Academic literature on the topic 'Low temperature physics[Cryogenics]'

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Journal articles on the topic "Low temperature physics[Cryogenics]"

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Gardner, J. B. "Low temperature engineering and cryogenics conference 1990 (LTEC 90)." Cryogenics 31, no. 3 (March 1991): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(91)90179-z.

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Musilova, V., P. Hanzelka, T. Kralik, and A. Srnka. "Low temperature radiative properties of materials used in cryogenics." Cryogenics 45, no. 8 (August 2005): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2004.11.010.

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SAXENA, ROHIT, ADITI SONI, S. N. SAXNA, S. S. RATHORE, and P. BARNWAL. "CRYOGENIC GRINDING: A PHYSICAL TECHNIQUE TO RETAIN VOLATILE CONTENT IN NATURAL PRODUCTS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 22 (January 2013): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513010714.

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Cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperature (below −150°C, −238°F or 123K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures. Similarly, cryogenic grinding is a term supported by the act of grinding a thing at very low temperature. This technique is generally used to grind the material, which contains heat labile constituents viz- volatile oils in seed spices. Due to high fat content in spices, heat is generated, while energy is used to fracture a particle into a smaller size in conventional grinding process. During the normal grinding process, this generated heat causes temperature rise of grinder upto 950C. The increased temperature is responsible for a loss of volatile content in the tune of about 30% and also produces dark colour powder. Generally, continuous operation is not possible in normal grinding process due to melting of fat and sticking of powder on the grinding surface. The loss of volatile content can be significantly reduced by cryogenic grinding technique using liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide that provides the refrigeration needed to pre-cool the spices and maintain the desired low temperature by absorbing the heat generated during the grinding operation. The extremely low temperature during grinder condenses the volatile matter and retains their presence in spices. The application of cryogenic technology for grinding of spices has been scientifically proved to be a suitable technique with negligible loss of volatile content and improved colour of oil and grinding operation of seeds.
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Bondarenko, S. I., and A. M. Kislov. "Cryogenics in space research:Developments of B. Verkin Institute for low-temperature physics and engineering of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 1, no. 1 (January 30, 1995): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit1995.01.080.

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Kwack, E. Y., P. Shakkottai, T. S. Luchik, K. M. Aaron, G. Fabris, and L. H. Back. "Hot Wire/Film Behavior in Low-Temperature Gases." Journal of Heat Transfer 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911893.

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Commercially available hot wires/films were used to measure the velocities of evaporated hydrogen or helium gas during cryogenic mixing experiments. Hot wires were found to be too delicate to use in this harsh environment. Hot films were rugged enough to use at cryogenic temperatures even though they failed after a number of thermal cycles. Since the hot films have small aspect ratios, 13.4 and 20, they are quite sensitive to the thermal loading, Tw/Tg, even with a correction for the conduction end loss. In general, although the increase of the Nusselt number with Reynolds number at low temperatures was similar to that at room temperature, there was also a pronounced variation with Tw/Tg over the large range of 1.2 to 12 investigated.
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Homulle, Harald, and Edoardo Charbon. "Cryogenic low-dropout voltage regulators for stable low-temperature electronics." Cryogenics 95 (October 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.08.006.

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WU, S. Y., Y. R. LI, and D. L. ZENG. "EXERGO-ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ON LOW TEMPERATURE HEAT EXCHANGER." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 01n03 (January 30, 2005): 517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028943.

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Based on the exergo-economic analysis of low temperature heat exchanger heat transfer and flow process, a new exergo-economic criterion which is defined as the net profit per unit heat flux for cryogenic exergy recovery low temperature heat exchangers is put forward. The application of criterion is illustrated by the evaluation of down-flow, counter-flow and cross-flow low temperature heat exchangers performance.
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OTA, S. B., and SMITA OTA. "THERMOMETRY BETWEEN 10–300 K USING GaAlAs DIODE." Modern Physics Letters B 14, no. 11 (May 10, 2000): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900000549.

