Journal articles: 'Low Temperture; Electrolyte; SOFC'

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MARICLE, D., T. SWARR, and S. KARAVOLIS. "Enhanced ceria — a low-temperature SOFC electrolyte." Solid State Ionics 52, no. 1-3 (May 1992): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(92)90103-v.

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Radhika, D., and A. S. Nesaraj. "Materials and Components for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells – an Overview." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 2 (June 17, 2013): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.2.87-95.

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This article summarizes the recent advancements made in the area of materials and components for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs). LT-SOFC is a new trend in SOFCtechnology since high temperature SOFC puts very high demands on the materials and too expensive to match marketability. The current status of the electrolyte and electrode materials used in SOFCs, their specific features and the need for utilizing them for LT-SOFC are presented precisely in this review article. The section on electrolytes gives an overview of zirconia, lanthanum gallate and ceria based materials. Also, this review article explains the application of different anode, cathode and interconnect materials used for SOFC systems. SOFC can result in better performance with the application of liquid fuels such methanol and ethanol. As a whole, this review article discusses the novel materials suitable for operation of SOFC systems especially for low temperature operation.

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Chen, Gang, Hailiang Liu, Yang He, Linlin Zhang, Muhammad Imran Asghar, Shujiang Geng, and Peter D. Lund. "Electrochemical mechanisms of an advanced low-temperature fuel cell with a SrTiO3 electrolyte." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 16 (2019): 9638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00499h.

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Agun, Linda, Hamimah Abd Rahman, Sufizar Ahmad, and Andanastuti Muchtar. "Durability and Stability of LSCF Composite Cathode for Intermediate-Low Temperature of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-LT SOFC): Short Review." Advanced Materials Research 893 (February 2014): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.732.

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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is well known as power and heat generation device which converts chemical energy directly from fuel into electricity. SOFC operate at high temperature becomes obstacle for SOFC which reducing ionic conductivity material of current electrolyte, reduce lifetime of cell components, high fabrication cost, limited durability and performance issues. This introduce to environment pollution and decrease the SOFC lifetime. The fabrication of durability and stability composite cathode are comprised from mixing of perovskite La0.6Sr0.4CO0.2Fe0.8(LSCF) powders with nanoscale ionically conducting ceramic electrolyte materials, SDC-carbonate (SDCc) was overcome this problems. Powder preparation and composite cathode fabrication must consider which as main factors in the development of durability and stability of LSCF-SDCc composite cathode. Powders must in nanoscale to enhance the conductivity and decrease the interfacial polarization resistance and the composite cathode should in nanoporous morphology for achieve high power density over than 500 h and remarkable durability. Calcination also plays in important role and its operations will effects to the SOFC durability and performance. The necessary to prolong the lifetime and increase the SOFC performance has lead to development of durability and stability of SOFC. This paper reviews the durability and stability of the composite cathode and focus on the challenges in material technology.

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Gulicovski, Jelena, Snežana Nenadović, Ljiljana Kljajević, Miljana Mirković, Marija Nišavić, Milan Kragović, and Marija Stojmenović. "Geopolymer/CeO2 as Solid Electrolyte for IT-SOFC." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010248.

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As a material for application in the life sciences, a new composite material, geopolymer/CeO2 (GP_CeO2), was synthesized as a potential low-cost solid electrolyte for application in solid oxide fuel cells operating in intermediate temperature (IT-SOFC). The new materials were obtained from alkali-activated metakaolin (calcined clay) in the presence of CeO2 powders (x = 10%). Besides the commercial CeO2 powder, as a source of ceria, two differently synthesized CeO2 powders also were used: CeO2 synthesized by modified glycine nitrate procedure (MGNP) and self-propagating reaction at room temperature (SPRT). The structural, morphological, and electrical properties of pure and GP_CeO2-type samples were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), BET, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA), scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and method complex impedance (EIS). XRPD and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis confirmed the formation of solid phase CeO2. The BET, DTA/TGA, FE-SEM, and EDS results indicated that particles of CeO2 were stabile interconnected and form a continuous conductive path, which was confirmed by the EIS method. The highest conductivity of 1.86 × 10−2 Ω−1 cm−1 was obtained for the sample GP_CeO2_MGNP at 700 °C. The corresponding value of activation energy for conductivity was 0.26 eV in the temperature range 500–700 °C.

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Chen, Gang, Yadan Luo, Wenkang Sun, Hailiang Liu, Yushi Ding, Ying Li, Shujiang Geng, Kai Yu, and Guoqiang Liu. "Electrochemical performance of a new structured low temperature SOFC with BZY electrolyte." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 28 (July 2018): 12765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.006.

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Chen, Gang, Xuebai Zhang, Yadan Luo, Yang He, Hailiang Liu, Shujiang Geng, Kai Yu, and Yu Dong. "Ionic conduction mechanism of a nanostructured BCY electrolyte for low-temperature SOFC." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 45 (September 2020): 24108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.223.

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Ricca, Chiara, Andrey Grishin, Armelle Ringuedé, Michel Cassir, Carlo Adamo, and Frédéric Labat. "Modeling composite electrolytes for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell application: structural, vibrational and electronic features of carbonate–oxide interfaces." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 44 (2016): 17473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta06827h.

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Han, Min Fang, Zhi Bin Yang, Ze Liu, and Hui Rong Le. "Fabrication and Characterizations of YSZ Electrolyte Films for SOFC." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.705.

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Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has been widely used as electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The effect of fabrication process on the properties of YSZ electrolyte thick film is discussed in the paper. With YSZ nano-powders of about 20-60nm as raw material, YSZ green adobe was fabricated by tape calendering process. Three-step sintering process was performed firstly holding at 1000°C for 2h, then raising to 1300~1400°C, then decreasing to 1200~1300°C within 30 minutes, and finally calcining at 1200~1300°C for 5~20 hrs. Dense YSZs with relative density of 96-99% are obtained; the grain size of YSZ was reduced to 0.5-3µm. During the process of grain growth, there are both grain boundary diffusion and grain boundary migration. The feasibility of densification without grain growth relies on the suppression of grain boundary migration while keeping grain boundary diffusion active at a temperature as low as 1200~1300°C. Whereas the electric conductivities of the YSZs are even higher than that obtained in conventional single step sintering process. The process is applied to the anode-supported SOFCs co-fired at 1250~1300°C, and the cathode-supported SOFCs co-fired at 1200~1250°C.

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Oh, Seongkook, Joonsuk Park, Jeong Woo Shin, Byung Chan Yang, Jiaming Zhang, Dong Young Jang, and Jihwan An. "High performance low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells with atomic layer deposited-yttria stabilized zirconia embedded thin film electrolyte." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 17 (2018): 7401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta10678e.

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Ding, Jiao, Jiang Liu, and Guoqiang Yin. "Fabrication and characterization of low-temperature SOFC stack based on GDC electrolyte membrane." Journal of Membrane Science 371, no. 1-2 (April 2011): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.051.

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Choi, J. J., J. H. Choi, and D. S. Park. "Application of Low Temperature Ceramic Coating Process for SOFC Electrolyte and Electrode Fabrication." ECS Transactions 57, no. 1 (October 6, 2013): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05701.0657ecst.

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13

Stöver, Detlev, Hans Peter Buchkremer, Andreas Mai, Norbert H. Menzler, and Mohsine Zahid. "Processing and Properties of Advanced Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 1367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.1367.

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Up to now, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) materials and processing does not meet the cost goals for commercialization. This resulted in a worldwide increase in R&D activities dealing with advanced materials and effective manufacturing methods. The present paper describes efforts to process novel SOFC materials as well as optimization of well known ones. The R&D trends are explained for key components such as anode, electrolyte, cathode, contact- and protective layers. Typical SOFC manufacturing methods include tape casting, extrusion, calendaring and axial pressing. Each of these techniques has advantages and limitations. Examples for the highly efficient use of these methods are given for electrolyte supported cells as well as anode and cathode supported designs. An evaluation in reference to automation, process complexity and costs is given under the present limiting factors. Exemplary the processing by tape casting and the micro structural fine tuning of an advanced anode-supported system is discussed in detail. To produce the layered components of an SOFC, techniques like screen printing, wet powder spraying, PVD and CVD are under development. While the layer properties are excellent, PVD and CVD are nowadays too expensive in some cases, due to the low deposition rates. If thin layers are required, these techniques become interesting under cost considerations. The effectiveness of a PVD interlayer between electrolyte and high power density cathodes is shown in comparison to a sintered layer. In thin electrolyte concepts, the cathode becomes the power limiting component at operating temperatures below around 750°C. Thus new cathode materials and adjusted processing parameters are under development. The possibilities to manufacture advanced cathode layers by screen printing, wet powder spraying and other wet chemical methods are discussed. As an example screen printing of LSCF is described which results in a high power density cathode layer for low temperature SOFC operation. Finally, future needs to achieve the technical and economic goals are summarized.

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Rostika Noviyanti, Atiek, Iwan Hastiawan, Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy, Muhammad Berlian Adham, Arie Hardian, and Dani Gustaman Syarif. "Preparation and Conductivity Studies of La9.33Si6O26 (LSO) -Ce0.85Gd0.15O1.925 (CGO15) Composite Based Electrolyte for IT-SOFC." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 4 (August 27, 2018): 2125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/3404053.

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Reducing a high-operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) to intermediate temperature SOFC (IT-SOFC, 500-750ºC) poses a great challenge in the sense of developing solid electrolyte at intermediate temperature range. In response to this, we report a novel composite La9.33Si6O26 (LSO) - Ce0.85Gd0.15O1.925 (CGO) in this study. The synthesis of LSO-CGO composite was carried out by combining LSO with CGO (9:1, 8:2, and 7:3 in weight ratio) using solid state reaction method. In order to get a dense pellet, all of the products were sintered at 1500°C for 3 h. The X-ray diffraction pattern of sintered pellets show typical patterns for both of LSO and CGO which indicate that the composite was successfully formed. The highest conductivity was detected in 7LSO-3CGO, i.e. 2.10×10-3 S cm-1 at 700 ○C and also has low activation energy (0.60 eV). This result suggests that the LSO-YSZ composites are good oxide ion conductors and may potentially be used as an alternative solid electrolyte in IT-SOFC technology.

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15

Shen, Si, Dong Yan, Jian Pu, Bo Chi, and Jian Li. "Diffusion Phenomenon of Cathode Components in YSZ Electrolyte and Effect on Mechanical Properties of SOFC." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.678.

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At present, SOFC research mainly focuses on the development of new medium and low temperature cathode materials or the improvement of existing cathodes, as well as the development of new anodes resistant to carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning. However, during the discharge state, the diffusion of metal elements in the electrolyte caused by the constant current is rarely studied. In order to analyze whether there is a diffusion of electrode elements at the electrode-electrolyte interface, and the effect of this diffusion on the mechanical properties of the SOFC. Polarization test of the half-cell of YSZ electrolyte and LSM cathode was carried out at 950°C with the current load of -300 mA·cm-2 in an air atmosphere, and the polarization time was different. The powders were analyzed by XRD. A post-test analysis of the cathode-electrolyte interface was tested by using SEM, EDX and EPMA. Finally, the Vickers hardness was used to measure the mechanical properties of YSZ electrolyte. The results show that the Mn element has diffused into the YSZ electrolyte after constant current. In addition, it has a certain impact on the mechanical properties of the cell.

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Samat, Abdullah Abdul, Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak, and Nafisah Osman. "Characterization of LSCO|BCZY|LSCO for Potential Application in IT-SOFC." Defect and Diffusion Forum 353 (May 2014): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.353.233.

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A high purity of strontium-doped lanthanum cobaltite with formula of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ (LSCO) was synthesized via a combined citrate-EDTA route. LSCO slurry was prepared by mixing LSCO and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in ethanol solution. This slurry was manually painted onto both surfaces of yttrium-doped cerate-zirconate, BaCe0.54Zr0.36Y0.1O2.95 (BCZY) electrolyte to fabricate a symmetrical cell of LSCO|BCZY|LSCO. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis result revealed that the LSCO was well adhered onto the BCZY electrolyte with no formation of crack or air gap/hole at the LSCO|BCZY interface. Elemental composition of LSCO cathode and BCZY electrolyte elements such as lanthanum (La), barium (Ba) and cerium (Ce) at the interface region was confirmed by electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The electrochemical performance of the fired cell was analyzed in air by an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a function of temperature ranging from 500 – 800°C. It is found that the fabricated cell exhibits low polarization resistance (Rp) at the operating temperatures and the values are comparable with those reported in literature. This significant result indicates that LSCO is a promising candidate to be used as a cathode material for BCZY electrolyte at intermediate temperatures.

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Ivanova, Alexandra G., Oleg Anatol'evich Zagrebelnyiy, Alina A. Ponomareva, Maria S. Masalovich, Olga Nikolaevna Shilova, N. N. Gubanova, and Irina Yur'evna Kruchinina. "Development of electrochemical devices based on nanocomposite materials." Transportation systems and technology 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201512100-109.

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The problems of development portable low-temperature hydrogen-air solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells (SPEFC), medium-temperature methane-air fuel cells (SOFC) and supercapacitors (SC) with pseudocapacity effect are described in the article. These devices are promising to use in a variety of vehicles, including the sector of the magnetic levitation transport, as an alternative to low-speed movement. The current trends in the development of nanocomposite electrode materials, electrolytes SPEFC, SOFC and the SC are analyzed briefly. Examples of the use of materials synthesized by various methods, including the sol-gel technology are, presented in the article

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Matsuda, Motohide. "Fabrication of Electrolyte for Low-temperature SOFC by Electrophoretic Deposition of Ceramic Fine Powders." Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation ANNUAL REPORT 13 (2005): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/hptf.03127.

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Malik, Yoga Trianzar, Atiek Rostika Noviyanti, and Dani Gustaman Syarif. "Lowered Sintering Temperature on Synthesis of La9.33Si6O26 (LSO) – La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.55 (LSGM) Electrolyte Composite and the Electrical Performance on La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (LCM) Cathode." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.21.4.205-210.

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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the device that can convert chemical energy into electricity with highest efficiency among other fuel cell. La9.33Si6O26 (LSO) is the potential electrolyte at intermediate operation temperature SOFC. Low ionic conductivity of lanthanum silicate-based electrolyte will lead into bad electrical performance on lanthanum manganite-based anode. In this study, LSO was combine with La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.55 (LSGM) electrolyte by using conventional solid state reaction to enhance the electrical performance of LSO on LCM cathode. However, pre-requisite high sintering temperature on preparation of LSO-LSGM composite will lead into phase transition phase of LSGM that may affect in decreasing the electrical performance. This study resulted that lowered sintering temperature from its ideal temperature still give an improved electrical performance of LCM/LSO-LSGM/LCM symmetrical cell. The ASR value is 0.14 Ω.cm2 which much lower than its analogous symmetrical cell, LSM/LSO/LSM that was reported before.

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LENG, Y., S. CHAN, S. JIANG, and K. KHOR. "Low-temperature SOFC with thin film GDC electrolyte prepared in situ by solid-state reaction." Solid State Ionics 170, no. 1-2 (May 14, 2004): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2004.02.026.

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21

Fu, C., X. Ge, S. H. Chan, and Q. Liu. "Fabrication and Characterization of Anode-Supported Low-Temperature SOFC Based on Gd-Doped Ceria Electrolyte." Fuel Cells 12, no. 3 (April 4, 2012): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201100142.

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Ahmad, Sufizar, M. S. A. Bakar, Hamimah Abdul Rahman, and A. Muchtar. "Brief Review: Electrochemical Performance of LSCF Composite Cathodes - Influence of Ceria-Electrolyte and Metals Element." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.3.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are an efficient and clean power generation devices. Low-temperature SOFC (LTSOFC) has been developed since high-temperature SOFC (HTSOFC) are not feasible to be commercialized because high in cost. Lowering the operation temperature has caused substantial performance decline resulting from cathode polarization resistance and overpotential of cathode. The development of composite cathodes regarding mixed ionic-electronic conductor (MIEC) and ceria based materials for LTSOFC significantly minimize the problems and leading to the increasing in electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to occur. Lanthanum-based materials such as lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ) recently have been discovered to offer great compatibility with ceria-based electrolytes to be applied as composite cathode materials for LTSOFC. Cell performance at lower operating temperature can be maintained and further improved by enhancing the ORR. This paper reviews recent development of various ceria-based composite cathodes especially related to the ceria-carbonate composite electrolytes for LTSOFC. The influence of the addition of metallic elements such as silver (Ag), platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) towards the electrochemical properties and performance of LSCF composite cathodes are briefly discussed.

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Lin, Xu Ping, Hai Tao Zhong, Xing Chen, Ben Ge, and De Sheng Ai. "Preparation and Property of LSGM-Carbonate Composite Electrolyte for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Solid State Phenomena 281 (August 2018): 754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.281.754.

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The LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte is a new type of medium and low temperature SOFC electrolyte material, which has great application potential. In this paper, the molten salt infiltration method was used to prepare the LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte. The results of SEM test proved that the molten salt infiltration method was more appropriate in preparing the LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte comparing with direct mixing method. The influence of the type and content of pore forming agent was investigated. The result showed that the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) had an excellent pore forming performance and could create interconnected pore structures successfully in LSGM matrix. The XRD result indicated that the LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte showed almost a single LSGM phase and the carbonate remained glass state. Four terminal method was used to measure the conductivity. The result showed that the conductivity of the LSGM-carbonate composite electrolytes was increased by one order of magnitude compared with pure LSGM. The conductivity of LSGM-carbonate composite electrolytes increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of PMMA. The LSGM-carbonate composite electrolyte prepared by 25 wt.% PMMA addition has the highest conductivity during the whole range of test temperature and reached 0.3 S.cm-1 at 600°C.

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Cheng, Jihai, and Ming Wang. "Preparation and electrical properties of gadolinium-doped strontium tungstate electrolyte for SOFC." Functional Materials Letters 13, no. 03 (February 3, 2020): 2050010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604720500101.

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Gadolinium-doped strontium tungstate (Sr[Formula: see text]GdxWO[Formula: see text]) powders were synthesized by the sol–gel auto-combustion method, and their electrical properties were investigated. The phase formation of Sr[Formula: see text]GdxWO[Formula: see text] powders was studied by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The characterization of microstructure was carried out on the sintered ceramic discs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to estimate the electrical properties. The results displayed that these crystalline powders were scheelite-type tetragonal structures and demonstrated higher sinterability. The Sr[Formula: see text]GdxWO[Formula: see text] electrolyte ceramics with a relative density over 95% of the theoretical density were obtained after the sintering process. The electrical conductivities of Sr[Formula: see text]GdxWO[Formula: see text] increased significantly with increasing of doped-Gd[Formula: see text] content and reached [Formula: see text] S[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] at 800∘C, when the doping amount was [Formula: see text]. At last, this study demonstrated that Sr[Formula: see text]GdxWO[Formula: see text] is an effective strategy to optimize middle or low-temperature SOFC.

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Wang, Zhaoqing, Xunying Wang, Zhaoyun Xu, Hui Deng, Wenjing Dong, Baoyuan Wang, Chu Feng, Xueqi Liu, and Hao Wang. "Semiconductor-Ionic Nanocomposite La0.1Sr0.9MnO3−δ-Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ Functional Layer for High Performance Low Temperature SOFC." Materials 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091549.

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A novel composite was synthesized by mixing La0.1Sr0.9MnO3−δ (LSM) with Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ (SDC) for the functional layer of low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC). Though LSM, a highly electronic conducting semiconductor, was used in the functional layer, the fuel cell device could reach OCVs higher than 1.0 V without short-circuit problem. A typical diode or rectification effect was observed when an external electric force was supplied on the device under fuel cell atmosphere, which indicated the existence of a junction that prevented the device from short-circuit problem. The optimum ratio of LSM:SDC = 1:2 was found for the LT-SOFC to reach the highest power density of 742 mW·cm−2 under 550 °C The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data highlighted that introducing LSM into SDC electrolyte layer not only decreased charge-transfer resistances from 0.66 Ω·cm2 for SDC to 0.47–0.49 Ω·cm2 for LSM-SDC composite, but also decreased the activation energy of ionic conduction from 0.55 to 0.20 eV.

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Datta, Pradyot. "Doped Ceria Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrolytes and their Sintering Aspects: An Overview." Materials Science Forum 835 (January 2016): 199–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.835.199.

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Depletion of fossil fuel at an alarming rate is a major concern of humankind. Consequently, researchers all over the world are putting a concerted effort for finding alternative and renewable energy. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is one such system. SOFCs are electrochemical devices that have several advantages over conventional power generation systems like high efficiency of power generation, low emission of green house gases and the fuel flexibility. The major research focus of recent times is to reduce the operating temperature of SOFC in the range of 500 to 700 °C so as to render it commercially viable. This reduction in temperature is largely dependent on finding an electrolyte material with adequate oxygen ion conductivity at the intended operating temperature. One much material is Gadolinia doped Ceria (CGO) that shows very good oxygen ion conductivity at the intended operation temperature. The aim of this overview is to highlight the contribution that materials chemistry has made to the development of CGO as an electrolyte.

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Smirnova, O., N. Kumada, Y. Yonesaki, and N. Kinomura. "A new solid electrolyte to fill the gap between low temperatures and high temperatures SOFC materials?" Electrochemistry Communications 10, no. 3 (March 2008): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.01.016.

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Fallah Vostakola, Mohsen, and Bahman Amini Horri. "Progress in Material Development for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Review." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051280.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been considered as promising candidates to tackle the need for sustainable and efficient energy conversion devices. However, the current operating temperature of SOFCs poses critical challenges relating to the costs of fabrication and materials selection. To overcome these issues, many attempts have been made by the SOFC research and manufacturing communities for lowering the operating temperature to intermediate ranges (600–800 °C) and even lower temperatures (below 600 °C). Despite the interesting success and technical advantages obtained with the low-temperature SOFC, on the other hand, the cell operation at low temperature could noticeably increase the electrolyte ohmic loss and the polarization losses of the electrode that cause a decrease in the overall cell performance and energy conversion efficiency. In addition, the electrolyte ionic conductivity exponentially decreases with a decrease in operating temperature based on the Arrhenius conduction equation for semiconductors. To address these challenges, a variety of materials and fabrication methods have been developed in the past few years which are the subject of this critical review. Therefore, this paper focuses on the recent advances in the development of new low-temperature SOFCs materials, especially low-temperature electrolytes and electrodes with improved electrochemical properties, as well as summarizing the matching current collectors and sealants for the low-temperature region. Different strategies for improving the cell efficiency, the impact of operating variables on the performance of SOFCs, and the available choice of stack designs, as well as the costing factors, operational limits, and performance prospects, have been briefly summarized in this work.

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Chen, Ian Bo, Shuang Shii Lian, Chia Ying Li, Wei Ja Shong, and Ruey Yi Lee. "The Alloy Design of Metallic Interconnector of Solid Oxide Electrolyte Fuel Cell (SOFC)." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1617.

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This study is intended to reduce the difference of thermal expansion coefficient between metallic interconnector and solid electrolyte of SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) without sacrificing of electrical conductivity. Fe-Cr alloys have been chosen as candidate materials due to its merit of low cost and high temperature oxidation resistance. Different amount of alloys element and compositions have been varied to optimize the properties by method of alloys design with aid of thermodynamics software Thermal-Cal. Phase diagrams of multi-components alloys have been drawn to predict the possible stable phases formed in the investigated metals. An arc melter and plasma melting furnace were used to melt the investigated alloys. The measurements of thermal expansion coefficients and electrical conductivities are carried out with TMA and ASR resistance instrument. The results indicate that the Fe-10Cr alloy exhibits the smallest thermal expansion coefficient among the alloys, while Fe-16Cr has a lowest electrical resistance .

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Misso, Agatha Matos, Daniel Ricco Elias, Fernando dos Santos, and Chieko Yamagata. "Low Temperature Synthesis of Lanthanum Silicate Apatite Type by Modified Sol Gel Process." Advanced Materials Research 975 (July 2014): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.975.143.

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Rare earth silicate apatite type is a very important and promising material for application as an electrolyte in IT-SOFC (Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell). Lanthanum silicate apatite, La9,33Si6O26, exhibits high conductivity and has high efficiency, long term stability, fuel flexibility, low emissions and relatively low cost compared to yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ - yttria stabilized zirconia), at temperatures between 600 to 800 °C. One of the problems of YSZ is its high operating temperature which results in long starting times and problems of mechanical and chemical compatibility. The interest of investigating lanthanum silicate apatite as an electrolyte is to overcome the problems caused by high temperature operation required by YSZ electrolyte. In the present study, sol-gel method was used to synthesize La9,33Si6O26. Initially, the reagents (sodium silicate and lanthanum nitrate) were mixed to obtain colloidal silica. Then, this gel containing lanthanum nitrate was thermally treated to allow the melting of lanthanum nitrate salt distributed on colloidal silica. The aim of this study was to verify if this method permits the formation of La9,33Si6O26 pure apatite phase, in order to obtain fine powders and uniform particles for further processing and obtaining a ceramic body.

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Kato, H. "Electrical conductivity of Al-doped La1−xSrxScO3 perovskite-type oxides as electrolyte materials for low-temperature SOFC." Solid State Ionics 159, no. 3-4 (April 2003): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(03)00101-2.

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Mangalaraja, R. V., S. Ananthakumar, Anke Schachtsiek, Marta López, Carlos P. Camurri, and Ricardo E. Avila. "Synthesis and mechanical properties of low temperature sintered, Sm3+ doped nanoceria electrolyte membranes for IT-SOFC applications." Materials Science and Engineering: A 527, no. 16-17 (June 2010): 3645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.01.025.

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Noh, Ho-Sung, Ji-Won Son, Heon Lee, Hue-Sup Song, Hae-Weon Lee, and Jong-Ho Lee. "Low Temperature Performance Improvement of SOFC with Thin Film Electrolyte and Electrodes Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 156, no. 12 (2009): B1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3243859.

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Machmudah, Siti, Widiyastuti, Sugeng Winardi, Wahyudiono, Hideki Kanda, and Motonobu Goto. "Synthesis of Ceria Zirconia Oxides using Solvothermal Treatment." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815605014.

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Ceria oxide (CeO2) is widely used as catalyst with high oxygen storage capacity at low temperature. The addition of zirconia oxide (ZrO2) to CeO2 can enhance oxygen storage capacity as well as thermal stability. In this work, ceria zirconia oxides has been synthesized via a low temperature solvothermal treatment in order to produce ceria zirconia oxides composite with high oxygen storage capacity as electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Under solvothermal conditions, solvent may control the direction of crystal growth, morphology, particle size and size distribution, because of the controllability of thermodynamics and transport properties by pressure and temperature. Water, mixed of water and ethanol (70/30 vol/vol), and mixed of water and ethylene glycol (70/30 vol/vol) were used as solvent, while Ce(NO3)3 and ZrO(NO3)2 with 0.06 M concentration were used as precursor. The experiments were conducted at temperature of 150 °C and pressure for 2 h in a Teflon-lined autoclave of 100 mL volume. The synthesized products were dried at 60 °C for 6 and 12 h and then calcined at 900 °C for 6 h. The particle products were characterized using SEM, XRD, TG/DTA, and Potentiostat. The results showed that the morphology of particles formed were affected by the solvent. Solid plate shaped particles were produced in water, and tend to be pore with the addition of ethylene glycol. The addition of ethanol decreased the size of particles with sphere shaped. The XRD pattern indicated that ceria-zirconia oxides particles are uniformly distributed in the structure to form a homogeneous solid solution. Based on the electrochemical analysis, ceria zirconia oxides produced via solvothermal synthesis had high conductivity ion of 0.5594 S/cm, which is higher than minimum conductivity ion requirement of 0.01 S/cm for SOFC electrolyte. It indicated that ceria zirconia oxides produced via solvothermal synthesis is suitable for SOFC electrolyte.

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Martinelli, Antonio E., Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Beatriz Cela, Juliana P. Nicodemo, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Dulce Maria de Araújo Melo, and Rubens M. Nascimento. "Synthesis of Functional Ceramic Materials for Application in 2 kW Stationary SOFC Stacks." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.147.

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This paper presents an overview of recent advances in the synthesis and preparation of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) functional ceramic materials, focusing on low-/intermediary-temperature SOFCs. Novel synthesis processes for oxygen ion-conducting and mixed electronic and ionic conductors, fundamental to reduce the operating temperature of SOFCs were studied. Ni-Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (Ni-CGO) anodes were successfully synthesized by the so called “one step synthesis”. La0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (LSCF), Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) and their mixture were produced as a cobaltite-based composite cathode by mixing powders synthesized by microwave-assisted combustion and the modified polymeric precursor method, respectively. Preliminary electrochemical activity tests with the synthesized electrodes were performed in electrolyte-supported SOFCs using commercially available 200 µm thick yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) as electrolyte. The maximum power density of 52 mW/cm2 was reached at 850 °C. This result can be further improved replacing thick YSZ electrolytes by doped-ceria thin films, aiming at operation temperatures of 500–800 °C and power densities as high as 800 mW/cm2. The assembling of anode-supported cells with the configuration Ni-CGO/CGO (10 µm thickness)/LSCF-SDC are for applications in 2 kW stacks are currently under way.

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Tomomichi, K., K. Sasaki, Y. Endo, K. Kikai, and T. Terai. "Preparation and Characterization of La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3- Thin Film Electrolyte Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Deposition for Low-Temperature Operating -SOFC." ECS Transactions 53, no. 30 (October 6, 2013): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05330.0175ecst.

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Grinko, А. M., А. V. Brichka, О. М. Bakalinska, and М. Т. Каrtel. "Application of nano cerium oxide in solid oxide fuel cells." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.231.

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This review is analyzed the state of modern literature on the nanoceria based materials application as components for solid oxide fuel cells. The principle of operation of fuel cells, their classification and the difference in the constructions of fuel cells are described. The unique redox properties of nanosized cerium oxide make this material promising for application as components for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Because of high ionic conductivity, high coefficient of thermal expansion and low activation energy at relatively low temperatures, cerium-containing materials are widely used as a solid electrolyte. On the surface of nanosized CeO2 there many surface defects (which is determined by the concentration of oxygen vacancies) that lead to the electronic conductivity increases even at temperatures (300 - 700 °C). The concentration of surface defects can be increased by doping the surface of nanoceria by divalent and trivalent cations. The ionic and electrical properties of the obtained nanocomposites dependent from synthesis methods, ionic radii and concentration of doping cations. It is explained the effect of the transition in the size of cerium oxide particles in the nanoscale region on the concentration of surface defects and defects in the sample structure. Particular attention is paid to the effect of doping nanosized CeO2 by transition metal cations and lanthanides on the characteristics of the obtained material, namely, on the increase of concentration of surface defects due to the increase of oxygen vacancies. It is established that nanosized cerium oxide is used for the development and implementation of the main components of SOFC: electrolyte, anode and cathode. Advantages of using solid electrolytes based on nanosized cerium oxide over the classical electrolytes are listed. It was shown that doping of cerium oxide by double and triple cations lead to increase the ionic conductivity and reduces the activation energy and has a positive effect on its characteristics as a SOFC electrolyte. Composites, based on nanoscaled cerium oxide, are actively developed and studied for use as electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells. Cerium-containing anodes are resistant to the deposition of carbon and fuel impurities, increase the catalytic activity of solid oxide fuel cells, and compatible with other components. Nanosized cerium oxide particles are sprayed onto the cathode to prevent the cathode from interacting with the electrolyte. The prospects for the use of cerium-containing materials for the conversion of chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy are analyzed.

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Coppola, Nunzia, Pierpaolo Polverino, Giovanni Carapella, Chiara Sacco, Alice Galdi, Alberto Ubaldini, Vincenzo Vaiano, Dario Montinaro, Luigi Maritato, and Cesare Pianese. "Structural and Electrical Characterization of Sputter-Deposited Gd0.1Ce0.9O2−δ Thin Buffer Layers at the Y-Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte Interface for IT-Solid Oxide Cells." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120571.

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The use of a doped Ceria buffer layer and Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) techniques for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) fabrication can limit the former, the formation of electrical insulating lanthanum, and strontium zirconates at the cathode/electrolyte interface, whereas the latter allows a better control of the materials interfaces. These effects allow for operation at intermediate temperature ranges. In this work, we study the structural and electrical properties of Gadolinium Doped Ceria (GDC) barrier layer deposited via the room temperature RF Sputtering technique on anode supported electrolytes and then annealed at high temperature. The crystal structure and the surface morphology of the GDC barrier layers have been analyzed and optimized varying the temperature ramp of the post-growth annealing procedure. The electrical behavior of the obtained samples has been investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and compared to that of standard SOFC with screen-printed GDC barrier layers, the former showing a maximum high frequency and low frequency resistances reduction of about 50% and 46%, respectively, with respect to the latter at an operating temperature of 650 °C. The results clearly show an important improvement of SOFC performances when using sputter deposited GDC layers, linking the electrical properties to the structural and stoichiometric ones.

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Silva, G. C. T., and E. N. S. Muccillo. "Effect of Co Addition on Sintering and Electrical Properties of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.397.

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Yttria-stabilized zirconia is the most developed solid electrolyte for use in hightemperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Commercial yttria-stabilized zirconia powders reach high densification at temperatures around 1400 °C. The use of additives may increase the densification rate by means of a liquid phase formation during sintering. However, these additives should not cause any degradation on the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. The main purpose of this work was to study the effect of Co addition on the densification and electrical conductivity of yttriastabilized zirconia. Green compacts were prepared by pressureless sintering a mixture of commercial 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia with cobalt carbonate. Linear shrinkage results show that the temperature at which the shrinkage starts decreases with increasing Co content. Impedance spectroscopy measurements reveal that Co additions to stabilized zirconia decrease the total electrolyte conductivity even for Co contents as low as 0.05 mol%.

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Abdul Rahman, Hamimah, Linda Agun, and Mohamed Hakim Ahmad Shah. "Ba- and La- Strontium Cobalt Ferrite Carbonate Composite as Cathode Materials for Low Temperature SOFC." Key Engineering Materials 694 (May 2016): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.694.125.

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Barium strontium cobalt ferrite (BSCF) and lanthanum strontium carbonate ferrite (LSCF)–samarium-doped ceria carbonate (SDCc) composite cathodes were developed based on various molar ratio of binary carbonate. The percentage of molar ratio for (Li/Na)2 binary carbonate in the composite cathodes were 67:33, 62:38, and 53:47. Influence of (Li/Na)2 binary carbonate addition on BSCF-SDCc and LSCF-SDCc were studied in terms of chemical, thermal, and physical properties. The composite-cathode powders were prepared using high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and followed by calcination at 750 °C for 2h. Characterizations of the composite cathode were performed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and dilatometry. The FTIR result verified the existence of carbonates in all the composite cathodes. The increment in the Na2CO3 molar ratio has contributed to the growth of the BSCF-SDCc particles as observed from the FESEM micrographs and particle size. The LSCF-SDCc composite cathodes revealed a lower (1.38-6.69%) thermal coefficient difference with SDCc electrolyte. The BSCF-SDCc and LSCF-SDCc composites with 53:47 mol.% of (Li/Na)2 binary carbonate exhibit the applicable properties as SOFC cathode material.

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Agun, Linda, Muhamad Subri Abu Bakar, Sufizar Ahmad, Andanastuti Muchtar, and Hamimah Abd Rahman. "Influence of Ag on Chemical and Thermal Compatibility of LSCF-SDCC for LT-SOFC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.445.

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In addition to the good electrochemical performance criteria in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications, cathode material must match thermal expansion with other SOFC components. Thus, effects of Ag on thermal mismatch, chemical reactions, and microstructure are investigated. Ag (1 wt% to 5 wt. %) was mixed with La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF6428) and Sm-doped ceria carbonate (SDCC) composite cathode powder. LSCF6428-SDCC-Ag samples were sintered at 600 °C for 2 h. The thermal expansion coefficients (TECs), which were determined using a dilatometer, indicated relatively less TEC mismatch between LSCF-SDCC-Ag cathodes composite and SDCC electrolyte. The average TEC value obtained from 20 °C to 600 °C implied that LSCF-SDCC-A5 (5 wt. % Ag) showed better thermal matching (13.18×10−6 K−1) with SDCC electrolyte (12.84×10−6 K−1) and achieved better compatibility. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the LSCF6428-SDCC-Ag peak increased with the increase in the amount of Ag. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that Ag was capable of maintaining the porosity that is required for cathodes (20%–40%). Results showed that Ag exhibited desirable thermal and chemical compatibility with LSCF-SDCC. Thus, LSCF6428-SDCC-Ag can be used as a composite cathode for low-temperature SOFCs.

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Wen, Jing, Chen Song, Taikai Liu, Ziqian Deng, Shaopeng Niu, Yapeng Zhang, Libin Liu, and Min Liu. "Fabrication of Dense Gadolinia-Doped Ceria Coatings via Very-Low-Pressure Plasma Spray and Plasma Spray–Physical Vapor Deposition Process." Coatings 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110717.

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Gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) is a promising electrolyte material for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs). Many works used ceramic sintering methods to prepare the GDC electrolyte, which was mature and reliable but presented difficulties in rapidly preparing a large area of GDC electrolyte without cracks. The low-pressure plasma spray (LPPS) process has the potential to solve this problem, but few studies have been conducted to date. In this work, submicron GDC powder was agglomerated by a spray drying method to achieve the proper granularity with D50 about 10 μm, and then two dense GDC coatings were fabricated with this agglomerated GDC powder using very-low-pressure plasma spray (VLPPS) and plasma spray–physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD), respectively. The results indicate that the two GDC coatings exhibited similar microstructure but with different densification mechanisms. The VLPPS coating was mainly built up in the form of liquid splats, which had lower mechanical properties due to the lower density and crystallinity, while the PS-PVD coating was co-deposited with the vapor clusters and liquid splats, which had higher density, crystallinity, and mechanical properties. It can therefore be concluded that the GDC coating prepared by PS-PVD is more appropriate for the LT-SOFC application.

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Hori, Mikihiro, Keisuke Nagasaka, Masaru Miyayama, Giuseppe Trunfio, and Enrico Traversa. "Evaluation of Electrode Performances of Single-Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Key Engineering Materials 301 (January 2006): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.301.155.

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The interfacial resistances of La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-δ (denoted LSCF(10(1-x)/10x/10(1-y)/10y)) cathodes, and the catalytic activities of a Ni-Ce0.85Y0.15O1.925 (Ni-YDC) anode and an LSCF(2/8/8/2) cathode of a single-chamber solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) were investigated. LSCF cathodes with high oxide ion conductivities gave low interfacial resistances. LSCF cathodes with suitable thermal expansion coefficients formed favorable interfacial structures with a ceria-based electrolyte. Ni-YDC showed a higher conversion efficiency for CH4 and a lower selectivity for CO2 than LSCF(2/8/8/2). The single-chamber SOFC based on the Sm-doped ceria electrolyte with the Ni-YDC anode and LSCF(2/8/8/2) cathode showed a maximum power density of 186 mW/cm2 at 800°C.

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Rousseau, F., S. Awamat, M. Nikravech, D. Morvan, and J. Amouroux. "Deposit of dense YSZ electrolyte and porous NiO–YSZ anode for SOFC device by a low pressure plasma process." Surface and Coatings Technology 202, no. 4-7 (December 2007): 1226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.089.

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Pesaran, Alireza, Abhishek Jaiswal, Yaoyu Ren, and Eric D. Wachsman. "Development of a new ceria/yttria-ceria double-doped bismuth oxide bilayer electrolyte low-temperature SOFC with higher stability." Ionics 25, no. 7 (January 26, 2019): 3153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-02838-4.

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Punbusayakul, N., W. Wongklang, K. Wongtida, J. Charoensuk, and S. Charojrochkul. "Behaviour of Various Glass Seal for Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.817.

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One of the critical issues in designing a planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is the development of materials to hermetically seal the metal (430 series stainless steel) or ceramic interconnector with the ceramic electrolyte of the cell. The main objective of this sealing material is to achieve a low leak rate, long-term stability at operating temperature and chemical compatibility with other components. One of the compositions has been operated in an SOFC in excess of 30 minutes over the range of 600, 700, 800, and 900°C. The seal is a composition of polymer blend and glass of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 by weight. The leakage rate of each seal was measured simultaneously under the compressive force of 100 N, 2 bar Helium. The seal was characterized using a thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of glass composition on operating temperature and compressive forces on the leakage rate have been discussed and correlated.

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Yugami, Hiroo, Hisashi Kato, and Fumitada Iguchi. "Protonic SOFCs Using Perovskite-Type Conductors." Advances in Science and Technology 95 (October 2014): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.95.66.

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High temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have high efficiency and low emissions and contribute to the saving of the fossil fuel and the decreasing of the CO2 emission bringing about the global warning. As concerned about the development of electrolytes, oxide-ion conductors alternative to yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) such as doped CeO2, Sc-SZ and perovskite-type oxides (LaGaO3) etc. have been reported to apply to the intermediate temperature SOFCs (IT-SOFCs).Some of perovskite-type oxides shows high proton conductivity at high temperature and are expected to the electrolyte materials for IT-SOFCs. In this paper we have investigated review the mixed electrical conductivity and the optical absorption spectrum of OH(D)-vibration of LaScO3.We also evaluated its applicability to the electrolyte material for IT-SOFCs by testing the SOFC performance of Pt/LaScO3/Pt single cell configuration.

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Shah, M. A. K. Yousaf, Sajid Rauf, Naveed Mushtaq, Zuhra Tayyab, Nasir Ali, Muhammad Yousaf, Yueming Xing, et al. "Semiconductor Fe-doped SrTiO3-δ perovskite electrolyte for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC) operating below 520 °C." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 28 (May 2020): 14470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.147.

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Tu, Zhengwen, Yuanyuan Tian, Mingyang Liu, Bin Jin, Muhammad Akbar, Naveed Mushtaq, Xunying Wang, Wenjing Dong, Baoyuan Wang, and Chen Xia. "Remarkable Ionic Conductivity in a LZO-SDC Composite for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 2277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092277.

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Recently, appreciable ionic conduction has been frequently observed in multifunctional semiconductors, pointing out an unconventional way to develop electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Among them, ZnO and Li-doped ZnO (LZO) have shown great potential. In this study, to further improve the electrolyte capability of LZO, a typical ionic conductor Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (SDC) is introduced to form semiconductor-ionic composites with LZO. The designed LZO-SDC composites with various mass ratios are successfully demonstrated in SOFCs at low operating temperatures, exhibiting a peak power density of 713 mW cm−2 and high open circuit voltages (OCVs) of 1.04 V at 550 °C by the best-performing sample 5LZO-5SDC, which is superior to that of simplex LZO electrolyte SOFC. Our electrochemical and electrical analysis reveals that the composite samples have attained enhanced ionic conduction as compared to pure LZO and SDC, reaching a remarkable ionic conductivity of 0.16 S cm−1 at 550 °C, and shows hybrid H+/O2− conducting capability with predominant H+ conduction. Further investigation in terms of interface inspection manifests that oxygen vacancies are enriched at the hetero-interface between LZO and SDC, which gives rise to the high ionic conductivity of 5LZO-5SDC. Our study thus suggests the tremendous potentials of semiconductor ionic materials and indicates an effective way to develop fast ionic transport in electrolytes for low-temperature SOFCs.

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Iguchi, Fumitada, Takuya Yamane, Hisashi Kato, and Hiroo Yugami. "Low-temperature fabrication of an anode-supported SOFC with a proton-conducting electrolyte based on lanthanum scandate using a PLD method." Solid State Ionics 275 (July 2015): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2015.03.022.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Low Temperture; Electrolyte; SOFC'

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