Relevant bibliographies by topics / Low wind speed threshold

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Academic literature on the topic 'Low wind speed threshold'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Low wind speed threshold"

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Mueller, Stephen F., Jonathan W. Mallard, Qi Mao, and Stephanie L. Shaw. "Variability of Natural Dust Erosion from a Coal Pile." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 1 (January 2015): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0126.1.

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AbstractA study of fugitive dust emissions from a pile of crushed coal revealed that, in addition to dust being emitted into the atmosphere during periods of pile-management (human) activity, it is also emitted during periods without human activity. This “natural” emission in itself is not surprising given past work on wind erosion of particulate matter from aggregate piles. However, hourly downwind measurements of fine particle (PM10) mass concentrations at two sites revealed that excessive dust was present in the air even when wind speeds were below the erosion threshold estimated from nearby wind speed measurements and regulatory guidance on coal pile aerodynamic characteristics. During periods of natural emissions with higher wind speeds, downwind concentrations were strongly associated with µ2—the squared excess of 1-min maximum wind speed above the erosion threshold—consistent with previous work on wind erosion potential. However, 88% of hourly concentrations coincided with lower winds for which wind speed was not a good predictor of airborne dust levels. Evidence was found that natural low-wind PM10 concentrations varied significantly with relative humidity, air temperature, and turbulence parameters (σu and σw). Smoke from coal combustion was ruled out as a significant factor in PM10 levels, but statistical evidence along with visual observation suggests that microscale turbulent airflows, including dust devils, were a significant source of PM10 during low wind speeds over the pile. The localized behavior of the turbulence makes it very difficult to develop a strong statistical model of natural downwind concentrations on the basis of off-pile meteorological measurements.
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Hernandez, C., P. Drobinski, S. Turquety, and J. L. Dupuy. "Size of wildfires in the Euro-Mediterranean region: observations and theoretical analysis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 2 (February 9, 2015): 1203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-1203-2015.

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Abstract. MODIS satellite observations of fire size and ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis are used to derive a relationship between burnt area and wind speed over the Mediterranean region and Eastern Europe. As intuitively expected, the burnt area associated to the largest wildfires is an increasing function of wind speed in most situations. It is always the case in Eastern Europe. It is also the case in the Mediterranean for moderate temperature anomaly. In situations of severe heatwaves and droughts, the relationship between burnt area and wind speed displays bimodal shape. Burnt areas are large for low 10 m wind speed (lower than 2 m s−1), decrease for moderate wind speed values (lower than 5 m s−1 and larger than 2 m s−1) and increase again for large wind speed (larger than 5 m s−1). To explain such behavior fire propagation is investigated using a probabilistic cellular automaton model. The observed relationship between burnt area and wind speed can be interpreted in terms of percolation threshold which mainly depends on local terrain slope and vegetation state (type, density, fuel moisture). In eastern Europe, the percolation threshold is never exceeded for observed wind speeds. In the Mediterranean Basin we see two behaviors. During moderately hot weather, the percolation threshold is passed when the wind grows strong. On the other hand, in situations of severe Mediterranean heatwaves and droughts, moderate wind speed values impair the propagation of the wildfire against the wind and do not sufficiently accelerate the forward propagation to allow a growth of wildfire size.
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Scott, Nicholas, Tetsu Hara, Edward J. Walsh, and Paul A. Hwang. "Observations of Steep Wave Statistics in Open Ocean Waters." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1702.1.

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Abstract A new wavelet analysis methodology is proposed to estimate the statistics of steep waves. The method is applied to open ocean wave height data from the Southern Ocean Waves Experiment (1992) and from a field experiment conducted at Duck, North Carolina (1997). Results show that high wave slope crests appear over a wide range of wavenumbers, with a large amount being much shorter than the dominant wave. At low wave slope thresholds, all wave fields have roughly the same amount of wave crests regardless of wind forcing. The steep wave statistic decays exponentially with the square of the wave slope threshold, with a decay rate that is larger for the low wind cases than the high wind cases. Comparison of the steep wave statistic with independent measurements of the breaking wave statistic suggests a breaking wave slope threshold of about 0.12. The steep wave statistic does not scale with the cube of the wind speed, suggesting that other factors besides the wind speed also affect its level. Comparison of the steep wave statistic to the saturation spectrum reveals a reasonable correlation at moderate wave slope thresholds.
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Hernandez, C., P. Drobinski, S. Turquety, and J. L. Dupuy. "Size of wildfires in the Euro-Mediterranean region: observations and theoretical analysis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 6 (June 23, 2015): 1331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1331-2015.

