Academic literature on the topic 'Lower orders'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lower orders"
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Dixon, John. "Reading/Literacy – For the Lower Orders?" Changing English 20, no. 1 (March 2013): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1358684x.2012.757054.
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Dixon, John. "Reading/Literacy – For the Lower Orders?" Changing English 20, no. 2 (June 2013): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1358684x.2013.788296.
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Levin, Michael, and Don Herzog. "Poisoning the Minds of the Lower Orders." American Historical Review 105, no. 1 (February 2000): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652570.
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Goldie, Mark. "Poisoning the minds of the lower orders." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 37, no. 2 (2001): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.1014.
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Dickinson, H. T. "Poisoning the Minds of the Lower Orders." History: Reviews of New Books 27, no. 3 (January 1999): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1999.10528402.
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Urdank, Albion M., and Don Herzog. "Poisoning the Minds of the Lower Orders." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 31, no. 4 (1999): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053164.
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Buss, Sam, Dmitry Itsykson, Alexander Knop, Artur Riazanov, and Dmitry Sokolov. "Lower Bounds on OBDD Proofs with Several Orders." ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 22, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3468855.
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This article is motivated by seeking lower bounds on OBDD(∧, w, r) refutations, namely, OBDD refutations that allow weakening and arbitrary reorderings. We first work with 1 - NBP ∧ refutations based on read-once nondeterministic branching programs. These generalize OBDD(∧, r) refutations. There are polynomial size 1 - NBP(∧) refutations of the pigeonhole principle, hence 1-NBP(∧) is strictly stronger than OBDD}(∧, r). There are also formulas that have polynomial size tree-like resolution refutations but require exponential size 1-NBP(∧) refutations. As a corollary, OBDD}(∧, r) does not simulate tree-like resolution, answering a previously open question. The system 1-NBP(∧, ∃) uses projection inferences instead of weakening. 1-NBP(∧, ∃ k is the system restricted to projection on at most k distinct variables. We construct explicit constant degree graphs G n on n vertices and an ε > 0, such that 1-NBP(∧, ∃ ε n ) refutations of the Tseitin formula for G n require exponential size. Second, we study the proof system OBDD}(∧, w, r ℓ ), which allows ℓ different variable orders in a refutation. We prove an exponential lower bound on the complexity of tree-like OBDD(∧, w, r ℓ ) refutations for ℓ = ε log n , where n is the number of variables and ε > 0 is a constant. The lower bound is based on multiparty communication complexity.
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Wang, Jingxiu. "Electric Conductivity of Lower Solar Atmosphere." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 141 (1993): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110002964x.
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AbstractElectric conductivity tensor of partly-ionized plasma is deduced. Four atmospheric models are used then to estimate the conductivity in the lower atmosphere. The parallel conductivity reaches its minimum value in the temperature minimum zone, which is 1 to 2 orders smaller than the conductivity of fully-ionized plasmas of the same condition; the effective perpendicular conductivity, or Cowling conductivity, becomes 5 to 6 orders smaller than the fully-ionized value in the lower chromosphere.
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Harvey, Richard. "The Work and Mentalité of Lower Orders Elizabethan Women." Exemplaria 5, no. 2 (January 1993): 409–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/exm.1993.5.2.409.
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Lerner, É. Yu, and M. D. Missarov. "Adelic Feynman amplitudes in lower orders of perturbation theory." Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 124, no. 1 (July 2000): 938–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02551069.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Lower orders"
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Lee, Shih-Wei [Verfasser], and James [Akademischer Betreuer] Nebelsick. "A revision of the orders Blattaria, Manodea and Orthoptera (Insecta) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Northeast Brazil / Shih-Wei Lee ; Betreuer: James Nebelsick." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1162699663/34.
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Lindroth, Olof. "A random formula lower bound for ordered DLL extended with local symmetry recognition /." Uppsala, 2004. http://www.math.uu.se/research/pub/Lindroth1.pdf.
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Greenidge, Dion DaCosta. "An empirical analysis of the representation of lower-order facets of the big five personality dimensions." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13627/.
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In the field of personality psychology there is some consensus among researchers that human personality, at the broadest level, can be described in terms of five fundamental personality dimensions. Universally, these personality dimensions are referred to as the “Big Five” model or the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality: Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Emotional Stability versus Neuroticism, and Intellect or Openness to Experience. However, currently, there is little conceptual or empirical consensus about a meaningful taxonomy of lower-order facets that make up each of the Big Five personality factors. This thesis sought to identify a parsimonious and replicable taxonomy of lower-order facets of the Big Five personality factors, and test the lower-order facet structure for construct and criterion-related validity. Based on the US Eugene-Springfield community sample (ESCS) (N =375), Study 1 examined facet scale scores from nine widely used personality inventories using Exploratory Factor Analysis in order to identify a shared overall lower-order structure for each of the Big Five personality domains. Factor analyses of 162 facet scales revealed 29 facets for the Big Five which demonstrated good convergent validity. However, some facets (e.g. traditionalism, peacefulness, trust) showed less clear patterns of discriminant validity, and thus appear to be compound traits or blends of two or more Big Five factors. In Study 2, a new 232-item Big Five instrument, the Hierarchical Personality Assessment Questionnaire (HPAQ), was developed to measure the 29 lower-order facets derived in Study 1. In the development phase of HPAQ, the factor scores for the 29 facets from Study 1 were correlated with the International Item Pool (Goldberg, 1999) in order to generate an initial pool of items. An initial pool of 348 IPIP items to mark the 29 facets was then administered to a large sample of undergraduate and postgraduate students at a University in the English-speaking Caribbean (N = 778) with the intention of choosing 8 items that best marked each of the facets. Additionally, the HPAQ was validated in a second sample of undergraduate and postgraduate students (N = 807) against the NEO-PIR and its psychometric properties were further examined. The development and validation of the HPAQ was a first step in moving towards Study 3. Study 3 investigated the differential criterion-related validity of the 29 HPAQ lower-order facets in the prediction of job performance criteria (task performance, counterproductive work behaviour, and organisational citizenship behaviours). In addition, the incremental validities of the 29 lower-order facets in the prediction of job performance criteria were also examined. Overall, Study 3 found that the 29 lower-order facets demonstrated differential criterion-related validity and provided incremental validity beyond the global Big Five factors in predicting the job performance criteria and vice versa. Overall, this thesis empirically derives an initial taxonomy of lower-order facets of the Big Five personality factors based on nine personality inventories and developed a new Big Five personality instrument to measure explicitly this lower-order facet structure. The theoretical and practical implications of these results, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Kessel, Benjamin J. "Lower Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy, Deposystems and Paleogeography of Northwestern Ordos Basin, North China." DigitalCommons@USU, 2006. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6743.
