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Journal articles on the topic 'Loxozus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 14 July 2025

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1

Sepúlveda, Tatiana A., Carvalho Claudio J. B. de, and Alessandre Pereira-Colavite. "Systematics of the Neotropical genus Loxozus (Diptera: Neriidae), with notes on distribution and sexual dimorphism." Zoologia 36 (April 3, 2019): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e26928.

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The monotypic genus Loxozus Enderlein, 1922 is redescribed. After examining the holotypes of Tetanocera cornuta Walker, 1853 and Loxozus clavicornis Enderlein, 1922, we confirm that these species are synonyms and reiterate that the correct name of the nominal species is Loxozus cornutus (Walker, 1853). The male of L. cornutus is described for the first time and notes on the species' sexual dimorphism and illustrations of the genitalia are provided, together with distribution data, including new records for Venezuela, Brazil and Peru.

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2

Sepúlveda, Tatiana A., Claudio J. B. de Carvalho, and Alessandre Pereira-Colavite. "Systematics of the Neotropical genus Loxozus (Diptera: Neriidae), with notes on distribution and sexual dimorphism." Zoologia 36 (April 3, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e26928.

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The monotypic genus Loxozus Enderlein, 1922 is redescribed. After examining the holotypes of Tetanoceracornuta Walker, 1853 and Loxozusclavicornis Enderlein, 1922, we confirm that these species are synonyms and reiterate that the correct name of the nominal species is Loxozuscornutus (Walker, 1853). The male of L.cornutus is described for the first time and notes on the species’ sexual dimorphism and illustrations of the genitalia are provided, together with distribution data, including new records for Venezuela, Brazil and Peru.

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3

Kasparyan, D. R., and R. A. Wharton. "A new subspecies of Loxopus multicolor Kasp. & Ruíz from Honduras (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini)." Zoosystematica Rossica 16, no. 1 (2007): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2007.16.1.59.

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4

Santos, Bernardo F., and Alexandre P. Aguiar. "Review of Loxopus Townes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae), with descriptions of six new species." Journal of Natural History 49, no. 31 (2015): 1905–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2014.976669.

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Santos, Bernardo F., Aguiar, Alexandre P. (2014): Review of Loxopus Townes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae), with descriptions of six new species. Journal of Natural History 49 (31): 1905-1935, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.976669

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5

Szczepańska, Katarzyna, Daniel Pruchniewicz, and Maria Kossowska. "Modeling the potential distribution of three lichens of the Xanthoparmelia pulla group (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Central Europe." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 84, no. 4 (2015): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2015.035.

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The paper presents models of potential geographical distribution of <em>Xanthoparmelia delisei</em>, <em>X. loxodes</em>, and <em>X. verruculifera</em> in Central Europe. The models were developed with MaxEnt (maximum entropy algorithm) based on 224 collection localities and bioclimatic variables. The applied method enabled to identify the areas where climatic conditions are the most suitable for modeled species outside their known localities. According to obtained model, high potential distribution of the <em>X. delisei</em> and <em>X. loxodes</em> was found in the northern and northeastern Poland, when areas most suitable for <em>X. verruculifera</em> were placed in the south, especially in the Carpathians. Model also suggests that potential distribution of <em>X. delisei</em> could be wider than known data on its occurrence and extend to Lithuania, Belarus and the Czech Republic. MaxEnt modeling of <em>X. loxodes</em> showed the widest potential distribution for this species in Central Europe with the best regions in Lithuania. Potential distribution in all models was strongly influenced by precipitation-related variables. All the modelled species prefer areas where precipitation in the coldest quarter is very low.

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6

Bräucker, Richard, Sigrun Machemer-Röhnisch, Hans Machemer, and Akira Murakami. "Gravity-controlled gliding velocity in Loxodes." European Journal of Protistology 28, no. 2 (1992): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0932-4739(11)80053-2.

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7

Nijisha, Kuzhikkatil, Thomas K. Sabu, and Viswanath D. Hegde. "First record of Loxoncus renitens (Bates, 1886) and additional records of Idiomelas fulvipes indus Kataev, 1997 from India (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalinae)." Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10, no. 4 (2024): 719–24. https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.4.719.

