Journal articles: 'Low temperature physics[Cryogenics]'

1

Gardner, J. B. "Low temperature engineering and cryogenics conference 1990 (LTEC 90)." Cryogenics 31, no. 3 (March 1991): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(91)90179-z.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Musilova, V., P. Hanzelka, T. Kralik, and A. Srnka. "Low temperature radiative properties of materials used in cryogenics." Cryogenics 45, no. 8 (August 2005): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2004.11.010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

SAXENA, ROHIT, ADITI SONI, S. N. SAXNA, S. S. RATHORE, and P. BARNWAL. "CRYOGENIC GRINDING: A PHYSICAL TECHNIQUE TO RETAIN VOLATILE CONTENT IN NATURAL PRODUCTS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 22 (January 2013): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513010714.

Full text

Abstract:

Cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperature (below −150°C, −238°F or 123K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures. Similarly, cryogenic grinding is a term supported by the act of grinding a thing at very low temperature. This technique is generally used to grind the material, which contains heat labile constituents viz- volatile oils in seed spices. Due to high fat content in spices, heat is generated, while energy is used to fracture a particle into a smaller size in conventional grinding process. During the normal grinding process, this generated heat causes temperature rise of grinder upto 950C. The increased temperature is responsible for a loss of volatile content in the tune of about 30% and also produces dark colour powder. Generally, continuous operation is not possible in normal grinding process due to melting of fat and sticking of powder on the grinding surface. The loss of volatile content can be significantly reduced by cryogenic grinding technique using liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide that provides the refrigeration needed to pre-cool the spices and maintain the desired low temperature by absorbing the heat generated during the grinding operation. The extremely low temperature during grinder condenses the volatile matter and retains their presence in spices. The application of cryogenic technology for grinding of spices has been scientifically proved to be a suitable technique with negligible loss of volatile content and improved colour of oil and grinding operation of seeds.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Bondarenko, S. I., and A. M. Kislov. "Cryogenics in space research:Developments of B. Verkin Institute for low-temperature physics and engineering of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 1, no. 1 (January 30, 1995): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit1995.01.080.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Kwack, E. Y., P. Shakkottai, T. S. Luchik, K. M. Aaron, G. Fabris, and L. H. Back. "Hot Wire/Film Behavior in Low-Temperature Gases." Journal of Heat Transfer 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911893.

Full text

Abstract:

Commercially available hot wires/films were used to measure the velocities of evaporated hydrogen or helium gas during cryogenic mixing experiments. Hot wires were found to be too delicate to use in this harsh environment. Hot films were rugged enough to use at cryogenic temperatures even though they failed after a number of thermal cycles. Since the hot films have small aspect ratios, 13.4 and 20, they are quite sensitive to the thermal loading, Tw/Tg, even with a correction for the conduction end loss. In general, although the increase of the Nusselt number with Reynolds number at low temperatures was similar to that at room temperature, there was also a pronounced variation with Tw/Tg over the large range of 1.2 to 12 investigated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Homulle, Harald, and Edoardo Charbon. "Cryogenic low-dropout voltage regulators for stable low-temperature electronics." Cryogenics 95 (October 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2018.08.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

WU, S. Y., Y. R. LI, and D. L. ZENG. "EXERGO-ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ON LOW TEMPERATURE HEAT EXCHANGER." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 01n03 (January 30, 2005): 517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028943.

Full text

Abstract:

Based on the exergo-economic analysis of low temperature heat exchanger heat transfer and flow process, a new exergo-economic criterion which is defined as the net profit per unit heat flux for cryogenic exergy recovery low temperature heat exchangers is put forward. The application of criterion is illustrated by the evaluation of down-flow, counter-flow and cross-flow low temperature heat exchangers performance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

OTA, S. B., and SMITA OTA. "THERMOMETRY BETWEEN 10–300 K USING GaAlAs DIODE." Modern Physics Letters B 14, no. 11 (May 10, 2000): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900000549.