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The forward characteristics of a cryogenic GaAlAs temperature sensor diode (Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.) have been presented in the temperature range 10–300 K and for fixed current values between 10 nA and 500 μA. The upturn in the forward characteristic below 35 K was found to shift to lower temperatures by reducing the current. The sensitivity at low temperature was found to reduce with current (I) according to a power law. The sensitivity at high temperature was found to increase linearly with decrease in lg (I).
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Obukhov, S. A., and V. N. Trofimov. "New Low-Temperature Thermistors InSb:Mn for Nuclear Cryogenic Detectors." Le Journal de Physique IV 06, no. C3 (April 1996): C3–169—C3–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1996326.

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Yang, L., X. D. Yuan, H. X. Deng, X. Xiang, W. G. Zheng, S. B. He, Y. Jiang, et al. "Influence of Ambient Temperature on Nanosecond and Picosecond Laser-Induced Bulk Damage of Fused Silica." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/308918.

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The nanosecond (ns) and picosecond (ps) pulsed laser-induced damage behaviors of fused silica under cryogenic and room temperature have been investigated. The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) and damage probability are used to understand the damage behavior at different ambient temperatures. The results show that the LIDTs for both ns and ps slightly increased at cryogenic temperature compared to that at room temperature. Meanwhile, the damage probability has an inverse trend; that is, the damage probability at low temperature is smaller than that at room temperature. A theoretical model based on heated crystal lattice is well consistent with the experimental results.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low temperature physics[Cryogenics]"

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Nichols, Timothy Robert. "Experiments on polarized and unpolarized dilute '3He-'4He solutions." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259335.

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Park, Jung Hyun. "Microstructure development and evolution of sputter deposited indium thin films in cryogenics." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Theses/PARK_JUNG-HYUN_51.pdf.

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Park, Jung Hyun Kim Dong Joo. "Microstructure development and evolution of sputter deposited indium thin films in cryogenics." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Theses/PARK_JUNG-HYUN_51.pdf.

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Witwicky, Julien. "Heat dissipation due to microvibrations in low temperature experiments." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293485.

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Ultra-sensitive photodetectors on-board space missions need very low temperatures to keep a good resolution. Cryo-coolers, such as pulse-tubes, help maintaining these conditions within a cryostat. In return however, they generate micro-vibrations. These micro-vibrations dissipate enough heat to cause temperature fluctuations at the detector's support, thus lowering the detector's resolution. The first objective is to establish a test bench almost from scratch. The test bench includes a dummy representing the detector's support. The next objectives is to verify that we can measure heat dissipation at the dummy, corresponding to very low values of power ; and finally, to find a link between mechanics and heat dissipation. The dummy consists of a mass suspended by Kevlar chords and is mounted on the cold plate of a cryostat. From the cryostat enclosure, we were able to generate micro-vibrations at the suspended mass and to carry out acceleration and temperature measurements. At 4 K, we were able to measure heat dissipation only around the suspended mass resonance modes. As a first quantitative result, we found that an acceleration of thousands µg (g is the gravitational acceleration) on the cold plate dissipates hundreds of nano-watts. However, these are preliminary results and we will need to improve the test bench for future measurement campaigns.
Ultrakänsliga fotodetektorer ombord rymduppdrag behover mycket låga temperaturer för att hålla en rätt upplösning. Kryokylare, såsom pulse-tubes, hjälper att upprätthålla dessa förhållanden i en kryostat. I gengäld genererar de dock mikrovibrationer. Dessa mikrovibrationer släpper ut tillräckligt med värme för att orsaka temperatursvängningar vid detektorns stöd, vilket sänker detektorns upplösning. Det första målet är att upprätta en testbänk från grunden. Testbänken innehåller en dummy som representerar detektorns stöd. Nästa mål är att kontrollera att vi kan mäta värmeavledning vid dummy, vilket motsvarar mycket låga effektvärden. Sista mål är att hitta en länk mellan mekanik och värmeavledning. Dummy består av en massa som är upphängd av Kevlar och är monterad på en kryostats kallplatta. Från kryostathöljet kunde vi generera mikrovibrationer vid den upphängda massan och genomföra accelerations- och temperaturmätningar. Vid 4 K kunde vi bara mäta värmeavledning runt upphängda massans resonanslägen. Som ett första kvantitativt resultat, upptäckte vi att en acceleration på tusentals µg (g är tyngdaccelerationen) på kylplattan försvinner hundratals nanowatt. Detta är dock preliminära resultat och vi kommer att behöva förbättra testbänken för framtida mätkampanjer.
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Piskorski, Julia Hege. "Cooling, Collisions and non-Sticking of Polyatomic Molecules in a Cryogenic Buffer Gas Cell." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13070052.

