Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lower respiratory infection

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Lower respiratory infection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Lower respiratory infection"

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Finegold, Sydney M., and Caroline C. Johnson. "Lower respiratory tract infection." American Journal of Medicine 79, no. 5 (1985): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(85)90132-9.

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Shepherd, Kenneth E. "Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT) Infection." Anesthesiology 94, no. 6 (2001): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200106000-00043.

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Akça, Ozan. "Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT) Infection." Anesthesiology 94, no. 6 (2001): 1152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200106000-00044.

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Mizgerd, Joseph P. "Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection." New England Journal of Medicine 358, no. 7 (2008): 716–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra074111.

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&NA;. "Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 27, no. 6 (2008): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e31816fc362.

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Bahawal, Sadida, Farida Manzoor, Mehboob Alam Siddiqui, Shakil Ahmad, and Imran Sarwar. "ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 01 (2016): 065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.01.796.

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Zinc is an essential rnicronutrient with catalytic role in over a hundred specificmetabolic enzymes in human metabolism regulates the expression of the metallothioneingene, apoptosis and synaptic signaling and needed for many aspects of immune system. Thusthe zinc ‘supplementation in patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections might havepotential benefits. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of zinc supplementation in patientswith acute lower respiratory tract infections. Study design: Quasi experimental study. Setting:Study was conducted in the pediatrics department Independent hospital Faisalabad; the indoorpatients meeting the inclusion criteria from 26th January to 25th July 2013 were included instudy. Material and methods: 100 children meeting the inclusion criteria were included in thestudy which were divided into two groups with random allocation i.e. Group A (Odd number)& Group B (Even number). Group A was given zinc supplementation 20mg of elemental zincfor 14 days. Along with antimicrobials, oxygen and antipyretics for fever while 50 childrenin Group B were given with antimicrobials. Oxygen and antipyretics for fever without zinc.Results: Baseline clinical parameters were comparable in both groups at admission. Outcomemeasures considered were duration of fever, tachypneoa, chest indrawings and total durationof hospital admission. Effect of zinc supplementation is significant with p-value of less than 0.05for duration of tachypnoea and chest indrawings and total duration of hospital admission whileresult showed p-value equal to 0.05 that is just significant for duration of fever.
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Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Motoi Suzuki, Hien Anh Nguyen, et al. "Respiratory syncytial virus: co-infection and paediatric lower respiratory tract infections." European Respiratory Journal 42, no. 2 (2013): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00101812.

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Kim, Kyu Earn. "Laboratory Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Infection." Korean Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 2, no. 1 (1995): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14776/kjpid.1995.2.1.80.

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Erskine, J. A. "Investigation of lower respiratory tract infection." BMJ 343, dec13 1 (2011): d7727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d7727.

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Clini, V., E. Clini, F. Tana, A. Messa, F. Garotta, and F. Pamparana. "Ceftizoxime in Lower Respiratory Tract Infection." Drug Investigation 4, S1 (1992): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03258344.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lower respiratory infection"

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Wrightson, John M. "Pathogen identification in lower respiratory tract infection." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:30c757ec-99b7-492e-a12e-ff996581863a.

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Treatment of lower respiratory tract infection (pneumonia and pleural infection) relies on the use of empirical broad spectrum antibiotics, primarily because reliable pathogen identification occurs infrequently. Another consequence of poor rates of pathogen identification is that our understanding of the microbiology of these infections is incomplete. This thesis addresses some of these issues by combining the acquisition of high quality lower respiratory tract samples, free from nasooropharyngeal contamination, with novel molecular microbiological techniques in an attempt to increase rates of pathogen identification. Four main areas are examined: (i) The role of so-called ‘atypical pneumonia’ bacteria in causing pleural infection. These pathogens have been previously identified in the pleural space infrequently and routine culture usually fails to isolate such bacteria. High sensitivity nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a culture-independent technique which is used to undertake a systematic evaluation for these pathogens in pleural infection samples. (ii) The role of Pneumocystis jirovecii in pleural infection, either as a co-infecting pathogen or in monomicrobial infection. This fungus causes severe pneumonia, particularly in the immunosuppressed, but is increasingly recognised as a co-pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia, and is frequently isolated in the upper and lower respiratory tract in health. A high sensitivity real-time PCR assay is used to examine for this fungus. (iii) Ultra-deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene is used to perform a comprehensive microbial survey in samples taken from the multi-centre MIST2 study of pleural infection. The techniques employed allow analysis of polymicrobial samples and give very high taxonomic resolution, whilst incorporating methods to control for potential contamination. Further, these techniques provide confirmation of the results from the ‘atypical’ bacteria nested PCR study. (iv) Bedside ultrasound-guided percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration (TNA) of consolidated lung is undertaken in patients with pneumonia, as part of the PIPAP study. An evaluation is undertaken of the efficacy and acceptability of TNA. Aspirate samples acquired are also processed using ultra-deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Other samples obtained as part of the PIPAP study, such as ‘control’ lung aspirates and ‘control’ pleural fluid samples, are similarly processed to enable calculation of sensitivity and specificity of the sequencing methodology.
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Almond, Elizabeth Jennifer Philippa. "Epstein-Barr virus infection of the lower respiratory tract." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31208484.