Full text

Abstract:

The forward characteristics of a cryogenic GaAlAs temperature sensor diode (Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.) have been presented in the temperature range 10–300 K and for fixed current values between 10 nA and 500 μA. The upturn in the forward characteristic below 35 K was found to shift to lower temperatures by reducing the current. The sensitivity at low temperature was found to reduce with current (I) according to a power law. The sensitivity at high temperature was found to increase linearly with decrease in lg (I).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Obukhov, S. A., and V. N. Trofimov. "New Low-Temperature Thermistors InSb:Mn for Nuclear Cryogenic Detectors." Le Journal de Physique IV 06, no. C3 (April 1996): C3–169—C3–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1996326.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Yang, L., X. D. Yuan, H. X. Deng, X. Xiang, W. G. Zheng, S. B. He, Y. Jiang, et al. "Influence of Ambient Temperature on Nanosecond and Picosecond Laser-Induced Bulk Damage of Fused Silica." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/308918.

Full text

Abstract:

The nanosecond (ns) and picosecond (ps) pulsed laser-induced damage behaviors of fused silica under cryogenic and room temperature have been investigated. The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) and damage probability are used to understand the damage behavior at different ambient temperatures. The results show that the LIDTs for both ns and ps slightly increased at cryogenic temperature compared to that at room temperature. Meanwhile, the damage probability has an inverse trend; that is, the damage probability at low temperature is smaller than that at room temperature. A theoretical model based on heated crystal lattice is well consistent with the experimental results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Medved, Ivan, Oleksandr Pirogov, Andrey Romin, Vitalii Slovinskyi, and Galyna Venzhego. "Low Cycle Fatigue of Structural Alloys." Materials Science Forum 1038 (July 13, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.3.

Full text

Abstract:

Metallurgy, mechanical engineering, energy, agriculture, food industry, energy, electronics, rocket and space technology – this is a far from complete list of areas of the national economy in which liquid cryogenic products (cryoproducts). The production volumes of such products and the scale of their use are constantly increasing. This is due to the fact that cryogenic temperatures (below 120 K) provide unique opportunities for the implementation of such physical phenomena and processes that do not manifest themselves under normal conditions, but are used very effectively in science and technology. The solution of fundamental scientific problems and applied problems of both promising and current importance is determined by the level of development of cryogenic technology and the degree of its practical application. The continuous expansion of the scale of production of liquid cryogenic products has led in recent years to a significant increase in the volume of production of systems for their storage and transportation. These systems, as a rule, are welded shell structures in execution, they are operated in difficult conditions of temperature and force effects. The share of their production in the total output of cryogenic engineering products is very significant, and the operating conditions are the most stressful in comparison with other types of cryogenic structures. For the manufacture of cryogenic shell structures, expensive non-ferrous alloys and special steels are used, the degree of consumption of which, taking into account the sufficient material consumption of such structures and the expanding scale of their production, is constantly increasing. Therefore, one of the most urgent for cryogenic mechanical engineering at present is the problem of reducing the material consumption of shell structures and increasing their reliability and durability. It is obvious that a solution to this problem for cryogenic engineering products can be achieved by improving the methods of their strength calculations based on taking into account the specific hardening effect of low temperature on structural alloys. The phenomenon of low-cycle fatigue of metals is associated with elastoplastic deformation of their macrovolumes. The kinetics of elastoplastic deformation processes under cyclic loading depends on the loading conditions and material properties, and the nature of these processes and their intensity have a decisive influence on the features of material destruction. If the accumulation of deformation is small, then the destruction, as a rule, is of a fatigue nature; quasi-static fracture (similar in appearance to fracture during static tests for short-term strength) occurs after the realization of the ultimate plasticity of the material. The task of assessing the bearing capacity and durability under cyclic loading conditions is extremely important. Under cyclic loading, a number of specific phenomena and factors that are difficult to take into account analytically arise, which are primarily associated with the development of fatigue damage, with the need to assess the cyclic and structural instability of materials [1]. Since such studies are very laborious and expensive, the problem of minimizing such experiments is currently urgent. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using mathematical planning methods for experimental studies at cryogenic temperatures. Experiment planning is usually understood as the procedure for choosing the volume and conditions of testing necessary and sufficient to solve the problem with the required accuracy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Lee, Woong Sung. "A low-cost cryogenic temperature measurement system using Arduino microcontroller." Physics Education 55, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 023002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ab60db.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Yang, Taolue, Huaping Wang, and Xingzhe Wang. "Strain Transfer Characteristics of Multi-Layer Optical Fiber Sensors with Temperature-Dependent Properties at Low Temperature." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020495.