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Abstract. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite observations of fire size and ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis are used to derive a relationship between burnt area and wind speed over the Mediterranean region and Eastern Europe. The largest wildfire size does not show a strong response with respect to wind speed in Eastern Europe. In the Mediterranean, as intuitively expected, the burnt area associated with the largest wildfires is an increasing function of wind speed for moderate temperature anomalies. In situations of severe heatwaves, the relationship between burnt area and wind speed displays a bimodal shape. Burnt areas are large for low 10 m wind speed (lower than 2 m s−1), decrease for moderate wind speed values (lower than 5 m s−1 and larger than 2 m s−1) and increase again for high wind speed (higher than 5 m s−1). To explain such behavior we use a stochastic model of fire propagation, known as a probabilistic cellular automata. This model uses a probabilistic local rule to derive the total burnt area. The observed relationship between burnt area and wind speed can be interpreted in terms of percolation threshold above which the propagation in the model is infinite, which mainly depends on local terrain slope and vegetation state (type, density, fuel moisture). In Eastern Europe, the percolation threshold is never exceeded for observed wind speeds. In the Mediterranean Basin we see two behaviors. During moderately hot weather, the percolation threshold is passed when the wind grows strong. On the other hand, in situations of severe Mediterranean heatwaves, moderate wind speed values impair the propagation of the wildfire against the wind and do not sufficiently accelerate the forward propagation to allow a growth of wildfire size.
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Fang, He, Tao Xie, William Perrie, Guosheng Zhang, Jingsong Yang, and Yijun He. "Comparison of C-Band Quad-Polarization Synthetic Aperture Radar Wind Retrieval Models." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2018): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091448.

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This work discusses the accuracy of C-2PO (C-band cross-polarized ocean backscatter) and CMOD4 (C-band model) geophysical model functions (GMF) for sea surface wind speed retrieval from satellite-born Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images over in the Northwest Pacific off the coast of China. In situ observations are used for comparison of the retrieved wind speed using two established wind retrieval models: C-2PO model and CMOD4 GMF. Using 439 samples from 92 RADARSAT-2 fine quad-polarization SAR images and corresponding reference winds, we created two subset wind speed databases: the training and testing subsets. From the training data subset, we retrieve ocean surface wind speeds (OSWSs) from different models at each polarization and compare with reference wind speeds. The RMSEs of SAR-retrieved wind speeds are: 2.5 m/s: 2.11 m/s (VH-polarized), 2.13 m/s (HV-polarized), 1.86 m/s (VV-polarized) and 2.26 m/s (HH-polarized) and the correlation coefficients are 0.86 (VH-polarized), 0.85(HV-polarized), 0.87(VV-polarized) and 0.83 (HH-polarized), which are statistically significant at the 99.9% significance level. Moreover, we found that OSWSs retrieved using C-2PO model at VH-polarized are most suitable for moderate-to-high winds while CMOD4 GMF at VV-polarized tend to be best for low-to-moderate winds. A hybrid wind retrieval model is put forward composed of the two models, C-2PO and CMOD4 and sets of SAR test data are used in order to establish an appropriate wind speed threshold, to differentiate the wind speed range appropriate for one model from that of the other. The results show that the OSWSs retrieved using our hybrid method has RMSE of 1.66 m/s and the correlation coefficient are 0.9, thereby significantly outperforming both the C-2PO and CMOD4 models.
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Fitch, Kyle E., Chaoxun Hang, Ahmad Talaei, and Timothy J. Garrett. "Arctic observations and numerical simulations of surface wind effects on Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 1127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1127-2021.

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Abstract. Ground-based measurements of frozen precipitation are heavily influenced by interactions of surface winds with gauge-shield geometry. The Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC), which photographs hydrometeors in free-fall from three different angles while simultaneously measuring their fall speed, has been used in the field at multiple midlatitude and polar locations both with and without wind shielding. Here, we present an analysis of Arctic field observations – with and without a Belfort double Alter shield – and compare the results to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the airflow and corresponding particle trajectories around the unshielded MASC. MASC-measured fall speeds compare well with Ka-band Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Zenith Radar (KAZR) mean Doppler velocities only when winds are light (≤5ms-1) and the MASC is shielded. MASC-measured fall speeds that do not match KAZR-measured velocities tend to fall below a threshold value that increases approximately linearly with wind speed but is generally <0.5ms-1. For those events with wind speeds ≤1.5ms-1, hydrometeors fall with an orientation angle mode of 12∘ from the horizontal plane, and large, low-density aggregates are as much as 5 times more likely to be observed. Simulations in the absence of a wind shield show a separation of flow at the upstream side of the instrument, with an upward velocity component just above the aperture, which decreases the mean particle fall speed by 55 % (74 %) for a wind speed of 5 m s−1 (10 m s−1). We conclude that accurate MASC observations of the microphysical, orientation, and fall speed characteristics of snow particles require shielding by a double wind fence and restriction of analysis to events where winds are light (≤5ms-1). Hydrometeors do not generally fall in still air, so adjustments to these properties' distributions within natural turbulence remain to be determined.
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Uhlhorn, Eric W., Peter G. Black, James L. Franklin, Mark Goodberlet, James Carswell, and Alan S. Goldstein. "Hurricane Surface Wind Measurements from an Operational Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 3070–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3454.1.

