in which the plants are growing. Apart from that, the factors influencing solubility of Cr(VI) in soil have also been investigated. It was found that the solubility of Cr(VI) species is governed by the presence of CO3 2− ions in a soil solution that resulted when atmospheric CO2 dissolves in soil–water. Concentrations of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were determined in plants, collected on unpolluted soils in different geographical areas. It was found that the concentration of Cr(VI) in plants correlated with the soluble fraction of Cr(VI) in soil, while Cr(III) concentration in plants is limited by concentration LMWOA in soil. It can therefore be concluded that the high level of Cr(III) in plants is also due to the direct absorptions of the species from soil rich in organic acids.
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11

Lee, Chihoon. "Phase Transformations Accompanying Low-Temperature Carburization of Martensitic Stainless Steels under Paraequilibrium Conditions." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1325878014.

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12

El, Masri Sarah. "Low transition temperature mixtures based on cyclodextrins as solubilizing vehicles in pharmaceutical preparations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2024. https://documents.univ-littoral.fr/access/content/group/50b76a52-4e4b-4ade-a198-f84bc4e1bc3c/BULCO/Th%C3%A8ses/Toxicologie/122040_EL_MASRI_2024_archivage.pdf.

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L'amélioration de la solubilité est un aspect critique dans la formulation et le développement de nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques. Pour surmonter les défis associés à une faible solubilité, les chercheurs ont évalué de nombreuses stratégies, dont l'utilisation de cyclodextrines et de cosolvants. Cette dernière approche est une technique simple et efficace, dans laquelle des solvants organiques sont utilisés pour améliorer la solubilité des composés peu solubles dans l'eau. Ces dernières années, les solvants eutectiques profonds (DESs) ont émergé comme une alternative abordable et verte comparée aux solvants organiques, d'autant plus qu'ils sont très prometteurs pour la solubilisation de molécules hydrophobes. Plus récemment, des DESs à base de cyclodextrines (CDs) ont été introduits sous le nom de "solvants eutectiques profonds supramoléculaires"(SUPRADESs). Les cyclodextrines (CDs) sont des molécules cages, réputées pour leur capacité à améliorer la solubilité et la stabilité des principes actifs encapsulés dans leur cavité. Cette étude visait à évaluer le potentiel de DESs et de SUPRADESs pour une application dans des préparations pharmaceutiques. À cette fin, un panel de DESs et de SUPRADESs sélectionnés a été d'abord préparé et caractérisé. La calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC) et l'analyse thermogravimétrique (TGA) ont démontré que les solvants étaient liquides sur une large plage de température et stables jusqu'à 100°C. Les mesures de densité et de viscosité ont montré que les propriétés des DESs pouvaient être ajustées en fonction de leur composition. Les spectroscopies infrarouges (IR) et de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) ont fourni des preuves de la formation de liaisons hydrogène au sein des solvants préparés. Ensuite, la solubilité et la stabilité d'une série de principes actifs (APIs) peu solubles dans l'eau ont été évaluées. Les solvants ont montré une amélioration significative de la solubilité et une bonne stabilité après une année de stockage. L'effet de l'ajout d'eau sur le pouvoir solubilisant a également été évalué. Ces expériences ont mis en évidence l'avantage des SUPRADESs par rapport aux DESs car ils se sont révélés plus résistants à l'effet de dilution. Ce comportement a été attribué à la formation de complexe d'inclusion CD/API, comme le prouvent les études RMN. Enfin, les expériences de libération de médicaments ont montré que l'utilisation des DESs et des SUPRADESs entraînait une augmentation des taux de dissolution par rapport au médicament intact. Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats soulignent le pouvoir des DESs et des SUPRADESs à être utilisés comme solvants dans les formulations pharmaceutiques<br>Solubility enhancement is a critical aspect in the formulation and development of novel drug molecules. To overcome challenges associated with poor solubility, formulation scientists have explored numerous strategies, among them the use of cyclodextrins and cosolvents. The latter approach is a simple and effective method, where organic solvents are used to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds. In recent years, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a cheap and green alternative to organic solvents, showing great promise for the solubilization of hydrophobic molecules. More recently, DESs based on cyclodextrins (CDs) have been introduced under the name "supramolecular deep eutectic solvents" (SUPRADESs). Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cage molecules renowned for their ability to enhance the solubility and stability of drug molecules entrapped inside their cavity.This study aimed to evaluate the potential of DESs and SUPRADESs for use in pharmaceutical preparations. To this end, a panel of selected DESs and SUPRADESs were first prepared and characterized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated that the solvents are liquid over a broad temperature range and stable up to 100°C. Density and viscovity measurements showed that DESs' properties can be tuned depending on their composition. Infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies provided evidence of hydrogen bonds formation in the prepared solvents. Further, the solubility and stability of a series of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were evaluated. The solvents displayed significant solubility enhancement and good stability after a year of storage. In addition, the effect of water addition on the solubilizing potential was evaluated. These experiments highlighted the advantage of using SUPRADESs over DESs, since they were revealed to be more resistant to dilution effect. This was attributed to the formation of CD/API inclusion complex, as proved by NMR studies. Finally, drug release experiments showed that the use of DESs and SUPRADESs resulted in increased dissolution rates compared to the solid drug. Overall, these findings support the potential of DESs and SUPRADESs for being used as solubilizing vehicles in phamaceutical formulations
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13

Berneschi, Andrea. "I) Improving low photocurrent of pseudorotaxane based solar cell II) Synthesis and characterization of new Fe(0) cyclopentadienone complexes." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21691/.

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Next to conventional solar panels that harvest direct sunlight, p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been developed, which are able to harvest diffuse sunlight. Due to unwanted charge recombination events p-type DSSCs exhibit low power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Previous research has shown that dye-redox mediator (RM) interactions can prevent these recombination events, resulting in higher PCEs. It is unknown how the nature of dye-RM interactions affects the PCEs of pseudorotaxane-based solar cells. In this research this correlation is investigated by comparing one macrocycle, the 3-NDI, in combination with the three dyes that contains a recognition sites. 2D-DOSY-NMR experiments have been conducted to evaluate the diffusion constants (LogD) of the three couple. The research project has been stopped due to the coronavirus pandemic. The continuation of this thesis would have been to synthesize a dye on the basis of the data obtained from the diffusion tests and attempt the construction of a solar cell to then evaluate its effectiveness. During my training period I synthetized new Fe(0) cyclopentadienone compounds bearing a N-Heterocyclic Carbene ligand. The aim of the thesis was to achieve water solubility by modifications of the cyclopentadienone ligand. These new complexes have been modified using a sulfonation reaction, replacing an hydroxyl with a sulfate group, on the alkyl backbone of the cyclopentadienone ligand. All the complexes were characterized with IR, ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy, and a new Fe(0) cyclopentadienone complex, involved as an intermediate, was obtained as a single crystal and was characterized also with X-Ray spectroscopy.
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14

Mohammed, Warda. "Optimizing Sample Dissolution Methods of Low Water Soluble Intermediate Organic Compounds to Support Environmental Risk Assessment during Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Manufacturing." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-93416.

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This project focus on investigating the dissolution of low water-soluble intermediate organic compounds called active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and organic substances that are manufactured by a pharmaceutical company, Cambrex Karlskoga in Sweden. Several dissolution methods were used and evaluated using methods including total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and Microtox toxicity test. The selection of solvents were based on previous studies and specifications from the Swedish Institute of Standards, SIS.The performance of eight solvents for different organic substances were evaluated using the above mentioned methods. Solvents that are highly volatile and have low solubility in water were excluded. Therefore, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF) and Pluronic F-68, that had highest water solubility, low acute toxicity and not degradable by microorganisms, were further used to dissolve four organic substances. Furthermore, DMSO and DMF were then also used to dissolve four censored chemicals with addition of physical treatment and solvent mixtures (DMF:DMSO with ratio 1:2).Results from each method were discussed and statistical tests were also performed in order to compare different dissolution methods. In addition, quality control and quality assurance were made in order to ensure the quality of measured values from analytical methods. Four organic substances were dissolve in DMSO, DMF and Pluronic F-68 with dissolution ≥79% using six ratios of DMSO and DMF and five ratios of Pluronic F-68 which were analyzed using TOC. Physical treatment increased dissolution of two APIs with 40%. Using BOD, para-aminobenzonic acid (PABA) and 5-nitroisophthalic acid (5-NIPA) had values higher than the guideline values, which indicate high biodegradability of these organic substances. PABA, 5-NIPA and bupivacaine base were acute toxic where PABA showed EC50 values of 27.9 mg/L using DMSO and 36.0 mg/L using DMF, and EC50 values of 5-NIPA were 102 mg/L using DMSO and 84.0 mg/L using DMF, and bupivacaine base had EC50 value of 174 mg/L using solvent mixture (DMF:DMSO with ratio 1:2). With increasing amount of Pluronic F-68, 5-NIPA had increased values of EC50, thereby Pluronic F-68 was not appropriate to use.In conclusion, DMSO and DMF were most appropriate solvents to use in order to dissolve APIs and organic substances with analyte: DMSO ratio of 1:0.5 and analyte: DMF ratio of 1:0.25. In addition, physical treatment could be used in order to increase dissolution of the APIs.
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15

Schmiele, Marcio 1979. "Interações físicas e químicas entre isolado protéico de soja e glúten vital durante a extrusão termoplástica a alta e baixa umidade para a obtenção de análogo de carne = Physical and chemical interactions between isolated soy protein and vital gluten during thermoplastic extrusion at high and low moisture content to obtain meat analogue." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255892.