Full text

Abstract:

Optical fiber sensors have been potentially expected to apply in the extreme environment for their advantages of measurement in a large temperature range. The packaging measure which makes the strain sensing fiber survive in these harsh conditions will commonly introduce inevitable strain transfer errors. In this paper, the strain transfer characteristics of a multi-layer optical fiber sensing structure working at cryogenic environment with temperature gradients have been investigated theoretically. A generalized three-layer shear lag model incorporating with temperature-dependent properties of layers was developed. The strain transfer relationship between the optical fiber core and the matrix has been derived in form of a second-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) with variable coefficients, where the Young’s modulus and the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) are considered as functions of temperature. The strain transfer characteristics of the optical sensing structure were captured by solving the ODE boundary problems for cryogenic temperature loads. Case studies of the cooling process from room temperature to some certain low temperatures and gradient temperature loads for different low-temperature zones were addressed. The results showed that different temperature load configurations cause different strain transfer error features which can be described by the proposed model. The protective layer always plays a main role, and the optimization geometrical parameters should be carefully designed. To verify the theoretical predictions, an experiment study on the thermal strain measurement of an aluminum bar with optical fiber sensors was conducted. LUNA ODiSI 6100 integrator was used to measure the Rayleigh backscattering spectra shift of the optical fiber at a uniform temperature and a gradient temperature under liquid nitrogen temperature zone, and a reasonable agreement with the theory was presented.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Mitin, Vadim F., Yurij A. Tkhorik, and Eugene F. Venger. "Ge films on GaAs: low-temperature electrical properties and application to cryogenic resistance temperature sensors." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 46, S5 (May 1996): 2855–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02570414.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Sápi, Zsombor, and Richard Butler. "Properties of cryogenic and low temperature composite materials – A review." Cryogenics 111 (October 2020): 103190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103190.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Anhalt, Klaus, and Graham Machin. "Thermodynamic temperature by primary radiometry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2064 (March 28, 2016): 20150041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0041.

Full text

Abstract:

Above the freezing temperature of silver (1234.93 K), the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) gives a temperature, T 90 , in terms of a defining fixed-point blackbody and Planck's law of thermal radiation in ratio form. Alternatively, by using Planck's law directly, thermodynamic temperature can be determined by applying radiation detectors calibrated in absolute terms for their spectral responsivity. With the advent of high-quality semiconductor photodiodes and the development of high-accuracy cryogenic radiometers during the last two decades radiometric detector standards with very small uncertainties in the range of 0.01–0.02% have been developed for direct, absolute radiation thermometry with uncertainties comparable to those for the realization of the ITS-90. This article gives an overview of a number of design variants of different types of radiometer used for primary radiometry and describes their calibration. Furthermore, details and requirements regarding the experimental procedure for obtaining low uncertainty thermodynamic temperatures with these radiometers are presented, noting that such radiometers can also be used at temperatures well below the silver point. Finally, typical results obtained by these methods are reviewed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Ivanov, Boris I., Dmitri I. Volkhin, Ilya L. Novikov, Dmitri K. Pitsun, Dmitri O. Moskalev, Ilya A. Rodionov, Evgeni Il’ichev, and Aleksey G. Vostretsov. "A wideband cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (September 30, 2020): 1484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.131.

Full text

Abstract:

A broadband low-noise four-stage high-electron-mobility transistor amplifier was designed and characterized in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator at the 3.8 K temperature stage. The obtained power dissipation of the amplifier is below 20 mW. In the frequency range from 6 to 12 GHz its gain exceeds 30 dB. The equivalent noise temperature of the amplifier is below 6 K for the presented frequency range. The amplifier is applicable for any type of cryogenic microwave measurements. As an example we demonstrate here the characterization of the superconducting X-mon qubit coupled to an on-chip coplanar waveguide resonator.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

MA Hong-liang, 马宏亮, 孙明国 SUN Ming-guo, 曹振松 CAO Zhen-song, 黄印博 HUANG Yin-bo, 王贵师 WANG Gui-shi, 高晓明 GAO Xiao-ming, and 饶瑞中 RAO Rui-zhong. "Cryogenic cell for low-temperature spectral experiments of atmospheric molecules." Optics and Precision Engineering 22, no. 10 (2014): 2617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20142210.2617.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Crooks, E. "Pressure system legislation with reference to low temperature and cryogenic systems." Cryogenics 33, no. 8 (August 1993): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(93)90190-y.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Gingl, Zoltan, and Robert Mingesz. "Comment on ‘A low-cost cryogenic temperature measurement system using Arduino microcontroller’." Physics Education 56, no. 1 (December 5, 2020): 018001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/abc9a8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Yamada, Naofumi, and Masahiro Okaji. "Development of a low-temperature laser interferometric dilatometer using a cryogenic refrigerator." High Temperatures-High Pressures 32, no. 2 (2000): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/htwu356.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Tang, C. C., G. Bushnell-Wye, and R. J. Cernik. "New high- and low-temperature apparatus for synchrotron polycrystalline X-ray diffraction." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 929–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597015513.