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New record of carabid species <em>Loxoncus renitens</em> (Bates, 1886) from Indian mainland with additional records of subspecies <em>Idiomelas fulvipes indus</em> Kataev, 1997 from the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka with notes on their geographical distribution are provided.

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8

Pratt, H. Douglas. "Species Limits in Akepas (Drepanidinae: Loxops)." Condor 91, no. 4 (1989): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368078.

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9

Kataev, B. M., and H. B. Liang. "New and interesting records of ground beetles of the tribe Harpalini from China (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." Zoosystematica Rossica 13, no. 2 (2005): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2004.13.2.209.

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New data about distribution of 17 species of the tribe Harpalini in China are provided. The following eight species are recorded from China for the first time: Dicheirotrichus coreanus Mlynář, 1974 (Inner Mongolia and Hebei), Loxoncus nagpurensis (Bates, 1891) (Yunnan), Harpalus ussuricus Mlynář, 1979 (Hebei), H. solitaris Dejean, 1829 (Jilin), H. servus (Duftschmid, 1812) (Xinjiang), H. inexspectatus Kataev, 1989 (Xinjiang), H. akinini Tschitschйrine, 1895 (Xinjiang), and Ophonus laticollis Mannerheim, 1825 (Xinjiang).

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10

Hartmann, Hans J., Hassan Taleb, Lotfi Aleya, and Nicole Lair. "Predation on Ciliates by the Suspension-Feeding Calanoid Copepod Acanthodiaptomus denticornis." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 7 (1993): 1382–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-158.

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The effects of prey size, hunger, and algal presence on the predation of the suspension-feeding calanoid copepod Acanthodiaptomus denticornis on the ciliates Tetrahymena corlisii (32 μm mean length), Paramecium aurelia (114 μm), P. caudatum (124 μm), Loxodes sp. [Formula: see text], and Stentor coeruleus[Formula: see text] and the flagellate Astasia longa (14 μm) were evaluated in laboratory experiments. Adult Acanthodiaptomus consumed all species, but not in proportion to their size. At low concentrations (prey < 200 μg C∙L−1), mean clearance rates ranged from 80 mL∙copepod−1∙d−1 (for Paramecium) to 13 mL∙copepod−1∙d−1 (for Loxodes). Clearance rates declined with increasing concentration of the same prey, as expected. Prey capture and ingestion was determined by cell width and prey escape reactivity. Hunger significantly increased predation rates at high prey levels. The presence of algae enhanced ciliate predation by hungry copepods at low prey levels, but had no other significant effects. Protozoan predation by Acanthodiaptomus generally exceeds its feeding on algae and nanoplankton. Results suggest that ciliates can be a significant part of the diet of some suspension-feeding freshwater copepods in situ, confirming the importance of ciliates as mediators of energy transfer from the microbial loop to higher trophic levels.

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11

Xu, Yuan, Hongbo Pan, Miao Miao, et al. "Morphology and Phylogeny of Two Species of Loxodes (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with Description of a New Subspecies, Loxodes striatus orientalis subsp. n." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 62, no. 2 (2014): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12162.

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12

Hemmersbach, R., R. Voormanns, B. Bromeis, N. Schmidt, H. Rabien, and K. Ivanova. "Comparative studies of the graviresponses of paramecium and loxodes." Advances in Space Research 21, no. 8-9 (1998): 1285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(97)00400-6.

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13

Sohrabi, Mohammad, Teuvo Ahti, and Gennadi Urbanavichus. "Parmelioid lichens of Iran and the Caucasus Region." Mycologia Balcanica 4 (June 20, 2007): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2547721.

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Fourteen parmelioid species, <em>Cetrelia cetrarioides,</em> <em>Hypogymnia physodes, H. austerodes, H. vittata, Melanelixia subaurifera, Melanohalea elegantula, Parmelia saxatilis, Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis, X. delisei, X. loxodes, X. pokornyi, X. stenophylla, X. tinctina </em>and<em> X. verruculifera,</em> are reported as new to Iran. The taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of the 76 parmelioid lichen species reported from Iran and Caucasus (Russian Caucasus, Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia and Armenia) are briefly reviewed. <em>Menegazzia subsimilis </em>is reported for the first time from the Caucasus Region.