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Orientador: Yoon Kil Chang<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:53:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schmiele_Marcio_D.pdf: 9722936 bytes, checksum: 95d9146270f349c5f3e7ad761ac0d266 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: Os análogos de carne obtidos por extrusão termoplástica de proteínas vegetais são caracterizados pelo seu elevado teor proteico e estrutura semelhante às fibras da carne, envolvendo diversos tipos de ligações e/ou interações químicas entre as proteínas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características tecnológicas e físico-químicas de análogos de carne, à base de isolado proteico de soja, obtidos por processo de extrusão termoplástica a alta umidade (AU) e baixa umidade (BU). Para cada condição de umidade foi utilizado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional de três variáveis independentes (glúten vital, umidade de condicionamento e temperatura de extrusão). As variáveis dependentes avaliadas foram a textura instrumental, cor instrumental, capacidade de absorção de água, índice de solubilidade em água, capacidade de absorção de óleo, índice de dispersibilidade de proteína, energia mecânica específica e o tipo de interações proteicas. Estas interações foram avaliadas através de sete tipos de solventes específicos: (i) tampão fosfato para as proteínas no estado nativo; (ii) dodecil sulfato de sódio para as interações hidrofóbicas e iônicas; (iii) Triton 100X para as interações hidrofóbicas; (iv) ureia para as interações hidrofóbicas e pontes de hidrogênio; (v) ß-mercaptoetanol para as ligações dissulfeto; e (vi) ß-mercaptoetanol e ureia e (vii) dodecil sulfato de sódio e ureia, para avaliar o efeito sinérgico entre os sistemas. O ponto otimizado (caracterizado principalmente por promover maiores valores de L* e de capacidade de absorção de água, menores valores de índice de solubilidade em água, de capacidade de absorção de óleo, de desnaturação proteica e valores intermediários de textura instrumental e de energia mecânica específica) foi processado juntamente com uma amostra controle para ambos os processos com o intuito de validar os modelos matemáticos e avaliar as possíveis alterações na morfologia dos análogos de carne, na massa molecular das proteínas, na composição de aminoácidos totais e na desnaturação proteica. As melhores condições de processamento foram obtidos para os análogos de carne contendo de 12 e 5 % de glúten vital, 58 e 18 % de umidade de condicionamento e 135 e 100 °C para a temperatura de extrusão, para o processo AU e BU, respectivamente. As principais interações proteína-proteína encontradas nos análogos de carne foram as ligações dissulfeto e ligações de hidrogênio para o processo AU e as ligações dissulfeto e interações iônicas para o processo BU. A adição de glúten vital promoveu uma aparência mais lisa e melhor orientação na estrutura das fibras. Verificou-se que ocorreu aumento nas proteínas de baixa massa molecular e diminuição nas proteínas de alta massa molecular. No perfil de aminoácidos totais houve maior variação negativa para os aminoácidos essenciais (triptofano e treonina), semi essenciais (cisteína) e não essenciais (serina), indicando que houve redução no valor nutricional. As estruturas secundárias (a-hélice, ß-folha, ß-volta e a estrutura desordenada) mostraram alteração na sua conformação devido à desnaturação proteica e formação de novos agregados<br>Abstract: Meat analogue obtained by termoplastic extrusion of vegetable proteins are characterized by its high protein levels and structure similar to meat fibers, which comprises many types of chemical bonds and/or interactions between proteins. The aim of this work was to evaluate the technological and physico-chemical characteristics of meat analogue based on isolated soy protein obtained by thermoplastic extrusion process at high moisture (HM) and low moisture (LM) content. For each moisture condition was used a Central Rotational Composite Design with three independent variables (vital gluten, moisture content and extrusion temperature). The dependent variables evaluated were instrumental texture, instrumental color, water absorption capacity, water solubility index, oil absorption capacity, protein dispersibility index, specific mechanical energy, and the type of protein interactions. These interactions were evaluated using seven specific solvents types: (i) phosphate buffer for proteins in native state; (ii) sodium dodecil sulphate for hydrophobic and ionic interactions; (iii) Triton 100X for hydrophobic interactions; (iv) urea for hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds; (v) ß-mercaptoethanol for dissulfide bonds; and (vi) ß-mercaptoethanol and urea and (vii) sodium dodecil sulphate and urea, for the synergistic effect between the systems. The optimized point (characterized mainly by promoting higher values for L* and water absorption capacity, lower values for water solubility index, oil absoption capacity and protein denaturation and intermediate values for instrumental texture and specific mechanical energy) was processed, together with a control sample for each processes, in order to validate the mathematical models and to evaluate possibles changes in the meat analogues morphology, in the protein molecular weight, in the total amino acid composition, and in the protein denaturation. The best processing conditions were obtained for the meat analogue containing 12 and 5 % of vital gluten, 58 and 18 % of moisture content and 135 and 100 °C of extrusion temperature, for the HM and LM processes, respectively. The main protein-protein interactions found in meat analogues were the dissulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds for the LM process and the dissulfide bonds and ionic interactions for the HM process. The addition of vital gluten promoted a smoother appearance and better orientation in the fiber structure. It was found that occured an increase in the protein with low molecular weight and a reduction in the protein with high molecular weight. There were a greater negative variation for the essential (tryptophan and threonine), semi-essential (cysteine) and nonessential (serine) amino acids in the total amino acid profile, indicating a reduction of the nutritional value. The secondary structure (a-helix, ß-sheet, ß-turn and disordered structure) showed alteration in its conformation due to the protein denaturation and formation of new aggregates<br>Doutorado<br>Tecnologia de Alimentos<br>Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
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16

Martino, Francesca. "Study of the absorption of organic compounds on biopolymers." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24929/.

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This work has been conducted in order to determine the solubility and diffusion coefficients of different aromatic substances in two different grades of polylactic acid (PLA), Amorphous (PDLLA) and Crystalline (PLLA); in particular the focus is on the following terpenes: Linalool, α-Pinene, β-Citronellol and L-Linalool. Moreover, further analyses have been carried out with the aim to verify if the use of neat crystalline PLA, (PLLA), a chiral substrate, may lead to an enantioenrichment of absorbed species in order to use it as membrane in enantioselective processes. The other possible applications of PLA, which has aroused interest in carry out the above-mentioned work, concerns its use in food packaging. Therefore, it is interesting and also very important, to evaluate the barrier properties of PLA, focusing in particular on the transport and absorption of terpenes, by the packaging and, hence, by the PLA. PLA films/slabs of one-millimeter thickness and with square shape, were prepared through the Injection Molding process. On the resulting PLA films heat pretreatment processes of normalizing were then performed to enhance the properties of the material. In order to evaluate solubility and diffusion coefficient of the different penetrating species, the absorption kinetics of various terpenes, in the two different types of PLA, were determined by gravimetric methods. Subsequently, the absorbed liquid was extracted with methanol (MeOH), non- solvent for PLA, and the extract analyzed by the use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), in order to evaluate its possible enantiomeric excess. Moreover, PLA films used were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) which allowed to measure the glass transition temperature (Tg) and to determine the degree of crystallinity of the polymer (Xc).
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17

Bowden, Derek John. "Gas-aerosol partitioning of highly soluble halogenated acides in the atmosphere." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242753.

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18

D'Andrea, Rodríguez-Vida Lucía. "Síntesis y reactividad de iminas y diiminas ciclopaladadas. Una aproximación a los metalaciclos hidrosolubles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/123495.