Full text

Abstract:

A high-temperature furnace with an induction heater coil and a cryogenic system based on closed-cycle refrigeration have been assembled to enhance the non-ambient powder diffraction facilities at the Synchrotron Radiation Source, Daresbury Laboratory. The commissioning of the high- and low-temperature devices on the high-resolution powder diffractometer of Station 2.3 is described. The combined temperature range provided by the furnace/cryostat is 10–1500 K. Results from Fe and NH4Br powder samples are presented to demonstrate the operation of the apparatus. The developments presented in this paper are applicable to a wide range of other experiments and diffraction geometries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Pokhyl, Yu A. "Structural mechanisms of low-temperature work hardening and fracture of cryogenic metallic materials." Low Temperature Physics 30, no. 4 (April 2004): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1705442.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Park, Chang Wook, Sung Won Yoon, Je Hyoung Cho, and Yun Hae Kim. "Analysis of residual stress in welding parts of cryogenic materials for LNG storage tank." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 07n09 (March 16, 2020): 2040030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920400308.

Full text

Abstract:

Research in LNG fueled ships are actively underway in the world. Accordingly, various materials were widely used as materials for storage tanks for ultra-low temperatures, and high manganese steel for ultra-low temperature was recently developed. In this paper, the transient thermal and residual stress analysis of the welding of 9% nickel steel and high manganese steel are presented. 9% nickel steel tended to have higher transverse direction stress and longitudinal direction stress than high manganese steel.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Dodson, Leah G., Wyatt Zagorec-Marks, Shuang Xu, James E. T. Smith, and J. Mathias Weber. "Intrinsic photophysics of nitrophenolate ions studied by cryogenic ion spectroscopy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 45 (2018): 28535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp06078a.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Kang, Jang-Won, Bokyung Song, Wenjing Liu, Seong-Ju Park, Ritesh Agarwal, and Chang-Hee Cho. "Room temperature polariton lasing in quantum heterostructure nanocavities." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaau9338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau9338.

Full text

Abstract:

Ultralow-threshold coherent light emitters can be achieved through lasing from exciton-polariton condensates, but this generally requires sophisticated device structures and cryogenic temperatures. Polaritonic nanolasers operating at room temperature lie on the crucial path of related research, not only for the exploration of polariton physics at the nanoscale but also for potential applications in quantum information systems, all-optical logic gates, and ultralow-threshold lasers. However, at present, progress toward room temperature polariton nanolasers has been limited by the thermal instability of excitons and the inherently low quality factors of nanocavities. Here, we demonstrate room temperature polaritonic nanolasers by designing wide-gap semiconductor heterostructure nanocavities to produce thermally stable excitons coupled with nanocavity photons. The resulting mixed states of exciton polaritons with Rabi frequencies of approximately 370 meV enable persistent polariton lasing up to room temperature, facilitating the realization of miniaturized and integrated polariton systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Murakoshi, Atsushi, Tsubasa Harada, Kiyotaka Miyano, Hideaki Harakawa, Tomonori Aoyama, Hirofumi Yamashita, and Yusuke Kohyama. "Boron diffusion layer formation using Ge cryogenic implantation with low-temperature microwave annealing." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 55, no. 4 (March 2, 2016): 046501. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.55.046501.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Steiner, T. W., M. L. W. Thewalt, M. Maciaszek, and R. P. Bult. "A low-temperature, whole-wafer-imaging system for defect and impurity mapping." Canadian Journal of Physics 69, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1991): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p91-056.