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The Ordos basin rests upon the North China Block and is one of the largest sedimentary basins in north China, with more than 15 km of Phanerozoic strata. Published estimates suggest that over 2000 m of carbonates and lesser amounts of siliciclastics were deposited on the North China Carbonate Platform (NCCP) from the Lower Can1brian through the Middle Ordovician. However, lower Paleozoic facies successions and deposystems of northwestern Ordos basin remain poorly represented in western literature. This paper constrains depositional environments, lithologies, facies relationships and sea-level history of the northwestern part of the North China block (NCB) in an effort to further document the Early Paleozoic geologic history of western Ordos basin. New stratigraphic data come largely from measured sections in the Zhuozi Shan and Helan Shan in northwest Ordos basin. Strata in the mountains of northwestern Ordos are divided into eleven lithofacies assemblages, distinguished by lithology, stacking patterns and sedimentary structures. Lithofacies assemblages in northwest Ordos are grouped into four lithostratigraphic units that make up the composite type section. Unit A is dominantly composed of shale and mudrock lithofacies, Unit B is dominantly composed of thin-bedded lime mudstone and banded and bioturbated lime mudstone to wackestone, Unit C is dominantly composed of quartz sandstone and dolostone and Unit D is dominantly composed of fossiliferous packstone. These four units were observed in all lower Paleozoic sections of the Helan Shan and Zhuozi Shan. Deposition of Middle Cambrian through lowermost Lower Ordovician strata in northwest Ordos basin occurred on a storm-influenced, mixed siliciclastic and carbonate, shallow-water ramp. Lateral trends in quartz sandstone, paleokarsts, thrombolites and section thickness suggest that accommodation space increased to the south. The depositional architecture changed in the Middle Ordovician to a carbonate shelf environment. The sea-level history of northwestern Ordos shows transgression through the Late Can1brian, regression in the Early Ordovician, followed by a Middle Ordovician transgression, corresponding with North American sea level signatures. Lower Paleozoic sections in northwestern Ordos basin are broadly similar to those previously described in western literature. However, based upon stratigraphic data, shoreline trends of the NCCP model are proved inapplicable to northwestern Ordos. There is no evidence for lower Paleozoic tectonics such as aulacogen-controlled subsidence and platform tilting as described by previous workers. The sea-level history interpreted for northwest Ordos basin is more similar to North American curves than to the North China Carbonate Platform model, suggesting a eustatic control on lithofacies stacking patterns in northwest Ordos basin.
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Ciria, Suárez Héctor 1979. "Computation of upper and lower bounds in limit analysis using second-order cone programming and mesh adaptivity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16655.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-111).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Limit analysis is relevant in many practical engineering areas such as the design of mechanical structures or the analysis of soil mechanics. Assuming a rigid, perfectly-plastic solid subject to a static load distribution, the problem of limit analysis consists of finding the minimum multiple of this load distribution that will cause the body to collapse. This collapse multiplier results from solving an infinite dimensional saddle point problem, where the internal work rate is maximized over an admissible set of stresses -defined by a yield condition- and minimized over the linear space of kinematically admissible velocities for which the external work rate equals the unity. When strong duality is applied to this saddle point problem, the well-known convex (and equivalent) static and kinematic principles of limit analysis arise. In this thesis, an efficient procedure to compute strict upper and lower bounds for the exact collapse multiplier is presented, with a formulation that explicitly considers the exact convex yield condition. The approach consists of two main steps. First, the continuous problem, under the form of the static principle, is discretized twice (one per bound) by means of different combinations of finite element spaces for the stresses and velocities. For each discretization, the interpolation spaces are chosen so that the attainment of an upper or a lower bound is guaranteed. The second step consists of solving the resulting discrete nonlinear optimization problems. Towards this end, they are reformulated into the canonical form of Second-order Cone Programs, which allows for the use of primal-dual interior point methods that optimally exploit the convexity and duality properties of the limit analysis
(cont.) model and guarantee global convergence to the optimal solutions. To exploit the fact that collapse mechanisms are typically highly localized, a novel method for adaptive meshing is introduced based on local bound gap measures and not on heuristic estimates. The method decomposes the total bound gap as the sum of positive elemental contributions from each element in the mesh, and refines only those elements which are responsible for the majority of the numerical error. Finally, stand-alone computational certificates that allow the bounds to be verified independently, without recourse to the original computer program, are also provided. This removes the uncertainty about the reliability of the results, which frequently undermines the utility of computational simulations. The efficiency of the methodology proposed is illustrated with several applications in plane stress and plane strain, demonstrating that it can be used in complex, realistic problems as a supplement to other models.
by Héctor Ciria Suárez.
S.M.
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Jeffrey, Brad Marquis. "Rift basin-fill architecture of fluvial-lacustrine Lower Permian Lucaogou and Hongyanchi low-order cycles, Bogda mountains, NW China." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5530.