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La tesis doctoral se divide en cuatro partes: a) Síntesis de complejos ciclopaladados endocíclicos de cinco eslabones derivados de la (E)-N-benciliden-2-(2',6'-diclorofenil)etanamina, de fórmula [(Pd{C6H4CH=N(CH2)2(2,6-Cl2C6H3)-κC,κN}(μ-X))2] (X = OAc, Cl) y [Pd{C6H4CH=N(CH2)2(2,6-Cl2C6H3)-κC,κN}L(X)] (X = OAc, Cl; L = py-d5, PPh3). Se ha ensayado la reactividad de los correspondientes complejos puente cloruro frente a una gran variedad de bases de Lewis [N,N] y [P,P] rígidas y flexibles {tales como 2,2'-(etilendioxi)bis(etilamina); 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol; etilendiamina; trans-1,2-bis(difenilfosfino)etileno; 1,2-bis(difenilfosfino)etano; y 4,4'-bipiridina}. b) Preparación de complejos ciclopaladados puente acetato a partir de la doble activación σ(Csp2−H) intramolecular de las diiminas de fórmula (RC6H4CH=NZ)2 [Z = CH2, R = p-Cl, p-MeO, p-NO2, o-Cl; Z = (CH2)2OCH2, R = p-Cl, p-MeO, p-NO2, o-Cl]. Las condiciones de la reacción de ciclopaladación se optimizaron para el sustrato con Z = CH2 y R = p-Cl. La preparación in situ de los derivados dimetalados [{Pd(O2CMe)(py-d5)(RC6H3CH=NZ-κC,κN)}2] reveló la existencia de sistemas menores que se asignan a los complejos iónicos [{Pd(py-d5)(RC6H3CH=NZ-κC,κN)}2(μ-O2CMe)](OAc) (para Z = CH2), [(py-d5)2Pd(μ-L)Pd(OAc)(py-d5)](OAc) {para Z = CH2 y (CH2)2OCH2}, y al correspondiente complejo diciclopaladado bis(tridentado) {para Z = (CH2)2OCH2}. Se constata que la proporción molar de las distintas especies es dependiente de la concentración de la muestra. También se describe la síntesis de los complejos [({Pd(μ-Cl)(RC6H3CH=NZ-κC,κN)}2)n] y [{PdCl(PPh3)(RC6H3CH=NZ-κC,κN)}2]. Adicionalmente, se ensaya la reactividad de algunos derivados diciclometalados puente cloruro frente a bases de Lewis [N,N] y [P,P], que actúan como ligandos bis(monodentados) en la síntesis de metalomacrociclos de fórmula [{(Pd(Cl){4-ClC6H3CH=N(CH2)2OCH2-κC,κN})2(μ-L?L)}n] {L?L = NH2(CH2)2O(CH2)2O(CH2)2NH2, Ph2PCH=CHPPh2}. Con objeto de elucidar la nuclearidad de las especies en solución, se realizan simulaciones de dinámica molecular y cálculos DFT de los sistemas [({Pd(Cl){4-ClC6H3CH=N(CH2)2OCH2-κC,κN}}2{μ-NH2(CH2)2O(CH2)2O(CH2)2NH2-κN:κN'})n] (donde n = 1 y 2). c) Síntesis de nuevos complejos orto-ciclopaladados endo hidrosolubles a partir de la activación directa intramolecular de enlaces C−H de N-bencilidenanilinas con sustituyentes polares o grupos ionizables [de fórmula RPhCH=N(C6H4-4-COOR') (R = H, Cl, p-NMe2, p-NO2; R' = H, Me)]. Se ailaron los derivados monometalados de fórmula [(Pd(μ-O2CMe){RC6H3CH=N(C6H4-4-COOH)-κC,κN})2], que mostraron cierta solubilidad en solución acuosa a pH 10. La adición de un exceso de py-d5 a una suspensión de estos complejos en D2O condujo a los complejos mononucleares zwitteriónicos [Pd(py-d5)2{RC6H3CH=N(C6H4-4-COO)-κC,κN}], solubles en agua. Por otro lado, se prepararon complejos ciclopaladados quelato puente [C,N,O] de fórmula [(Pd(L){μ-RC6H3CH=N(C6H4-4-COO)-κC,κN:κO})2] (L = py, PPh3). El inusual modo de coordinación del ligando metalado tras la desprotonación del grupo carboxilo es responsable de su insolubilidad en agua. También se han preparado complejos ciclopaladados endo de cinco eslabones de fórmula [(Pd{C6H4CH=N(C6H4-4-COOMe)-κC,κN}(μ-X))2] (X = OAc, Cl) y sus derivados [Pd(C?N)L(X)] (X =OAc, Cl; L = py, PPh3). La caracterización de los compuestos [Pd(C?N)(py)X] (X = OAc, Cl) revelaron una mezcla de los estereoisómeros trans-N,N y cis-N,N, cuya relación molar varía en función del disolvente. Sorpresivamente, los complejos [Pd(C?N)(py)X] (X = OAc, Cl) se disuelven en D2O al añadir un exceso de piridina-d5 debido a la formación del compuesto cis-[Pd(C?N)(py-d5)2]X (X = OAc, Cl). Adicionalmente, se incluye un estudio teórico de la estereoquímica de la reacción de escisión de los complejos dinucleares ciclopaladados puente. Los cálculos DFT se plantearon para un sistema modelo de fórmula [Pd(CH=CH−CH=NH)X(L)] (X = OAc, Cl, Br, I; L = py, NH3, PH3, PMe3) con el fin de establecer unas tendencias sobre la estabilidad relativa de ambos isómeros. d) Preparación de heterociclos dibenzo[b,d]-fusionados mediante arilación catalítica directa. La síntesis de los diferentes carbazoles se realizó en dos etapas, tras una aminación Buchwald-Hartwig catalítica para obtener las correspondientes diarilaminas halosustituidas, seguida de una activación C–H catalizada por complejos de paladio.<br>Intramolecular aromatic C−H bond activation is explored in the synthesis of novel endo five-membered ortho-cyclopalladated imine and diimine complexes. The N-donor ligands tested in this reaction were the N-alkyl imine PhCH=N(CH2)2(2,6-Cl2C6H3), the symmetric diimines with the general formula (RC6H4CH=NZ)2 (Z = CH2 or (CH2)2OCH2) in a range of substitution patterns, and the N-benzylideneanilines RC6H4CH=NC6H4-4-COOR' (R' = H or Me). Reactivity studies of the corresponding bridged-cyclopalladated complexes with monodentate Lewis bases, as well as rigid or flexible [N,N] and [P,P] Lewis bases, are also reported. All cyclometallated derivatives were characterised by conventional spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction (when possible). In addition, the stereochemistry of a simplified endo five-membered mononuclear cyclopalladated imine model was computationally examined. This report also deals with some aspects of the solution chemistry of doubly cyclopalladated complexes in terms of nuclearity and equilibrium processes. Furthermore, considerable efforts were made to synthesise metallomacrocycles containing one or more dimetallated moieties and bis(monodentate) Lewis bases. Two novel metallomacrocycles were isolated and spectroscopically characterised, although their nuclearity remains unclear. Theoretical calculations were therefore performed in order to gain insight into the nuclearity and conformation of the species present in solution, which showed temperature and solvent-polarity dependence. In an attempt to synthesise new water-soluble cyclopalladated complexes, the strategy of incorporating polar substituents or ionisable functional groups into the N-donor ligand was examined. Hydrosoluble carboxylated palladacyclic species of a zwitterionic nature were obtained in solution in the presence of an excess of pyridine. By contrast, some related cyclometallated derivatives showed unanticipated coordination of the carboxylate group that resulted in the formation of a water-insoluble 16-membered metallomacrocyclic complex. In parallel, an additional route for the preparation of hydrosoluble palladacycles was unexpectedly found. A study was also carried out on the two-pot synthesis of carbazoles from aryl bromides and the appropriate aniline via initial catalytic Buchwald-Hartwig amination followed by palladium-catalysed intramolecular C−H activation.
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19

Ballester, Palacios María Lluïsa. "Acción de los distintos irrigantes sobre la superficie del MTA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/315466.