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14

Sundukov, Yu N., and O. V. Kuberskaya. "NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) FROM KHABAROVSKY KRAI." Far Eastern entomologist 514 (January 9, 2025): 21–28. https://doi.org/10.25221/fee.514.2.

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Information on nineteen new or little-known species of ground beetles found in Khabarovsky Krai is presented. Of these, eleven species (Acupalpus inornatus Bates, 1873, Agonum gratiosum (Mannerheim, 1853), A. suavissimum (Bates, 1883), Bembidion stenoderum Bates, 1873, B. umiatense Lindroth, 1963, Eotrechodes larisae Uéno, Lafer et Sundukov, 1995, Loxoncus circumcinctus (Motschulsky, 1858), Odacantha hagai Nemoto, 1989, Oodes integer Semenov, 1889, Stenolophus connotatus Bates, 1873, and Trichotichnus nishioi Habu, 1961) are newly recorded from Khabarovsky Krai. The records of eight species form Khabarovsky Krai are supported by additional material.

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15

Buonanno, Federico, Piero Saltalamacchia, and Akio Miyake. "Defence function of pigmentocysts in the karyorelictid ciliate Loxodes striatus." European Journal of Protistology 41, no. 2 (2005): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2005.01.001.

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16

BRAY, RODNEY A., and JEAN-LOU JUSTINE. "Hypocreadium toombo n. sp. (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) in the yellow-spotted triggerfish Pseudobalistes fuscus (Perciformes: Balistidae) and additional lepocreadiids parasitizing fishes from the waters off New Caledonia." Zootaxa 1326, no. 1 (2006): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1326.1.4.

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Hypocreadium toombo n. sp. is described from the balistid Pseudobalistes fuscus from the waters off New Caledonia. It is distinguished by a series of characters shared by no other Hypocreadium species. The specimens are always slightly longer than wide, have a distinct anterior notch, have the vitelline fields confluent or nearly so in the forebody and have the terminal ends of the caeca pointing anteriorly. Other lepocreadiid species also recorded from New Caledonian waters are Lobatocreadium exiguum from P. fuscus, Intusatrium robustum from Bodianus perditio and B. loxozonus, Postlepidapedon secundum from Choerodon graphicus and Lepidapedoides angustus from Epinephelus fasciatus.

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17

Hatch, Jeremy J. "Lateral Asymmetry of the Bill of Loxops coccineus (Drepanidinae)." Condor 87, no. 4 (1985): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1367958.

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18

Kim, Ji-Hye, Choon-Bong Kwon, Jae-Sool Yoon, and Mann-Kyoon Shin. "First Record of Three Loxodes Ciliates (Ciliophora: Loxodida: Loxodidae) from Korea." Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 25, no. 3 (2009): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5635/kjsz.2009.25.3.301.

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19

Hemmersbach, Ruth, Regine Voormanns, Wolfgang Briegleb, Norbert Rieder, and Donat-P. Häder. "Influence of accelerations on the spatial orientation of Loxodes and Paramecium." Journal of Biotechnology 47, no. 2-3 (1996): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(96)01337-5.

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20

Machemer-Röhnisch, Sigrun, Richard Bräucker, and Hans Machemer. "Graviresponses of Gliding and Swimming Loxodes Using Step Transition to Weightlessness." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 45, no. 4 (1998): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb05092.x.

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21

Machemer-R�hnisch, Sigrun, Richard Br�ucker, and Hans Machemer. "Neutral gravitaxis of gliding Loxodes exposed to normal and raised gravity." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 171, no. 6 (1993): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00213074.

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22

Neugebauer, D. C., S. Machemer-Röhnisch, U. Nagel, R. Bräucker, and H. Machemer. "Evidence of central and peripheral gravireception in the ciliate Loxodes striatus." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 183, no. 3 (1998): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050257.

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23

Regali-Seleghim, Mirna Helena, Mirna Januária Leal Godinho, and Takako Matsumura-Tundisi. "Checklist dos "protozoários" de água doce do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil." Biota Neotropica 11, suppl 1 (2011): 389–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000500014.