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Rapid lateral facies and thickness changes, autogenic processes, and irregular topography of nonmarine rift basins challenge the application of traditional marine sequence stratigraphic techniques. Stratigraphic architecture may be reconstructed with a process-based approach, using interpreted climatic and tectonic controlling processes on sedimentation in addition to observable attributes to correlate sedimentary cycles. This hypothesis is tested for Lower Permian Lucaogou and Hongyanchi low-order cycles (LCs) in the Tarlong-Taodonggou half graben, using outcrop and petrographic data. The exposed graben fill covers 88 km². Depositional environments and controlling sedimentary processes were interpreted on five measured sections, 0.2 – 5 km apart. Microscopic and X-ray Diffraction data on grain composition and texture substantiate field interpretations and minimize stratigraphic miscorrelation. Humid to arid climatic conditions were interpreted using climate-sensitive lithologies, such as paleosols; tectonic movements were interpreted in terms of source area uplift, basin subsidence, and spill-point movement. The Lucaogou-Hongyanchi LC boundary (LCB) separates uppermost Lucaogou fluctuating profundal lacustrine high-order cycles (HC) from basal Hongyanchi fluvial-deltaic HCs, indicating drastic environmental change. The LCB is an erosional unconformity across which the type and magnitude of facies shifts varies greatly across the half-graben. A process based sequence-stratigraphic reconstruction across the LCB enables reconstruction of the three dimensional distribution of lithofacies across the boundary, and provides insights to the potential causes for drastic environmental change. A better understanding of the nature and origins of the LCB may be applicable to other similar nonmarine rift basins.Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Geology
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Gainey, Kristin Elisabeth Naragon. "A lower order structural examination of the neuroticism/negative emotionality domain: relations with internalizing symptoms and selected clinical traits." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2703.
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The study of how personality traits relate to psychopathology has flourished in the past three decades, with strong evidence for systematic links between personality and psychological disorders. Great progress has been made in our understanding of the associations between broad traits and the mood and anxiety disorders (or internalizing disorders). In particular, it is clear that the broad trait neuroticism/negative emotionality (N/NE; stress reactivity and a tendency to experience negative emotions) is moderately to strongly associated with all of the internalizing disorders, both concurrently and longitudinally. However, researchers have noted the relative dearth of studies that examine associations with more narrow facet-level traits. The current study examined the relations of N/NE facets with six of the internalizing disorders (i.e., depression, GAD, PTSD, social anxiety, panic, and OCD). The above symptoms were expected to load on to two higher order factors (fear and distress). Based on pilot analyses, a five-factor model for N/NE was hypothesized, consisting of sadness, anxiety, angry hostility, mistrust, and dependency. In addition, stress vulnerability marked the shared variance among these facets. I also examined associations between the disorders and four clinical traits (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, perfectionism, and intolerance of uncertainty) that are related to N/NE. Finally, I analyzed the associations of the N/NE facets and clinical traits with heterogeneous symptom dimensions within PTSD and OCD. Self-report and clinical interview data were collected from a college student sample (N = 373) and a psychiatric outpatient sample (N = 252; an additional 44 patients completed self-report measures only), with multiple measures of each internalizing disorder and personality trait described above. Structural equation modeling was used to remove shared variance among the six disorders and among the traits, allowing for the examination of relations across the unique variances of each construct. The hypothesized N/NE model provided a good fit to the data in both samples, as did the hypothesized psychopathology structure in the patient sample. However, markers of depression, panic, PTSD, and GAD were indistinguishable in the student sample and were therefore collapsed into a single factor. The results of the current study delineated unique patterns of association for each of the internalizing symptoms (as well as symptom dimensions within OCD and PTSD) in reference to the N/NE facets and clinical traits, highlighting shared and specific trait contributors. There was also evidence that all four clinical traits (as well as their subscales) are not redundant with N/NE and are differentially associated with the internalizing psychopathology examined here.
The results of the current study helped clarify personality-psychopathology relations within a large network of traits and symptoms, while also controlling for the extensive overlap among these constructs. As such, implications for taxonomy, differential assessment, and structural models in these domains are discussed. Future research should focus on expanding this model to other traits and disorders, utilizing other methods of assessment such as informant data, and striving to delineate underlying mediating factors that may account for the pattern of associations found between traits and symptoms in the current study.
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Carrasco, Hugo Alexandre Sacristão. "Higher order boundary value problems on unbounded intervals." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21093.
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The relative scarcity of results that guarantee the existence of solutions
for BVP on unbounded domains, contrasts with the high applicability
on real problems of differential equations defined on the
half-line or on the whole real line. It is this gap the main reason that
led to this work.
The differential equations studied vary from second order to higher
orders and they can be discontinuous on time. Different types of
boundary conditions will be discussed herein, for example, Sturm-
Liouville, homoclinic, Lidstone and functional conditions.
The non-compactness of the time interval and the possibility of
study unbounded functions will require the redefinition of the admissible
Banach spaces. In fact the space considered and the functional
framework assumed define the set of admissible solutions
for each problem under a main goal: the functions must remain
bounded for the space and the norm in consideration. This is achieved
by defining some weight functions (polynomial or exponential) in
the space or assuming some asymptotic behavior.
In addition to the existence, solutions will be localized in a strip.
The lower and upper solutions method will play an important role,
and combined with other tools like the one-sided Nagumo growth
conditions, Green’s functions or Schauder’s fixed point theorem, provide
the existence and location results for differential equations with
various boundary conditions.
Different applications to real phenomena will be presented, most
of them translated into classical equations as Duffing, Bernoulli-Eulerv.
Karman, Fisher-Kolmogorov, Swift-Hohenberg, Emden-Fowler or
Falkner-Skan-type equations.
All these applications have a common denominator: they are defined
in unbounded intervals and the existing results in the literature
are scarce or proven only numerically in discrete problems; RESUMO:
Problemas de valor na fronteira de ordem superior em
intervalos não limitados
A relativa escassez de resultados que garantam a existência de
soluções para problemas de valor na fronteira, em domínios ilimitados,
contrasta com a alta aplicabilidade em problemas reais de
equações diferenciais definidas na semi reta ou em toda a reta real.
É esta lacuna o principal motivo que conduziu a este trabalho. As
equações diferenciais estudadas variam da segunda ordem a ordens
superiores e podem ser descontínuas no tempo. As condições de
fronteira aqui analisadas são de diferentes tipos, nomeadamente,
Sturm - Liouville, homoclínicas, Lidstone e condições funcionais.