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INTRODUCCIÓN. El mineral trióxido agregado (MTA) y el cemento Pórtland (CP) se comparan frecuentemente en estudios de investigación por su parecido químico en su composición, y pueden verse afectados con distintas soluciones irrigantes usadas habitualmente en endodoncia. HIPÓTESIS. La rugosidad superficial, el pH, la conductividad y la solubilidad del MTA y del cemento Pórtland (CP) varían con los irrigantes utilizados en endodoncia. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la rugosidad superficial, el pH, la conductividad y la solubilidad al someter el MTA y el CP a diferentes irrigantes. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. El número de muestras expuestas a cada tipo de irrigante fue de 15. Para ello, se estudiaron un total de 420 muestras, 210 para cada tipo de cemento (ProRoot MTA® blanco y Cemento Pórtland blanco). Se seleccionaron los siguientes irrigantes: hipoclorito sódico al 5% y al 2,5%, ácido cítrico al 20% y al 10%, clorhexidina al 2%, EDTA al 17% y suero fisiológico como control. El estudio de la rugosidad superficial se realizó con el microscopio Leica DCM 3D que permite una perfilometría con tecnología dual confocal e interferométrica. RESULTADOS. El CP aumentó significativamente la rugosidad en el parámetro Ra y RMS con hipoclorito al 2,5%, ácido cítrico al 10% y al 20% y con suero fisiológico. El análisis de Tukey respecto a Ra, RMS y PV mostró que había diferencias cuando el ácido cítrico al 20% actuó sobre CP o sobre MTA, variando más en el CP. El pH mostró mayor alcalinidad en suero fisiológico sobre el MTA a los 15’ y a los 60’. La conductividad del hipoclorito al 2,5% en contacto con el MTA aumentó ligeramente a los 15 minutos y disminuyó a los 60’, en cambio sobre CP disminuyó progresivamente en el tiempo. En el hipoclorito al 5% se observó un aumento de la conductividad a los 15’ y una disminución a los 60’ en ambos cementos, con mayor disminución para CP. En ácido cítrico al 10 y al 20 % los dos cementos disminuyen la conductividad en todos los tiempos con valores superiores de disminución para CP. En EDTA se observa un aumento de la conductividad a los 60’ en el cemento de MTA. En todas las muestras había una disminución estadísticamente significativa del peso después de introducir la muestra con el irrigante. El análisis de Tukey indicó que había diferencias entre MTA vs CP con ác. cítrico 20%, habiendo más pérdida de peso en CP. El irrigante que causó más solubilidad en CP fue el ácido cítrico al 20%. El irrigante que causó más solubilidad en MTA fue el ácido cítrico al 10%. CONCLUSIONES. 1) La rugosidad superficial se observó modificada en CP por los irrigantes utilizados con valores estadísticamente significativos, mientras que en ProRoot MTA® la rugosidad se modificó escasamente y en este caso los resultados no eran estadísticamente significativos. 2) Se observaron unos valores más altos de pH en ProRoot MTA® que en el CP tratados con suero fisiológico a los 15 y a los 60 minutos siendo los resultados estadísticamente significativos. 3) El cemento de ProRoot MTA® alcanzó niveles más altos de conductividad que el CP y se mantuvo en el tiempo con resultados estadísticamente significativos tanto en el periodo de 0 a 15 minutos como de 0 a 60 minutos. 4) La solubilidad de CP fue más elevada que la del ProRoot MTA® independientemente del irrigante utilizado, siendo estos resultados estadísticamente significativos. 5) Como consecuencia de las conclusiones anteriores se deriva una conclusión final: El ProRoot MTA® cambió menos que el CP en contacto con los irrigantes usados habitualmente en endodoncia.<br>INTRODUCTION. The mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland (CP) cement are compared frequently in research studies because of their similar chemical composition and may be affected with different irrigating solutions used in endodontics. HYPOTHESIS. The surface roughness, pH, conductivity and solubility of MTA and Portland (CP) cement vary with irrigants used in endodontics. OBJECTIVES. To determine the surface roughness, pH, conductivity and solubility after the immersion of the MTA and the CP at different irrigants. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The number of samples exposed to each type of irrigant was 15. Therefore, a total of 420 samples, 210 for each type of cement (Portland Cement white and ProRoot MTA® white) were studied. The irrigants selected were the following: 5% sodium hypochlorite and 2.5% citric acid 20% and 10%, 2% chlorhexidine, 17% EDTA, and saline as control. The study of surface roughness was performed using the Leica DCM 3D, which enables profilometry whit dual technology confocal and interferometric. RESULTS. The CP significantly increased in roughness parameter Ra and RMS 2.5% hypochlorite, 10% citric acid, 20% citric acid and saline. Tukey analysis regarding Ra, RMS and PV showed that there were differences when 20% citric acid acted on CP or MTA, varying more in the CP. The pH in MTA and PC showed a greater alkalinity in saline with MTA at 15 minutes and 60 minutes with statistical significance. MTA cement reached higher levels of conductivity than CP with statistically significant values in both the period from 0 to 15 min. and from 0 to 60 min. The solubility of CP was higher than that of the MTA regardless of the irrigant used. Tukey analysis indicated that there were differences between CP vs AC MTA. citric 20%, with more weight loss with CP. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the results mentioned above, a final conclusion is reached: The MTA ProRoot changes less than CP when treated with the irrigants commonly used in endodontics.
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20

Molina, Julien. "Unsaturated polyesters synthesis for low viscosity and styrene-free resins." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR083.

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Les résines polyesters insaturées sont majoritairement utilisées dans le domaine des composites. Etant donnée la viscosité élevée de ces polyesters, il est nécessaire de les diluer avec un solvant réactif pour que la résine puisse être facilement appliquée. Le diluant réactif le plus couramment utilisé est le styrène. Les taux de dilutions sont environ de 35-39%. Cependant le styrène est étiqueté CMR et a fait l’objet d’une valeur limite d’exposition au 1er Janvier 2019. Il est donc nécessaire de réduire ou de changer de diluant réactif afin de respecter les nouvelles normes à venir. A cette fin, la structure chimique du polyester doit être optimisée via l’ajout de ramifications ou en compatibilisant la résine avec le diluant réactif. Afin de comprendre ce qui régit la viscosité d’un polymère en solution, l’étude des paramètres d’Hansen des polyesters insaturés a été menée à la fois par une détermination théorique ainsi qu’expérimentale. Une vingtaine de polyesters de structures chimiques ou masses moléculaires différentes ont été synthétisés puis leurs paramètres d’Hansen ont été mesurés via le logiciel HSPiP. La méthode QSPR a été appliquée afin de corréler l’impact de chaque monomère utilisé sur les paramètres d’Hansen du polymère. Par la même méthode QSPR, une étude de l’influence de chaque monomère sur la température de transition vitreuse des polyesters synthétisés a été réalisée. La méthode QSPR a donné des résultats très satisfaisants. Par contre la viscosité d’un polymère en solution n’étant pas un phénomène multilinéaire n’est pas corrélable par QSPR. Une méthode innovante de corrélation basée sur un réseau neuronal, a été mise en place et s’est avérée adaptée. L’étude du nombre de neurones, du nombre et de la qualité des descripteurs a permis de mettre au point un outil de prédiction de la viscosité relativement fiable vis-à-vis du nombre de données disponibles pour l’apprentissage du réseau neuronal. De plus, l’impact de chaque descripteur sur la viscosité est quantifié grâce au réseau neuronal. La compréhension de ces différents paramètres a été utilisée pour la mise au point d’une résine polyester insaturée moins visqueuse tout en gardant des propriétés mécaniques équivalentes dans le styrène par rapport à une résine « référence » vendue dans le groupe Mäder. Différents monomères ont été utilisés pour changer la structure chimique de ces polyesters. Ces polyesters ont été par la suite caractérisés par SEC, DSC, HR-MS. La viscosité en solution ainsi que les propriétés mécaniques des résines réticulées ont été mesurées. Une résine deux fois moins visqueuse par rapport à la résine référence à taux de dilution égal dans le styrène a été obtenue. Cette résine est désormais en cours d’industrialisation au sein du groupe Mäder. Parallèlement, des travaux ont été menés sur le développement d'une résine sans styrène. Afin de rendre les polyesters insaturés compatibles avec d'autres monomères, il a fallu modifier leur structure chimique afin de permettre une meilleure réticulation. Des résines sans styrène et sans odeur ont été développées au cours de cette thèse<br>The unsaturated polyester resins are mainly used in composites materials field. Given the high viscosity of these polyesters, it is necessary to dilute them with a reactive diluent so that the resin can be easily applied. The most commonly used reactive diluent is styrene. Dilution rates are approximately 35-39%. However styrene is labelled CMR and is subject to an exposure limit value as of 1 January 2019.It is therefore necessary to reduce or change the reactive diluent in order to meet the new standards to come. For this purpose, the chemical structure of the polyester must be optimized by compatibilizing the resin with the reactive diluent. In order to understand what governs the viscosity of a polymer in solution, the study of Hansen parameters of unsaturated polyesters was conducted by both theoretical and experimental determination. Twenty polyesters of different chemical structures or molecular weights were synthesized and their Hansen parameters were measured using HSPiP software. The QSPR method was applied to correlate the impact of each monomer used on the Hansen parameters of the polymer. By the same method QSPR, a study of the influence of each monomer on the glass transition temperature of the synthesized polyesters was carried out. The QSPR method gave very satisfactory results. As the viscosity of a polymer in solution is not a multilinear phenomenon it cannot be predicted by QSPR. An innovative method of correlation based on a neural network, has been put in place and has proved suitable. The study of the number of neurons, the number and the quality of the descriptors allowed to develop a relatively reliable viscosity prediction tool with respect to the number of data available for learning the neural network. In addition, the impact of each descriptor on the viscosity is quantified through the neural network. The understanding of these different parameters was used for the development of a less viscous unsaturated polyester resin while retaining equivalent mechanical properties in styrene compared to a 'reference' resin sold in the Mäder group. Different monomers have been used to change the chemical structure of these polyesters. These polyesters were subsequently characterized by SEC, DSC and HR-MS. Solution viscosity and mechanical properties of the crosslinked resins were measured. A resin that is two times less viscous with respect to the reference resin with a similar dilution ratio in styrene has been obtained. This resin is now being industrialized within the Mäder group. In parallel, work has been carried out on the development of a styrene-free resin. In order to make the unsaturated polyesters compatible with alternative monomers, their chemical structure had to be changed in order to allow better crosslinking. Styrene-free and odorless resins have been developed during this thesis
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21

Brockbank, Sarah Ann. "Aqueous Henry's Law Constants, Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients, and Water Solubility: Critically Evaluated Database, Experimental Analysis, and Prediction Methods." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3691.