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We cool and study trans-Stilbene, Nile Red and Benzonitrile in a cryogenic (7K) cell filled with low density helium buffer gas. No molecule-helium cluster formation is observed, indicating limited atom-molecule sticking in this system. We place an upper limit of 5% on the population of clustered He-trans-Stilbene, consistent with a measured He-molecule collisional residence time of less than \(1 \mu s\). With several low energy torsional modes, trans-Stilbene is less rigid than any molecule previously buffer gas cooled into the Kelvin regime. We report cooling and gas phase visible spectroscopy of Nile Red, a much larger molecule. Our data suggest that buffer gas cooling will be feasible for a variety of small biological molecules. The same cell is also ideal for studying collisional relaxation cross sections. Measurements of Benzonitrile vibrational state decay results in determination of the vibrational relaxation cross sections of \(\sigma_{22} = 8x10^{-15} cm^2\) and \(\sigma_{21} = 6x10^{-15} cm^2\) for the 22 (v=1) and 21 (v=1) states. For the first time, we directly observe formation of cold molecular dimers in a cryogenic buffer gas cell and determine the dimer formation cross section to be \(\sim10^{-13} cm^2\).
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Pathak, Mihir Gaurang. "Periodic flow physics in porous media of regenerative cryocoolers." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49056.

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Pulse tube cryocoolers (PTC) are a class of rugged and high-endurance refrigeration systems that operate without moving parts at their low temperature ends, and are capable of reaching temperatures down to and below 123 K. PTCs are particularly suitable for applications in space, guiding systems, cryosurgery, medicine preservation, superconducting electronics, magnetic resonance imaging, weather observation, and liquefaction of gases. Applications of these cryocoolers span across many industries including defense, aerospace, biomedical, energy, and high tech. Among the challenges facing the PTC research community is the improvement of system efficiency, which is a direct function of the regenerator component performance. A PTC implements the theory of oscillatory compression and expansion of the gas within a closed volume to achieve desired refrigeration. An important deficiency with respect to the state of art models dealing with PTCs is the limited understanding of the hydrodynamic and thermal transport parameters associated with periodic flow of a cryogenic fluid in micro-porous structures. In view of the above, the goals of this investigation include: 1) experimentally measuring and correlating the steady and periodic flow Darcy permeability and Forchheimer’s inertial hydrodynamic parameters for available rare-Earth ErPr regenerator filler; 2) employing a CFD-assisted methodology for the unambiguous quantification of the Darcy permeability and Forchheimer’s inertial hydrodynamic parameters, based on experimentally measured steady and periodic flow pressure drops in porous structures representing recently developed regenerator fillers; and 3) performing a direct numerical pore-level investigation for steady and periodic flows in a generic porous medium in order to elucidate the flow and transport processes, and quantify the solid-fluid hydrodynamic and heat transfer parameters. These hydrodynamic resistances parameters were found to be significantly different for steady and oscillatory flows.
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Roberts, Anthony M. "Implementing a Piezoelectric Transformer for a Ferroelectric Phase Shifter Circuit." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1337025849.

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Luanje, Appolinaire Tifang. "INTEGRATED OPTICAL FIBER RAMAN SENSOR FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATION." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04042008-155057/.

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An integrated fiber optical Raman sensor was designed for real-time, non intrusive detection of liquid and gaseous mixtures at high pressure and high flow rates. The integrated sensor employs a high-power solid-state pumped Nd:YAG frequency doubled (532nm) laser (3W), a modified In Photonics Raman probe which has built-in Raman signal filter optics, and two high-resolution spectrometers and photomultiplier tubes (PMT) with selected bandpass filters to collect both N2 and O2 Raman signals. The detection unit was also integrated with Lab View software interfaced PMT modules for fast data acquisition.
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Barraclough, Jack Matthew. "Electrical transport properties of URhGe and BiPd at very low temperature." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6327.