Full text

Abstract:

We have developed a whole-wafer, low-temperature imaging system for making absorption and photoluminescence maps of wafers up to 100 mm (4 in) in diameter. The cryostat requires no cryogens and can maintain a temperature of 15 K in the sample chamber indefinitely. He gas provides the thermal contact with the samples, allowing rapid (15 min) interchange of samples. The transmitted or emitted light from the wafer is imaged on a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera rather than using a raster scanning mechanism. The resultant parallel collection advantage allows images to be acquired in much less time. The system is ideally suited for the routine characterization of large numbers of wafers. This apparatus has been used to map the neutral EL2 concentration and near gap photoluminescence efficiency for a number of semi-insulating GaAs wafers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Tyshchenko, A. I., W. Theisen, A. Oppenkowski, S. Siebert, O. N. Razumov, A. P. Skoblik, V. A. Sirosh, Yu N. Petrov, and V. G. Gavriljuk. "Low-temperature martensitic transformation and deep cryogenic treatment of a tool steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 527, no. 26 (October 2010): 7027–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.07.056.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Gone, Sunil, V. Sridhar, and D. Pamu. "Low-temperature electrical characteristics of nanocrystalline BaTiO3 thin films for cryogenic applications." Materials Letters: X 11 (September 2021): 100090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mlblux.2021.100090.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Leyarovski, E. I., J. K. Georgiev, and A. L. Zahariev. "Application of low temperature desorption in systems for adsorptive purification of cryogenic gases." Cryogenics 26, no. 1 (January 1986): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(86)90192-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Eustache, Julien, Antony Plait, Frédéric Dubas, and Raynal Glises. "Review of Multi-Physics Modeling on the Active Magnetic Regenerative Refrigeration." Mathematical and Computational Applications 26, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mca26020047.

Full text

Abstract:

Compared to conventional vapor-compression refrigeration systems, magnetic refrigeration is a promising and potential alternative technology. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is used to produce heat and cold sources through a magnetocaloric material (MCM). The material is submitted to a magnetic field with active magnetic regenerative refrigeration (AMRR) cycles. Initially, this effect was widely used for cryogenic applications to achieve very low temperatures. However, this technology must be improved to replace vapor-compression devices operating around room temperature. Therefore, over the last 30 years, a lot of studies have been done to obtain more efficient devices. Thus, the modeling is a crucial step to perform a preliminary study and optimization. In this paper, after a large introduction on MCE research, a state-of-the-art of multi-physics modeling on the AMRR cycle modeling is made. To end this paper, a suggestion of innovative and advanced modeling solutions to study magnetocaloric regenerator is described.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Nagata, H., J. Kobayashi, H. Matsuo, M. Nakahashi, K. Kobayashi, H. Ikeda, and M. Fujiwara. "Fabrication of Cryogenic Readout Circuits with n-type GaAs-JFETs for Low Temperature Detectors." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 151, no. 3-4 (January 17, 2008): 1022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-008-9776-8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

J.Höhne, M. Altmann, G. Angloher, M. Bühler, F. v. Feilitzsch, T. Frank, P. Hettl, et al. "Cryogenic Microcalorimeters for High Resolution Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 604–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016342.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractCryogenic detectors with excellent energy resolution and low energy threshold far beyond the level of semiconducting detectors open a variety of new. applications in physics including search for Dark Matter in the universe [2], neutrino physics [3], and IR-, UV- and X-ray astrophysics [4, 9]. Interdisciplinary fields where cryogenic detectors have already shown promising results are the detection of biomolecules [5] and X-ray spectroscopy at synchrotron beam lines [6] and in scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) [7]. For both, astrophysical and analytical use, the development of high resolution microcalorimeters based on iridium/gold phase transition thermometers and aluminum tunnel junctions for use in a compact and universal detector system was initiated.Our cryogenic microcalorimeters consist of an absorber, a temperature sensor and a weak coupling to a heat sink. An X-ray photon interacts with the absorber and raises its temperature. The sensor measures the temperature increase and the system then, mediated by the coupling, relaxes back to its operating temperature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Kobayashi, Amane, Yuki Takayama, Koji Okajima, Mao Oide, Takahiro Yamamoto, Yuki Sekiguchi, Tomotaka Oroguchi, et al. "Diffraction apparatus and procedure in tomography X-ray diffraction imaging for biological cells at cryogenic temperature using synchrotron X-ray radiation." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 6 (October 22, 2018): 1803–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518012687.