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Listagens de espécies são importantes para o conhecimento da biota de um local, sua ecologia e para podermos dimensionar sua exploração econômica, biotecnológica e conservação. Neste trabalho foram levantados os dados de protozoários (ciliados, amebas nuas, amebas com carapaça, heliozoários e flagelados heterotróficos) de água doce do Estado de São Paulo. De 75 ambientes que foram analisados até o momento, foram registrados um total de 471 diferentes taxa de protozoários distribuídos em 218 generos e 304 espécies. Dos grupos de protozoários avaliados, os mais bem representados foram os ciliados com 160 gêneros e 219 espécies. Dentre os ciliados ocorrerem dois novos registros: Neobursaridium gigas Balech, 1941 para o Brasil e Loxodes rex Dragesco, 1970 para a América do Sul.

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24

KHODOSOVTSEV, ALEXANDER YE, та VALERIY V. DARMOSTUK. "Лишайники та ліхенофільні гриби острова Хортиця (Україна)". CHORNOMORSKI BOTANICAL JOURNAL 16, № 1 (2020): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu1990553x/2020-16-1-5.

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80 species of lichens and 12 species of lichenicolous fungi were found on Khortytsia Island. The lichen Verrucaria fusconigrescens is for the first time reported for the continental part of Ukraine. Lichens Acarospora insolata, Bacidia fuscoviridis, Caloplaca chlorina, C. soralifera, C. xerica, Dermatocarpon miniatum, Lecanora argopholis, L. orosthea, L. swartzii, Lobothallia alphoplaca, Monerolechia badia, Rhizocarpon lecanorinum, Xanthocarpia crenulatella, Xanthoparmelia loxodes and lichenicolous fungi Abrothallus caerulescens, Lichenostigma elongatum, Marchandiomyces corallinus, Polycoccum pulvinatum, Stigmidium xanthoparmeliarum, Zwackhiomyces lithoiceae are reported for first time for Zaporizhzhia Region. Melanelixia fuliginosa, Protoparmelia badia and Evernia mesomorpha were erroneously reported for Khortytsia Island and therefore should be excluded from the list of species. Of the recorded lichens, two species, Lassalia pustulata and Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis, are included into the Red Data Book of Ukraine. Verrucaria fusconigrescens is a new host for Zwackhiomyces lithoiceae.

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25

Myl’nikova, Z. M., and A. P. Myl’nikov. "Biology and morphology of freshwater rapacious flagellate Colponema aff. loxodes Stein (Colponema, Alveolata)." Inland Water Biology 3, no. 1 (2010): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995082910010037.

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26

Nagel, Ute, Hans Machemer, and Richard Bräucker. "Electric control of ciliary beat direction and curvature of gliding in Loxodes (ciliata)." European Journal of Protistology 33, no. 3 (1997): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0932-4739(97)80006-5.

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27

Landing, Ed, Christopher R. Barnes, and Robert K. Stevens. "Tempo of earliest Ordovician graptolite faunal succession: conodont-based correlations from the Tremadocian of Quebec." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 12 (1986): 1928–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-180.

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Successive Tremadocian planktic dendroid graptolite assemblages from continental slope sequences in Quebec can be correlated with North American platform biozonations on the basis of conodonts. Anisograptid-bearing (Assemblage 2), middle Tremadocian "Matane faunas" are associated with Early Ordovician Rossodus manitouensis Zone (new designation) conodonts. Younger middle Tremadocian faunas with adelograptids (Assemblage 3) are no younger than the Rossodus manitouensis Zone. Key dendroid evolutionary–immigration events take place within the lower conodont Fauna B interval. Rooted dendroids near Cap des Rosiers, Quebec, and in eastern New York State occur with lower Fauna B conodonts and the trilobites Pareuloma and Borthaspidella. However, the earliest Tremadocian (and earliest Ordovician) dendroid immigration event, represented by the local lowest occurrence of faunas with Dictyonema flabelliforme s.l. at localities in western Newfoundland, eastern New York State, Norway, and eastern China, also lies within the lower Fauna B interval. Finally, the lowest occurrence of key Assemblage 2 dendroid taxa falls within the lower Fauna B interval at the latter localities.The Rossodus manitouensis Zone is proposed as a new designation for a biostratigraphic unit that is appropriate for North American marginal and open shelf sequences. This zone is approximately equivalent to the "Loxodus bransoni Interval" of other authors and is characterized by Fauna C conodonts. Newly described taxa include Rossodus? highgatensis n. sp., Scolopodus? praecornuformis n. sp., and Variabiloconus n. gen.