A não compacidade do intervalo de tempo e a possibilidade de
estudar funções ilimitadas, exigirá a redefinição dos espaços de Banach
admissíveis. Na verdade, o espaço considerado e o quadro funcional
assumido define o conjunto de soluções admissíveis para cada
problema sob um objetivo principal: as funções devem permanecer
limitadas para o espaço e norma considerados. Isto é conseguido
através da definição de algumas "funções de peso" (polinomiais ou
exponenciais) no espaço considerado ou assumindo um comportamento
assintótico. Além da existência, as soluções serão localizadas
numa faixa. O método da sub e sobre-soluções irá desempenhar aqui
um papel importante e, combinado com outras ferramentas como a
condição unilateral de Nagumo, as funções de Green ou o teorema
de ponto fixo de Schauder, fornecem a existência e localização de
soluções para equações diferenciais com diversas condições de fronteira.
Apresentam-se também diferentes aplicações a fenómenos reais, a
maioria deles traduzidos para equações clássicas como as equações
de Duffing, Bernoulli-Euler-v.Karman, Fisher-Kolmogorov, Swift -
Hohenberg, Emden-Fowler ou ainda Falkner-Skan. Todas estas aplicações
têm um denominador comum: são definidas em intervalos
ilimitados e os resultados existentes na literatura são raros ou estão
provados apenas numericamente em problemas discretos.
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Briggs, Kristen Phelps. "Establising a high-frequency standard reference sequence stratigraphy, sea-level curve, and biostratigraphy for Morrowan strata of the Lower Absaroka I time slice based upon the Bird Spring Formation, Arrow Canyon, Nevada." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/301.
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For the same reasons which prompted its ratification in 1990 as the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Mid-Carboniferous boundary, namely, section completeness, abundant fossils, and excellent exposure, the Morrowan Arrow Canyon Bird Spring strata is recommended as a candidate standard sequence stratigraphic reference for the Morrowan portion of the Lower Absaroka I supersequence. The stratigraphic architecture of Morrowan strata in Arrow Canyon was largely controlled by high-amplitude (100-m), high-frequency sea-level changes. Outcrop data and facies stacking patterns define 59 fifth-order fundamental cycles. These fundamental cycles stack into ten third-order sequences with an average duration of 320 ka. Changes in both cycle thickness and fundamental cycle type indicate that the second-order sea-level curve of Golonka and Keissling for the Lower Absaroka Ia supersequence should be modified to reflect rising sea-level from the Mid-Carboniferous boundary with maximum flooding conditions ~120 to 135 meters above the Mid-Carboniferous boundary, followed by falling sea-level to ~6 meters below the Morrowan-Atokan boundary in Arrow Canyon. Additionally, cycle diagnostic conodonts and foraminifera permit correlation of selected third-order sequences to basins containing time-equivalent strata.
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Silva, Marcos Vinicius Dias da. "Variação das assembleias de invertebrados em riachos com diferentes graus de conservação pertencentes à sub-bacia do Ribeirão Marmelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2014. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/819.
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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O presente trabalho objetivou conhecer a variação das assembleias de invertebrados em riachos com diferentes graus de conservação pertencentes à sub-bacia do Ribeirão Marmelos, Rio Paraibuna, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A dissertação esta dividida em duas seções: a primeira trata de avaliar assembleias de invertebrados em mesohabitats de remanso e corredeiras em nove riachos com diferentes graus de conservação; a segunda aborda a variação nas assembleias na estação seca e chuvosa em riachos com diferentes graus de conservação. Para realização do estudo da primeira seção foram utilizados os dados da estação seca de remansos e corredeiras; já a segunda seção compreende as amostras de corredeiras obtidas nos dois períodos. Foram registrados em todo o estudo cinquenta e três mil setecentos e noventa e quatro invertebrados aquáticos, distribuídos em quarenta e cinco amostras de corredeira e quarenta e cinco amostras de remanso na estação seca, e quarenta e cinco amostras de corredeira no período das chuvas. Os mesohabitats de corredeira foram caracterizados pela maior influência da velocidade e disponibilidade de substrato grosseiro, menores valores de largura e profundidade. Já o remanso foi caracterizado pela deposição de frações de areia ultrafina e pela maior largura e profundidade. Os resultados obtidos permitem ampliar o conhecimento de ecossistemas de riachos e como as características do entorno influenciam na distinção dos mesohabitats de corredeira e remanso e na fauna de invertebrados associados, e por vez na riqueza e diversidade dos taxa. A partir dos resultados da primeira seção foi possível concluir que modificações nas características naturais de riachos de baixa ordem como a retirada de vegetação riparia acarretam em perdas na heterogeneidade de habitats e da diversidade faunística. Os resultados da segunda seção permitiram concluir que ambientes com diferentes usos da terra são influenciados de maneira diferente aos eventos de chuva. Atribuímos a presença da vegetação ciliar como principal componente do sistema, influenciando na estabilidade dos habitat dos organismos e na regulação térmica. Os resultados obtidos nesta dissertação vêm contribuir de forma importante para o conhecimento sobre como ambientes com diferentes estados de conservação influenciam nas características dos mesohabitats e como estes são influenciados pela estação chuvosa.
This study focused on the variation of the assemblies of invertebrates in streams with different degrees of conservation belonging to the subbasin of Ribeirão Marmelos, Rio Paraibuna , Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The dissertation is divided into two sections: the first deals with evaluating assemblies of invertebrates in mesohabitats backwater and rapids in nine streams with different degrees of conservation; the second addresses the variation in assemblies in dry and rainy seasons in streams with different degrees of conservation. Data were used in the dry season of backwaters and rapids to conduct the study in the first section; already the second section comprises the rapids samples obtained in both periods. Were recorded throughout the study fifty-three thousand seven hundred and ninety-four aquatic invertebrates , over forty-five samples of rapids and forty-five samples of backwater in the dry season , and forty- five samples of rapids in the rainy season . The mesohabitats rapids were characterized by the greatest influence on the speed and availability of coarse substrate, lower values of width and depth. Have backwater was characterized by deposition of ultrafine fractions of sand and greater width and depth. The results widened the knowledge of ecosystems and streams as the characteristics of the environment influence the distinction of mesohabitats rapids and pools and associated invertebrate fauna, and once in the richness and diversity of taxa. From the results of the first section it was concluded that changes in the natural characteristics of low-order streams such as the removal of riparian vegetation lead to losses in habitat heterogeneity and faunal diversity. The results of the second section showed that environments with different land uses are influenced differently to the way rain events. We attribute the presence of riparian vegetation as the main component of the system, influencing the stability of the habitat of organisms and thermal regulation. The results obtained in this work have been contributing significantly to the understanding of how environments with different conservation influence the characteristics of mesohabitats and how these are influenced by the rainy season.