Full text

Abstract:

X-ray diffraction imaging is a technique for visualizing the structure of biological cells. In X-ray diffraction imaging experiments using synchrotron radiation, cryogenic conditions are necessary in order to reduce radiation damage in the biological cells. Frozen-hydrated biological specimens kept at cryogenic temperatures are also free from drying and bubbling, which occurs in wet specimens under vacuum conditions. In a previous study, the diffraction apparatus KOTOBUKI-1 [Nakasako et al. (2013), Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 093705] was constructed for X-ray diffraction imaging at cryogenic temperatures by utilizing a cryogenic pot, which is a cooling device developed in low-temperature physics. In this study a new cryogenic pot, suitable for tomography experiments, has been developed. The pot can rotate a biological cell over an angular range of ±170° against the direction of the incident X-ray beam. Herein, the details and the performance of the pot and miscellaneous devices are reported, along with established experimental procedures including specimen preparation. The apparatus has been used in tomography experiments for visualizing the three-dimensional structure of a Cyanidioschyzon merolae cell with an approximate size of 5 µm at a resolution of 136 nm. Based on the experimental results, the necessary improvements for future experiments and the resolution limit achievable under experimental conditions within a maximum tolerable dose are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Attar, Sara S., Sormeh Setoodeh, Raafat R. Mansour, and Deepnarayan Gupta. "Low-Temperature Superconducting DC-Contact RF MEMS Switch for Cryogenic Reconfigurable RF Front-Ends." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 62, no. 7 (July 2014): 1437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2014.2327205.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Bayer, Robert, Jiří Maxa, and Pavla Šabacká. "Energy Harvesting Using Thermocouple and Compressed Air." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 6031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186031.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, we describe the possibility of using the energy of a compressed air flow, where cryogenic temperatures are achieved within the flow behind the nozzle, when reaching a critical flow in order to maximize the energy gained. Compared to the energy of compressed air, the energy obtained thermoelectrically is negligible, but not zero. We are therefore primarily aiming to maximize the use of available energy sources. Behind the aperture separating regions with a pressure difference of several atmospheres, a supersonic flow with a large temperature drop develops. Based on the Seebeck effect, a thermocouple is placed in these low temperatures to create a thermoelectric voltage. This paper contains a mathematical-physical analysis for proper nozzle design, controlled gas expansion and ideal placement of a thermocouple within the flow for best utilization of the low temperature before a shockwave formation. If the gas flow passes through a perpendicular shockwave, the velocity drops sharply and the gas pressure rises, thereby increasing the temperature. In contrast, with a conical shockwave, such dramatic changes do not occur and the cooling effect is not impaired. This article also contains analyses for proper forming of the head shape of the thermocouple to avoid the formation of a detached shockwave, which causes temperature stagnation resulting in lower thermocouple cooling efficiency.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Shi, Suguo, and Guoyu Wang. "Numerical analysis of factors influencing thermal effects generated by cavitation flow of cryogenic fluids." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 17 (June 18, 2020): 2050184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920501845.

Full text

Abstract:

Thermal effects dramatically impact on the cavitation dynamics of cryogenic fluids. Thus, to study the thermal effect factors influencing cryogenic cavitation, numerical simulations were conducted considering an axisymmetric ogive and a 2D quarter caliber hydrofoil in liquid nitrogen and hydrogen, respectively. The modified Merkle cavitation model and filter-based turbulence model were applied to account for the thermodynamic properties of the fluid. The energy equation was modified considering the cavitation phase change effects. Compared to the experimental data, the numerical method satisfactorily predicts the cryogenic cavitation flows. Based on the numerical results, the thermal effect characteristics in the cavitation flow of cryogenic fluids were investigated. The thermal effects in cryogenic cavitation is obvious when vapor content in constant location is considerably low, where the cavity becomes more porous and the interface becomes less distinct. The factors influencing the thermal effects in cavitation such as the temperature, fluid type and velocity were analyzed. Findings showed that thermal effects of cavitation were prominent around the critical temperature of cryogenic liquids. Compared to the thermal effects in liquid nitrogen, those in liquid hydrogen were more distinct because of the changes in the density ratio, vapor pressure and other fluid properties. When the flow velocity is higher, the thermal effects of cavitation are suppressed as the pressure depression caused by evaporation is much smaller than the dynamic pressure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Aleksandrova, I. V., E. R. Koresheva, I. E. Osipov, and L. V. Panina. "Cryogenic targets for modern ICF experiment." Laser and Particle Beams 13, no. 4 (December 1995): 539–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600009678.