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A database containing Henry's law constants, infinite dilution activity coefficients and solubility data of industrially important chemicals in aqueous systems has been compiled. These properties are important in predicting the fate and transport of chemicals in the environment. The structure of this database is compatible with the existing DIPPR® 801 database and DIADEM interface, and the compounds included are a subset of the compounds found in the DIPPR® 801 database. Thermodynamic relationships, chemical family trends, and predicted values were carefully considered when designating recommended values. Henry's law constants and infinite dilution activity coefficients were measured for toluene, 1-butanol, anisole, 1,2-difluorobenzene, 4-bromotoluene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, and 2,4-dichlorotoluene in water using the inert gas stripping method at ambient pressure (approximately 12.5 psia) and at temperatures between 8°C and 50°C. Fugacity ratios, required to determine infinite dilution activity coefficients for the solid solutes, were calculated from literature values for the heat of fusion and the liquid and solid heat capacities. Chemicals were chosen based on missing or conflicting data from the literature. A first-order temperature-dependent group contribution method was developed to predict Henry's law constants of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and formats where none of the functional groups are attached directly to a benzene ring. Efforts to expand this method to include ester and ether groups were unsuccessful. Second-order groups were developed at a reference condition of 298.15 K and 100 kPa. A second-order temperature-dependent group contribution method was then developed for hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, ethers, and alcohols. These methods were compared to existing literature prediction methods.
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22

Molina, Julien. "Unsaturated polyesters synthesis for low viscosity and styrene-free resins." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R083.

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Les résines polyesters insaturées sont majoritairement utilisées dans le domaine des composites. Etant donnée la viscosité élevée de ces polyesters, il est nécessaire de les diluer avec un solvant réactif pour que la résine puisse être facilement appliquée. Le diluant réactif le plus couramment utilisé est le styrène. Les taux de dilutions sont environ de 35-39%. Cependant le styrène est étiqueté CMR et a fait l’objet d’une valeur limite d’exposition au 1er Janvier 2019. Il est donc nécessaire de réduire ou de changer de diluant réactif afin de respecter les nouvelles normes à venir. A cette fin, la structure chimique du polyester doit être optimisée via l’ajout de ramifications ou en compatibilisant la résine avec le diluant réactif. Afin de comprendre ce qui régit la viscosité d’un polymère en solution, l’étude des paramètres d’Hansen des polyesters insaturés a été menée à la fois par une détermination théorique ainsi qu’expérimentale. Une vingtaine de polyesters de structures chimiques ou masses moléculaires différentes ont été synthétisés puis leurs paramètres d’Hansen ont été mesurés via le logiciel HSPiP. La méthode QSPR a été appliquée afin de corréler l’impact de chaque monomère utilisé sur les paramètres d’Hansen du polymère. Par la même méthode QSPR, une étude de l’influence de chaque monomère sur la température de transition vitreuse des polyesters synthétisés a été réalisée. La méthode QSPR a donné des résultats très satisfaisants. Par contre la viscosité d’un polymère en solution n’étant pas un phénomène multilinéaire n’est pas corrélable par QSPR. Une méthode innovante de corrélation basée sur un réseau neuronal, a été mise en place et s’est avérée adaptée. L’étude du nombre de neurones, du nombre et de la qualité des descripteurs a permis de mettre au point un outil de prédiction de la viscosité relativement fiable vis-à-vis du nombre de données disponibles pour l’apprentissage du réseau neuronal. De plus, l’impact de chaque descripteur sur la viscosité est quantifié grâce au réseau neuronal. La compréhension de ces différents paramètres a été utilisée pour la mise au point d’une résine polyester insaturée moins visqueuse tout en gardant des propriétés mécaniques équivalentes dans le styrène par rapport à une résine « référence » vendue dans le groupe Mäder. Différents monomères ont été utilisés pour changer la structure chimique de ces polyesters. Ces polyesters ont été par la suite caractérisés par SEC, DSC, HR-MS. La viscosité en solution ainsi que les propriétés mécaniques des résines réticulées ont été mesurées. Une résine deux fois moins visqueuse par rapport à la résine référence à taux de dilution égal dans le styrène a été obtenue. Cette résine est désormais en cours d’industrialisation au sein du groupe Mäder. Parallèlement, des travaux ont été menés sur le développement d'une résine sans styrène. Afin de rendre les polyesters insaturés compatibles avec d'autres monomères, il a fallu modifier leur structure chimique afin de permettre une meilleure réticulation. Des résines sans styrène et sans odeur ont été développées au cours de cette thèse<br>The unsaturated polyester resins are mainly used in composites materials field. Given the high viscosity of these polyesters, it is necessary to dilute them with a reactive diluent so that the resin can be easily applied. The most commonly used reactive diluent is styrene. Dilution rates are approximately 35-39%. However styrene is labelled CMR and is subject to an exposure limit value as of 1 January 2019.It is therefore necessary to reduce or change the reactive diluent in order to meet the new standards to come. For this purpose, the chemical structure of the polyester must be optimized by compatibilizing the resin with the reactive diluent. In order to understand what governs the viscosity of a polymer in solution, the study of Hansen parameters of unsaturated polyesters was conducted by both theoretical and experimental determination. Twenty polyesters of different chemical structures or molecular weights were synthesized and their Hansen parameters were measured using HSPiP software. The QSPR method was applied to correlate the impact of each monomer used on the Hansen parameters of the polymer. By the same method QSPR, a study of the influence of each monomer on the glass transition temperature of the synthesized polyesters was carried out. The QSPR method gave very satisfactory results. As the viscosity of a polymer in solution is not a multilinear phenomenon it cannot be predicted by QSPR. An innovative method of correlation based on a neural network, has been put in place and has proved suitable. The study of the number of neurons, the number and the quality of the descriptors allowed to develop a relatively reliable viscosity prediction tool with respect to the number of data available for learning the neural network. In addition, the impact of each descriptor on the viscosity is quantified through the neural network. The understanding of these different parameters was used for the development of a less viscous unsaturated polyester resin while retaining equivalent mechanical properties in styrene compared to a 'reference' resin sold in the Mäder group. Different monomers have been used to change the chemical structure of these polyesters. These polyesters were subsequently characterized by SEC, DSC and HR-MS. Solution viscosity and mechanical properties of the crosslinked resins were measured. A resin that is two times less viscous with respect to the reference resin with a similar dilution ratio in styrene has been obtained. This resin is now being industrialized within the Mäder group. In parallel, work has been carried out on the development of a styrene-free resin. In order to make the unsaturated polyesters compatible with alternative monomers, their chemical structure had to be changed in order to allow better crosslinking. Styrene-free and odorless resins have been developed during this thesis
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23

Sauceau, Martial. "Mesure et modélisation de la solubilité des composés solides dans des fluides supercritiques: application à la génération de poudres." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1066.

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L'utilisation de la technologie supercritique pour la génération de poudres constitue une alternative aux procédés classiques. Une information primordiale pour la conception des procédés supercritiques est la connaissance du comportement thermodynamique de la solubilité des composés à cristalliser dans les phases supercritiques mises en jeu. Dans ce cadre, un nouvel appareillage de mesure précise de solubilité de composés solides dans des fluides supercritiques a été conçu et développé. Il est basé sur la méthode analytique à circuit ouvert. Sa validation a été obtenue sur la base de mesures de solubilité du naphtalène dans le dioxyde de carbone supercritique (CO2). Ce dispositif a été appliqué à l'étude d'un composé d'intérêt pharmaceutique. Sa solubilité a été mesurée dans le CO2 pur et dans des mélanges CO2-cosolvant (éthanol et diméthylsulfoxyde), pour différentes températures, pressions et fractions molaires des cosolvants. Ces données sont modélisées par des corrélations semi-empiriques, basées sur la densité de la phase supercritique. La densité est obtenue après le calcul d'équilibre de phases avec l'équation d'état de Peng-Robinson [1976]. Le modèle de Chrastil [1982] est étendu aux données avec cosolvant. L'expression de Mendez--Santiago et Teja [2000] permet la représentation de 1'ensemble des données au moyen d'une seule relation fonction de la densité, la température et la composition du mélange supercritique. L'ensemble de ces résultats permet de proposer une approche pour la conception des procédés supercritiques de génération de poudres (RESS, RESS avec cosolvant et SAS).
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24

Afzal, Waheed. "Equilibres de phases des systèmes glycol-gaz naturel." Paris, ENMP, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENMP1651.