Books on the topic "Lower orders"
1
Lower Canada. Legislature. Legislative Council. Rules and standing orders, to be added to the standing orders of the Legislative Council of the province of Lower Canada. Quebec: P.E. Desbarats, 2001.
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2
Poisoning the minds of the lower orders. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1998.
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3
Herzog, Don. Poisoning the minds of the lower orders. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U.P., 2000.
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4
Canada. Superior Court (Lower Canada). Rules and orders of practice of the Superior Court, Lower Canada. [Québec?: s.n.], 2004.
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5
Lower Canada. Court of Appeals. Rules and orders of practice in the provincial Court of Appeals. Lower-Canada, Quebec: Printed by P.E. Desbarats ..., 2001.
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6
Lower Canada. Court of Appeals. Rules and orders of practice in the provincial Court of Appeals. Quebec, Lower Canada: Printed by P.E. Desbarats, Law Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty, 2000.
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7
Canada. Circuit Court (Lower Canada). Lower Canada, Circuit Court: It is ordered that from henceforth the following orders and rules of practice shall be the orders and rules of practice for the Circuit Court of Lower Canada. [Québec?: s.n., 2001.
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Court, Québec (Province) Superior. Rules and orders of practice of the Superior Court, Lower Canada. [Québec?: s.n.], 2000.
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Lower Canada. Court of King's Bench (District of Montreal). Rules and orders of practice, made for the Court of King's Bench, district of Montreal, February term, 1811. Montreal: Printed by Nahum Mower ..., 2003.
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Lower Canada. Court of King's Bench (District of Montreal). Rules and orders of practice for the Court of King's Bench, district of Montreal, February term, 1811: Amended and augmented till the 20th June, 1823; to which is added, the rules and order of practice in the provincial court of appeals. Montreal: Printed by T.A. Turner for J. Nickless, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Lower orders"
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Jones, Eric L. "The Lower Orders." In Landed Estates and Rural Inequality in English History, 33–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74869-6_3.
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Gu, Da-Wei, Petko H. Petkov, and Mihail M. Konstantinov. "Lower-Order Controllers." In Robust Control Design with MATLAB®, 73–91. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4682-7_7.
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Schröder, Bernd S. W. "Upper and Lower Bounds." In Ordered Sets, 55–76. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0053-6_3.
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Schröder, Bernd. "Upper and Lower Bounds." In Ordered Sets, 53–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29788-0_3.
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Cruz-Uribe, David, Alberto Fiorenza, Michael Ruzhansky, and Jens Wirth. "Effective lower order perturbations." In Variable Lebesgue Spaces and Hyperbolic Systems, 143–55. Basel: Springer Basel, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0840-8_9.
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Immerman, Neil. "Second-Order Lower Bounds." In Descriptive Complexity, 125–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0539-5_9.
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Gazzola, Filippo, Hans-Christoph Grunau, and Guido Sweers. "Positivity and Lower Order Perturbations." In Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 147–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12245-3_5.
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Addis, Tom, and Jan Addis. "Higher-Order Programming and Lower Level Activity." In Drawing Programs: The Theory and Practice of Schematic Functional Programming, 301–41. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-618-2_9.
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Yang, Chung-Chun, and Hong-Xun Yi. "Unicity of functions of finite (lower) order." In Uniqueness Theory of Meromorphic Functions, 96–155. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3626-8_2.
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Figueroa Sestelo, Rubén, Rodrigo López Pouso, and Jorge Rodríguez López. "Second Order Problems and Lower and Upper Solutions." In Degree Theory for Discontinuous Operators, 83–133. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81604-9_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Lower orders"
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Mairson, Harry G. "Average case lower bounds on the construction and searching of partial orders." In 26th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (sfcs 1985). IEEE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sfcs.1985.13.
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Liu, Jundi, Steven Hwang, Walter Yund, Linda Ng Boyle, and Ashis G. Banerjee. "Predicting Purchase Orders Delivery Times Using Regression Models With Dimension Reduction." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85710.
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In current supply chain operations, the transactions among suppliers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are sometimes inefficient and unreliable due to limited information exchange and lack of knowledge about the supplier capabilities. For the OEMs, majority of downstream operations are sequential, requiring the availabilities of all the parts on time to ensure successful executions of production schedules. Therefore, accurate prediction of the delivery times of purchase orders (POs) is critical to satisfying these requirements. However, such prediction is challenging due to the suppliers’ distributed locations, time-varying capabilities and capacities, and unexpected changes in raw materials procurements. We address some of these challenges by developing supervised machine learning models in the form of Random Forests and Quantile Regression Forests that are trained on historical PO transactional data. Further, given the fact that many predictors are categorical variables, we apply a dimension reduction method to identify the most influential category levels. Results on real-world OEM data show effective performance with substantially lower prediction errors than supplier-provided delivery time estimates.
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Yang, Bo, Qianglin Wei, Hexi Wu, Xujia Luo, and Yibao Liu. "The Dose Constraint Calculation of High Radioactivity Level Waste Canister Surface." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82056.
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Radiation dose and personnel protection are among the safety goals of geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The calculation of the dose field on the surface of the packaging container is of great significance for the research on the dose constraint value of the repository. This paper built model consulting the Sweden KBS-3 canister, the temporal and spatial distribution of the dose rate on canister surface was calculated by Monte Carlo method, the temporal and spatial distribution of radiation dose rate of the tunnel was obtained. The research results showed that the photon dose rate on canister surface was greater than the neutron dose rate by 4 to 6 orders of magnitude, and the dose value of repository tunnel within 100 thousand years was lower than the ICRP recommended dose limit value (0.3 mSv/a) by 5 orders of magnitude.