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Silva, Márcio Borba da, Maria José Rocha Ribeiro, and Paulo Tadeu Silva Costa. "Comunidade planctônica presente no fitotelmata de bromélias (Bromeliaceae) em ambiente urbano de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil." SITIENTIBUS série Ciências Biológicas 7, no. 1 (2007): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/scb8138.

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Este trabalho apresenta um levantamento sobre a comunidade planctônica existente em bromélias de jardins na zona urbana de Feira de Santana, com ênfase nos protistas, minimizando a carência de estudos taxonômicos sobre tais comunidades. O levantamento foi baseado em coletas em bromélias (Vriesea sp. e Aechmea sp.) provenientes de quatro áreas urbanas de Feira de Santana, sendo a água armazenada por elas analisada no laboratório. Foram encontrados protistas do Filo Ciliophora (Chilodon sp., Colpoda sp., Euplotes sp., Loxodes sp., Oxytricha sp., Paramecium sp., Stylonychia sp. e Uronema sp.), do subfilo Sarcodina (Arcella sp. e Difflugia sp.) e do subfilo Mastigophora (Astasia sp., Euglena sp., Peranema sp., Cryptomonas sp., Phacus sp. e Enthosiphon sp.), além de Nematoda, Anellida (Oligochaeta) e microcrustáceos (Ostracoda e Cladocera). Constatou-se uma grande diversidade de organismos aquáticos neste habitat peculiar, evidenciando sua importância para a conservação e manutenção destas espécies planctônicas.

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Silva, Márcio Borba da, Maria José Rocha Ribeiro, and Paulo Tadeu Silva Costa. "Comunidade planctônica presente no fitotelmata de bromélias (Bromeliaceae) em ambiente urbano de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil." SITIENTIBUS série Ciências Biológicas 7, no. 1 (2007): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/scb8138.

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Este trabalho apresenta um levantamento sobre a comunidade planctônica existente em bromélias de jardins na zona urbana de Feira de Santana, com ênfase nos protistas, minimizando a carência de estudos taxonômicos sobre tais comunidades. O levantamento foi baseado em coletas em bromélias (Vriesea sp. e Aechmea sp.) provenientes de quatro áreas urbanas de Feira de Santana, sendo a água armazenada por elas analisada no laboratório. Foram encontrados protistas do Filo Ciliophora (Chilodon sp., Colpoda sp., Euplotes sp., Loxodes sp., Oxytricha sp., Paramecium sp., Stylonychia sp. e Uronema sp.), do subfilo Sarcodina (Arcella sp. e Difflugia sp.) e do subfilo Mastigophora (Astasia sp., Euglena sp., Peranema sp., Cryptomonas sp., Phacus sp. e Enthosiphon sp.), além de Nematoda, Anellida (Oligochaeta) e microcrustáceos (Ostracoda e Cladocera). Constatou-se uma grande diversidade de organismos aquáticos neste habitat peculiar, evidenciando sua importância para a conservação e manutenção destas espécies planctônicas.

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Silva, Márcio Borba da, Maria José Rocha Ribeiro, and Paulo Tadeu Silva Costa. "Comunidade planctônica presente no fitotelmata de bromélias (Bromeliaceae) em ambiente urbano de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil." SITIENTIBUS série Ciências Biológicas 7, no. 1 (2007): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/scb8138.

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Este trabalho apresenta um levantamento sobre a comunidade planctônica existente em bromélias de jardins na zona urbana de Feira de Santana, com ênfase nos protistas, minimizando a carência de estudos taxonômicos sobre tais comunidades. O levantamento foi baseado em coletas em bromélias (Vriesea sp. e Aechmea sp.) provenientes de quatro áreas urbanas de Feira de Santana, sendo a água armazenada por elas analisada no laboratório. Foram encontrados protistas do Filo Ciliophora (Chilodon sp., Colpoda sp., Euplotes sp., Loxodes sp., Oxytricha sp., Paramecium sp., Stylonychia sp. e Uronema sp.), do subfilo Sarcodina (Arcella sp. e Difflugia sp.) e do subfilo Mastigophora (Astasia sp., Euglena sp., Peranema sp., Cryptomonas sp., Phacus sp. e Enthosiphon sp.), além de Nematoda, Anellida (Oligochaeta) e microcrustáceos (Ostracoda e Cladocera). Constatou-se uma grande diversidade de organismos aquáticos neste habitat peculiar, evidenciando sua importância para a conservação e manutenção destas espécies planctônicas.