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Van, der Heyde Yolande. "Lower respiratory tract infection in sudden unexpected infant deaths." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14391.

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Pneumonia due to polymicrobial infection is known to increase the severity and risk of fatality among young children. A retrospective study was undertaken on Sudden Unexpected Infant Death cases occurring, between 1 May and 30 September 2009, which were admitted to a medico-legal mortuary servicing the Cape Town western metropole. Published studies have shown the risk factors for lower respiratory tract infection to include lack of breast feeding, prenatal and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, prematurity, immunosuppression, underlying medical conditions and overcrowding. The present study was aimed at determining which of the known epidemiological factors were associated with SUDI death types admitted to this mortuary and to describe the associated histopathology. In addition, in the knowledge that drugs, specifically Methamphetamine are widely used on the Cape Flats from where almost all this mortuary's SUDI cases are derived, this study has attempted to find out whether or not the usage of drugs by the caregiver at the time of infant death was another independent risk factor in SUDI deaths.
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Shi, Ting. "Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus associated acute lower respiratory infection in young children." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23610.

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Introduction Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) remains as a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. With the continued universal vaccination campaign against bacterial pathogens, an increase in relative proportion of respiratory viruses contributing to ALRI is anticipated. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been recognised as the most common pathogen identified in young children presenting with ALRI as well as an important cause of hospital admission. This thesis aims to estimate the aetiological roles and attributable fractions of common respiratory viruses among ALRI cases and investigate the risk factors for RSV associated ALRI in young children. It also aims to estimate the global and regional incidence of RSV associated ALRI in both community and hospital based settings, and the possible boundaries for RSV associated ALRI mortality in children younger than five years old. Methods Systematic reviews were carried out separately for the following three research questions: aetiological roles of RSV and other common viruses in ALRI cases, risk factors for RSV associated ALRI and global/regional burden of RSV associated ALRI, formulating an overall picture of epidemiology of RSV associated ALRI in young children. They all focused on children younger than five years old. The identified studies were selected according to pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The whole process was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. Unpublished data from RSV Global Estimates Network (RSV GEN) were collected from 45 leading researchers on paediatric pneumonia (primarily in developing countries). They either reanalysed data from their already published work with the pre-defined standardised case definitions or shared hitherto unpublished data from ongoing studies. Data from both systematic reviews and RSV GEN working group were included into further meta-analysis. Random effects model was consistently applied in all meta-analyses. Results There were 23 studies identified through literature search satisfying the eligibility criteria, investigated the viral aetiology of ALRI in young children. Strong evidence was observed for RSV in support of its causal contribution in children presenting with ALRI and the association was significant measured in odds ratio: 9.79 (4.98-19.27). Thus, the corresponding attributable fraction among the exposed was estimated as 90% (80%-95%), which means around 90% of RSV associated ALRI cases were in fact attributed to RSV in a causal path. In total, 27 studies (including 4 unpublished studies) were included and contributed to the analysis. Across these studies, 18 risk factors were described and 8 of them were observed to have significant associations with RSV infection: prematurity - gestational age < 37 weeks, low birth weight (< 2.5 kg), being male, having siblings, maternal smoking, history of atopy, no breastfeeding and crowding - > 7 persons in household. Overall, 304 studies met the selection criteria and were included to estimate the global and regional burden of RSV associated ALRI in young children. These included 73 published articles identified through Chinese language databases and 76 unpublished studies provided by RSV GEN working group, mainly from developing countries. It is estimated that in 2015, there were 33.0 (95% CI 20.6-53.2) million episodes of RSV associated ALRI occurring in children younger than 5 years old across the world. 30.5 (95% CI 19.5-47.9) million of them were in developing countries. 3.0 (95% CI 2.2-4.0) million cases were severe enough and warranted hospitalisation. Around 60,000 children died in the hospital settings with 99% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. The overall mortality from RSV associated ALRI was estimated about 131,000. Conclusion This thesis not only enhanced the epidemiological understanding of RSV in young children, but also provided important information for public health decision makers. It incorporated both data through systematic reviews of published articles in the past 20 years and more than 70 unpublished data sets shared by RSV GEN working group. The population based incidence, hospitalisation, mortality and risk factor data are essential to assess the various severity of illness in a specific age group and region, and inform local public health professionals regarding appropriate and prompt cases management, prevention and vaccine allocation strategies. National sentinel systems of RSV surveillance gathering structured and reasonably representative data are needed. Within the surveillance system, a universal definition regarding disease severity in various settings should be developed, and diagnostic methods with higher sensitivity and specificity should be applied.
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Spyer, Moira Jane. "Respiratory syncytial virus host cell receptor interactions." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269926.

