Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Low voltage motors'

The brushed DC motor is a source of electromagnetic emission that may cause interference. The main issues with brushed DC motor are arcing, which occurs between the brushes and commutator, and inrush current. It is possible to decrease the electromagnetic emissions by addressing the source (brushed dc motor) and the installation. The source may be addressed by using filters in the form of X2Y-capacitors on the terminals or ferrites on the cables. The installation does not produce any emission, but it is possible to lower its contribution. This is done by altering the installation like changing the placement of cables and provide good coupling. An effective way of decreasing inrush currents is by using negative-thermal-coefficient (NTC) thermistors. Another measure to improve the EMC properties of the brushed DC motor is to design the motor so that it can trap EM emissions. Some of these parameters are motor house material, end-cap material, vent holes or slots on motor housing, placement of power terminals, crimping tabs and motor enclosure.

The main goal of this thesis project is to identify interesting concepts related to cooling of electrical motors and generators which could be evaluated using suitable computer simulation tools. As the project proceeded it was decided to focus on investigating how the air from a fan flows along the finned frame of a general purpose low voltage electrical machine, how the heat is transferred between the frame and the cooling air and what the temperature distribution looks like. It was also investigated if it is possible to make improvements in the effectiveness of the cooling without adding additional coolers. This investigation focused on varying the fin design and evaluating the resulting temperature distribution. Due to the complex nature of the simulations a segment, and not the full frame, was considered. Simulation model validation was performed through comparing air speed measurements that were performed on two different machines with the corresponding simulated air speed. The validation showed that good agreement between simulated and measured air speeds are obtained. The conclusion from the simulations is that slight modifications to the current fin design could increase the cooling effect of the finned surface. The air velocity measurements also indicate that the cooling of the machines surface could potentially be improved by small changes in the exterior of the frame.
Målet med detta examensarbete var att identifiera intressanta koncept relaterade till kylning av elektriska maskiner och generatorer, som kunde utvärderas med lämplig programvara för datorsimuleringar. Under projektets gång så bestämdes det att fokusera på hur luften från en fläkt flödar längs med en generell lågspänningsmaskin, hur värmen överförs från ramen till den omgivande luften och hur temperaturfördelningen ser ut. Det undersöktes även om det var möjligt att förbättra effektiviteten av kylningen utan att ansluta extra kylanordningar. Undersökningarna fokuserades på olika fendesigner och dess påverkan på värmefördelningen. På grund av simuleringarnas komplexitet så har simuleringarna endast utförts på ett segment istället för hela maskinen. Validering av simuleringarna utfördes genom att jämföra de simulerade lufthastigheterna med verklig lufthastighet som mättes på två maskiner i testmiljö. Valideringen visade att simuleringarna överensstämmer väl med de mätningar som utfördes. Slutsatsen utifrån simuleringarna är att mindre förändringar av fenornas nuvarande design kan förbättra fenornas kylningsförmåga. Mätningarna av lufthastigheten ger även indikationer på att kylningen av maskinens utsida eventuellt kan förbättras genom små förändringar av ramens exteriör.

Depuis le développement des composants d'électronique de puissance qui ont permis la fabrication d'onduleurs fiables et efficaces, les entraînements à vitesse variable utilisant des moteurs asynchrones sont devenus de plus en plus populaires. La technique MLI s'est avérée être une méthode très efficace de contrôle de la vitesse de rotation. Cependant, les impulsions de tension, avec des pentes très raides (de l'ordre de quelques kV/µs), ont apporté de nouveaux risques pour le système d'isolation électrique des moteurs. La richesse harmonique de la tension MLI entraînera une surtension significative due à une différence d'impédance entre le câble et le moteur. En effet, la tension observée par certaines parties du système d'isolation peut dépasser la tension d'apparition des décharges partielles (ang. PDIV); ce qui amorcera une activité de décharges partielles localisée. Le système d'isolation des machines basse tension (appelé type I) est basé presque entièrement sur des matériaux polymères qui ne sont pas conçus pour supporter des décharges partielles tout au long de leur vie. En raison de l'utilisation de variateurs de fréquence, l'isolation primaire du fil émaillée est en danger par rapport aux machines alimentées par réseau. En conséquence, c'est souvent le point le plus faible du système d'isolation qui conduira à la panne prématurée d'une machine. Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier et d'analyser le processus de vieillissement du fil émaillé exposé aux différents facteurs et de proposer une méthode permettant de prédire les durées de vie dans des conditions fixées. Cette étude introduit une prédiction basée sur la méthode des plans d'expériences et la distribution statistique de Weibull. Grâce au modèle obtenu avec des tests de vieillissement courts multicontraintes (température, tension, fréquence) il est possible de prédire les résultats de tests significativement plus longs. De plus, la méthodologie proposée permet de prédire la dispersion des essais longs en se basant sur la dispersion des résultats à court terme. Les prédictions sont comparées avec les données expérimentales afin de prouver la précision du modèle
Since the development of power electronic components, which allowed the manufacturing of reliable and efficient inverters, variable speed drives using inductive motors have become more and more popular. The PWM technique has proven to be a very effective method of rotational speed control. However, the fast changing voltage pulses, with very steep slopes (in the order of a few kV/µs), has brought new hazards for the electrical insulation system of such motors. Very high frequency harmonic components of PWM voltage will result in significant overvoltage due to an impedance mismatch between the cable and the motor. As an effect, the voltage seen by some parts of the insulation system may exceed the Partial Discharge Inception Voltage (PDIV) stating localized partial discharges activity. The insulation system in low-voltage machines (called type I) is based almost entirely on polymer materials, which are not able to support partial discharge activity throughout their lives. Due to the use of frequency inverters especially the primary insulation of the magnet wire is endangered in comparison with system-powered machines. As a result this is often the weakest link of the insulation system leading to a premature breakdown of the machine. The aim of this thesis is to investigate and analyze the aging process of the enameled wire exposed to different factors and to propose a method allowing to predict their lifespans in given conditions. This study introduces a prediction based on the Design of Experiments method and the statistical Weibull distribution. Thanks to the model obtained with short multi-stress (temperature, voltage, frequency) aging tests, it is possible to predict the results of significantly longer ones. Moreover, the adapted methodology is proposed that allows to predict the scatter of the long tests basing on the short-time results dispersion. The predictions are compared with the experimental data in order to prove the model accuracy

Pour faire varier la vitesse d'un moteur d'une voiture électrique, un onduleur de tension avec une modulation de largeur d'impulsion (MLI) est utilisé. Les temps de commutation de plus en plus courts créent un grand nombre de fronts de tension. L'utilisation d'un onduleur sur une machine basse tension est de plus en plus répandue et peut provoquer une réduction de la durée de vie des machines. Tout d'abord, la répartition de la tension au sein de la bobine est fortement inhomogène à cause de la nature impulsionnelle de la tension. Dans des machines basse tension avec un bobinage en vrac, il y a donc une probabilité non négligeable que les quelques premières spires de la bobine supportant la tension lors de la commutation soient adjacentes avec les dernières, faisant ainsi supporter à l'isolation interspire une forte différence de potentiel. La désadaptation d'impédance entre les câbles de puissance et les bornes de la machine peuvent également générer des surtensions, augmentant encore la sollicitation sur l'isolation électrique. Dans ces conditions défavorables, des décharges partielles peuvent apparaitre et contribuer à la dégradation de l'isolation électrique, réduisant ainsi la durée de vie des machines. Pire encore, des moteurs ayant passé avec succès des essais de qualification en impulsionnel pour être alimentés par un onduleur de tension ont malgré tout des durées de vie réduites. Si de tels phénomènes sont facilement détectables en 50Hz, il devient difficile de les détecter de manière électrique avec un onduleur de tension avec l'amplitude et la variation du courant. De plus, l'onduleur de tension génère un bruit électromagnétique important perturbant les mesures avec les capteurs non-intrusifs. L'objectif de cette thèse est donc de développer une méthode de détection de décharges partielles, à l'aide d'un capteur non-intrusif, dans un moteur de voiture électrique alimenté par un onduleur de tension en on-line, ainsi qu'en off-line, afin de fournir des données pertinentes lors de la conception d'un moteur électrique, de test fin de chaine ou d'essai en fatigue. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une suite d'expériences montant en complexité ont permis de confronter le dispositif de détection à des conditions de plus en plus proches de celles d'une voiture électrique
To control the speed of the motor in an electric vehicle, one solution is to use in the powertrain an inverter drive with pulse width modulation (PWM). This device is recreating a sinusoidal current on each phase with a high number of short pulses of the same amplitude but with a dynamic duty cycle. Recent advances in power electronics allowed switching time to be quicker and quicker thus creating voltage pulses with shorter and shorter rise time. The use of PWM inverter to fed low voltage is now widespread but not without posing well-known problems regarding the reliability of the machine. When an electric motor is fed with a very number of pulses per second, each pulse is not propagating immediately along the winding and thus the voltage distribution is not uniform as in the sinusoidal case. As a result, most of the voltage is located within the first turns of the coil during the first moment of the switching. When the motor is random wound, first and last turns of the same coil could be adjacent thus putting high demand on the turn-to-turn insulation. Impedance mismatch between power cables and motors terminals could lead to overvoltage which are increasing the electrical stress on the insulation system. In the worst-case scenario, partial discharges could occur and contribute to the gradual deterioration of the insulation materials thus leading to premature failure. If partial discharges are easily detected with sinusoidal voltage with standard testing procedure, it becomes much harder to so when the sample under test is fed by a PWM inverter drive. Indeed, it is very difficult to spot very low amplitude partial discharges signals among very large amplitude voltage and current. Moreover, the PWM inverter is generating electro-magnetical noise, which is highly disturbing in partial discharge detection using RF non-intrusive sensor. Worse still, some electric motors having passed successfully AC or repetitive impulses acceptance tests may still fail prematurely when fed by a PWM inverter drive. The aim of this Ph. D thesis is thus to develop a non-intrusive partial discharges detection method, using a non-intrusive sensor, off-line and on-line in an electric motor fed by a PWM inverter drive. To achieve this, a series of experiments, gradually growing in complexity, will test the detection method with harsher and harsher conditions, thus closer and closer to realistic electric vehicle operating conditions. From a single-phase test on an electric stator to a full-scale test on an industrial engine test bench, off-line and on-line detection proves to be possible. In addition, visual observations and experiments have been carried out to better understand the physics of the observed light emitting discharges

Intresset för elektromekaniska lås ökar, på grund av dess många fördelar jämfört med de rent mekaniska låsen. Fördelar med elektromekaniska lås är, tillgång till online tillträdes hantering och billigare nycklar. Dessa applikationer är ofta batteridriven vilket ökar behovet av energibesparing för att förlänga batteriets livslängd. Detta examensarbete har till syfte att minska energiförbrukningen i ASSA ABLOY lås, Aperio E100 med hjälp av mer intelligent motorstyrning, samt genom att välja lämpligare hårdvara. Avhandlingen börjar med att utvärdera olika ställdonstyper, och välja det mest lämpliga för Aperio E100 låset. En mer djupgående undersökning för denna motortyp genomförs sedan för att hitta nya energieffektiva styrmetoder samt en mer passande motor och motor brygga. En borstlös DC motor valdes för att ersätta det nuvarande borst DC motorn i Aperio E100. En spänningsstegsmetod används för att minska energiförbrukningen, genom att simulera ingångssteg med hjälp av MATLAB Simulink. Den totala förbrukningen av borst DC motorn minskade med 33%, och den borstlösa DC motorn med 89%. Dessa minskningar av motorkonsumtionen ledde till en teoretisk förlägning av batteritiden på 8 respektive 17,6 månader.
The interest for electromechanical locks is constantly increasing, with its many advantages over the purely mechanical varieties, such as intelligent access schedules, online access handling, and cheaper credentials. These applications are often battery powered making the need for energy conservation crucial when extending the battery lifetime.This master thesis will reduce the energy consumption of the ASSA ABLOY, Aperio E100 lock using more intelligent control of the motor, as well as by selecting more suitable hardware. The thesis starts out by evaluating different actuator types, and selecting the most suitable for the Aperio E100 application. An in depth study for this motor type then reveals new energy efficient control methods for this.A brushless DC motor is chosen to replace the current brushed DC motor in the application. A voltage trajectory method is then used to reduce the consumption, by simulating input steps using MATLAB. The total consumption of the brushed DC motor was reduced with 33%, and the brushless DC motor with 89%. These reductions in the motor consumption lead to a theoretical increase in the battery life of 8 and 17,6months respectively.

The work carried out in this paper was born with the aim of designing, developing and testing a low voltage electric motor for automotive application and naval traction. The motor is a synchro-reluctant interior permanent magnet motor (IPM).

Position estimation using only active phase voltage and current is presented to perform high accuracy position sensorless control of a SRM drive. By extracting the amplitude of the first switching harmonic terms of phase voltage and current for a PWM period through Fourier analysis, flux-linkage and position are estimated without external hardware circuitry such as a modulator and demodulator, resulting in increasing cost, as well as large position estimation error produced when the motional back emf is ignored near zero speed. Hence the proposed position estimation scheme covers the entire speed range including the standstill under various loads and it has high resolution information depending on switching frequency. Fourier series and Fast Fourier transform are employed to decompose the phase voltage and current into its first switching harmonic. A two-phase SRM drive system, consisting of an asymmetrical converter and a conventional closed-loop PI current controller, is utilized to validate the performance of the proposed position estimation scheme in comprehensive operating conditions. The estimated values very closely track the actual values in dynamic simulations and experiments. It is shown that the proposed position estimation scheme using Fourier analysis is sufficiently accurate and works satisfactorily at various operating points. This research also proposes an accurate self-inductance measurement method. In general, when applying circulating currents within the body of a ferromagnetic material under conditions of a time varying magnetic flux, the effects of eddy current losses and resistance changes due to heating decrease the magnetic field strength and thereby the reduced magnetic field decreases the magnetic flux-linkage of SRM. These losses make a challenge to the measurement of magnetic characteristics of SRM. These motives lead to propose a measurement methodology based on 60 Hz sinusoidal excitation using a variable AC power supply, which provides an alternative to time domain integration approaches for self-inductance or flux-linkage measurement as well as eliminates error arising from thermal and eddy currents effects. The validation of the proposed method is verified with the correlation between the measurement and FEA results of flux-linkage. Furthermore, this research proposes the solutions for low cost and high efficiency drive systems, consisting of a split AC converter and a two-phase SRM. Its performance is analyzed and verified with experiments at the rated speed under various loads. It is believed that this drive system combined with the proposed position estimation scheme using Fourier analysis is a strong contender to be a low cost motor drive system with single switch per phase having comparable efficiency and acoustic noise level as an asymmetric drive system.
Ph. D.

O motor de indução é, talvez, o mais robusto e, certamente, um dos motores mais comumente usados. Graças à simplicidade de sua construção, do seu baixo custo, confiabilidade e rendimento relativamente alto com carga nominal é provável que ele permaneça sendo a principal fonte de transformação de energia elétrica em energia mecânica nas aplicações industriais e comerciais por um futuro previsível. O estudo de economia de energia pela redução de perdas é o objetivo do presente estudo. Os motores de indução operam regularmente com fluxo quase constante no entreferro e, portanto, com perdas magnéticas quase constantes. A utilização de um circuito gradador de tensão em série com a alimentação do motor para reduzir o fluxo no entreferro pela redução da tensão aplicada quando a carga não requer fluxo total é o objeto de análise neste estudo. Com a redução da tensão, para manter o conjugado de operação, a velocidade de rotação diminui, ou seja, há um aumento no escorregamento até um valor ótimo para reduzir as perdas totais. Então, esperaria-se que com a redução da tensão aplicada, as perdas magnéticas decresceriam e a eficiência total cresceria. Via de regra, no motor de indução, dada a característica mergulhante de sua curva Conjugado x Velocidade na região em torno da velocidade nominal, o conjugado varia muito mais que a velocidade. Para operação eficiente, a sua tensão aplicada deve ser função da carga que traciona. É objetivo desse trabalho estudar um dispositivo que, colocado em série com a fonte de alimentação de um motor de indução de CA, promove a redução de potência fornecida ao motor, quando a carga aplicada ao motor é menor que a carga nominal. Uma análise da redução da tensão senoidal aplicada através de um auto-transformador de tensão variável é comparada com a redução da tensão através de um circuito gradador baseado em tiristores. A melhor tensão a ser obtida é a que reduz as perdas magnéticas ao mínimo, para cargas que não requerem o fluxo total no entreferro como quando da tensão nominal aplicada. As limitações do processo são estudadas e apresentadas.
The induction motor is perhaps the most rugged, and certainly one of the most commonly used motors. With simply construction, low cost, reliability and efficiency relatively high with rated-load it seems to be a good way to convert electric energy into mechanical energy for industrial and domestic applications for a predictable future. An economy in energy consumption by loss reduction is the goal of this study. The induction motors as normal operate with constant flux in the air-gap and, hence with almost constant losses in the core. The use of a voltage gradador circuit in series with the voltage source applied to the motor for flux reduction in the air-gap by reduction of the voltage when the load do not need full-flux is this study proposal. Hence, with applied voltage reduction, to keep the operational torque, the motor rotation decreases or the slip increases to an optimum value to reduce the total core losses and increase the efficiency. As a rule, the induction motor, by the dip characteristic of the torque x speed curve in the region near the nominal speed, the torque changes much more then the speed. For efficient operation, the applied voltage should be a function of the load. It is the goal or aim of this work to study a device which, when placed in series with the power input of an alternating current induction motor, will produce a reduction in power normally provided to the motor when operated in either a condition where motor loading is less than a rated load. An analysis of voltage ideal sine wave supply reduction applied by an autotransformer with variable voltage is compared with the voltage reduction using a gradador circuit based on thyristors. The optimal voltage operation is the one that decrease the iron losses to minimum, for partial-load that do not need full-flux in the air-gap as when the full voltage is applied. Limitations in the process are investigated and will be showed.

Since the early 1900's demand for fuel efficient vehicles has motivated the development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Unfortunately, some components used in these vehicles are expensive and complex. Today's consumer electric vehicles use dangerously high voltage,expensive electronic controllers, complex battery management systems and AC motors. The goal of this research at BYU is to increase safety by lowering the operating voltage and decrease cost by eliminating expensive controllers and decrease the number of battery cells. This paper specifically examines the use of a Ward Leonard Motor Control system for use in a passenger vehicle. The theory of the Ward Leonard system as an Infinitely Variable Transmission (IVT) is presented along with its history and past uses. Analogous systems are presented and similarities made in an attempt to enlighten designers to a broader design approach to increase safety and decrease cost of an electric or hybrid electric vehicle. The results of this research include a characterization of the Ward Leonard system as an IVT for use in an electric or hybrid (EV or HEV) passenger vehicle. These results include a study of past uses of the Ward Leonard system and what method is now used as a replacement. The theory of the Ward Leonard system and it operation is explained to an extent that someone not familiar with electronics can understand its working principles. A Control Factor metric was developed as a result of this research to measure the Ward Leonard System's ability to reduce the size of the electronic controller for application in an EV or HEV. The potential cost reduction of the electronic controller that would be used to control the Ward Leonard System compared with current EV and HEV vehicles was also research and identified. A bench top model of the Ward Leonard system was tested validating the Control Factor metric. The Ward Leonard system is capable of reducing the controller size by 77% and potentially reducing its cost by 68% or more. This work also provides performance characteristics for automotive designers and offers several design alternatives for EV and HEV architectures allowing the reduction of high voltage, the use of AC inverters, AC motors, expensive controllers and high cell count battery packs.

This master’s thesis deals with the design of electric switchgear for low voltage, which will serve for presentation purposes. The switchgear is analogy of the modular system MNS 3.0, which includes the latest equipment of ABB Ltd. that is currently available on the market. Switchgears of this type are widely used in industry primarily for controlling motor units. For this reason, in the switchgear there are located motor starters in various performances, as well as distribution modules. In addition, the switchgear has an automatic transfer switch function in case of failure of one of the power supplies. The complete documentation of the switchgear is processed in the professional software EPLAN Electric P8 with use of the 3D software EPLAN Pro Panel for modelling device compartments. The final part of the thesis is the calculation of the maximum cable lengths that a potential customer can connect to the switchgear. In addition, an analysis of the power and control circuits was carried out for voltage drop calculations, as well as the effect of these voltage drops and capacitance of long control cables on the actuation of contactors.

碩士
大同大學
機械工程學系(所)
100
ABSTRACT The paper is to use Solid works 2006 Cosmos, for low-voltage squirrel-cage motors of the main cast for minor parts of the spreadsheet, the motor of the main parts including a motor Frame and motor bracket. In this paper, Solid works 2006 spreadsheet Cosmos overall structure of the cast of the heat sink part of the structural strength and natural frequency optimization design spreadsheet. It calculates according to the calculating characteristic so that the spreadsheet of structural strength and natural frequency of all motor parts can be obtained. Ultimately, choosing the designed module parameter according to the spreadsheet value of all motor parts and doing real test which uses the module parameter set up by real value and spreadsheet value. Analyzed by Solid works Cosmos 2006, it actually decrease the R&D cost and provide new-coming colleagues some reference.

Multilevel inverters are very popular for medium and high-voltage induction motor (IM) drive applications. They have superior performance compared to 2-level inverters such as reduced harmonic content in output voltage and current, lower common mode voltage and dv/dt, and lesser voltage stress on power switches. To get nearly sinusoidal current waveforms, the switching frequency of the conventional inverters have to be in¬creased. This will lead to higher switching losses and electromagnetic interference. The problem in using lower switching frequency is the introduction of low order harmonics in phase currents and undesirable torque ripple in the motor. The 5th and 7th harmonics are dominant for hexagonal voltage space-vector based low frequency switching. Dodecagonal voltage space-vector based multilevel inverters have been proposed as an improvement over the conventional hexagonal space vector based inverters. They achieve complete elimination of 5th and 7th order harmonics throughout the modulation range. The linear modulation range is also extended by about 6.6%, since the dodecagon is closer to circle than a hexagon. The previous works on dodecagonal voltage space vector based VSI fed drives used voltage controlled PWM (VC-PWM). Although these controllers are more popular, they have inferior dynamic performance when compared to current controlled PWM (CC¬PWM). VSIs using current controlled PWM have excellent dynamic response, inherent short-circuit protection and are simple to implement. The conventional CC-PWM tech¬niques have large switching frequency variation and large current ripple in steady-state. xix As a result, there has been significant research interest to achieve current controlled VSI fed IM drives with constant switching frequency. Two current error space vector (CESV) based hysteresis controllers for dodecagonal voltage space-vector based VSI fed induction motor drives are proposed in this work. The proposed controllers achieve nearly constant switching frequency at steady state operation, similar to VC-SVPWM based VSI fed IM drives. They also have fast dynamic response while at the same time achieving complete elimination of fifth and seventh order harmonics for the entire modulation range, due to dodecagonal voltage vector switching. The first work proposes a nearly constant switching frequency current error space vector (CESV) based hysteresis controller for an IM drive with single dodecagonal voltage space vectors. Parabolic boundaries computed offline are used in the proposed controller. An open-end winding induction motor is fed from two inverters with asymmetrical DC link voltages, to generate the dodecagonal voltage space vectors. The drive scheme is first studied at different frequencies with a space vector based PWM (SVPWM) control, to obtain the current error space vector boundaries. The CESV boundary at each frequency can be approximated with four parabolas. These parabolic boundaries are used in the proposed controller to limit the CESV trajectory. Due to symmetries in the parabolas only two set of parabola parameters, at different frequencies, need to be stored. A generalized next vector selection logic, valid for all sectors and rotation direction, is used in the proposed controller. For this an axis transformation is done in all sectors, to bring the CESV trajectory to the first sector. The sector information is obtained from the estimated fundamental stator phase voltage. The proposed controller is extensively studied using vector control at different frequencies and transient conditions. This controller maintains nearly constant switching frequency at steady state operation, similar to VC-SVPWM inverters, while at the same time achieving better dynamic performance and complete elimination of 5th and 7th order harmonics throughout the modulation range. In the second work the nearly constant switching frequency current hysteresis con¬troller is extended to multilevel dodecagonal voltage space-vector based IM drives, with online computation of CESV boundaries. The multilevel dodecagonal space-vector dia¬gram has different types of triangles, and the previously proposed methods for multilevel hexagonal VSI based current hysteresis controllers cannot be used directly. The CESV trajectory of the VC-SVPWM, obtained for present triangular region, is used as the reference trajectory of the proposed controller. The CESV reference boundaries are com¬puted online, using switching dwell time and voltage error vector of each applied vector. These quantities are calculated from estimated sampled reference phase voltages, which are found out from the stator current error ripple and the parameters of the induction motor. Whenever the actual current error space vector crosses the reference CESV tra¬jectory, an appropriate vector that will force it along the reference trajectory is switched. Extensive study of the proposed controller using vector control is done at different fre¬quencies and transient conditions. This controller has all the advantages of multilevel switching like low dv/dt, lesser electromagnetic interference, lower switch voltage stress and lesser harmonic distortion, in addition to all the dynamic performance advantages of the previous controller. The third work proposes an elegant 5th and 7th order harmonic suppression tech¬nique for open end winding split-phase induction motors, using capacitor fed inverters. Split-phase induction motors have been proposed to reduce the torque and flux ripples of conventional three-phase IM. But these motors have high 5th and 7th order harmonics in the stator windings due to lack of back-emf for these frequencies. A space-vector harmonic analysis of the split-phase IM is conducted and possible 5th and 7th order harmonic sup¬pression techniques studied. A simple harmonic suppression scheme is proposed, which requires the use of only capacitor fed inverters. A PWM scheme that can maintain the capacitor voltage as well as suppress the 5th and 7th order harmonics is also proposed. To test the performance of the proposed scheme, an open-loop v/f control is used on an open-end winding split-phase induction motor under no-load condition. Synchronized PWM with two samples per sector was used, for frequencies above 10 Hz. The har¬monic spectra of the phase voltages and currents were computed and compared with the traditional SVPWM scheme, to highlight the harmonic suppression. The concepts were initially simulated in Matlab/Simulink. Experimental verifica¬tion was done using laboratory prototypes at low power. While these concepts maybe easily extended to higher power levels by using suitably rated devices, the control tech¬niques presented shall still remain applicable. TMS320F2812 DSP platform was used to execute the control code for the proposed drive schemes. For the first work the output pins of the DSP was directly used to drive the inverter switches through a dead-band circuit. For the other two works, DSP outputs the sector information and the PWM signals. The PWM terminals and I/O lines of the DSP is used to output the timings and the triangle number respectively. An FPGA (XC3S200) was used to translate the sector information and the PWM signals to IGBT gate signal logic. A constant dead-time of 1.5 µs was also implemented inside the FPGA. Opto-isolated gate drivers with desaturation protection (M57962L) were used to drive the IGBTs. The phase currents and DC bus voltages were measured using hall-effect sensors. An incremental shaft position encoder was also connected to the motor to measure the angular velocity. The switches were realized using 1200 V, 75 A IGBT half bridge modules.

碩士
國立東華大學
電機工程學系
100
The purpose of this thesis is to develop a linear ultrasonic motor (LUSM) driver for portable devices. Digital controller is used to gating the active switches and realize the position control for moving platform propelled by the linear ultrasonic motor. Because the input power is just a 9V battery, a boost converter is required to obtain enough driving voltage. The proposed LUSM driver is composed of a high-voltage-gain boost converter and a class E inverter. Furthermore, the two circuit stages are integrated to form a single-stage driving circuit. Two set of prototype driving circuits – single-stage and two-stage are implemented in laboratory to verify the circuit topology. The experimental results show that the driver operation complies with the theoretical analysis. Both testing circuits can provide high enough driving voltage to propel the motor and obtain required moving speed. In addition, the controller is programmed to realize the platform position control. The experimental results also demonstrate that the platform is able to effectively trace the position command.