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Abstract For the first time, the NOAA/Aircraft Operations Center (AOC) flew stepped frequency microwave radiometers (SFMRs) on both WP-3D research aircraft for operational hurricane surface wind speed measurement in 2005. An unprecedented number of major hurricanes provided ample data to evaluate both instrument performance and surface wind speed retrieval quality up to 70 m s−1 (Saffir–Simpson category 5). To this end, a new microwave emissivity–wind speed model function based on estimates of near-surface winds in hurricanes by global positioning system (GPS) dropwindsondes is proposed. For practical purposes, utilizing this function removes a previously documented high bias in moderate SFMR-measured wind speeds (10–50 m s−1), and additionally corrects an extreme wind speed (&gt;60 m s−1) underestimate. The AOC operational SFMRs yield retrievals that are precise to within ∼2% at 30 m s−1, which is a factor of 2 improvement over the NOAA Hurricane Research Division’s SFMR, and comparable to the precision found here for GPS dropwindsonde near-surface wind speeds. A small (1.6 m s−1), but statistically significant, overall high bias was found for independent SFMR measurements utilizing emissivity data not used for model function development. Across the range of measured wind speeds (10–70 m s−1), SFMR 10-s averaged wind speeds are within 4 m s−1 (rms) of the dropwindsonde near-surface estimate, or 5%–25% depending on speed. However, an analysis of eyewall peak wind speeds indicates an overall 2.6 m s−1 GPS low bias relative to the peak SFMR estimate on the same flight leg, suggesting a real increase in the maximum wind speed estimate due to SFMR’s high-density sampling. Through a series of statistical tests, the SFMR is shown to reduce the overall bias in the peak surface wind speed estimate by ∼50% over the current flight-level wind reduction method and is comparable at extreme wind speeds. The updated model function is demonstrated to behave differently below and above the hurricane wind speed threshold (∼32 m s−1), which may have implications for air–sea momentum and kinetic energy exchange. The change in behavior is at least qualitatively consistent with recent laboratory and field results concerning the drag coefficient in high wind speed conditions, which show a fairly clear “leveling off” of the drag coefficient with increased wind speed above ∼30 m s−1. Finally, a composite analysis of historical data indicates that the earth-relative SFMR peak wind speed is typically located in the hurricane’s right-front quadrant, which is consistent with previous observational and theoretical studies of surface wind structure.
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Sun, Jielun, Larry Mahrt, Robert M. Banta, and Yelena L. Pichugina. "Turbulence Regimes and Turbulence Intermittency in the Stable Boundary Layer during CASES-99." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-082.1.

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Abstract An investigation of nocturnal intermittent turbulence during the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study in 1999 (CASES-99) revealed three turbulence regimes at each observation height: 1) regime 1, a weak turbulence regime when the wind speed is less than a threshold value; 2) regime 2, a strong turbulence regime when the wind speed exceeds the threshold value; and 3) regime 3, a moderate turbulence regime when top-down turbulence sporadically bursts into the otherwise weak turbulence regime. For regime 1, the strength of small turbulence eddies is correlated with local shear and weakly related to local stratification. For regime 2, the turbulence strength increases systematically with wind speed as a result of turbulence generation by the bulk shear, which scales with the observation height. The threshold wind speed marks the transition above which the boundary layer approaches near-neutral conditions, where the turbulent mixing substantially reduces the stratification and temperature fluctuations. The preference of the turbulence regimes during CASES-99 is closely related to the existence and the strength of low-level jets. Because of the different roles of the bulk and local shear with regard to turbulence generation under different wind conditions, the relationship between turbulence strength and the local gradient Richardson number varies for the different turbulence regimes. Turbulence intermittency at any observation height was categorized in three ways: turbulence magnitude oscillations between regimes 1 and 2 as wind speed varies back and forth across its threshold value, episodic turbulence enhancements within regime 1 as a result of local instability, and downbursts of turbulence in regime 3.
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Rakhmanov, R. S., D. A. Gadzhiibragimov, G. G. Bakhmydov, M. Kh Alikberov, and A. V. Tarasov. "ON THE EVALUATION OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN OPEN AREA IN THE WINTER SEASON." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 4 (October 28, 2019): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-4-424-427.

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Introduction. The evaluation of the impact influence of weather and climatic conditions on humans in cold (winter) period was done since there was not the method of evaluation of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger. Also, the sanitary norms and rules 2.2.4.3359-16 does not contain the method of risk evaluation of the influence of factors upon the human organism. Мaterial and Methods. The authors evaluated the influence of various combinations of ambient temperature and wind speed upon under conditions of IV climatic region in I zone (the Republic of Dagestan - at an altitude of 4 m., 1040 m. and 1661 m above sea level and the Kaliningrad region) according to wind cooling. It was found a possible discomfort sensation at an average speed of winds and temperatures (wind cooling index (WCI) more 763,7 Kcal/m2) as well as overcooling risk in combinations of average temperature and maximum wind speed, an average speed of the wind and the minimum temperature. Maximum wind speeds in combination with minimal temperatures exceeded WCI threshold by 1,25-2,1 times. It should be noted that the studies were conducted under conditions of an increased humidity which had a negative influence upon the human organism, but in combination with the high wind speed and low temperatures, the effect might be more considerable. results. In accordance with the method, in attachment 17 in manual Р 2.2.2006-05, working conditions were classified as harmful. By calculation on indices of the minimal temperature and maximum wind speed, indices of equivalent temperatures reached up to considerable values. Probably, the use of the method does not prove its value. conclusion. The fixing of complex influence (in the cold period) of air velocity, ambient temperature, air humidity and detecting of health risk due to weather and climatic conditions remain a topical theoretical and practical problem.
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Wang, Qiang, Yunlong Zhu, and Kittipong Kasantikul. "A Novel Method for Ocean Wind Speed Detection Based on Energy Distribution of Beidou Reflections." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 20, 2019): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122779.