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Allman, Mark. "What influences the prescribing of antibiotics in lower respiratory tract infection?" Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.687300.

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Antibiotics are widely prescribed for patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) yet only a minority have a pneumonia which responds to antibiotic treatment. Unwarranted prescribing of antibiotics is associated with several problems aside from the financial implications of unnecessary treatment: increased incidence of hospital-acquired infections, including MRSA and Clostridium difficile and the problem of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the history and examination findings on antibiotic prescribing where LRTI is the principal diagnosis, and to explore the attitudes towards antibiotic prescribing through an understanding of the clinician and patient experience. A mixed methodology study of adult hospitalised patients was employed, with a case series for the quantitative arm and thematic analysis employed for the qualitative arm of the research. Data was collected from patients’ medical notes using a coding matrix developed as part of a pilot study. Doctors were invited to participate in interviews to discuss the reasons for prescribing antibiotics in respiratory tract infection and a group of patients were interviewed for their views on antibiotics. 153 participants were enrolled into the quantitative arm and a further 10 in the qualitative arm. The data indicate that the diagnosis of LRTI and prescription of antibiotics is made on the recorded presence of a very small number of symptoms and signs, with 91% having shortness of breath, 77% having purulent sputum and 75% having a respiratory rate >20/minute. The parameters used to determine a bacterial cause for disease are often non-specific and can lead to inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. Antibiotic use must be targeted to those in whom there is benefit. To enable clinicians to do this they require access to pathology and x ray and these must be supported by expert input. In addition, rapid, reliable diagnostic testing for bacterial infections can assist.
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Embarek, Mohamed Mona Sallam [Verfasser]. "Viral pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract infection / Mona Sallam Embarek Mohamed." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1025305310/34.

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Woensel, Jacobus Bernardus Maria van. "Lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus the short-term and long-term efficacy of corticosteroids /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2002. http://dare.uva.nl/document/63898.

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Chauhan, Anoop Jivan. "Personal exposure to the air pollutant nitrogen dioxide and the risk of lower respiratory disease with upper respiratory infection." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266657.

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Wu, Tianshu, and 吴添舒. "A systematic review of vitamin D for prevention of acute lower respiratory infection among children." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193827.

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Objective: Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) is the leading cause of mortality in pediatric group all around the world. Vitamin D has been demonstrated to play a possible role in the prevention of ALRI in children because of its physiological importance in the immune system. This systematic review aims to explore the protective role of vitamin D on ALRIs among children and its preventive effectiveness by synthesizing RCTs. And the other objective is to determine dosage of vitamin D with the best effect by investigating the association of different level of vitamin D supplementation with risk of ALRIs. Methods: Studies were searched through three databases PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Cochran Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochran Library databases among publication from April2003 to April 2013 with a combination of key terms. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select studies. And then CONSORT guideline and JADAD scale were used to assess quality of these studies. Data on outcome measurements including health outcomes (e.g. incidence of pneumonia and influenza A, duration of recovery of pneumonia and bronchiolitis, the risk of relapse of pneumonia, the number of parent-reported ARIs); and surrogate outcomes (e.g. measuring scores of ATAQ test) were extracted and tabulated. The association with vitamin D level of risk of ALRIs were explored as well. Results: Eight RCTs were found to be relevant and adopted in this systematic review of the 796 identified articles in English or Chinese. The findings were mixed, but most studies suggested vitamin D supplementation reduced risk or illness duration of ALRIs significantly among children with different levels of vitamin D deficiency. Four studies suggested statistically significant risk reduction on incidence of repeat pneumonia (by29%, 95%CI 6% to 46%), parent-reported ARIs (by 48%, 95%CI 11% to 69), influenza A (by 42%, 95%CI 1% to 66%), and asthma exacerbation triggered by ALRIs (P= 0.029), while one study showed an insignificant outcome. For recovery events and hospitalization of ALRIs, three studies suggested statistically significant reduction on recovery time from pneumonia (P= 0.008), severe asthma (P= 0.004) and bronchiolitis (P< 0.05), and two studies suggested significant decrease on duration of hospitalization for bronchiolitis (P< 0.05) and pneumonia (P= 0.005). The increasing changes in serum 25(OH)D were consistent with the significant difference of ALRIs events between intervention and control groups. Conclusion: Overall, the evidence is insufficient to conclude that vitamin D supplementation is beneficial to all kinds of children in preventing or assistant treating ALRIs. More number of high quality, large scale and unbiased RCTs should be conducted to confirm the effectiveness of vitamin D among children in Hong Kong and different areas in mainland China.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Public Health<br>Master<br>Master of Public Health
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Books on the topic "Lower respiratory infection"

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Miller, F. J. Lower respiratory tract structure of laboratory animals and humans: Dosimetry implications. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993.

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Haq, Yasmeen. Antibiotic usage for lower respiratory tract infections at the primary and secondary interface. University of Manchester, 1997.

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Harrison, Mark. Infection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0056.

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This chapter describes the pathology of infection as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the causes, pathological processes, and investigations of respiratory tracts infections (upper and lower including pneumonia), meningitis and encephalitis, myocarditis and endocarditis, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection, STD, pelvic inflammatory disease, cellulitis, infection of bones and joints, AIDS, pyrexia of unknown origin, malaria, and fungal infection. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.
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Jacquet, Gabrielle, and Andrea Dugas. Influenza. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0026.

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Influenza is a viral syndrome caused by a highly contagious viral infection. It presents with acute fever, respiratory symptoms, rigors, malaise, myalgia, and/or fatigue. Substantial morbidity and mortality can result in susceptible populations, including patients who are at the extremes of age; have chronic medical conditions; or are immunocompromised, pregnant, reside in a nursing home, obese, or of Native American descent. Antiviral treatment is recommended for those requiring hospital admission, those with lower respiratory tract disease, and inpatient populations at high risk for complications. In addition to causing a viral pneumonia, influenza damages the respiratory epithelium. This increases the risk of bacterial coinfection, especially in those with severe illness, pneumonia, and otitis media. Preventive recommendations include vaccination for everyone over the age of 6 months, minimizing potential exposures, attention to respiratory and hand hygiene, adherence to standard precautions, and minimizing visitors for patients in isolation for influenza.
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (Cumitech Ser.). Amer Society for Microbiology, 1987.

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L, Mandell Gerald, ed. Lower respiratory tract infections: The role of piperacillin/tazobactam. PharmalLibri Publishers, 1994.

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The Management of lower respiratory tract infections with cefuroxime axetil. Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1987.

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Mandell, Gerald L. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: The Role of Piperacillin/Tazobactam (Pharmanual). Pharma Libri Pub, 1997.

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The Implications and treatment of Haemophilus influenzae infections in the lower respiratory tract: Proceedings, September 8, 1988, Luxembourg, Belgium. Excerpta Medica, 1988.

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Bafadhel, Mona. Prevention of respiratory disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0344.

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The prevention of disease at a population health level rather than an individual health level is aimed at reducing causes of ‘preventable’ death and, under the auspices of public health and epidemiology, is an integral part of primary, secondary, and tertiary care. Classification of death is usually according to the type of primary disease or injury. However, there are a number of recognized risk factors for death, and modifications in behaviour or risk factors can substantially reduce preventable causes of death and the associated healthcare and economic burden of chronic disease management. According to the WHO, hundreds of millions of people from infancy to old age suffer from preventable chronic respiratory diseases, there are over four million deaths annually from preventable respiratory diseases, and common respiratory disorders (e.g. lower respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and tuberculosis) account for approximately 20% of all deaths worldwide. This chapter discusses the prevention of respiratory disease, covering diseases associated with smoking (one of the biggest risk factors associated with preventable deaths), air pollution, and other lifestyle factors associated with respiratory disease; changes in legislation concerning smoking and work-related respiratory disease; and, finally, the prevention of respiratory diseases through the use of immunization and screening tools.
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Book chapters on the topic "Lower respiratory infection"

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Linden, Peter. "Upper and lower respiratory tract infection." In Critical Care Nephrology. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5482-6_34.

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Lindemans, Caroline A., and Jan L. L. Kimpen. "The Immune Response to Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infection." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25342-4_4.

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Wunderink, Richard G., and Grant W. Waterer. "Discrimination of True Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in the Mechanically Ventilated Patient." In Immunology and Infectious Disease. Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0245-6_8.

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Marks, Melvin I. "Lower Respiratory Infections." In Pediatric Infectious Diseases for the Practitioner. Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5038-8_5.