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31

Neugebauer, D. C., and H. Machemer. "Is there an orientation-dependent excursion of the Müller body in the ”statocystoid" of Loxodes ?" Cell and Tissue Research 287, no. 3 (1997): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050780.

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32

Szczepańska, Katarzyna, and Maria Kossowska. "The lichen-forming fungi of the Xanthoparmelia pulla group (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Poland." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 83, no. 1 (2014): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.004.

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The paper presents the results of studies of <em>Xanthoparmelia pulla</em> group in Poland. The morphological and chemical analysis of herbarium materials confirmed the presence of four species of this group reported from Poland before. The study however, revealed considerable changes it the partiuclular species distribution. <em>X. verruculifera</em>, so far considered the most endangered species in the country, turned out to be the most frequent taxon. <em>X. loxodes</em>, regarded as common, has much less known localities than previously thought. This species was usually confused with <em>X. verruculifera</em>. <em>Xanthoparmelia pulla</em> is the rarest species and should be considered critically endangered in Poland. Most specimens of <em>X. pulla</em> collected in the country belong to <em>X. delisei</em>, which so far had only two historical records in Poland. All these taxa are characterized in terms of morphology, the content of secondary metabolites, ecology and distribution.

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Esteban, Genoveva F., Bland J. Finlay, Nuntaporn Charubhun, and Bawpit Charubhun. "On the geographic distribution of Loxodes rex (Protozoa, Ciliophora) and other alleged endemic species of ciliates." Journal of Zoology 255, no. 2 (2001): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836901001200.

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FINLAY, B. J. "Nitrate respiration by Protozoa (Loxodes spp.) in the hypolimnetic nitrite maximum of a productive freshwater pond." Freshwater Biology 15, no. 3 (1985): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1985.tb00205.x.

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Hines, Hunter N., Peter J. McCarthy, and Genoveva F. Esteban. "The First Record for the Americas of Loxodes rex, a Flagship Ciliate with an Alleged Restricted Biogeography." Microbial Ecology 71, no. 1 (2015): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-015-0656-x.

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Medeiros, Matthew C., and Leonard A. Freed. "A Fledgling-mass Threshold Greatly Affects Juvenile Survival in the Hawaii Akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus)." Auk 126, no. 2 (2009): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2009.08013.

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CUPELLO, MARIO, and CIBELE STRAMARE RIBEIRO-COSTA. "Nomenclatural clarification on some Southern African monkey beetle genera (Scarabaeidae: Hopliini: Pachycnemina)." Zootaxa 4543, no. 1 (2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4543.1.9.

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After an extensive revision of the literature, we come to the following conclusions concerning the nomenclature of Southern African monkey beetles of the subtribe Pachycnemina: firstly, the current usage of the nominal subgenus Pachycnemula Schein, 1959 for a subgenus taxon different from Pachycnema s. str. Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828 is incorrect since both names share the same type species—Melolontha crassipes Fabricius, 1775—and are therefore objective synonyms. Hence, here we invalidate Pachycnemula and establish the new nominal subgenus Macacoplia Cupello & Ribeiro-Costa to denote the subgenus taxon currently known as Pachycnema (Pachycnemula). Secondly, we discuss the different spellings of the nominal genus Lepithrix Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828, which was originally established as Lepitrix but emended to Lepithrix in 1913 by Dalla Torre. Although originally an unjustified emendation, the Lepithrix spelling is currently in prevailing usage and therefore should be deemed a justified emendation according to Article 33.2.3.1 of the current edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. That being so, it becomes necessary to acknowledge the homonymy between Lepithrix Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville and its junior homonym Lepithrix Neitner, 1857, current junior synonym of Loxoncus Schmidt-Göbel, 1846 (Carabidae: Harpalinae: Harpalini: Stenolophina).

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Judge, Seth W., Richard J. Camp, Patrick J. Hart та Scott T. Kichman. "Population estimates of the Endangered Hawaiʻi ʻĀkepa (Loxops coccineus) in different habitats on windward Mauna Loa". Journal of Field Ornithology 89, № 1 (2018): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jofo.12243.