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The Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique exploits the characteristics of reflected GNSS signals to estimate the geophysical parameters of the earth’s surface. This paper focuses on investigating the wind speed retrieval method using ocean scattered signals from a Beidou Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite. Two new observables are proposed by computing the ratio of the low energy zone and the high energy zone of the delay waveform. Coastal experimental raw data from a Beidou GEO satellite are processed to establish the relationship between the energy-related observables and the sea surface wind. When the delay waveform normalized amplitude (this will be referred to as “threshold” in what follows) is 0.3, fitting results show that the coefficient of determination is more than 0.76 in the gentle wind scenario (<10 m/s), with a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 1.0 m/s. In the Typhoon UTOR scenario (12.7 m/s~37.3 m/s), the correlation level exceeds 0.82 when the threshold is 0.25, with a RMSE of less than 3.10 m/s. Finally, the impact of the threshold and coherent integration time on wind speed retrieval is discussed to obtain an optimal result. When the coherent integration time is 50 milliseconds and the threshold is 0.15, the best wind speed retrieval error of 2.63 m/s and a correlation level of 0.871 are obtained in the UTOR scenario.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low wind speed threshold"

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Draper, David W. "Wind Scatterometry with Improved Ambiguity Selection and Rain Modeling." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/117.

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Although generally accurate, the quality of SeaWinds on QuikSCAT scatterometer ocean vector winds is compromised by certain natural phenomena and retrieval algorithm limitations. This dissertation addresses three main contributers to scatterometer estimate error: poor ambiguity selection, estimate uncertainty at low wind speeds, and rain corruption. A quality assurance (QA) analysis performed on SeaWinds data suggests that about 5% of SeaWinds data contain ambiguity selection errors and that scatterometer estimation error is correlated with low wind speeds and rain events. Ambiguity selection errors are partly due to the "nudging" step (initialization from outside data). A sophisticated new non-nudging ambiguity selection approach produces generally more consistent wind than the nudging method in moderate wind conditions. The non-nudging method selects 93% of the same ambiguities as the nudged data, validating both techniques, and indicating that ambiguity selection can be accomplished without nudging. Variability at low wind speeds is analyzed using tower-mounted scatterometer data. According to theory, below a threshold wind speed, the wind fails to generate the surface roughness necessary for wind measurement. A simple analysis suggests the existence of the threshold in much of the tower-mounted scatterometer data. However, the backscatter does not "go to zero" beneath the threshold in an uncontrolled environment as theory suggests, but rather has a mean drop and higher variability below the threshold. Rain is the largest weather-related contributer to scatterometer error, affecting approximately 4% to 10% of SeaWinds data. A simple model formed via comparison of co-located TRMM PR and SeaWinds measurements characterizes the average effect of rain on SeaWinds backscatter. The model is generally accurate to within 3 dB over the tropics. The rain/wind backscatter model is used to simultaneously retrieve wind and rain from SeaWinds measurements. The simultaneous wind/rain (SWR) estimation procedure can improve wind estimates during rain, while providing a scatterometer-based rain rate estimate. SWR also affords improved rain flagging for low to moderate rain rates. QuikSCAT-retrieved rain rates correlate well with TRMM PR instantaneous measurements and TMI monthly rain averages. SeaWinds rain measurements can be used to supplement data from other rain-measuring instruments, filling spatial and temporal gaps in coverage.
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Harvey, Scott A. "Low-speed wind tunnel flow quality determination." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5584.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
lected points. Incorporated instrumentation includes pressure transducers attached to a pitot-static tube, wall static pressure taps, and a pressure rake; a hotwire anemometry system, and a linear traverse system. These were integrated with a data acquisition (DAQ) processor with analog to digital conversion and digital I/O boards, and controlled using in-house developed LabVIEW software. Testing showed a maximum axial velocity of 38 m/s, which is 84% of the tunnel?s rated speed. The 2-D flow uniformity was within ±7% by pressure rake, and ±3% with a turbulence intensity ?0.11% at full speed using a CTA, affirming the tunnel?s viability as a demonstration platform. Spectral density plots in the boundary layer exhibit typical behavior of fully developed equilibrium turbulent flow with an intertial sub-range present. Future testing of a flat-plate wake for drag modification is planned.
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Feldman, Michael A. "Efficient Low-Speed Flight in a Wind Field." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36527.