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Carroll, Karen C., and La'tonzia L. Adams. "Lower Respiratory Tract Infections." In Diagnostic Microbiology of the Immunocompromised Host. ASM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555819040.ch21.

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Humphreys, Hilary, Bob Winter, and Mical Paul. "Lower Respiratory Tract Infections." In Infections in the Adult Intensive Care Unit. Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4318-5_6.

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Tattersfield, Anne E., and Martin W. McNicol. "Lower Respiratory Tract Infections." In Treatment in Clinical Medicine. Springer London, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3132-8_7.

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Lanata, Claudio F., and Robert E. Black. "Acute Lower Respiratory Infections." In Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-464-3_7.

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Kuchar, E., M. Dawiec, B. Kraszewska-Glomba, K. Miśkiewicz, Aneta Nitsch-Osuch, and L. Szenborn. "The Incidence of Respiratory Tract Infections in Vertically HIV-Infected Children in Lower Silesia in Poland and the Approach to Infection Prevention." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5584_2015_119.

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Green, Robin J., Heather J. Zar, Debbie A. White, and Shabir A. Madhi. "Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections." In Viral Infections in Children, Volume II. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54093-1_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lower respiratory infection"

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Esther, Charles R., Feng-Chang Lin, Andrew Kerr, and Peter Gilligan. "Respiratory Viruses Increase Lower Airway Infection With Common Respiratory Pathogens In Cystic Fibrosis." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a5362.

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Riestiyowati, Maya Ayu, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, and Vitri Widyaningsih. "Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five: A Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.57.

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Background: Acute Respiratory Infections are classified into the upper and lower respiratory tract infections, contributing to the leading cause of death among children under five globally. The estimation showed the deaths of more than 800,000 children under five every year or about 2,200 per day. One of the risk factors for ARI in children under five years of age is secondary exposure to tobacco smoke. This study aimed to examine the effect of cigarette smoke exposure and acute respiratory infection in children under five. Subjects and Method: This was meta analysis and systematic review. The study was conducted by collecting published articles from Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Springer Link databases, from year 2010 to 2019. Keywords used “risk factor” OR “passive smoking” OR “secondhand smoking” AND “ARI due to children under five”. The inclusion criteria were full text, using English language, using cross-sectional study design, and reporting adjusted odds ratio. The collected articles were selected by PRISMA flow chart. The quantitative data were analyzed by fixed effect model using Revman 5.3. Results: 6 studies from Cameroon, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, and Nigeria reported that tobacco smoke exposure increased the risk of acute respiratory infection in children under five (aOR=1.39; 95% CI= 1.22 to 1.58; p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Tobacco smoke exposure increases the risk of acute respiratory infection in children under five. Keywords: tobacco smoke, acute respiratory infection, children under five Correspondence: Maya Ayu Riestiyowati. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: maaya.ayuu.ma@gmail.com. Mobile: 081235840067.
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Moncayo-Nieto, OL, PA Reid, A. Lipka, T. Hamilton, I. Laurenson, and AJ Simpson. "Improving the Use of Sputum Cultures in Lower Respiratory Tract Infection." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a2586.

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de Koff, Emma, Wing Ho Man, Marlies Van Houten, et al. "Resilience of the nasopharyngeal microbiota following childhood lower respiratory tract infection." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa4993.

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Diaz, Patricia, Henry Reynolds, Guillermo Zepeda, et al. "Detection of Hemophilus Influenzae in children with respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus lower respiratory tract infection." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa3623.

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Hennus, Marije P., Louis Bont, Nicolaas J. G. Jansen, and Adrianus J. Van Vught. "Hypercapnic Acidosis During Mechanical Ventilation For A Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Is Not Deleterious." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a6051.

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Snyder, B. M., N. B. Achten, T. Gebretsadik, et al. "A Clinical Prediction Tool for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Requiring Intensive Care Unit Admission." In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a3408.

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Czajkowska, Małgorzata, August Wrotek, and Teresa Jackowska. "GP195 Antibiotic therapy in children hospitalized due to RSV lower respiratory tract infection." In Faculty of Paediatrics of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, 9th Europaediatrics Congress, 13–15 June, Dublin, Ireland 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-epa.255.

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Shim, Jung Yeon, Jae Won Shim, Duk Soo Kim, Hae Lim Jung, and Moon Soo Park. "Atopic Sensitization Increases Severity Of H1N1 Virus-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infection In Children." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a4152.

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Laing, Ingrid A., Glenys R. Chidlow, Andrew R. Greenhill, et al. "Respiratory Viruses, Particularly Rhinoviruses, Are Commonly Detected In Papua New Guinean Children With Lower Respiratory Infection And When Healthy." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a3261.

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