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Hart, Patrick J., and Leonard A. Freed. "Structure and Dynamics of Mixed-Species Flocks in a Hawaiian Rain Forest." Auk 120, no. 1 (2003): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/120.1.82.

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Abstract Mixed-species flocks of native and introduced birds were studied for four years in an upper elevation Hawaiian rain forest. Those flocks were characterized by strong seasonality, large size, low species richness, high intraspecific abundance, a lack of migrants, and a general lack of territoriality or any sort of dominance hierarchy. There was high variability among years in patterns of occurrence at the species level, and high variability within years at the individual level. These flocks are loosely structured social groupings with apparently open membership. The fluid, unstable movement patterns, high degree of variability in size and composition, and lack of positive interspecific associations are not consistent with the “foraging enhancement” hypothesis for flocking. Two resident, endangered insectivores, the Akepa (Loxops coccineus) and Hawaii Creeper (Oreomystis mana) served as “nuclear” species. Flock composition was compared between two study sites that differed significantly in density of these two nuclear species. Flock size was similar at the two sites, primarily because the nuclear species were over-represented relative to their density. This observation suggests that birds are attempting to achieve a more optimal flock size at the lower density site.

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Méndez-Sánchez, Daniel, Rosaura Mayén-Estrada, and Fabiola Ramírez-Corona. "Evolutionary insights and brief review of Loxodes Ehrenberg, 1830 (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea, Loxodidae) with description of a new species from Mexico." European Journal of Protistology 82 (February 2022): 125856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125856.

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Reding, Dawn M., Leonard A. Freed, Rebecca L. Cann, and Robert C. Fleischer. "Spatial and temporal patterns of genetic diversity in an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper, the Hawaii Akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus)." Conservation Genetics 11, no. 1 (2010): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-009-0025-8.

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Reding, Dawn M., Jeffrey T. Foster, Helen F. James, H. Douglas Pratt, and Robert C. Fleischer. "Convergent evolution of ‘creepers’ in the Hawaiian honeycreeper radiation." Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (2008): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0589.

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Natural selection plays a fundamental role in the ecological theory of adaptive radiation. A prediction of this theory is the convergent evolution of traits in lineages experiencing similar environments. The Hawaiian honeycreepers are a spectacular example of adaptive radiation and may demonstrate convergence, but uncertainty about phylogenetic relationships within the group has made it difficult to assess such evolutionary patterns. We examine the phylogenetic relationships of the Hawaii creeper ( Oreomystis mana ), a bird that in a suite of morphological, ecological and behavioural traits closely resembles the Kauai creeper ( Oreomystis bairdi ), but whose mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and osteology suggest a relationship with the amakihis ( Hemignathus in part) and akepas ( Loxops ). We analysed nuclear DNA sequence data from 11 relevant honeycreeper taxa and one outgroup to test whether the character contradiction results from historical hybridization and mtDNA introgression, or convergent evolution. We found no evidence of past hybridization, a phenomenon that remains undocumented in Hawaiian honeycreepers, and confirmed mtDNA and osteological evidence that the Hawaii creeper is most closely related to the amakihis and akepas. Thus, the morphological, ecological and behavioural similarities between the evolutionarily distant Hawaii and Kauai creepers represent an extreme example of convergent evolution and demonstrate how natural selection can lead to repeatable evolutionary outcomes.

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Nijisha, Kuzhikkatil, Thomas K. Sabu, and Viswanath D. Hegde. "First record of Loxoncus renitens (Bates, 1886) and additional records of Idiomelas fulvipes indus Kataev, 1997 from India (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalinae)." Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10, no. 4 (2024): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.4.719.

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Fretz, J. Scott. "Scales of Food Availability for an Endangered Insectivore, The Hawaii Akepa." Auk 119, no. 1 (2002): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.1.166.