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Suite à une demande sans précédente vis-à-vis des produits issus du gaz naturel, l'industrie du gaz doit exploiter des réserves de plus en plus riches en gaz acides. Par ailleurs, une grande attention est apportée à la protection de l'environnement, en raison des exigences des clients et de la promulgation de législations rigoureuses. L'industrie a été chargée de développer une stratégie globale pour améliorer ses procédés et sa capacité de production en pratiquant des économies d'énergie, des réductions des pertes, et une diminution de incidence de ses procédés sur l'environnement. La solution technologique à ces problèmes exige une connaissance fiable des équilibres entre phases des systèmes représentatifs des composants du gaz naturel, des produits chimiques liés à la production (inhibiteurs d'hydrate de gaz, de corrosion, et de moussage, etc. ) et des solvants employés pour les purifications de gaz (amines, glycols, etc. ) afin de développer et étendre les modèles thermodynamiques. Ces modèles doivent pouvoir être employés en vue de la conception des procédés et de leur optimisation. Le présent projet est consacré à l'étude des équilibres entre phases de divers systèmes contenant des espèces soufrées (COS, H2S), du dioxyde de carbone (CO2), des hydrocarbures, et des glycols. La tâche principale relative à cette étude est de fournir des valeurs expérimentales fiables d'équilibres “liquide-vapeur”. L'extension de modèles thermodynamiques fiables, capables de traiter des fluides complexes avec de fortes liaisons de type “hydrogène” (comme l'équation d'état Cubique-Plus-Association), est un autre aspect important de la présente étude<br>N the awake of demand for natural gas products, the gas industry has to exploit reserves having more and more acid gases. In the meanwhile, a great emphasis has been laid down on environmental protection because of both ‘customer requirements' and promulgation of stringent legislations. The industry is also required to develop an all-around strategy to improve the processing and capacity by adopting energy conservation practices, cutting short material losses, minimizing wastages, and decreasing the environmental impact of its processes. The engineering solutions of these problems require reliable phase equilibrium information of systems containing natural gas components, production chemicals (inhibitors for gas hydrate, corrosion, et foaming, etc. ) and solvents used for gas purifications (amines, glycols, etc. ) in order to develop and extend thermodynamic models. These models can be used for process design and optimization. The current work is devoted to study phase equilibria of various systems containing sulfur species (COS, H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons, and glycol aqueous solutions. The major task of the study is to provide the necessary reliable “vapor-liquid” equilibrium data, whereas, extension of a suitable thermodynamic model, capable of handling complex fluids with strong hydrogen bonding abilities, (like Cubic-Plus-Association equation of state) is another important objective of the study
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25

Contreras, Moreno Viviana. "Captage et valorisation du CO2 par voie chimique : application à la synthèse de carbonates cycliques à partir d’époxydes." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAM0021/document.

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L'utilisation du CO2 comme matière première pour la synthèse de produits à haute valeur ajoutée, comme les carbonates cycliques, est aujourd'hui l'une des alternatives proposées dans la réduction des émissions gazeuses à effet de serre. Ce travail de thèse vise à comprendre et concevoir un procédé de valorisation de CO2 à partir de la modélisation de la thermodynamique et des cinétiques de transfert de matière et de réactions, qui sont engendrées dans la synthèse de carbonates cycliques à partir des époxydes et un composé hétérocyclique comme catalyseur. Grâce à ce nouveau système, les carbonates cycliques très utilisés dans l'industrie de polymères, cosmétique ou pharmaceutique, sont obtenus avec de bons rendements, dans des conditions opératoires douces et en absence de solvants. Des propriétés thermodynamiques telles que la solubilité et la constante de Henry ont été estimées pour les systèmes binaires CO2/époxyde. L'étude du transfert de matière sans ou avec réactions a permis de déterminer respectivement le coefficient de transfert de matière en phase liquide et le régime de la réaction. Des suivis cinétiques ont été réalisés afin de proposer un modèle cinétique capable de représenter la réaction et d'estimer les paramètres cinétiques. Ces derniers ont été utilisés pour la conception préliminaire et la simulation du procédé de production du carbonate d' épichlorohydrine sur Aspen Hysys<br>Today, the utilisation of CO2 as raw material for the synthesis of high-value added products like cyclic carbonates, is one of the alternatives used for reducing greenhouse gases. This thesis aims to understand and design a CO2 valorisation process by modelling the thermodynamic and the mass transfer/reaction kinetics generated during the cyclic carbonates synthesis from CO2, epoxides and a heterocyclic compound as catalyst. By using this new catalytic system, cyclic carbonates, which are used in the polymeric, pharmaceutic or cosmetic industry, can be produced with good yields at low temperatures and pressures and without any solvent. Thermodynamic properties as solubility and Henry's law constant have been estimated for CO2/epoxide binary systems. Mass transfer occurring without and with reaction has been studied in order to determine respectively the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the reaction regime. A kinetic study has been performed to propose a model able to represent the reaction and to estimate the kinetic parameters. This information has been used in the design and the simulation of the production process of epichlorohydrin carbonate on Aspen Hysys
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26

Simonin, Jean-Pierre. "Influence d'un champ sur la diffusion en milieu liquide : étude de quelques aspects stochastiques et expérimentaux." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066611.

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Calcul de la constante cinétique dans le cadre d'un modèle de barrière de potentiel : passage en revue des théories existantes. Proposition d'une méthode pour le cas des barrières basses. Présentation d'une technique de mesure des coefficients de diffusion, application à l'étude de la diffusion couplée d'électrolytes. Combinaison avec la méthode de l'électrode tournante. Application à la mesure des constantes cinétiques d'extraction.
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27

Courtial, Xavier. "Détermination de coefficients de partage et de limites de solubilité du méthanol dans des mélanges liquides comportant azote et hydrocarbure(s) aux conditions opératoires des unités de fractionnement du gaz naturel." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005035.

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Après le traitement du gaz naturel, le méthanol est présent sous forme de traces. Notre objectif est de déterminer les propriétés thermodynamiques des mélanges “hydrocarbure(s) – méthanol“ aux conditions opératoires rencontrées lors du fractionnement du gaz naturel, à hautes et basses températures. En effet, les industries peuvent être pénalisées financièrement lorsque la teneur finale en méthanol dépasse 50 ppm molaire. Pour cela, nous souhaitons connaître les équilibres entre phases aux conditions spécifiques régnant dans ces unités. Peu de données existent pour de si faibles teneurs en méthanol. De plus, les modèles thermodynamiques utilisables sur l'ensemble du domaine de compositions ne permettent pas de représenter correctement les équilibres à dilution infinie. Un appareillage, basé sur une technique "statique-analytique" avec échantillonnages des phases et analyse par CPG est utilisé. A hautes températures, nous avons déterminé les coefficients de partage du méthanol. L'appareillage a été adapté au cours du temps, afin d'améliorer la quantification de traces de méthanol (inférieures à 1 000 ppm). Une procédure d'étalonnage originale tenant compte de l'adsorption du méthanol dans les circuits d'analyse a été mise au point. Les nouvelles mesures montrent qu'à l'incertitude expérimentale près, la pression totale du système ainsi que le coefficient de partage du méthanol sont seulement fonctions de la température. Les constantes de la loi de Henry ainsi que les coefficients d'activité à dilution infinie du méthanol sont calculés. A basses températures, nous souhaitons déterminer les valeurs limites de solubilité du méthanol dans les mélanges liquides : azote - hydrocarbure(s). Un appareillage est en cours d'adaptation pour réaliser ces mesures. Les nouvelles données serviront de bases au développement des simulateurs de procédés de fractionnement, en vue d'estimer le plus précisément possible les teneurs en méthanol dans les hydrocarbures produits.
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28

Lindberg, Jonas. "Electrochemical Investigation of the Reaction Mechanism in Lithium-Oxygen Batteries." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217533.

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Lithium-oxygen batteries, also known as Lithium-air batteries, could possibly revolutionize energy storage as we know. By letting lithium react with ambient oxygen gas very large theoretical energy densities are possible. However, there are several challenges remaining to be solved, such as finding suitable materials and understanding the reaction, before the lithium-oxygen battery could be commercialized. The scope of this thesis is focusing on the latter of these challenges. Efficient ion transport between the electrodes is imperative for all batteries that need high power density and energy efficiency. Here the mass transport properties of lithium ions in several different solvents was evaluated. The results showed that the lithium  mass transport in electrolytes based on the commonly used lithium-oxygen battery solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was very similar to that of conventional lithium-ion battery electrolytes. However, when room temperature ionic liquids were used the performance severely decreased. Addition of Li salt will effect the oxygen concentration in DMSO-based electrolytes. The choice of lithium salt influenced whether the oxygen concentration increased or decreased. At one molar salt concentration the highest oxygen solubility was 68 % larger than the lowest one. Two model systems was used to study the electrochemical reaction: A quartz crystal microbalance and a cylindrical ultramicroelectrode. The combined usage of these systems showed that during discharge soluble lithium superoxide was produced. A consequence of this was that not all discharge product ended up on the electrode surface. During discharge the cylindrical ultramicroelectrodes displayed signs of passivation that previous theory could not adequately describe. Here the passivation was explained in terms of depletion of active sites. A mechanism was also proposed. The O2 and Li+ concentration dependencies of the discharge process were evaluated by determining the reactant reaction order under kinetic and mass transport control. Under kinetic control the system showed non-integer reaction orders with that of oxygen close to 0.5 suggesting that the current determining step involves adsorption of oxygen. At higher overpotentials, at mass transport control, the reaction order of lithium and oxygen was zero and one, respectively. These results suggest that changes in oxygen concentration will influence the current more than that of lithium. During charging not all of the reaction product was removed. This caused an accumulation when several cycles was examined. The charge reaction pathway involved de-lithiation and bulk oxidation, it also showed an oxygen concentration dependence.<br>Litiumsyrebatteriet, även känt som litiumluftbatteriet, kan potentiellt revolutionera vårt förhållande till energilagring. Genom att låta litium reagera med syrgas från luften kan teoretiskt höga energitätheter uppnås. Dock så behöver många problem lösas, så som att hitta lämpliga elektrod- och elektrolytmaterial samt att få en ökad förståelse för reaktionsmekanismen, innan litiumsyrebatteriet kan kommersialiseras. Den här avhandlingen behandlar de sistnämnda av dessa problem. För att ett batteri ska kunna leverera hög effekttäthet och energieffektivitet krävs en effektiv jontransport mellan elektroderna. Här utvärderades masstransporten hos flera olika elektrolyter. Resultatet visade att masstransporten av litium i en litiumsyrebatterielektrolyt (baserad på dimetylsulfoxid (DMSO)) är likvärdig med en konventionell litiumjonbatterielektrolyt. När elektrolyter baserade på jonvätskor användes uppvisades väldigt stora energiförluster. När litiumsalt tillsattes påverkades lösligheten av syre i DMSO-baserade elektrolyter. Vilken sorts litiumsalt som användes påverkade om lösligheten av syre ökade eller minskade. Vid en saltkoncentration på en molar var den högsta syrelösligheten 68 \% större än den lägsta. Två olika modellsystem används för att studera den elektrokemiska reaktionen: En elektrokemisk kvartskristallmikrovåg och en cylindrisk ultramikroelektrod. Vid kombinerad användning av dessa system påvisades att löslig litiumsuperoxid bildades vid urladdningen. Följden av detta blev att endast delar av urladdningsprodukten hamnade på elektroden. Vid urladdning visade ultramikroelektroderna tecken på passivering som inte kunde beskrivas av tidigare teori. Här föreslås att passiveringen uppstår på grund av en blockering av de aktiva säten där reaktionen fortskrider. För denna process föreslås även en detaljerad mekanism. Urladdningsprocessens koncentrationsberoende utvärderades genom att bestämma reaktionsordningen för syre och litium under kinetisk- och masstransport kontroll. Under kinetisk kontroll fanns inga heltalsreaktionsordningar, för syre var reaktionsordningen nära 0.5 vilket föreslår att det reaktionssteg som bestämmer strömstorleken innefattar en adsorption av syre. Vid högre överpotentialer, då systemet var under masstransportkontroll, var reaktionsordningarna för litium och syre noll respektive ett. Detta föreslår att ändringar i syrekoncentration påverkar strömmen betydligt mer än vad det gör för litium. Under uppladdning kunde inte all reaktionsprodukt avlägsnas från elektroden. Detta ledde till en ackumulation då flera cykler studerades. Uppladdningens delsteg innefattade en delitiering följt av en oxidation av reaktionsproduktbulken. Denna process uppvisade även ett syrekoncentrationsberoende.<br><p>QC 20171114</p>
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29