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Takeuchi, Yuki, and Reiji Suda. "Second Order Accuracy Finite Difference Methods for Fractional Diffusion Equations." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12059.
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Finite difference methods for fractional differential equation are ever proposed. However, precise error orders have not been analyzed for the methods higher than first order accuracy. This paper proposes a few finite difference methods for fractional diffusion equations and shows our methods have second order accuracy under the conditions that the solution functions have higher order than second order at boundaries. In addition, we show that the accuracy may decrease in the case that the solution functions have lower order than second order at boundaries when we use second order accuracy scheme. In this paper, we treat schemes based on Grunwald-Letnikov definition and apply them to three kinds of fractional diffusion equations using Riemann-Liouville derivative operator including time-fractional diffusion equation, space-fractional diffusion equation and time-space-fractional diffusion equation. Finally, we show the simulation results which indicate that our methods are stable and have successfully second order accuracy under the assumed conditions.
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Vrabec, Jadran, Martin Horsch, and Hans Hasse. "Molecular Dynamics Based Analysis of Nucleation and Surface Energy of Droplets in Supersaturated Vapors of Methane and Ethane." In ASME 2008 First International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnht2008-52199.
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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied for studying homogeneous nucleation during condensation of supersaturated vapors of methane and ethane. Nucleation processes are characterized by the nucleation rate, i.e. the number of stable droplets produced per volume and time. Nucleation rates from simulations are compared to the classical nucleation theory (CNT) and a model that introduces a size dependence of the specific surface energy. CNT is found to agree well with the simulation results, deviations are throughout lower than three orders of magnitude.
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Soni, Gaurav, Todd M. Squires, and Carl D. Meinhart. "Nonlinear Phenomena in Induced Charge Electroosmosis." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41468.
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We present an experimental and numerical investigation of induced charge electroosmosis (ICEO) on a planar electrode surface directly in contact with a high conductivity electrolytic solution. Symmetric rolls of ICEO flow were produced on the electrode by placing it in an AC electric field. The slip velocity was measured for a range of AC voltages and frequencies using micro particle image velocimetry (μPIV). The slip velocity was also calculated by finite element simulations based on a linear and a nonlinear model of electrical double layer, respectively. The μPIV measurements were found to be much lower (two and half orders of magnitude) than the velocities predicted by the linear model. The linear model is valid only under Debye Huckel approximation (φ ≪ kBT/e = 25 mVolt at room temperature) which does not hold true for practical situations. The nonlinear model, on the other hand, predicts velocities which are lower than the linear model and closer to the experimental values. The nonlinearity reduces discrepancy between experimental and numerical results by approximately an order of magnitude. The nonlinear model accounts for nonlinear capacitance of the double layer and lateral conduction of charge in the double layer.
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Lutey, Adrian H. A., Alessandro Fortunato, Simone Carmignato, Filippo Zanini, and Alessandro Ascari. "Laser Profiling of Aluminum Oxide Grinding Wheels." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9293.
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Laser profiling experiments are performed at normal incidence on fine grain medium density aluminum oxide grinding wheels with a pulsed nanosecond 1064nm fiber laser source with maximum pulse fluence 369J/cm2. In order to determine the incision depth and ideal laser pass separation distance, laser exposures are first performed on high purity, low porosity aluminum oxide blocks and subsequently analyzed with an optical profiler operating in confocal mode. This ablation data is then applied to path planning for grinding wheel profiling experiments, with division of the necessary removal depth according to the measured incision depth and ideal pass separation distance. X-ray computed tomography is utilized to determine the resulting profile accuracy as a function of process parameters. Test results indicate a maximum profile accuracy in the order of 200μm; however, in order to approach the accuracy of diamond dressing, some two orders of magnitude lower, it is likely that tangential laser incidence is necessary.
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Ahn, Dae Up, and Erol Sancaktar. "Fabrication of High Density Silicon Nano-Dots by Excimer Laser Irradiation on Block Copolymer Masks." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35650.
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We report easy and fast fabrication methods to prepare densely packed polystyrene (PS) and silicon nano-dots using one-step excimer laser irradiation on cylindrically nanopatterned block copolymer materials, without any additional selective etching steps before a non-selective etching. Preferential etching in more ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive block component, and non-selective removal of all block components allowed transferring nanopatterns in block copolymer masks to inorganic silicon substrates, when an appropriate laser intensity was used. Surface melt flows of block components, which severely undermine the initial orders of nanopatterns in a block copolymer mask, were observed at the laser intensity near the ablation threshold of the less UV-sensitive component. Thus, in order to obtain mask-image-like topographic nanopatterns on the target material surfaces, the intensity of excimer laser radiation should be sufficiently lower than the ablation threshold of the less UV-sensitive component as long as the intensity is higher than that of the more UV-sensitive component. Numerical analyses on the photothermal excimer laser ablation in binary mixture systems predicted the presence of a matrix-assisted excimer laser ablation in the less UV-sensitive component at the laser intensity lower than its ablation threshold, owing to the heat conduction from the more UV-sensitive component during the nanoscopic level of time duration.
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Pearson, John T., Daniel Maynes, David Bilodeau, and Brent W. Webb. "Two-Pronged Jet Formation Caused by Droplet Impact on Anisotropic Superhydrophobic Surfaces." In ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2013-16629.
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When a liquid droplet impacts a superhydrophobic surface with anisotropic surface patterning in the form of alternating ribs and cavities, the rebounding droplet may exhibit a unique two-pronged jet emission. Droplet impact experiments with eleven different fluids of viscosity that varied by more than three orders of magnitude were conducted, and this paper quantifies the Capillary number, Ca, and Ohnesorge number, Oh, ranges over which the two-pronged phenomenon occurs. For Oh > 0.0154, the behavior was never observed, while at lower values of Oh, the behavior occurs for an intermediate range of Ca that depends on Oh.
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Kodama, Hidekazu, and Masanobu Namba. "Unsteady Lifting Surface Theory for a Rotating Cascade of Swept Blades." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-306.