Full text

Abstract:

The physics of the formation of cryogenic fuel layers with various internal structures has been studied in regard to the development of promising layering techniques for modern inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. The investigations have been made with inertial confinement fusion target (ICF targets) and in a target modeling system (TMS) with the nonisochoric process of cryogenic layer formation. The results indicate that the solidlayer structure in TMS differs essentially from that obtained in ICF targets. The thermal history of a fuel layer at separation into the condensed and vapor phases is found to depend upon whether the initial gas density is more, less, or equal to the critical value for a given fuel material. The issue on the fuel-layer fabrication in the form of a long-living quasiamorphous layer is considered. A new low-temperature method to homogenize a polycrystalline cryogenic layer has been proposed and examined. The operational temperature was 4.2 K. The time to achieve the complete homogeneity of solid hydrogen was 150 s. No limitation, with respect to the thickness of a cryogenic layer, was found. The critical target is suggested as a new type of an ICF target.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Kim, Geonhyeong, Seyed Amir Arsalan Shams, Jae Nam Kim, Jong Woo Won, Seong Woo Choi, Jae Keun Hong, and Chong Soo Lee. "Enhancing low-cycle fatigue life of commercially-pure Ti by deformation at cryogenic temperature." Materials Science and Engineering: A 803 (January 2021): 140698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140698.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Prina, M., J. Borders, P. Bhandari, G. Morgante, D. Pearson, and C. Paine. "Low-heat input cryogenic temperature control with recuperative heat-exchanger in a Joule Thomson cryocooler." Cryogenics 44, no. 6-8 (June 2004): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2004.02.021.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Khanna, Rohit, and Bikramjit Basu. "Low friction and severe wear of alumina in cryogenic environment: A first report." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 832–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0104.

Full text

Abstract:

Structural ceramics are considered as potential candidate materials for use in hybrid bearings in rocket turbopumps, operated under high stress in cryogenic environment. The friction and wear-related surface failure is considered as one of the critical factors in selecting the materials for cryo-turbopumps of Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). To obtain fundamental understanding of the tribological properties of ceramics in cryogenic environment, a very first set of sliding wear tests were carried out on self-mated Al2O3, a model brittle ceramic material, in liquid nitrogen (LN2) under varying load (2–10 N) and high rotational speed of 2550 rpm, using a newly designed cryogenic tribometer. The present research attempts to answer some important questions: (i) What would be the influence of LN2 on frictional and fracture behavior at sliding contacts? (ii) How does the material removal process occur in LN2 environment? Our experimental results reveal that self-mated alumina exhibits low steady-state coefficient of friction ∼0.13–0.18 and suffers from high wear rate (10−5 mm3/Nm) under the selected testing conditions. The novelty of the present work also lies in presenting some interesting results, for the first time, concerning the deformation and fracture of alumina at cryogenic temperature under high speed sliding conditions. Detailed scanning electronic microscope observation of the worn surfaces indicates that severe damage of both ball and flat occurs in cryogenic environment by transgranular and intergranular fracture. The observed wear behavior is explained in terms of thermal heat dissipation and brittle fracture of alumina in LN2.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

He, Li, Jiajun Hao, Zhi Deng, Feng Liu, Yinong Liu, Yulan Li, Qian Yue, and Jian Cai. "Comparison of JFET/MOS/HEMT Based Low Noise Charge Sensitive Preamplifiers for HPGe Detectors in Cryogenic Temperature." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1182 (February 2019): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1182/1/012001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Lang, Lili, Yujie Jiang, Fei Lu, Cailu Wang, Yizhang Chen, Andrew D. Kent, and Li Ye. "A low temperature functioning CoFeB/MgO-based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction for cryogenic nonvolatile random access memory." Applied Physics Letters 116, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 022409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5129553.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Calabrese, Roberto, Marco Guarise, Alen Khanbekyan, Eleonora Luppi, Luca Tomassetti, Caterina Braggio, Giovanni Carugno, et al. "New ideas on prospective low energy threshold detectors for dark matter searches." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 50 (January 2020): 2060009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194520600095.