Sezgin, Jean-Gabriel. "Modélisation de la formation des décohésions dues à l’hydrogène dans l’acier 18MND5." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM006/document.

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Les viroles en acier microallié 18MND5, destinées aux générateurs de vapeur, présentent une composition hétérogène à plusieurs échelles. Un écart au procédé de fabrication ou une teneur en hydrogène excessive, peuvent conduire à la formation des Décohésions Dues à l’Hydrogène. Ces DDH résultent de la désorption de l’hydrogène interne lors du refroidissement jusqu’à température ambiante. La pression interne n’étant pas mesurables expérimentalement, une modélisation du phénomène est requise. Afin de préciser les mécanismes sous-jacents, il est proposé un scénario de formation de ces défauts s’appuyant conjointement sur une expertise et la modélisation des processus de diffusion-désorption-propagation. Les observations ont révélé une corrélation entre les DDH, les zones ségrégées et les amas de MnS (sites préférentiels d’initiation). Un modèle de diffusion dans un milieu hétérogène a été proposé afin d’évaluer la pression interne associée. La pression maximale excède ainsi 8600 bar en considérant une loi d’Abel-Noble optimisée du gaz réel. Le couplage de ce modèle avec la mécanique de la rupture a permis de quantifier l’évolution des paramètres relatifs à la propagation (pression interne, taille finale, vitesse, …). Un scénario de formation des DDH industriel a ainsi pu être formulé sur la base d’une étude paramétrique. Bien que les simulations préliminaires corroborent le retour d’expérience, le modèle raffiné et la prise en compte du gonflement de la DDH semblent sous-estimer la cinétique. Le caractère multi-fissuré des amas de MnS (homogénéisation des propriétés mécaniques) associé à un critère de rupture à l’échelle locale permettrait d’ajuster ce modèle<br>Heat generators are manufactured from ingots of 18MND5 (A508cl3) low alloy steel and present composition heterogeneities at different scales. Under specific conditions (non-respect of guidelines or high initial content of H), Hydrogen Induced Cracks (HIC) may result from diffusion-desorption of internal hydrogen during cooling down to room temperature. Since neither hydrogen redistribution nor its internal pressure within cavities could be measured by experimental techniques, quantitative investigation is based on the modelling of related physical phenomena. A scenario of HIC formation, based on industrial feedback and modelling, has been proposed. A correlation between these defects, segregated areas and clusters of MnS (preferred initiation sites) has been revealed by expertise of HIC. A model of diffusion in heterogeneous alloys has then been proposed to assess the maximal pressure of H2 in such HIC. Simulation has shown that internal pressures above 860MPa are reached by considering an optimized Abel-Noble real gas behavior. The previous model has then been coupled to a failure mechanics procedure to characterize and quantify the crack growth parameters. Based on a parametric study, a scenario of HIC formation during the cooling has been proposed regarding process. Although results from preliminary simulations matched with feedback, the refined model based on the pressure induced elastic deformation of HIC has been developed but provided an underestimated kinetic of crack growth. Consequently, the multi-cracked nature of MnS clusters (homogenization of mechanical properties) and the updated local failure criterion appear to be a viable path to adjust predictions
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30

Varet, Guillaume. "Caractérisation des bruts lourds en présence de solvant." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3007/document.

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La croissance de la demande en produits pétroliers (essence et gazole), en particulier dans les pays développés, et la nature limitée des ressources pétrolières conduisent l’industrie pétrolière à s’intéresser de plus en plus à l’exploitation et la transformation des huiles lourdes et extra-lourdes. Leurs propriétés non conventionnelles du fait de leur forte composition en asphaltènes (particules définies comme l'ensemble de constituants insolubles dans le n-heptane et solubles dans le toluène) nécessitent la mise en oeuvre de procédés de plus en plus sophistiqués à toutes les étapes de leur exploitation et de leur production. Ces bruts, situés principalement au Canada et au Venezuela, sont caractérisés par leur forte viscosité de 1 à 55 Pa.s (1 000 cP à 55 000 cP), qui rend leur transport en surface impossible dans leur état naturel. Le développement de solutions technologiques nouvelles repose sur une meilleure connaissance des propriétés thermo- physiques et du comportement colloïdal de ces produits.Les méthodes de caractérisation expérimentale et de modélisation utilisées pour les bruts conventionnels sont inadaptées pour les bruts lourds et extra lourds. La caractérisation PVT des bruts lourds fait l’objet de nombreux travaux à l’heure actuelle. Les propriétés à déterminer sont les équilibres de phase et les propriétés thermo physiques des phases en équilibre. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour objectifs principaux le développement de méthodes expérimentales et de modèles adaptés aux bruts lourds et aux procédés de récupération envisagés pour ces bruts (production froide, injection de solvant VAPEX, injection de vapeur SAGD, etc...)<br>Due to increasing demand for fuel, in particular for developed countries, and the limited nature of reserves, petroleum industry is, and will, growing concerned by the heavy and and extra-heavy oil processing. The non-conventional properties of these oils (due to a high asphaltene composition) require specific engineering solutions during the different steps of their processing. These crudes, mainly localized in Canada and Venezuela, are characterized by their strong viscosity, from 1 up to 55 Pa.s, which makes their transport to earth surface impossible. The development of new technological solutions is based on a better knowledge of the thermophysical properties and the colloidal behavior of these products. The methods of experimental characterization and modelling used for the conventional crudes are unsuited for both heavy and extra heavy crudes. To date, characterization PVT of heavy crudes is the subject of numerous studies. The properties to be determined are balances of phase and thermophysical properties of the equilibrium cycles. In this context, the main objectives of this thesis are not only the development of experimental methods and models suitable for heavy crudes, but also the recovery processes envisaged for these crudes (cold production, VAPEX process, SAGD process, etc…)
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31

Calvignac, Brice. "Mise au point de méthodes de caractérisation de binaires en milieu supercritique et modélisation des propriétés physiques et thermodynamiques mesurées." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005862.

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Depuis une vingtaine d'années, l'utilisation de la technologie des fluides supercritiques suscite un grand intérêt comme alternative aux techniques conventionnelles pour de nombreuses applications telles que l'extraction, le fractionnement, la génération de particules, la chromatographie et la réaction chimique. Cependant, le développement de ce type de procédés nécessite au préalable de caractériser les propriétés du milieu considéré tel que le comportement thermodynamique des phases du point de vue de leurs compositions à l'équilibre et de leur caractéristiques thermophysiques telles que la viscosité, la densité, la diffusivité et l'expansion volumique. De plus, la connaissance de ces propriétés est essentielle à la compréhension des mécanismes des processus mis en jeu mais malencontreusement insuffisante dans la littérature. C'est dans ce contexte que ces travaux de thèse ont été réalisé et ont permis de développer des techniques de caractérisation de propriétés thermophysiques adaptées à la haute pression telles que la viscosimétrie à chute de bille, la mesure de densité utilisant la technologie du tube vibrant et la mesure de solubilité par analyse gravimétrique. Les investigations ont été uniquement menées sur la phase liquide de systèmes binaires très variés du point de vue de la nature physico-chimique des constituants : CO2-DMSO, CO2-PEG400 et CO2-beurre de cacao. Ce travail de thèse a également été consacré à la modélisation de ces propriétés au moyen d'équations d'état et de modèles empiriques ajustés sur les résultats expérimentaux. Développement d'un dispositif de mesure d'équilibre de phase Liquide-Vapeur Cette technique analytique a été développée pour mener des investigations sous haute pression (jusqu'à 35 MPa) de systèmes binaires composés d'une phase liquide (ou fondu) et d'une phase vapeur. Le dispositif a été validé en comparant les résultats obtenus sur le système DMSO-CO2, avec ceux de la littérature. Cet appareillage permet simultanément de déterminer la densité (au moyen d'un densimètre utilisant la technologie du tube vibrant) et la composition d'une phase, en l'occurrence ici la phase liquide, déterminée par analyse gravimétrique. Cette méthode est basée sur le prélèvement dans une cellule de mesure placée sur une balance de précision. L'échantillon de la phase liquide du système étudié, est prélevé dans des conditions de pression et de températures fixées et maintenues constantes lors de l'opération. La séparation des composés est obtenue après dépressurisation de la cellule et la quantité de CO2 initialement dissoute est ainsi déterminée par différence par rapport à la masse de l'échantillon prélevé. Développement d'un viscosimètre à chute de bille Ce dispositif a été spécifiquement conçu pour effectuer de mesures de viscosité sous pression. L'enceinte contenant le viscosimètre est une grande enceinte cylindrique. Les conditions maximales de pression et de température sont respectivement de 44 MPa et 200 °C. La technique est basée sur l'observation de la chute d'une bille d'aluminium (2 mm de diamètre) dans un tube en verre (2.1 mm de diamètre et 20 cm de longueur) au moyen d'une caméra rapide (30 à 500 images/s) au travers des hublots en saphir de l'enceinte. La vitesse terminale de chute permettant de déduire la viscosité du fluide considéré, est déterminée par analyse d'image des films capturés au moyen d'un outil spécialement conçu sous Matlab®. En première approximation, l'écoulement du fluide dans le tube peut-être considéré de type Poiseuille et laminaire. Un bilan de quantité de mouvement sur le fluide permet d'en déduire une définition simplifiée de la viscosité. Cette estimation de la viscosité permet d'initialiser des calculs CFD réalisés par la méthode des éléments finis sous Comsol® Multiphysics. En outre ces calculs ont permis d'estimer le terme correctif tenant compte de la forme spécifique du champ de vitesse à proximité de la bille.
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32

Prabhakar, Rajeev Satish Freeman B. D. "Low hydrocarbon solubility polymers plasticization-resistant membranes for carbon dioxide removal from natural gas /." 2004. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/1646/prabhakarr92852.pdf.

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Prabhakar, Rajeev Satish. "Low hydrocarbon solubility polymers: plasticization-resistant membranes for carbon dioxide removal from natural gas." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1646.

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34

Blagden, Nicholas, Matas Marcel de, Pauline T. Gavan, and Peter York. "Crystal engineering of active pharmaceutical ingredients to improve solubility and dissolution rates." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4844.

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no<br>The increasing prevalence of poorly soluble drugs in development provides notable risk of new products demonstrating low and erratic bioavailabilty with consequences for safety and efficacy, particularly for drugs delivered by the oral route of administration. Although numerous strategies exist for enhancing the bioavailability of drugs with low aqueous solubility, the success of these approaches is not yet able to be guaranteed and is greatly dependent on the physical and chemical nature of the molecules being developed. Crystal engineering offers a number of routes to improved solubility and dissolution rate, which can be adopted through an in-depth knowledge of crystallisation processes and the molecular properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This article covers the concept and theory of crystal engineering and discusses the potential benefits, disadvantages and methods of preparation of co-crystals, metastable polymorphs, high-energy amorphous forms and ultrafine particles. Also considered within this review is the influence of crystallisation conditions on crystal habit and particle morphology with potential implications for dissolution and oral absorption.
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Liao, Jia-Lin, and 廖家麟. "Low solubility blue fluorescence and high efficiency Os(II) red phosphorescence organic light-emitting diode in small molecule solution process." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r7nxh4.

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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>物理研究所<br>102<br>The dissertation aims to successfully coat small molecule organic solution of low solubility by blade coating on a hot plate at different temperature, and fabricate blue fluorescence organic light-emitting diode with volatile solvent and different charge transporting layers in host-guest system of EB47 and EB515. We compared the variations in different device structures, and reduced the slight dissolution before tuning various thicknesses of organic films. The optimal device structure is 2,7-disubstituted fluorene-based triaryldiamine (VB-FNPD) and 2,2',2"-(1,3,5-benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole) (TPBi) as hole transporting layer and electron transporting layer, respectively. Current efficiency of 3.4 cd/A, and external quantum efficiency of 1.6%, and luminance of 8,100 cd/m2 are achieved in this device structure. In the other experiment, we fabricated red phosphorescence organic light-emitting diodes in the same device structure and process of literature. The only variation is electron transporting layer coated by blade-only technique in place of evaporating in vacuum. After optimizing the thickness of CsF, current efficiency of 7.7 cd/A, and external quantum efficiency of 6.6%, and luminance of 920 cd/m2 are achieved in host-guest system of 4,4',4"-tris-(N-carbazolyl)-triphenylamine (TCTA) and [Os(btfp)2(pp2b)] (Osmium complex 2). The efficiency is over 40 percent of original evaporation process.
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Nasrifar, K., and Nejat Rahmanian. "High-pressure solubility of light gases in heavy n-alkanes from apredictive equation of state: Incorporating Henry’s law constant intobinary interaction parameter." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10316.

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No<br>Using fugacity coefficient of a cubic equation of state, Henry’s law constant of a solute in a solvent isincorporated into binary interaction parameter of the classical attractive parameter mixing rule. Thedeveloped equation is a function of temperature. The binary interaction parameter is evaluated by purecomponent critical properties and acentric factors of the solute and the solvent and the Henry’s lawconstant of the solute in the solvent. The developed model accurately describes the solubility of gasesincluding methane, ethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide in heavy n-alkanes from lowto high pressure for wide range of temperature. The solubility of methane and carbon dioxide in wateris also predicted adequately.
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37

Mazzini, Virginia. "Specific ion effects in non-aqueous solutions." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144595.

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Electrolyte solutions play a central role in life and technological processes because of their complexity. This complexity is yet to be described by a predictive theory of the specific effects that different ions induce in solution. The vast majority of investigations of specific-ion effects have been conducted in aqueous solutions. These studies have revealed that amongst the complexity, the effectiveness of the ions often follow trends that are apparent across a number of very different experiments, revealing an underlying order (e.g. the Hofmeister series). It is often assumed that water itself is intricately involved in these trends. Here I investigate specific-ion effects in non-aqueous solvents rather than water. By extending the investigation to a number of non-aqueous solvents, the role of the solvent in specific-ion effect trends can be elucidated and a better understanding of the general phenomenon gained. Firstly, a more definite terminology is developed for describing the specific-ion effects trends in order to address the current confusion in the literature and provide a basis for the following investigations. An extensive investigation of the scarce literature demonstrates that water is by no means a special solvent with regards to ion-specificity, and that within the complexity there is universality. An investigation of electrostriction under the conditions of infinite dilution shows that the same fundamental specific ion trends are observed across all solvents, demonstrating that ion-specificity arises from the ions themselves. In this regard the influence of solvents, surfaces and real concentrations of electrolytes can be seen as perturbations to this fundamental series. Further work shows that for systems that are perturbed, the trends in non-aqueous protic solvents can be expected to follow the same trend in water; and in aprotic solvents the cations are more likely to adhere to the trend in water than the anions. My experimental work focuses on specific-anion effects of seven Hofmeister sodium salts in the solvents: water, methanol, formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and propylene carbonate. Two very different experiments were performed; the elution of electrolytes from a size-exclusion chromatography column and an investigation of the electrolyte moderated swelling of a cationic brush (PMETAC) using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM). The trends observed are consistent across these experiments. A forward or reverse Hofmeister series is observed in practically all salt-solvent combinations, and the reversal is attributed to the polarisability of the solvent. Finally, a qualitative model of ion specific trends is formulated, where the specific-ion effects are fundamentally a property of the ion, and the associated trends correspond to the Hofmeister series for anions and the lyotropic series for cations. When the concentration is increased, or surfaces introduced, the effects of ion-ion interactions and ion-surface interactions can perturb the fundamental series. The perturbation of the series is related to the proticity of the solvent for ion-ion interactions, whereas the polarisability of the solvent and ion are important when a surface is present. This work for the first time individuates the principal properties of the solvent that affect their ordering: proticity and polarisability.
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