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
104
Ultrasonic motors are usually operated at a higher AC voltage than conventional function generators. This implies the need of a voltage step-up transformer. In this paper, a piezoelectric transformer is integrated with a USM. However, when a PT and a USM are combined, the PT’s resonance frequency shifts. This paper aims to provide an alternative method to determine the characteristics of a PT and a USM from measurement. A block diagram approach is conducted to analyze the dynamic characteristics of the PT and the USM at their resonance frequencies; thus, the frequency shift and gain of the PT when combined the USM can be easily calculated. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, we use a proportional control algorithm to realize the PT-USM positioning control.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系碩士班
95
In the application of centrifugal load, the operation state of the blower is very difficult to predict, because the air is compressible, and the shape of the pipe is variable. So, an exact model to simulate and analyze the starting characteristics of the driving induction motor is not easy. In this thesis, the load model of the induced draft blower in the oil refinery is built and modified using the test data during a starting duration, and the model is embedded into the low-voltage induction motor drive system. The simulation results of the model are very similar with the real data, and they also illustrate that the difficulty of the motor starting is caused by the switching of multi-loading characteristic. Besides, the developed model can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different starting strategies.

Induction motor (IM) drives are employed in a wide range of industries due to low maintenance, improved efficiency and low emissions. Industrial installations of high-power IM drives rated up to 30 MW have been reported. The IM drives are also employed in ultra high-speed applications with shaft speeds as high as 500; 000 rpm. Certain applications of IM drives such as gas compressors demand high power at high speeds (e.g. 10 MW at 20; 000 rpm). In high-power voltage source inverter (VSI) fed induction motor drives, the semiconductor devices experience high switching energy losses during switching transitions. Hence, the switching frequency is kept low in such high-power drives. In high-speed drives, the maximum modulation frequency is quite high. Hence, at high speeds and/or high power levels, the ratio of switching frequency to fundamental frequency (i.e. pulse number, P ) of the motor drive is quite low. Induction motor drives, operating at low-pulse numbers, have significant low-order volt-age harmonics in the output. These low-order voltage harmonics are not filtered adequately by the motor inductance, leading to high total harmonic distortion (THD) in the line current as well as low-order harmonic torques. The low-order harmonic torques may lead to severe torsional vibrations which may eventually damage the motor shaft. This thesis addresses numerous issues related to low-pulse-number operation of VSI fed IM drives. In particular, optimal pulse width modulation (PWM) schemes for minimization of line current distortion and those for minimization of a set of low-order harmonic torques are proposed for two-level and three-level inverter fed IM drives. Analytical evaluation of current ripple and torque ripple is well established for the induction motor drives operating at high pulse numbers. However, certain important assumptions made in this regard are not valid when the pulse number is low. An analytical method is proposed here for evaluation of current ripple and torque ripple in low-pulse-number induction motor drives. The current and torque harmonic spectra can also be predicted using the proposed method. The analytical predictions of the proposed method are validated through simulations and experimental results on a 3:7-kW induction motor drive, operated at low pulse numbers. The waveform symmetries, namely, half-wave symmetry (HWS), quarter-wave symmetry (QWS) and three-phase symmetry (TPS), are usually maintained in induction motor drives, operating at low switching frequencies. Lack of HWS is well known to introduce even harmonics in the line current. Impact of three-phase symmetry on line current and torque harmonic spectra is analyzed in this thesis. When the TPS is preserved, there are no triplen frequency components in the line current and also no harmonic torques other than those of order 6, 12, 18 etc. While TPS ensures that the triplen harmonics in the three-phase pole voltages are in phase, these triplen frequency harmonics form balanced sets of three-phase voltages when TPS is not preserved. Hence, triplen frequency currents flow through the stator windings. These result in torque harmonics of order 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc., and not just integral multiples of 6. These findings are well supported by simulation and experimental results. One can see that two types of pole voltage waveforms are possible, when all waveform symmetries (i.e. HWS, TPS and QWS) are preserved in a two-level inverter, These are termed as type-A and type-B waveforms here. Also, QWS could be relaxed, while maintain-ing HWS and TPS, leading to yet another type of pole voltage waveform. Optimal switching angles to minimize line current THD are reported for all three types of pole voltage wave-forms. Theoretical and experimental results on a 3:7-kW IM drive show that optimal type-A PWM and optimal type-B PWM are better than each other in different ranges of modulation at any given low pulse number. In terms of current THD, the optimal PWM without QWS is found to be close to the better one between optimal type-A and optimal type-B at any modulation index for a given P . A combined optimal PWM to minimize THD is proposed, which utilizes the superior one between optimal type-A and optimal type-B at any given modulation index and pulse number. The performance of combined optimal PWM is shown to be better than those of synchronous sine-triangle (ST) PWM and selective harmonic elimination (SHE) PWM through simulations and experiments over a wide range of speed. A frequency domain (FD) based and another synchronous reference frame (SRF) based optimal PWM techniques are proposed to minimize low-order harmonic torques. The objective here is to minimize the combined value of low-order harmonic torques of order 6, 12, 18, ..., 6(N 1), where N is the number of switching angles per quarter cycle. The FD based optimal PWM is independent of load and machine parameters while the SRF based method considers both load and machine parameters. The offline calculations are much simpler in case of FD based optimal PWM than in case of SRF based optimal PWM. The performance of the two schemes are comparable and are much superior to those of synchronous ST PWM and SHE PWM in terms of low-order harmonic torques as shown by the simulation and experimental results presented over a wide range of fundamental frequency, The proposed optimal PWM methods for two level-inverter fed motor drives to minimize the line current distortion and low-order torque harmonics, are extended to neutral point clamped (NPC) three-level inverter fed drive. The proposed optimal PWM methods for the NPC inverter are compared with ST PWM and SHE PWM, having the same number of switching angles per quarter. Simulation and experimental results on a 3:7-kW induction motor drive demonstrate the superior performance of proposed optimal PWM schemes over ST PWM and SHE PWM schemes. The di_erent optimal PWM schemes proposed for two-level and three-level inverter fed drives, having di_erent objective functions and constraints, are all analyzed from a space vector perspective. The three-phase PWM waveforms are seen as a sequence of voltage vector applied in each case. The space vector analysis leads to determination of optimal vector sequences, fast o_ine calculation of optimal switching angles and e_cient digital implementation of the proposed optimal PWM schemes. A hybrid PWM scheme is proposed for two-level inverter fed IM drive, having a maximum switching frequency of 250 Hz. The proposed hybrid PWM utilizes ST PWM at a _xed frequency of 250 Hz at low speeds. This method employs the optimal vector sequence to minimize the current THD at any speed in the medium and high speed ranges. The proposed method is shown to reduce both THD as well as machine losses signi_cantly, over a wide range of speed, compared to ST PWM Position sensorless vector control of IM drive also becomes challenging when the ratio of inverter switching frequency to maximum modulation frequency is low. An improved procedure to design current controllers, and a closed-loop ux estimator are reviewed. These are utilized to design and implement successfully a position sensorless vector controlled IM drive, modulated with asynchronous third harmonic injected (THI) PWM at a constant switching frequency of 500 Hz. Sensorless vector control is also implemented successfully, when the inverter is modulated with synchronized THI PWM and the maximum switching frequency is limited to 500 Hz.