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URhGe has garnered interest recently as one of the few known ferromagnetic superconductors. The superconductivity in this material appears to arise from magnetic fluctuations rather than phonons, and take a triplet form which is remarkably resistant to field. In this thesis, a number of measurements on the material are presented. Some probe the Fermiology, with strong evidence appearing for a model which as both light open sheets and heavy, small, closed pockets. The open sheets, associated with chains of real-space electron density running along the b axis, dominate the conductivity in most circumstances. Evidence for their existence arises from the general large and non-saturating magnetoresistance, and from the unusual observation of negative temperature coefficient of resistance at high fields. The closed pockets have provided a few Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, but mostly they remain inferred from the high specific heat γ and their role in the magnetism. In order to better probe the superconductivity, a high precision low noise DC resistance measurement bridge was built using a SQUID. Along with conventional measurements, this provides evidence that the two pockets of superconductivity on the phase diagram are the same phase. The re-entrance an be understood simply as a result of magnetic field being a tuning parameter, but also suppressing bulk superconductivity through orbital limiting. The SQUID bridge allowed the detection of domain wall superconductivity linking up these two pockets. The SQUID bridge was also used to study the highly structured superconducting transition in BiPd. This material lacks inversion symmetry in its crystal structure, so is a good candidate for unusual forms of superconductivity. Here again non-bulk superconductivity is considered the most likely cause for the structure. Unusual and distinctive IV curves have been measured, and a simple model of inhomogeneous conductivity channels with different critical currents is proposed as an explanation.
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Posavec, Tony. "An Investigation into the Fluorescence of Polymers." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1499353221343727.

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Books on the topic "Low temperature physics[Cryogenics]"

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Balshaw, N. H. Practical cryogenics: An introduction to laboratory cryogenics. Eynsham: Oxford Instruments, Scientific Research Division, 1996.

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Burton, Samuel R. M. Cryogenics demonstrations. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1996.

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Wigley, D. A. Basic cryogenics and materials. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1985.

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Helium cryogenics. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2012.

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Hayes, Allyson E. Cryogenics: Theory, processes, and applications. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Hoch, M. J. R., and R. H. Lemmer, eds. Low Temperature Physics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54923-4.

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Ventura, Guglielmo. The art of cryogenics: Low-temperature experimental techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.

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Ventura, Guglielmo. The art of cryogenics: Low-temperature experimental techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.

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Cryogenics. Cincinnati, OH: Hanser Gardner Publications, 1999.

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Experimental low temperature physics. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Low temperature physics[Cryogenics]"

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Skoczeń, Błażej T. "Applications: Accelerators for High Energy Physics and Cryogenics Transfer Lines." In Compensation Systems for Low Temperature Applications, 233–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06305-7_9.

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Kent, Anthony. "Reaching low temperatures, stage 1: 4He cryogenic systems, 300-1K." In Experimental low-temperature physics, 76–108. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22736-5_4.

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Kent, Anthony. "Reaching low temperatures, stage 2: 3He and 3He-4He cryogenic systems 1 K-1 mK." In Experimental low-temperature physics, 109–24. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22736-5_5.

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Ghibaudo, Gérard, and Francis Balestra. "Device Physics and Electrical Performance of Bulk Silicon Mosfets." In Device and Circuit Cryogenic Operation for Low Temperature Electronics, 3–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3318-1_2.

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Van Sciver, Steven W. "Low-Temperature Materials Properties." In Helium Cryogenics, 17–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0499-7_2.

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Van Sciver, Steven W. "Low-Temperature Materials Properties." In Helium Cryogenics, 17–58. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9979-5_2.

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Tidecks, Reinhard. "Low temperature techniques." In Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 9–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0048852.

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Kent, Anthony. "Introduction." In Experimental low-temperature physics, 1–11. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22736-5_1.

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Kent, Anthony. "Properties of solids at low temperatures." In Experimental low-temperature physics, 12–51. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22736-5_2.

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Kent, Anthony. "Properties of liquid helium." In Experimental low-temperature physics, 52–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22736-5_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Low temperature physics[Cryogenics]"

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Niemela, J. J., K. R. Sreenivasan, and R. J. Donnelly. "Cryogenic Buoyancy-Driven Turbulence." In LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics - LT24. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2354664.

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Zhou, Yihui, Vadim F. Mitin, Shu-chen Liu, Isaac Luria, Mario Padron, Ridvan Adjimambetov, and Gary G. Ihas. "Sub-millimeter Size Sensors for Measurements in Cryogenic Turbulence." In LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics - LT24. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2355331.