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A lifting surface theory is developed to predict the unsteady three-dimensional aerodynamic characteristics for a rotating subsonic annular cascade of swept blades. A discrete element method is used to solve the integral equation for the unsteady blade loading. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate effects of the sweep on the blade flutter and on the acoustic field generated by interaction of rotating blades with a convected sinusoidal gust. It is found that increasing the sweep results in decrease of the aerodynamic work on vibrating blades and also remarkable reduction of the modal acoustic power of lower radial orders for both forward and backward sweeps.
Reports on the topic "Lower orders"
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Riveros, Guillermo, Felipe Acosta, Reena Patel, and Wayne Hodo. Computational mechanics of the paddlefish rostrum. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41860.
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Purpose – The rostrum of a paddlefish provides hydrodynamic stability during feeding process in addition to detect the food using receptors that are randomly distributed in the rostrum. The exterior tissue of the rostrum covers the cartilage that surrounds the bones forming interlocking star shaped bones. Design/methodology/approach – The aim of this work is to assess the mechanical behavior of four finite element models varying the type of formulation as follows: linear-reduced integration, linear-full integration, quadratic-reduced integration and quadratic-full integration. Also presented is the load transfer mechanisms of the bone structure of the rostrum. Findings – Conclusions are based on comparison among the four models. There is no significant difference between integration orders for similar type of elements. Quadratic-reduced integration formulation resulted in lower structural stiffness compared with linear formulation as seen by higher displacements and stresses than using linearly formulated elements. It is concluded that second-order elements with reduced integration and can model accurately stress concentrations and distributions without over stiffening their general response. Originality/value – The use of advanced computational mechanics techniques to analyze the complex geometry and components of the paddlefish rostrum provides a viable avenue to gain fundamental understanding of the proper finite element formulation needed to successfully obtain the system behavior and hot spot locations.
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Graham, M. L. Linear Regression to a Lower Order Model: Effects and Implications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada218258.
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Ajzenman, Nicolás, Gregory Elacqua, Luana Marotta, and Anne Sofie Olsen. Order Effects and Employment Decisions: Experimental Evidence from a Nationwide Program. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003558.
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In this paper, we show that order effects operate in the context of high-stakes, real-world decisions: employment choices. We experimentally evaluate a nationwide program in Ecuador that changed the order of teaching vacancies on a job application platform in order to reduce teacher sorting (that is, lower-income students are more likely to attend schools with less qualified teachers). In the treatment arm, the platform showed hard-to-staff schools (institutions typically located in more vulnerable areas that normally have greater difficulty attracting teachers) first, while in the control group teaching vacancies were displayed in alphabetical order. In both arms, hard-to-staff schools were labeled with an icon and identical information was given to teachers. We find that a teacher in the treatment arm was more likely to apply to hard-to-staff schools, to rank them as their highest priority, and to be assigned to a job vacancy in one of these schools. The effects were not driven by inattentive, altruistic, or less-qualified teachers. The program has thus helped to reduce the unequal distribution of qualified teachers across schools of different socioeconomic backgrounds.
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Roschelle, Jeremy, Britte Haugan Cheng, Nicola Hodkowski, Julie Neisler, and Lina Haldar. Evaluation of an Online Tutoring Program in Elementary Mathematics. Digital Promise, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/94.
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Many students struggle with mathematics in late elementary school, particularly on the topic of fractions. In a best evidence syntheses of research on increasing achievement in elementary school mathematics, Pelligrini et al. (2018) highlighted tutoring as a way to help students. Online tutoring is attractive because costs may be lower and logistics easier than with face-to-face tutoring. Cignition developed an approach that combines online 1:1 tutoring with a fractions game, called FogStone Isle. The game provides students with additional learning opportunities and provides tutors with information that they can use to plan tutoring sessions. A randomized controlled trial investigated the research question: Do students who participate in online tutoring and a related mathematical game learn more about fractions than students who only have access to the game? Participants were 144 students from four schools, all serving low-income students with low prior mathematics achievement. In the Treatment condition, students received 20-25 minute tutoring sessions twice per week for an average of 18 sessions and also played the FogStone Isle game. In the Control condition, students had access to the game, but did not play it often. Control students did not receive tutoring. Students were randomly assigned to condition after being matched on pre-test scores. The same diagnostic assessment was used as a pre-test and as a post-test. The planned analysis looked for differences in gain scores ( post-test minus pre-test scores) between conditions. We conducted a t-test on the aggregate gain scores, comparing conditions; the results were statistically significant (t = 4.0545, df = 132.66, p-value < .001). To determine an effect size, we treated each site as a study in a meta-analysis. Using gain scores, the effect size was g=+.66. A more sophisticated treatment of the pooled standard deviation resulted in a corrected effect size of g=.46 with a 95% confidence interval of [+.23,+.70]. Students who received online tutoring and played the related Fog Stone Isle game learned more; our research found the approach to be efficacious. The Pelligrini et al. (2018) meta-analysis of elementary math tutoring programs found g = .26 and was based largely on face-to-face tutoring studies. Thus, this study compares favorably to prior research on face-to-face mathematics tutoring with elementary students. Limitations are discussed; in particular, this is an initial study of an intervention under development. Effects could increase or decrease as development continues and the program scales. Although this study was planned long before the current pandemic, results are particularly timely now that many students are at home under shelter-in-place orders due to COVID-19. The approach taken here is feasible for students at home, with tutors supporting them from a distance. It is also feasible in many other situations where equity could be addressed directly by supporting students via online tutors.
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Idris, Iffat. Increasing Birth Registration for Children of Marginalised Groups in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.102.