碩士
聖約翰科技大學
電機產業研發碩士專班
102
In this thesis, we design and implement the DC brushless motor driver for low voltage and high speed, and main kernel to the DC brushless motor for low voltage and high speed of industry research collaboration company own R & D. This driver based on the DC brushless motor dedicated IC MC33035 with closed loop brushless motor adapter IC MC33039 constitution the closed-loop speed control, and with the three-phase bridge driver IC IR2130, sensor feedback circuit, protection circuit to complete this DC brushless motor driver for a low voltage and high current. Experimental result will depict the system output signals, motor Fwd/Rev control signals, PI control effort and motor speed.

碩士
國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
107
This thesis proposes the direct grid-connected excited synchronous wind power system which uses the excited synchronous generator with the coaxial-coupled servo motor. To improve the grid-connected effect to high quality and high efficiency, we make the servo motor control the output of the excited synchronous generator precisely. The servo motor in a coaxial framework can adjust the frequency and phase of the output of the generator to reach the requirement of grid connection. In the meantime, it can correct the power factor during the grid connection so that the output can be applied more efficiently while it is able to consume as little energy as possible throughout the whole process to optimize the application of the wind power. Furthermore, with the characteristic that the excited synchronous generator can output directly with high voltage, we can not only reduce the electronic converter but also improve the efficiency and reliability of the system. According to conform to the Technical points for parallel connection of renewable energy power generation system of Taiwan Power Company, we design two mechanisms of protection to avoid the happening of Islanding Effect and Low Voltage Ride Through. We use the variation of phase difference between the generator current and grid voltage to determine the happening of Islanding Effect, and we simulate a voltage signal and divide into two situations based on the voltage signal is restored or not. Then we use a control strategy like Series Dynamic Braking Resistor (SDBR) to simulate Low Voltage Ride Through.