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A new software tool was needed for flight planning of a high altitude, low speed unmanned aerial vehicle which would be flying in winds close to the actual airspeed of the vehicle. An energy modeled NLP formulation was used to obtain results for a variety of missions and wind profiles. The energy constraint derived included terms due to the wind field and the performance index was a weighted combination of the amount of fuel used and the final time. With no emphasis on time and with no winds the vehicle was found to fly at maximum lift to drag velocity, Vmd. When flying in tail winds the velocity was less than Vmd, while flying in head winds the velocity was higher than Vmd. A family of solutions was found with varying times of flight and varying fuel amounts consumed which will aid the operator in choosing a flight plan depending on a desired landing time. At certain parts of the flight, the turning terms in the energy constraint equation were found to be significant. An analysis of a simpler vertical plane cruise optimal control problem was used to explain some of the characteristics of the vertical plane NLP results.
Master of Science
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Sangpanich, Umarin. "Optimization of wind-solar energy systems using low wind speed turbines to improve rural electrification." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18944.

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Electricity is significant in improving the quality of life for people in rural and remote areas in developing countries. There are two main options for Rural Electrification (RE), namely grid extension and stand-alone systems. The governments and developers face the challenges of their limitations, namely technical, economic and environmental effects of each RE choice. This thesis intends to improve RE by focusing on renewable energy technologies, namely Wind Turbine (WT) and Photovoltaic (PV) systems. They have been developed and applied to RE because they are simple and environmentally friendly. They can be installed as separate units and they are sustainable alternative energy solutions. Installation, cost and performance are crucial issues of WT and PV applications, and are based on the terrain and climate where the renewable are installed. The efficiency of WTs and PV modules has increased, while their cost has declined continuously. However, a PV system still has installatio n costs around two times more expensive per watt than WTs. Most WTs using current technology can be financially worthwhile for high wind speed areas, having wind speeds greater than 6.4 m/s at 10 m hub height, but most rural areas have wind speeds of less than 6 m/s at the same height. Therefore, Low Wind Speed Turbines (LWSTs) have evolved, by increasing rotor diameter and while maintaining similar generator capacity. This is to reduce Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for WTs in low wind speed areas. This thesis proposes simple cost models, namely the Sum-component cost model and the Total-cost model in order to calculate the LCOE of LWSTs. In addition, novel aspects of this thesis are that the optimization processes of stand-alone hybrid WT-PV systems and hybrid WT-PV systems using batteries at peak demand in remote area power systems provide simple, fast and flexible methods, by applying Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA). The MOEA can analyze complex objective problems a nd provide an accurate multi-objective method. Results from relevant case studies show that the cost models and the optimization processes proposed are novel and are valuable tools for analysis and design, including the approaches for improving the system reliability and for estimating the Initial Capital Cost (ICC) of WTs having different rated wind speeds. The proposed algorithms are generic and can be utilized for other energy planning problems.
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Wise, John Nathaniel. "Optimization of a low speed wind turbine using support vector regression." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2737.

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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
NUMERICAL design optimization provides a powerful tool that assists designers in improving their products. Design optimization automatically modifies important design parameters to obtain the best product that satisfies all the design requirements. This thesis explores the use of Support Vector Regression (SVR) and demonstrates its usefulness in the numerical optimization of a low-speed wind turbine for the power coe cient, Cp. The optimization design problem is the three-dimensional optimization of a wind turbine blade by making use of four two-dimensional radial stations. The candidate airfoils at these stations are selected from the 4-digit NACA range. A metamodel of the lift and drag coe cients of the NACA 4-digit series is created with SVR by using training points evaluated with XFOIL software. These SVR approximations are used in conjunction with the Blade Element Momentum theory to calculate and optimize the Cp value for the entire blade. The high accuracy attained with the SVR metamodels makes it a viable alternative to using XFOIL directly, as it has the advantages of being faster and easier to couple with the optimizer. The technique developed allows the optimization procedure the freedom to select profiles, angles of attack and chord length from the 4-digit NACA series to find an optimal Cp value. As a result of every radial blade station consisting of a NACA 4-digit series, the same lift and drag metamodels are used for each station. This technique also makes it simple to evaluate the entire blade as one set of design variables. The thesis contains a detailed description of the design and optimization problem, the implementation of the SVR algorithm, the creation of the lift and drag metamodels with SVR and an alternative methodology, the BEM theory and a summary of the results.
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Joseph, Liselle AnnMarie. "Transition Detection for Low Speed Wind Tunnel Testing Using Infrared Thermography." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78145.