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Oszwaldowski, M., and T. Berus. "n-InSb/GaAs Thin Films for Cryogenic Hall Sensors." In LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics - LT24. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2355332.

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Wang, Suwen, R. P. Farley, J. H. Goebel, G. M. Keiser, J. A. Lipa, and J. P. Turneaure. "Initial Evaluation of the GP-B Cryogenic Telescope Performance in Orbit." In LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics - LT24. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2355327.

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Mitin, V. F., V. V. Kholevchuk, N. S. Boltovets, I. Yu Nemish, E. V. Mitin, E. F. Venger, F. Pavese, P. C. McDonald, and G. G. Ihas. "Review of Ge-GaAs Thermometers and Multisensors for Measurement of Temperature and Magnetic Field in Cryogenic Applications." In LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics - LT24. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2355317.

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Kugathasan, Ramshan. "A low-power mixed-signal ASIC for readout of SiPM at cryogenic temperature." In Topical Workshop on Electronics for Particle Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.370.0011.

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Ismail-Zade, Mamed, and Lev Sambursky. "SPICE MODELS OF SUB-MICRON CMOS MOSFETS IN THE CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE RANGE." In International Forum “Microelectronics – 2020”. Joung Scientists Scholarship “Microelectronics – 2020”. XIII International conference «Silicon – 2020». XII young scientists scholarship for silicon nanostructures and devices physics, material science, process and analysis. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1609.silicon-2020/229-232.

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This paper presents Low-T SPICE models of submicron MOSFETs, designed to calculate electronic circuits in the cryogenic temperature range (down to 4 K). The procedure for extracting the Low-T SPICE model parameters based on the measurement results or TCAD simulation of a standard set of I-V and C-V characteristics in the cryogenic temperature range has been developed.
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Tien, Chang-Lin, and A. J. Stretton. "Heat Transfer in Low-Temperature Insulation." In International Symposium on Heat and Mass Transfer in Refrigeration and Cryogenics. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.1986.intsymphmtinrefcryo.20.

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Bonivento, Walter Marcello. "Low radioactivity Argon and SiPM at cryogenic temperatures for the next generation dark matter searches." In The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.314.0482.

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Chen, Yuan, Lynett Westergard, Curtis Billman, Rosa Leon, Tuan Vo, Mark White, Mohammad Mojarradi, and Elizabeth Kolawa. "Cryogenic Reliability Impact on Analog Circuits at Extreme Low Temperatures." In 2007 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium Proceedings. 45th Annual. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/relphy.2007.369885.

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Reports on the topic "Low temperature physics[Cryogenics]"

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Henke, Burton L. Low Energy X-Ray and Electron Physics and Technology for High-Temperature Plasma Diagnostics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada206486.

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Shull, C. G. Low temperature and neutron physics studies: Final progress report, March 1, 1986--May 31, 1987. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5888142.

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Karstensen, Johannes, Alexandra Andrae, Ludwig Bitzan, Jakob Deutloff, Christiane Lösel, Paul J. Witting, Nils O. Niebaum, et al. Student cruise: Observing techniques for Physical Oceanographers Cruise No. AL529. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al529.

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Oct. 07 2019 – Oct. 10, 2019 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MNF-Pher-110The main purpose of the ALKOR cruise AL529 was the training of students in observational techniques applied by physical oceanographers. The students who participated in the trip attend the module "Measurement Methods of Oceanography" which is offered in the Bachelor program "Physics of the Earth System" at CAU Kiel. During the AL529 the students were instructed in instrument calibration and in the interpretation of measurement data at sea. In addition, the students had the opportunity to learn about working and living at sea and to explore and study the impact of physical processes in the western Baltic Sea, the sea at their doorstep. The observations show a quasi-synoptic picture of the hydrography and currents in the western Baltic Sea. Twice-repeated hydrographic and current sections across the Fehmarn Belt show well the short time scales where significant changes occur. A zonal section along the deepest topography, from about 10°40'E to 014°21'E, shows very nicely the two-layer system of outflowing low salinity and inflowing North Sea water. A bottom shield anchorage shows the currents in the water column and the near-bottom temperature and salinity variations in the Fehmarnbelt area.
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