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This review looks at approaches to promote birth registration among marginalised groups, in order to inform programming in Pakistan. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, in particular reports by international development organizations. While there is extensive literature on rates of birth registration and the barriers to this, and consensus on approaches to promote registration, the review found less evidence of measures specifically aimed at marginalised groups. Gender issues are addressed to some extent, particularly in understanding barriers to registration, but the literature was largely disability-blind. The literature notes that birth registration is considered as a fundamental human right, allowing access to services such as healthcare and education; it is the basis for obtaining other identity documents, e.g. driving licenses and passports; it protects children, e.g. from child marriage; and it enables production of vital statistics to support government planning and resource allocation. Registration rates are generally lower than average for vulnerable children, e.g. from minority groups, migrants, refugees, children with disabilities. Discriminatory policies against minorities, restrictions on movement, lack of resources, and lack of trust in government are among the ‘additional’ barriers affecting the most marginalised. Women, especially unmarried women, also face greater challenges in getting births registered. General approaches to promoting birth registration include legal and policy reform, awareness-raising activities, capacity building of registration offices, integration of birth registration with health services/education/social safety nets, and the use of digital technology to increase efficiency and accessibility.
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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, Ana Fernanda Maiguashca-Olano, Carolina Soto, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro, and Juan José Echavarría-Soto. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.
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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.
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Lee, Jusang, John E. Haddock, Dario D. Batioja Alvarez, and Reyhaneh Rahbar Rastegar. Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Asphalt Mixtures Using Laboratory Rutting and Cracking Tests. Purdue University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317087.
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The main objectives of this project were to review the available balanced-mix design (BMD) methodologies, understand the I-FIT and Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWTT) test methods using INDOT asphalt mixtures, and to explore the application of these tests to both a BMD approach and as performance-related Quality Control (QC) and Quality Acceptance (QA) methods. Two QA mixture specimen types, plant-mixed laboratory-compacted (PMLC) and plant-mixed field-compacted (PMFC) were used in the determination of cracking and rutting parameters. Distribution functions for the flexibility index (FI) values and rutting parameters were determined for various mixture types. The effects of specimen geometry and air voids contents on the calculated Flexibility Index (FI) and rutting parameters were investigated. The fatigue characteristics of selected asphalt mixtures were determined using the S-VECD test according to different FI levels for different conditions. A typical full-depth pavement section was implemented in FlexPAVE to explore the cracking characteristics of INDOT asphalt mixtures by investigating the relationship between the FI values of QA samples with the FlexPAVE pavement performance predictions. The FI values obtained from PMFC specimens were consistently higher than their corresponding PMLC specimens. This study also found that FI values were affected significantly by variations in specimen thickness and air voids contents, having higher FI values with higher air voids contents and thinner specimens. These observations do not agree with the general material-performance expectations that better cracking resistance is achieved with lower air voids content and thicker layers. Additionally, PG 70-22 mixtures show the lowest mean FI values followed by the PG 76-22 and 64-22 mixtures. The same order was observed from the ΔTc (asphalt binder cracking index) of INDOT’s 2017 and 2018 projects. Finally, it was found that the HWTT showed reasonable sensitivity to the different characteristics (e.g., aggregate sizes, binder types, and air voids contents) of asphalt mixtures. Mixtures containing modified asphalt binders showed better rut resistance and higher Rutting Resistance Index (RRI) than those containing unmodified binders.
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Cooper, Christopher, Jacob McDonald, and Eric Starkey. Wadeable stream habitat monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2018 baseline report. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286621.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Wadeable Stream Habitat Monitoring Protocol collects data to give park resource managers insight into the status of and trends in stream and near-channel habitat conditions (McDonald et al. 2018a). Wadeable stream monitoring is currently implemented at the five SECN inland parks with wadeable streams. These parks include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE), Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU), Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT), and Congaree National Park (CONG). Streams at Congaree National Park chosen for monitoring were specifically targeted for management interest (e.g., upstream development and land use change, visitor use of streams as canoe trails, and potential social walking trail erosion) or to provide a context for similar-sized stream(s) within the park or network (McDonald and Starkey 2018a). The objectives of the SECN wadeable stream habitat monitoring protocol are to: Determine status of upstream watershed characteristics (basin morphology) and trends in land cover that may affect stream habitat, Determine the status of and trends in benthic and near-channel habitat in selected wadeable stream reaches (e.g., bed sediment, geomorphic channel units, and large woody debris), Determine the status of and trends in cross-sectional morphology, longitudinal gradient, and sinuosity of selected wadeable stream reaches. Between June 11 and 14, 2018, data were collected at Congaree National Park to characterize the in-stream and near-channel habitat within stream reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) and McKenzie Creek (CONG004). These data, along with the analysis of remotely sensed geographic information system (GIS) data, are presented in this report to describe and compare the watershed-, reach-, and transect-scale characteristics of these four stream reaches to each other and to selected similar-sized stream reaches at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, and Chattahoochee National Recreation Area. Surveyed stream reaches at Congaree NP were compared to those previously surveyed in other parks in order to provide regional context and aid in interpretation of results. edar Creek’s watershed (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) drains nearly 200 square kilometers (77.22 square miles [mi2]) of the Congaree River Valley Terrace complex and upper Coastal Plain to the north of the park (Shelley 2007a, 2007b). Cedar Creek’s watershed has low slope and is covered mainly by forests and grasslands. Cedar Creek is designated an “Outstanding Resource Water” by the state of South Carolina (S.C. Code Regs. 61–68 [2014] and S.C. Code Regs. 61–69 [2012]) from the boundary of the park downstream to Wise Lake. Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ (CONG001) is located just downstream (south) of the park’s Bannister Bridge canoe landing, which is located off Old Bluff Road and south of the confluence with Meyers Creek. Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ (CONG002 and CONG003, respectively) are located downstream of Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ where Cedar Creek flows into the relatively flat backswamp of the Congaree River flood plain. Based on the geomorphic and land cover characteristics of the watershed, monitored reaches on Cedar Creek are likely to flood often and drain slowly. Flooding is more likely at Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ than at Cedar Creek ‘upstream.’ This is due to the higher (relative to CONG001) connectivity between the channels of the lower reaches and their out-of-channel areas. Based on bed sediment characteristics, the heterogeneity of geomorphic channel units (GCUs) within each reach, and the abundance of large woody debris (LWD), in-stream habitat within each of the surveyed reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001–003) was classified as ‘fair to good.’ Although, there is extensive evidence of animal activity...
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.
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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
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Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska; selected metals, arsenic, and phosphorus in streambed sediments of first- and second-order streams, 1987. US Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri944196.
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