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Transition is an important phenomenon in large scale, commercial, wind tunnel testing at low speeds because it is an excellent indicator of an airfoil performance. It is difficult to estimate transition through numerical techniques because of the complex nature of viscous flow. Therefore experimental techniques can be essential. Over the transition region the rate of heat transfer shows significant increases which can be detected using infrared thermography. This technique has been used predominantly at high speeds, on small models made of insulated materials, and for short test runs. Large scale testing has not been widely undertaken because the high sensitivity of transition to external factors makes it difficult to detect. The present study records the process undertaken to develop, implement and validate a transition detection system for continual use in the Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel: a low speed, commercial wind tunnel where large, aluminium models are tested. The final system developed comprises of two high resolution FLIR A655sc infrared cameras; four 63.5-mm diameter circular windows; aluminium models covered in 0.8-mm silicone rubber insulation and a top layer of ConTact© paper; and a series of 25.4-mm wide rubber silicone fiberglass insulated heaters mounted inside the model and controlled externally by experimenters. This system produces images or videos of the model and the associated transition location, which is later extracted through image processing methods to give a final transition location in percentage chord. The system was validated using two DU96-W-180 airfoils of different chord lengths in the Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel, each tested two months apart. The system proved to be robust and efficient, while not affecting the airfoil performance or any other system in use in the wind tunnel. Transition results produced by the system were compared to measurements obtained from pressure data and stethoscope tests as well as the numerical predictions of XFOIL. The transition results from all four methods showed excellent agreement with each other for the two models, for at least two Reynolds numbers and for several angles of attack on both suction and pressure side of the model. The agreement of data obtained under such different conditions and at different times suggests that the infrared thermography system efficiently and accurately detects transition for large aluminium models at low speeds.
Master of Science
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Copland, Christopher M. "The generation of transverse and longitudinal vortices in low speed wind tunnels." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2543/.

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The present study documents an experimental and numerical investigation into the feasibility of generating longitudinal and transverse vortices in low speed wind tunnels. The longitudinal vortex system is that of a co-rotating vortex pair which, if substituted for a classical single tip vortex, may produce a beneficial modification to Blade Vortex Interaction. The transverse vortex mimics the tip vortex of a typical helicopter rotor and may be used to assess its effect when interacting with other aerofoils or fuselage components. Experiments have been conducted to investigate the flow field associated with two co-rotating vortices which represent the idealised vortex system associated with a novel rotor blade tip platform - the Westland Helicopters Vane Tip. These vortices were generated by two rectangular NACA 0015 half wings positioned upstream of the working section of a low speed wind tunnel. Hot-wire measurements were conducted downstream of the generators using x-wire probes to document the strength, position and size of the vortices. A numerical model was utilised to provide an accurate means of determining vortex strength, position and size. Finally, the model was successfully extended to consider the rotation of the vortex system. The transverse vortex was generated by a rotating blade placed in the contraction of a low speed wind tunnel. A numerical model was utilised in the conceptual design of the experimental facility to model the flow through the settling chamber, contraction, working section and diffuser. This numerical model consisted of a three dimensional source panel method, used to calculate the constrained flow through the low speed tunnel, and a free wake model representing the wake generated by the vortex generator. Convection of the wake was determined by superposition of the undisturbed tunnel velocity and the induced velocity components from the wake itself. Results, obtained via a parametric analysis, illustrate the relationship between the geometry of the wake and basic physical design parameters. On this basis, two possible operational strategies for the upstream rotor are examined with reference to development of the experimental facility. It is concluded that, while a short duration finite rotor traverse may be the optimum vortex generation strategy, a continuous running rotor is a more cost effective and viable option.
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Wang, Yuchen. "Blade Design of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine at Low Tip-speed-ratios." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524224348317784.

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Cedrun, Mark E. "Low-speed wind tunnel testing of the NPS/NASA Ames Mach 6 optimized waverider." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA283585.

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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1994.
Thesis advisor(s): Conrad F. Newberry, Jeffrey V. Bowles. "June 1994." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Blandford, Adam. "ImPressOne A pressure display and acquisition program for the low speed wind tunnel at DSTO." Fishermans Bend,Victoria : Defence Science and Technology Organisation, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1947/4681.

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Books on the topic "Low wind speed threshold"

1

Barlow, Jewel B. Low-speed wind tunnel testing. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1999.

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Simiu, Emil. Extreme wind distribution tails: A 'peaks over threshold' approach. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1995.

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Bell, James H. Contraction design for small low-speed wind tunnels. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1988.

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Bell, J. H. Contraction design for small low-speed wind tunnels. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Simiu, Emil. Estimates of hurricane wind speeds by the 'peaks over threshold' method. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1996.

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Hughes, Christopher G. Summary of low-speed wind tunnel results of several high-speed counterrotation propeller configurations. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Hughes, Christopher G. Summary of low-speed wind tunnel results of several high-speed counterrotation propeller configurations. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Hughes, Christopher G. Summary of low-speed wind tunnel results of several high-speed counterrotation propeller configurations. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Watmuff, J. H. Design of a new contraction for the ARL low speed wind tunnel (U). Melbourne, Australia: Aeronautical Research Laboratories, 1986.