Full text

Abstract:

Low energy threshold detectors are necessary in many frontier fields of experimental physics. In particular, these are extremely important for probing possible dark matter (DM) candidates. We present a novel detection approach that exploits the energy levels of atoms maintained at cryogenic temperature. We exploit laser-assisted transitions that are triggered by the absorption of the incident particle in the material and lead to the emission of a fluorescent photon or an electron. In this approach, the incident particle will in fact excite the first low-lying energy level that is then up-converted using an opportune narrow-band laser system. Two different detection schemes are thus possible in our active material: one is based on a photon signal while the other takes advantage of high efficiency in-vacuum charge detection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Zhou, F., D. Witkin, S. R. Nutt, and E. J. Lavernia. "Formation of nanostructure in Al produced by a low-energy ball milling at cryogenic temperature." Materials Science and Engineering: A 375-377 (July 2004): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.235.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Yang, Chin-Kang, Wen-Hsuan Hsieh, Yun-Liang Chu, C. H. Chang, Cheng-Ying Kuo, Sei-Da Chen, Jui-Che Huang, and Ching-Shiang Hwang. "A Hall Probe Calibration System at Low Temperature for the TPS Cryogenic Permanent Magnet Undulator." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 28, no. 3 (April 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2018.2795575.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

He, Jianhong, Leoanardo Ajdelsztajn, and Enrique J. Lavernia. "Thermal stability of nanocrystalline WC–Co powder synthesized by using mechanical milling at low temperature." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 2 (February 2001): 478–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0071.

Full text

Abstract:

Nanostructured WC–18% Co powder was synthesized by using cryogenic mechanical milling, and the thermal stability of the nanostructured powder was investigated in detail. The results indicated that the as-synthesized WC–18% Co powder had an average WC particle size of 25 nm. Growth of WC particles occurred above 873 K; however, the average WC particle size remained smaller than 100 nm in the powder isothermally heated for 4 h at 1273 K. Thermal exposure in air at T < 623 K did not result in significant oxidation of the cryomilled powder. The thermal exposure did promote the formation of WO2 and WO3 oxides. The Co6W6C phase was detected by x-ray diffraction in the powder heated in nitrogen at 1273 K, and the phases associated with decarburization of WC, such as W2C, W3C phases, were not observed. With increasing temperature, the dissolution of W and C elements in the Co matrix led to a gradual increase in {111} crystallographic plane spacing, eventually leading to the formation of an amorphous phase.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

TEMPORAL, M., J. J. LOPEZ CELA, A. R. PIRIZ, N. GRANDJOUAN, N. A. TAHIR, and D. H. H. HOFFMANN. "Compression of a cylindrical hydrogen sample driven by an intense co-axial heavy ion beam." Laser and Particle Beams 23, no. 2 (June 2005): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034605050226.

Full text

Abstract:

The compression of a cryogenic hydrogen cylindrical sample contained in a hollow gold target driven by an intense co-axial uranium beam has been studied. The ion distribution is assumed to be Gaussian in space and parabolic in time. The hydrodynamics of the target is analyzed by means of one- and two-dimensional numerical simulations. A parametric study is performed to achieve the maximum average hydrogen density and temperature as a function of the sample radius, total number of ions and spread of the spatial ion distribution. A window in the beam-target parameters for which hydrogen compression is higher than a factor of 10 and temperature is below 0.2 eV has been found by considering a single bunch that contains 2 × 1011 uranium ions delivered in 100 ns. In this range of high densities and low temperatures, it is expected that hydrogen may become metallic.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

TONG, MING-WEI, PENG HU, ZENG-HU QING, QIANG ZHANG, and CAI CHEN. "THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEW CEILING COOLING PANEL." International Journal of Modern Physics B 27, no. 15 (June 4, 2013): 1362008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979213620087.

Full text

Abstract:

With the development of cryogenic refrigeration and superconductive technology, capillary porosity wick used in spacecrafts feature an excellent heat transfer conduction capacity, high surface area to volume ratio, uniform heat and mass transfer and self-driven force of capillary. Low temperature capillary panel have a great application potential. In this paper, a new ceiling cooling panel of capillary suction core (CCPCSC) which was confected by polypropylene plastic and porous media of potassium citrate–gypsum is put forward. The structure of CCPCSC was introduced and the cooling performance was tested to compare it with SRHTP. The results show that the performance of CCPCSC is much influenced by different proportions of materials. However, comparing to regular SRHTP, the cooling capacity of the CCPCSC is improved by 36.6%–57.7% under the same condition. The results of this paper provide a theoretical basis for the application of porous media in low temperature environments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Low temperature physics[Cryogenics]'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles