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Journal articles on the topic 'Lower critical solution temperature (LCST)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Plisko, Tatiana V., Alexandr V. Bildyukevich, Liang Zhao, Weiqing Huang, Vladimir V. Volkov, and Zuohua Huang. "Formation of Polysulfone Hollow Fiber Membranes Using the Systems with Lower Critical Solution Temperature." Fibers 9, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9050028.

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This study deals with the investigation of the phase state of the polymer systems from polysulfone (PSF) with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG-400, Mn = 400 g·mol−1) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30, Mn = 40,000 g·mol−1) in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), which feature lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs). A fragment of the phase state diagram of the system PSF —PEG-400—PVP K-30—DMA was experimentally constructed in the following range of component concentrations: PSF 20–24 wt.%, PEG-400—35–38 wt.% and PVP—0–8 wt.%. It has been established that PVP addition substantially reduces the phase separation temperature down to 50–60 °C. Based on the obtained phase diagrams, a method for preparation of highly permeable hollow fiber membranes from PSF, which involves the processing of the dope solution at a temperature close to the LCST and the temperature of the bore fluid above the LCST, was proposed. Hollow fiber membranes with pure water flux of 1200 L·m−2·h−1 and a sponge-like macrovoid-free structure were obtained via LCST-thermally induced phase separation by free fall spinning technique.

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2

Deshmukh, Sanket A., Ganesh Kamath, Derrick C. Mancini, and Subramanian K. R. S. Sankaranarayanan. "Effect of Methanol/Water Mixtures on the Lower Critical Solution Temperature of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)." MRS Proceedings 1622 (2014): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.276.

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ABSTRACTPoly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is a thermo-sensitive polymer that exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) around 305 K. Below the LCST, PNIPAM is soluble in water and above this temperature polymer chains collapse prior to aggregation. In the presence of methanol, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy suggests that, LCST of PNIPAM is depressed up to certain mole fraction of methanol (0.35 mole fraction) and it is speculated that addition of methanol affects the PNIPAM-water interactions. Above 0.35 mole fraction of methanol, LCST gets elevated to temperatures above ∼305 K (32°C) and cannot be detected up to 373 K (100 °C). The atomistic origin of this co-solvency effect on the LCST behavior is not completely understood. In the present study, we have used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the effect of methanol-water mixtures on conformational transitions and the LCST of PNIPAM. We employ two different force fields i.e. polymer consistent force-field (PCFF) and CHARMM to study solvation dynamics and the PNIPAM LCST phase transition in various methanol-water mixture compositions (0.018, 0.09, 0.27, 0.5, and 0.98 mole fractions). Simulations are conducted at fully atomistic level for three different temperatures (260, 278, and 310 K) and radius of gyration (Rg) of PNIPAM chains was computed for determination of LCST behavior of PNIPAM.

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3

García-Peñas, Alberto, Chandra Sekhar Biswas, Weijun Liang, Yu Wang, Pianpian Yang, and Florian J. Stadler. "Effect of Hydrophobic Interactions on Lower Critical Solution Temperature for Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-dopamine Methacrylamide) Copolymers." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060991.

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For the preparation of thermoresponsive copolymers, for e.g., tissue engineering scaffolds or drug carriers, a precise control of the synthesis parameters to set the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is required. However, the correlations between molecular parameters and LCST are partially unknown and, furthermore, LCST is defined as an exact temperature, which oversimplifies the real situation. Here, random N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)/dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) copolymers were prepared under a systematical variation of molecular weight and comonomer amount and their LCST in water studied by calorimetry, turbidimetry, and rheology. Structural information was deduced from observed transitions clarifying the contributions of molecular weight, comonomer content, end-group effect or polymerization degree on LCST, which were then statistically modeled. This proved that the LCST can be predicted through molecular structure and conditions of the solutions. While the hydrophobic DMA lowers the LCST especially the onset, polymerization degree has an important but smaller influence over all the whole LCST range.

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4

Lessard, D. G., M. Ousalem, and X. X. Zhu. "Effect of the molecular weight on the lower critical solution temperature of poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) in aqueous solutions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 1870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-180.

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The molecular weight dependence of the lower critical solution temperature of poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) was studied with 11 samples of the polymer with a number-average molecular weight (Mn) ranging from 9.6 × 103 to 1.3 × 106 g mol1 and relatively narrow polydispersity indices from 1.19 and 2.60. These samples were obtained by fractional precipitation of the polymer. LCST values of polymers were measured by turbidimetry and microcalorimetry. An inverse dependence of LCST on the molar mass was found and the LCST of the samples remained more or less a constant above a critical molecular weight of ca. 2 × 105 g mol1. The enthalpy and the entropy changes as well as the LCST of the polymer depend strongly on the molar mass of the polymer, especially in low molecular weight range.Key words: poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide), LCST, thermosensitive, phase diagram, effect of molecular weight.

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5

McClellan, Alan K., and Mark A. McHugh. "Separating polymer solutions using high pressure lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phenomena." Polymer Engineering and Science 25, no. 17 (December 1985): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760251707.

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6

Gundlach, D. P., and K. A. Burdett. "Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymer solution for clear/cloud glazing applications." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51, no. 4 (January 24, 1994): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070510419.

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7

Bulychev, Nikolay, Frederik Wurst, Viktor Fomin, Thadeus Schauer, and Claus Eisenbach. "Nanoscale Effects in Temperature Induced Polymer Coatings." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2009): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.03.209.

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In this paper the results of recent studies on the application of lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phenomena of polymer solutions to the surface modification of flat and spherical substrates are reported. It has been found that controlled polymer deposition can be achieved at temperatures exceeding LCST. The obtained polymer coating exhibits a peculiar surface morphology and, if particles are introduced, can be highly effective in pigment dispersions stabilizing. It has been established that the temperature induced polymer deposition can be carried out as the finely dispersed component precipitation on the substrate surface that goes along with the polymer deposition at temperatures exceeding LCST, which in its turn allows to modify the pigments surface when finely dispersed additives are incorporated into the surface modifying coating.

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8

Diao, Jing, Jian Feng Xu, Song Tao Li, Xiao Hui Cao, Chun Yi Liu, and Chun Ju He. "A Novel Polyethersulfone Flat Sheet Membrane Prepared from a Lower Critical Solution Temperature System." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.29.

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Polyethersulfone (PES) flat sheet membranes were prepared via phase inversion induced by immersion precipitation from a novel lower critical solution temperature (LCST) system containing PES, 1-butanol and N, N-dimethylacetamide. And the effect of coagulation bath temperature on the properties and structure of PES membranes were investigated. The results show that the pure water flux increases and the tensile strength decreases as the coagulation temperature increases form 20°C to 50°C. Besides, the SEM images shows that all of the membranes prepared from a LCST system at different CBT own sponge-like structures.

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9

Carrick, Brian R., Claire L. Seitzinger, and Timothy P. Lodge. "Unusual Lower Critical Solution Temperature Phase Behavior of Poly(benzyl methacrylate) in a Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquid." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 4850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164850.

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Polymer/ionic liquid systems are being increasingly explored, yet those exhibiting lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase behavior remain poorly understood. Poly(benzyl methacrylate) in certain ionic liquids constitute unusual LCST systems, in that the second virial coefficient (A2) in dilute solutions has recently been shown to be positive, indicative of good solvent behavior, even above phase separation temperatures, where A2 < 0 is expected. In this work, we describe the LCST phase behavior of poly(benzyl methacrylate) in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide for three different molecular weights (32, 63, and 76 kg/mol) in concentrated solutions (5–40% by weight). Turbidimetry measurements reveal a strong concentration dependence to the phase boundaries, yet the molecular weight is shown to have no influence. The critical compositions of these systems are not accessed, and must therefore lie above 40 wt% polymer, far from the values (ca. 10%) anticipated by Flory-Huggins theory. The proximity of the experimental cloud point to the coexistence curve (binodal) and the thermo-reversibility of the phase transitions, are also confirmed at various heating and cooling rates.

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10

PIGLOWSKI, JACEK. "Properties of polymer blends above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST)." Polimery 37, no. 07 (July 1992): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1992.336.

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11

Liu, Yan Zhi, Yi Jing Li, Su Rui Zhao, Kun Yuan, Guo Fang Zuo, and Yuan Cheng Zhu. "Turbidity Measurements Study the Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Shading Agent Systems Containing Hydrophilic Vinyl Compounds Additives." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2669.

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The temperature sensitive behavior and the phase behavior of linear poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) in water-additive systems were investigated via turbidity measurements.. Three kinds of additives, including acrylic acid (AA), acryl amide (AM) andN-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP), were selected. AM and VP systems only exhibited a different lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) behavior with different additive concentrations, and in low concentration of AM or VP, LCST decreases with additive concentration increasing, but in higher concentration, LCST decreases with additive concentration increasing. However, it was first detected the coexistence of a LCST with an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in AA system. The systems studied here are alternative functional molecular material for the shading agent in some special conditions.

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12

Bohossian, Takouhi, Gérard Charlet, and Geneviève Delmas. "Solution properties and characterization of polyisoprenes at a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)." Polymer 30, no. 9 (September 1989): 1695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(89)90333-9.

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13

Nakayama, Daichi, Yeongbong Mok, Minwoo Noh, Jeongseon Park, Sunyoung Kang, and Yan Lee. "Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase separation of glycol ethers for forward osmotic control." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 11 (2014): 5319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp55467h.

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Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition of glycol ethers by a mild temperature gradient induces a drastic change in osmotic pressure to enable energy-efficient forward osmosis (FO) desalination.

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14

Kotsuchibashi, Yohei, and Ravin Narain. "Dual-temperature and pH responsive (ethylene glycol)-based nanogels via structural design." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 8 (2014): 3061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py01772a.

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Dual-temperature and pH responsive (ethylene glycol)-based nanogels were synthesized. Both the core and the shell of the nanogels showed a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and the LCST of the shell was strongly affected by the solution pH and salt concentration due to the presence of carboxylic acid groups at the nanogel surface.

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15

Zhao, Qipeng, Tun Seng Herng, Chun Xian Guo, Dieling Zhao, Jun Ding, and Xianmao Lu. "Thermoresponsive magnetic ionic liquids: synthesis and temperature switchable magnetic separation." RSC Advances 6, no. 19 (2016): 15731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01235c.

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16

Zheng, Bo, Zheng Luo, Yan Deng, Qiao Zhang, Lingyan Gao, and Shengyi Dong. "A degradable low molecular weight monomer system with lower critical solution temperature behaviour in water." Chemical Communications 55, no. 6 (2019): 782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc09160a.

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17

Ferreira, Ana M., Helena Passos, Akiyoshi Okafuji, Mara G. Freire, João A. P. Coutinho, and Hiroyuki Ohno. "Designing the thermal behaviour of aqueous biphasic systems composed of ammonium-based zwitterions." Green Chemistry 19, no. 17 (2017): 4012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc02262j.

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The design of the thermal behaviour – from an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) to a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) – of aqueous biphasic systems composed of water-soluble ammonium-based zwitterions.

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18

Casolaro, Mario, and Rolando Barbucci. "Thermodynamic Behavior of Polyelectrolytes with the Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) Phenomenon." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 7, no. 11 (November 1996): 831–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1581(199611)7:11<831::aid-pat586>3.0.co;2-5.

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19

Grygiel, Konrad, Weiyi Zhang, Christophe Detrembleur, and Jiayin Yuan. "Unexpected LCST-type phase behaviour of a poly(vinyl thiazolium) polymer in acetone." RSC Advances 6, no. 62 (2016): 57117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra09023k.

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20

Dong, Shengyi, Jan Heyda, Jiayin Yuan, and Christoph A. Schalley. "Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase behaviour of an ionic liquid and its control by supramolecular host–guest interactions." Chemical Communications 52, no. 51 (2016): 7970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc02838a.

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Unique LCST phase behaviour of imidazolium-based ionic liquids is reported, which can be controlled by concentration, the choice of cation, anion and solvent, and by supramolecular complex formation. MD simulations provide insight into the molecular basis of this LCST phenomenon.

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21

Wang, Ning, Bryan T. Seymour, Evan M. Lewoczko, Ethan W. Kent, Ming-Li Chen, Jian-Hua Wang, and Bin Zhao. "Zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)s in water: from upper critical solution temperature (UCST) to lower critical solution temperature (LCST) with increasing length of one alkyl substituent on the nitrogen atom." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 43 (2018): 5257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01211c.

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22

Adams, F., P. T. Altenbuchner, P. D. L. Werz, and B. Rieger. "Multiresponsive micellar block copolymers from 2-vinylpyridine and dialkylvinylphosphonates with a tunable lower critical solution temperature." RSC Advances 6, no. 82 (2016): 78750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17160e.

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23

Denmark, Daniel, Devajyoti Mukherjee, Janae Bradley, Sarath Witanachchi, and Pritish Mukherjee. "Systematic Study on the Remote Triggering of Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels Using RF Heating of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles." MRS Proceedings 1718 (2015): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.436.

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ABSTRACTIn this work, a systematic study on the factors that influence the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) solutions during remote radiofrequency (RF) heating, using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is reported. A series of PNIPAM solutions with varying concentrations of Fe3O4 MNPs were prepared and characterized using transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Preliminary studies showed the highest specific absorption rate (SAR) for 15 nm sized Fe3O4 MNPs, which monotonically decreased as the MNP sizes increased to 20-30 nm. In-situ transmission measurements were used to determine the LCST of PNIPAM under various aqueous concentrations with dispersed Fe3O4 MNPs. A systematic decrease in the LCST from 34 °C to 31 °C was observed as the concentration of PNIPAM was increased from 0.3 wt. % to 1.0 wt. %, keeping the concentration of Fe3O4 MNPs constant. On the other hand, varying the concentrations of the MNPs did not drastically affect the LCSTs of PNIPAM solutions. However, varying the ion concentration of the PNIPAM solutions by adding adjusted KOH pellets, showed a pronounced lowering of the LCST by 2-3 °C at all PNIPAM concentrations. The remote triggering of phase transitions in PNIPAM solutions by raising the temperature above the LCST using Fe3O4 MNPs as reported here is important in targeted drug-delivery applications using thermo-responsive polymers.

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24

Bulychev, N., F. Wurst, E. Kisterev, Th Schauer, and C. D. Eisenbach. "Creation of Coatings by Temperature-Controlled Polymer Deposition." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 11, no. 2 (April 6, 2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj307.

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In this paper, the results of the recent studies on application of lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phenomena of polymer solutions to the surface modification of flat and spherical substrates are reported. It was found that a controlled polymer deposition can be achieved upon prevailing of the LCST, a peculiar surface topology of polymer coating and particles those remarkably effective in stabilizing pigment dispersiions. Second, the finding is that the temperature induces polymer deposition as the coprecipitation of a finely dispersed component on the substrate surface. That goes along with the polymer deposition after exceeding of the LCST which in turn allows for the tailored surface modification of pigments in that particulate additiives can be incorporated into the surface modifying coating.

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25

Cai, Xin, Liang Zhong, Yue Su, Shaoliang Lin, and Xiaohua He. "Novel pH-tunable thermoresponsive polymers displaying lower and upper critical solution temperatures." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 20 (2015): 3875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py00234f.

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26

Begam, Nafisa, Olga Matsarskaia, Michael Sztucki, Fajun Zhang, and Frank Schreiber. "Unification of lower and upper critical solution temperature phase behavior of globular protein solutions in the presence of multivalent cations." Soft Matter 16, no. 8 (2020): 2128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm02329a.

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27

Huang, Dechun, Qiao Zhang, Yan Deng, Zheng Luo, Bo Li, Xin Shen, Zhenhui Qi, Shengyi Dong, Yan Ge, and Wei Chen. "Polymeric crown ethers: LCST behavior in water and stimuli-responsiveness." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 19 (2018): 2574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py00412a.

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28

Driver, Gordon W., and Ilkka A. Kilpeläinen. "Irregular solution thermodynamics of wood pulp in the superbase ionic liquid [m-TBDH][AcO]." RSC Advances 10, no. 69 (2020): 42200–42203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08892g.

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29

TAO, CHUN-TE, and TAI-HORNG YOUNG. "THERMOSENSITIVE NANOPARTICLES CONJUGATING WITH CD34 ANTIBODY AND ITS SOLUTION PEROPERTIES." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 18, no. 05 (October 25, 2006): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s101623720600035x.

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Poly N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) is a well-known temperature-sensitive polymer. When the temperature is higher than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), PNIPAAm aquous solution is cloudy (phase separation occurred). In contrast, when the temperature is lower than the LCST, PNIPAAm is soluble in water (a homogeneous solution). The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in aqueous solution of PNIPAAm was about 32~33°C. We prepared nano-scaled PNIPAAm particles containing carboxylic group on their surfaces by introducing acrylic acid monomer. The carboxylic groups were applied to conjugate with the amino group of the CD34 antibody. This immuno-conjugate can be applied on targeting the human CD34 positive cells, peripheral blood progenitor cells included, for cell purification and drug controlled release. In order to the active responding of controlled release of the conjugate in the body influenced by temperature, we hope to estimate the shifting of the gel-collapse temperature or cloud point of the immuno-conjugates by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV absorption. The results show that the gel-collapse temperature of the nano-particle was not significantly affected by the content of AA between 1.5~5 mol%. However, cloud point of the solution was elevated by the conjugation of CD34 antibody to 37°C. When CD34-conjugated particle was subsequently incorporated with recombinant FLT3-ligand, which is a smaller molecule compare to CD34 antibody, cloud point of the solution was not affected.

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30

Min, Sa Hoon, Sang Kyu Kwak, and Byeong-Su Kim. "Atomistic simulation for coil-to-globule transition of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)." Soft Matter 11, no. 12 (2015): 2423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm02242d.

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We investigate the coil-to-globule transition of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) in the aqueous solution through the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) by atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

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31

Miura, M., C. A. Cole, N. Monji, and A. S. Hoffman. "Temperature-dependent adsorption/desorption behavior of lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymers on various substrates." Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 5, no. 6 (January 1994): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856294x00202.

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32

Bohossian, Takouhi, Geneviève Delmas, and Henri Benoît. "Characterization of the molecular weight distribution of polypropylene and polyethylene by turbidity at the lower critical solution temperature." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-060.

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The characterization in butane of noncrystalline atactic polypropylene (ncPP) (1) with a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) is presented. It uses a new technique based on a thermogram, consisting of turbidity peaks developed in a solution at a Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) during a step-by-step temperature increase. Several refinements concerning the analysis of data have been added to the expressions used in earlier work on polyethylene. The relation between the volume of the concentrated phase and the attenuation of light has been developed from an expression of the scattered light by a biphasic system. The thermograms gave a good agreement in Mw and Mw/Mn for four well-characterized ncPP samples. Wide MWD isotactic PP samples (2) were also analyzed in a mixture of butane and 2-methylbutane. Solution behavior at the LCST of 1 and 2 was compared.

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33

Işikver, Yasemin, and Dursun Saraydin. "Stimuli Responsive Hydrogels: NIPAM/AAm/Carboxylic Acid Polymers." Acta Chemica Iasi 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/achi-2019-0012.

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Abstract Stimuli-responsive hydrogels (SRH) were prepared by using monomers (i.e. N-isopropyl acrylamide; NIPAM and acrylamide; AAm), co-monomers (i.e. methacrylic acid; MPA or mesaconic acid; MFA) and a crosslinker (N, N’-methylene bisacrylamide; N-Bis). SRH have been prepared by thermal free radical polymerization reaction in aqueous solution. Spectroscopic and thermal analyses such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis were performed for SRH characterization. The equilibrium swelling studies by gravimetrically were carried out in different solvents, at the solutions, temperature, pH, and ionic strengths to determine their effect on swelling characteristic of the hydrogels. In addition, cycles equilibrium swelling studies were made with the solutions at different temperatures and at different pH. NIPAM/AAm hydrogel exhibits a lover critical solution temperature (LCST) at 28 oC, whereas NIPAM/AAm-MPA and NIPAM/AAm-MFA hydrogels exhibit a LCST at 31 C and 35 oC, respectively, and the LCST of NIPAM/AAm-MFA hydrogel is close to the body temperature.

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34

Zhang, Yi, Jianzhou Cai, Chenghua Li, Jianye Wei, Zonghua Liu, and Wei Xue. "Effects of thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) on blood coagulation." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 21 (2016): 3733–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb00823b.

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Thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), hydrophilic below its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 32 °C and hydrophobic above it, has been widely used as a drug and gene delivery system with intelligent temperature-responsivity.

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35

Reddy, P. Madhusudhana, and P. Venkatesu. "Ionic Liquid Modifies the Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in Aqueous Solution." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 115, no. 16 (April 28, 2011): 4752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp201826v.

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36

Lee, Hau-Nan, and Timothy P. Lodge. "Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) Phase Behavior of Poly(ethylene oxide) in Ionic Liquids." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1, no. 13 (June 11, 2010): 1962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz100617t.

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37

Ningrum, Eva Oktavia, Agus Purwanto, Galuh Chynintya Rosita, and Asep Bagus. "The Properties of Thermosensitive Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine NIPAM-co-DMAAPS Polymer and the Hydrogels: The Effects of Monomer Concentration on the Transition Temperature and Its Correlation with the Adsorption Behavior." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.41499.

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The properties of N-isopropylacrylamide copolymerized with N,N-dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl)ammonium propane sulfonate [poly(NIPAM-co-DMAAPS)] prepared with various monomer ratios such as transition temperature, molecular structure, viscosity were systematically investigated in water and Zn(NO3)2 solution. Poly(NIPAM-co-DMAAPS) in water and Zn(NO3)2 solution exhibited a phase transition with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The higher ratio of NIPAM monomer in poly(NIPAM-co-DMAAPS), the lower the LCST of the polymer. Furthermore, the transition temperature of poly(NIPAM-co-DMAAPS) with a lower NIPAM concentration were not confirmed both in water nor Zn(NO3)2 solution. The more increase the NIPAM concentration used in the preparation, the more increase the polymer viscosity. Moreover, the more increase the adsorption amount of ions onto the gel, the more increase the polymer transmittance as well.

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38

Yu, Yueqin, Yanshun Li, Chunjing Zhu, and Lingxiu Liu. "Synthesis and characterization of temperature-sensitive and biodegradable hydrogel based on N-isopropylacrylamide." Open Chemistry 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0144-6.

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AbstractBased on a biodegradable cross-linker, N-maleyl chitosan (N-MACH), a series of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) [P(NIPAAm-co-Am)] hydrogels were prepared, and their lower critical solution temperature (LCST), swelling kinetics, equilibrium swelling ratio in NaCl solution, and enzymatic degradation behavior in simulated gastric fluids (SGF) were discussed. The LCST did not change with different cross-linker contents. By altering the NIPAAm/Am molar ratio of P(NIPAAm-co-Am) hydrogels, the LCST could be increased to 39°C. The LCST of the hydrogel was significantly influenced by the monomer ratio of the NIPAAm/Am but not by the cross-linker content. In the swelling kinetics, all the dry hydrogels exhibited fast swelling behavior, and the swelling ratios were influenced by the cross-linker content and NIPAAm/Am molar ratios. Equilibrium swelling ratio of all the hydrogels decreased with increasing NaCl solution concentration. In enzymatic degradation tests, the weight loss of hydrogels was dependent on the cross-linker contents and the enzyme concentration.

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39

Graillot, A., S. Djenadi, C. Faur, D. Bouyer, S. Monge, and J. J. Robin. "Removal of metal ions from aqueous effluents involving new thermosensitive polymeric sorbent." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 6 (March 1, 2013): 1181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.671.

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In this work, new thermosensitive copolymers bearing phosphonated groups were synthesized and used to remove metal pollution. Sorption properties are brought by hydrolyzed (dimethoxyphosphoryl)methyl 2-methylacrylate (hMAPC1) monomer. N-n-propylacrylamide (NnPAAm) led to the thermoresponsive properties of the copolymers. Low lower critical solution temperature (LCST) values were observed, ranging between 20 and 25 °C depending on the molar ratio of each monomer in the copolymer. Sorption properties of these copolymers towards nickel ions were evaluated for increasing temperatures (10–40 °C), Ni ion concentrations of 20 mg L−1 and pH values between 3 and 7. Best results were observed for temperatures just lower than the LCST (20 °C), when the copolymer was fully soluble in water solution. For temperature higher than the LCST, phosphonic diacid groups accessibility was considerably reduced by the precipitation of the thermosensitive part of the copolymer leading to lower sorption properties. In these conditions, the highest Ni removal by the copolymer was observed for pH = 7, when there was almost no competition between the sorption of H+ and Ni2+ ions on the phosphonic acid groups. These optimal conditions enabled removal of about 70% of the nickel in the synthetic effluent.

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Pérez-Ramírez, H. A., C. Haro-Pérez, E. Vázquez-Contreras, J. Klapp, G. Bautista-Carbajal, and G. Odriozola. "P-NIPAM in water–acetone mixtures: experiments and simulations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 9 (2019): 5106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp07549b.

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The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (p-NIPAM) diminishes when a small volume of acetone is added to the aqueous polymer solution, and then increases for further additions, producing a minimum at a certain acetone concentration.

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41

Shi, Yang, Renata M. Cardoso, Cornelus F. van Nostrum, and Wim E. Hennink. "Anthracene functionalized thermosensitive and UV-crosslinkable polymeric micelles." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 11 (2015): 2048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01759e.

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An anthracene-functionalized thermosensitive block copolymer was synthesized, which formed micelles by heating its aqueous solution above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The micelles were subsequently crosslinked by UV illumination at 365 nm with a normal handheld UV lamp.

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Zhang, Nai Yan, Yue Guo Shen, and Xiao Qi Li. "Synthesis and Deswelling Behavior of Intelligent Thermosensitive Poly(N, N-Diethylacrylamide-Co-Itaconic Acid) Hydrogels." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3667.

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Poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEA) hydrogels possess a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at around 31oC. When the external temperature is raised above the LCST, the hydrogels experience abrupt and drastic shrinkage. This unique property makes them very useful for biomedical applications such as on-off switches for modulated drug delivery and tissue engineering. In this study, itaconic acid (IA) was co-polymerized with N, N-diethylacrylamide (DEA) monomer to improve the LCST to the physiologic temperature about 37oC. These copolymer hydrogels were prepared by changing the initial DEA/IA molar ratio and total monomer concentration. The interior morphologies of hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In comparison with the PDEA hydrogel, the equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) and LCST of the hydrogels increase with the increase of IA content in the feed. The deswelling dynamics behaviors of the different composition ratios of the P(DEA-co-IA) hydrogels on the different temperatures was investigated in detail.

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OKAMURA, HIROKAZU, KAORI SUZUKI, TAKESHI MORI, KEIJI MINAGAWA, SEIZO MASUDA, and MASAMI TANAKA. "CHAIN BEHAVIOR IN MODEL HOMOGENEOUS ER FLUIDS DEPENDING ON TEMPERATURE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 17n18 (July 20, 2002): 2385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202012402.

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Water-soluble urethane-modified polyethers were prepared by addition of poly(ethylene oxide)-co-poly(propylene oxide) and aromatic isocyanate compounds. These polymers were found to dissolve in water at lower temperature and separate from solution upon heating. The temperature showing this unusual solubility change is called lower critical solution temperature (LCST). These chemical structures of thermo-responsive polymers were similar to those of urethane-modified ER active polymers containing poly(tetramethylene oxide) and aromatic urethane moiety. The thermo-responsive and ER polymers may have various intra- and intermolecular interactions through the urethane moiety. It is considered that both thermo-responsivility and ER effect are dependent on the conformational stability of the polymers under different conditions possibly related to these stimuli-responsivility through the molecular interactions. In order to clarify molecular motion of thermo-responsive polymers near the LCST, 1 H-NMR spin-lattice relaxation time ( T 1) was measured in D 2 O . The result indicated that hydrophobic interaction of terminal urethane moiety would strongly affect the LCST behavior.

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Yildirim, Turgay, Maria Pervez, Bo Li, and Rachel K. O’Reilly. "Size-controlled clustering of iron oxide nanoparticles within fluorescent nanogels using LCST-driven self-assembly." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 24 (2020): 5330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb02868d.

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Size-controlled clustering of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) within the fluorescent polymer nanogels was achieved using the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) driven self-assembly and cross-linking of grafted polymer on the IONPs.

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Kamio, Eiji, Hiroki Kurisu, Tomoki Takahashi, Atsushi Matsuoka, Tomohisa Yoshioka, Keizo Nakagawa, and Hideto Matsuyama. "Using Reverse Osmosis Membrane at High Temperature for Water Recovery and Regeneration from Thermo-Responsive Ionic Liquid-Based Draw Solution for Efficient Forward Osmosis." Membranes 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080588.

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Forward osmosis (FO) membrane process is expected to realize energy-saving seawater desalination. To this end, energy-saving water recovery from a draw solution (DS) and effective DS regeneration are essential. Recently, thermo-responsive DSs have been developed to realize energy-saving water recovery and DS regeneration. We previously reported that high-temperature reverse osmosis (RO) treatment was effective in recovering water from a thermo-responsive ionic liquid (IL)-based DS. In this study, to confirm the advantages of the high-temperature RO operation, thermo-sensitive IL-based DS was treated by an RO membrane at temperatures higher than the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the DS. Tetrabutylammonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenznenesulfonate ([N4444][TMBS]) with an LCST of 58 °C was used as the DS. The high-temperature RO treatment was conducted at 60 °C above the LCST using the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS-lean phase after phase separation. Because the [N4444][TMBS]-based DS has a significantly temperature-dependent osmotic pressure, the DS-lean phase can be concentrated to an osmotic pressure higher than that of seawater at room temperature (20 °C). In addition, water can be effectively recovered from the DS-lean phase until the DS concentration increased to 40 wt%, and the final DS concentration reached 70 wt%. From the results, the advantages of RO treatment of the thermo-responsive DS at temperatures higher than the LCST were confirmed.

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Yao, Risheng, Jiajia Xu, Xihua Lu, and Shengsong Deng. "Phase Transition Behavior of HPMC-AA and Preparation of HPMC-PAA Nanogels." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/507542.

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The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) under mixing with acrylic acid (AA) monomer has been studied by turbidity measurements. It has been found that the LCST of the HPMC was drastically reduced from 60°C to 38°C with the increase of the concentration of AA, while the HPMC is kept at 0.5 wt%. The driving force shifting the LCST is attributed to the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction of the molecules. Then surfactant-free HPMC-PAA nanogels have been synthesized via the polymerization of AA monomer with the collapsed HPMC as a template or core at their LCST, using KPS and TEMED as redox initiator in the presence of BIS as cross-linking agent. HPMC-PAA nanogels have 50~150 nm diameters characterized by transmission electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. The HPMC-PAA nanogels exhibit the temperature phase transition behaviors, and these nanogels' volume phase transition temperature is close to the LCST of HPMC/AA system.

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Li, Linying, Owen Im, Ashutosh Chilkoti, and Gabriel P. López. "Encapsulation of Stimuli-Responsive Fusion Proteins in Silica: Thermally Responsive Metal Ion-Sensitive Hybrid Membranes." MRS Proceedings 1498 (2013): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.332.

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ABSTRACTIn this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of hybrid membranes that exhibit discrete and reversible changes in permeability in response to changes in calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration and temperature. Fusion proteins comprising calmodulin (CAM) and elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) were used as stimuli-responsive elements due to their ability to undergo a reversible lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition, which is sensitive to Ca2+ binding. The calmodulin elastin-like polypeptides fusions (CAM-ELPs) were incorporated into polymerizing silica networks using a simple sol-gel process and spin coating. Permeation experiments with solutions of crystal violet showed that the membranes are both Ca2+-responsive and thermally responsive. Under suitable pressure drop across the membranes, in the absence of Ca2+ or below the LCST of the ELPs, the hybrid membranes are impermeable to water. After addition of Ca2+ or above the LCSTs, they become permeable to water. The permeability can be toggled back and forth by sequential addition of calcium and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). These results demonstrate that CAMELP/silica hybrid membranes can serve as tunable molecular filters whose permeability can be switched on and off in response to Ca2+ and temperature.

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48

Lue, Shingjiang Jessie, Chi-Hwa Chen, and Chao-Ming Shih. "Tuning of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) of Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide-co-Acrylic acid) Hydrogels." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 50, no. 3 (January 24, 2011): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222341003784550.

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Barbalata, Alla, Takouhi Bohossian, and Genevìve Delmas. "Fractionation and characterization of linear low-density polyethylene at a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46, no. 3 (September 25, 1992): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460306.

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50

Zhang, Ping, Shi Pu Li, Xin Yu Wang, and Hong Lian Dai. "Synthesis and Characterization of Comb-Type Grafted Hydrogels." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1274.

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The grafted hydrogels of N-isopropylacrylamide (IPAAm) with 2-hydroxyethylacrylate (HEA) was prepared in an aqueous solution using ammonium persulfate (APS) and N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylene diamine (TEMED) as an accelerator. Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and swelling ratios were measured as a function of temperature. The properties of the hydrogels contained pyrenyl probe in water were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy.

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