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Dunham, Dana Morris. Low-speed wind-tunnel tests of single- and counter-rotation propellers. [s.l.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Low wind speed threshold"

1

Batill, Stephen M., and Robert C. Nelson. "Low Speed, Indraft Wind Tunnels." In Lecture Notes in Engineering, 25–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83831-6_2.

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Wood, David. "Starting and Low Wind Speed Performance." In Small Wind Turbines, 101–17. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-175-2_6.

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Cârsteanu, Alin A., and Jorge J. Castro. "Extreme Events Under Low-Frequency Wind Speed Variability and Wind Energy Generation." In Wind Energy, 119–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33866-6_21.

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Raju, S. V. S. K. Prasad, M. Govindaraju, and T. Satish Kumar. "Applicability of Low-Cost Duct-Shaped Wind Turbine for Domestic Purpose and Low Wind Speed." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 405–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1769-0_37.

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Beckwith, I. E., F. J. Chen, and M. R. Malik. "Transition Research in Low-Disturbance High-Speed Wind Tunnels." In Laminar-Turbulent Transition, 227–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84103-3_19.

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Underbrink, James R. "Aeroacoustic Phased Array Testing in Low Speed Wind Tunnels." In Aeroacoustic Measurements, 98–217. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05058-3_3.

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Henne, U. "Application of the PSP Technique in Low Speed Wind Tunnels." In New Results in Numerical and Experimental Fluid Mechanics V, 41–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33287-9_6.

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Gaster, M. "The Role of the Low-Speed Wind Tunnel in Transition Research." In Advances in Soil Science, 150–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3430-2_18.

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Dommeti, Rajesh, Avinash Kathi, and Mallikarjunarao Pasumarthi. "A Design for High-Torque, Low-Speed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 203–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4286-7_20.

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Anfossi, Domenico, Dietmar Oettl, and Gervásio A. Degrazia. "Some Aspects of Turbulence and Dispersion in Low Wind Speed Conditions." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVI, 331–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8867-6_30.

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Conference papers on the topic "Low wind speed threshold"

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Mori, Toshiki, Masashi Yamaguchi, Kyoji Inaoka, and Mamoru Senda. "Lift and Drag Characteristics of an Airfoil and Feedback Flow Control by Flap Actuators in the Low Reynolds Number Region." In ASME/JSME/KSME 2015 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2015-14588.

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The present paper describes the applicability of the flow control device, mini actuators attached on the leading edge of an airfoil, for the flow separation control under unsteady flow condition in the low Reynolds number region. Lift and drag have been measured for a wide variety of the wind speeds (Reynolds numbers) and the angles of attack. Then, effects of simple feedback flow control, where the time-dependent signal of the lift-drag ratio has been used as an input to detect the stall and served as a trigger to start the actuation, have been explored under the unsteady flow condition for evading the stall. For every Reynolds number from 30,000 to 80,000, the actuators worked quite well to delay the stall, increasing both in the lift and the stall angle of attack. Then, threshold value of the lift-drag ratio was determined to detect the stall. Effectiveness of the feedback control of the actuation was demonstrated under the condition of the wind speed decrease which would lead to the stall if no-actuation. Immediately after the velocity decrease, the decrease in the lift-drag ratio below the threshold were detected and the dynamic actuations were started, resulting in evading the stall and keeping high lift. The additional operation of the feedback, stopping the actuation when the lift-drag ratio showed lower than the second threshold, was revealed effective to keep the high lift force under the condition combined with the wind speed increase and decrease.
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Kim, Sang-Yeob, Min-Su Kim, Ki-Min Han, Joon-gyu Kim, and Dae-Won Seo. "Study on Data Analysis of On-Board Measurement Data for Ship’s Speed Power Performance." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-19153.

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Abstract Present paper deal with data analysis of on-board measurement data from operating ship. The main purpose of the study is estimating speed-power performance of target ship which are in service now. Various kinds of on-board measured data are considered such as ship speed, engine RPM, brake power, draught, rudder angle, etc. Also, in order to estimate the added resistance, weather forecast data about wind, wave and current was considered. What this study found was that the onboard measurement data and weather forecast data have a lot of uncertainty, so the data need to be post-processed in order to derive reliable speed power performance curve. For this reason, current study proposed three-step filtering procedure. The filtering schemes are based on 1) absolute threshold value, 2) moving window, 3) derivative threshold value. The paper compared the performance estimation results of ship with and without filtering technique and some conclusions could be drawn.
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Babanin, Alexander V. "Change of Regime of Air-Sea Dynamics in Extreme Metocean Conditions." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77484.

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As a reference point for the extreme Metocean conditions, the hurricane-scale classification is often used: that is a tropical storm becomes a hurricane if the wind speed reaches U ∼ 33m/s. In this paper, it is argued that such classification is not arbitrary, and indeed signifies change of the physical regimes in all environments near the air-sea interface: in the atmospheric boundary layer, at the surface, and through the upper ocean. This threshold is approximately the wind speed at which the drag coefficient was found to saturate in the field observations (U10 ≈ 32–33m/s), which saturation has received a lot of attention. Less known are the observations that below the surface, change of the upper-ocean mixing mechanism and of bubble dynamics occur at U10 > 35m/s. Directly at the surface, wave dynamics also undergoes essential transformations, from wave breaking (dissipation) being driven by evolution of nonlinear waves, to the breaking being forced directly by the winds, at U10 ≈ 34 m/s. It is therefore argued that the simultaneous change of physical regime in all the three air-sea environments cannot be coincidental, and consequences of the regime change for the Metocean modelling are discussed. As an important byproduct, parameterisation of wave-breaking probability is obtained in terms of the mean symmetry of surface waves. Such parameterisation allows us to estimate frequency of breaking events, based on time series of surface elevations, without explicitly detecting the breaking waves.
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Costa, Jorge, and Tony Arts. "Boundary Layer Transition Under the Presence of Discrete Frequencies in the Freestream Turbulence Spectrum." In ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-355.

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The flow in turbomachines is characterized by a high turbulent activity; its spectrum frequently reveals energy peaks at privileged frequencies. Most often they influence the boundary layer transition onset. This type of forced transition was studied at the von Karman Institute in a low speed wind-tunnel along a flat test surface. Discrete frequency energy peaks were introduced into the mainstream flow by acoustic means. The receptivity of the boundary layer flow to the acoustic excitation frequency was put in evidence both by the frequency dependent transition Reynolds number and the streamwise intermittency factor distributions. The intermittency measurements were performed with the help of a conditional sampling technique; the later included a new approach to the positioning of the laminar-turbulent decision threshold. The growth of selected oscillation modes were compared in a natural and a forced transition situation. A model providing an estimation, within the transition region, of the turbulence level profiles and the skin friction coefficient was finally proposed.
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van den Bossche, A. "Low wind speed wind turbine in DIY version." In 2013 Eighth International Conference and Exhibition on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ever.2013.6521552.

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Hendriana, Dena, Eka Budiarto, and Arko Djajadi. "Simple Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speed." In ICONETSI: International Conference on Engineering and Information Technology for Sustainable Industry. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3429789.3429874.

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Watanabe, H., M. Kojima, Y. Kozuka, Y. Yamauchi, and H. Misawa. "Source regions of very low speed solar winds." In Proceedings of the eigth international solar wind conference: Solar wind eight. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51371.

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Orosa, J. A., E. J. Garcia-Bustelo, and A. C. Oliveira. "Low speed wind concentrator to improve wind farm power generation." In IECON 2009 - 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics (IECON 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2009.5415152.

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Rafiuddin, Nidal, Mohd Yasir Al Saif, and Anzar Ahmad. "WIND ARRAY: A Novel Approach to Low Speed Wind Harnessing." In 2018 International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gucon.2018.8674969.

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Beu, Cássia M. L., and Eduardo Landulfo. "Threshold wind speed and turbulence under LLJs events at Ipero, Brazil." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XXIV, edited by Adolfo Comerón, Evgueni I. Kassianov, Klaus Schäfer, Richard H. Picard, Konradin Weber, and Upendra N. Singh. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2532281.

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Reports on the topic "Low wind speed threshold"

1

Todd E. Mills and Judy Tatum. Hi-Q Rotor - Low Wind Speed Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/971423.

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Preus, Robert W., and DOE Project Officer - Keith Bennett. ARE660 Wind Generator: Low Wind Speed Technology for Small Turbine Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/927424.

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Erdman, W., and M. Behnke. Low Wind Speed Turbine Project Phase II: The Application of Medium-Voltage Electrical Apparatus to the Class of Variable Speed Multi-Megawatt Low Wind Speed Turbines; 15 June 2004--30 April 2005. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861052.

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Ghee, Terence A., and Nigel J. Taylor. Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Tests on a Diamond Wing High Lift Configuration. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada377908.

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Mittelstein, Michael, and Nadav Bar-Chaim. Vertical Emitting, Ring Geometry, Ultra-Low Threshold and Ultra-High Speed Quantum Well Lasers for Optical Interconnect. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada228421.

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Mikhail, A. Low Wind Speed Turbine Development Project Report: November 4, 2002 - December 31, 2006. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/946324.

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Genesis Partners LP. Low Wind Speed Turbine Developments in Convoloid Gearing: Final Technical Report, June 2005 - October 2008. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/986679.

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Cohen, J., T. Schweizer, A. Laxson, S. Butterfield, S. Schreck, L. Fingersh, P. Veers, and T. Ashwill. Technology Improvement Opportunities for Low Wind Speed Turbines and Implications for Cost of Energy Reduction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219451.

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Wright, David M., and DOE Project Officer - Keith Bennett. Low Speed Technology for Small Turbine Development Reaction Injection Molded 7.5 Meter Wind Turbine Blade. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921599.

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Van Every, D., and J. Harris. Slotted-wall research with disk and parachute models in the DSMA low-speed wind tunnel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6821954.

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