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Abstract The Hawaii Akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus) is an endangered bird that has declined dramatically in the last 100 years, and is now rare or absent from many areas that appear to support suitable habitat. Food availability may play a role in these distribution patterns, but differences in food between sites may arise from different sources. I compared prey availability between a site supporting a large, stable Hawaii Akepa population, and a site from which Hawaii Akepa have declined in the last 100 years for unknown reasons. I used three spatial scales to compare food between sites to explore the basis of differences in food between sites. At a scale appropriate for comparing prey population dynamics (scale 1), I found that prey population densities are similar between sites, suggesting that introduced (or native) predators or parasitoids have not affected prey populations differently between sites. At two larger scales incorporating habitat structure, I found that food availability is much lower at the site of Hawaii Akepa declines. Differences in canopy density per square meter (scale 2), and in canopy cover per square kilometer (scale 3), result in lower food availability that may have effects on individual foraging birds as well as on potential Hawaii Akepa population density. These findings illustrate the importance of explicitly incorporating spatial scale into inquiries about food for Hawaii Akepa, and suggest that the site of population declines may not be suitable habitat with respect to food for this species.

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Atkinson, Carter T., Julie K. Lease, Robert J. Dusek, and Michael D. Samuel. "Prevalence of Pox-Like Lesions and Malaria in Forest Bird Communities on Leeward Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii." Condor 107, no. 3 (2005): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.3.537.

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AbstractIntroduced avian pox virus and malaria have had devastating impacts on native Hawaiian forest birds, yet little has been published about their prevalence and distribution in forest bird communities outside of windward Hawaii Island. We surveyed native and non-native forest birds for these two diseases at three different elevations on leeward Mauna Loa Volcano at the Kona Forest Unit of Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge. Prevalence of malaria by both serology and microscopy varied by elevation and ranged from 28% at 710 m to 13% at 1830 m. Prevalence of pox-like lesions also varied by altitude, ranging in native species from 10% at 710 m to 2% at 1830 m. Native species at all elevations had the highest prevalence of malarial antibody and pox-like lesions. By contrast, pox-like lesions were not detected in individuals of four non-native species and only 5% of Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus) was positive for malaria. A significantly high proportion of birds with pox-like lesions also had serological evidence of concurrent, chronic malarial infections, suggesting an interaction between these diseases, dual transmission of both diseases by the primary mosquito vector (Culex quinquefasciatus) or complete recovery of some pox-infected birds without loss of toes. Results from this study document high prevalence of malaria and pox at this refuge. Development of effective disease control strategies will be important for restoration of remnant populations of the endangered ‘Akiapola‘au (Hemignathus munroi), Hawaii Creeper (Oreomystis mana), and Hawaii ‘Akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus) that still occur on the refuge.Prevalencia de Lesiones del Tipo de la Viruela Aviar y Malaria en Comunidades de Aves de Bosque en el Volcán Leeward Mauna Loa, HawaiResumen. La malaria y la viruela aviar, ambas introducidas, han tenido un impacto devastador sobre las aves nativas de bosque, pero se ha publicado poco sobre su prevalencia y distribución en las comunidades fuera de la isla de Hawai. Muestreamos aves de bosque nativas y no nativas para determinar la presencia de estas dos enfermedades a diferentes elevaciones en el volcán Mauna Loa en la Unidad Forestal de Kona del Refugio de Fauna Silvestre del Bosque Nacional de Hakalau. La prevalencia de malaria determinada a través de serología y microscopía varió con la altitud entre un 28% a 710 m y un 13% a 1830 m. La prevalencia de lesiones del tipo de la viruela aviar también varió con la altitud, entre un 10% a 710 m y un 2% a 1839 m en especies nativas. Las especies nativas tuvieron la más alta prevalencia de anticuerpos contra malaria y lesiones del tipo de la viruela aviar. De modo contrastante, las lesiones del tipo de la viruela aviar no se detectaron en individuos de cuatro especies no nativas y sólo el 5% de los individuos de la especie Zosterops japonicus fue positivo para malaria. Una proporción significativamente alta de las aves con lesiones del tipo de la viruela aviar también presentaron evidencia serológica de infecciones crónicas de malaria simultáneas, sugiriendo una interacción entre estas dos enfermedades, transmisión dual de las enfermedades por el vector principal (el mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus) o recuperación completa en algunas aves infectadas con viruela aviar sin la pérdida de dedos. Los resultados de este estudio documentan altas prevalencias de malaria y viruela aviar en este refugio. El desarrollo de estrategias de control de estas enfermedades será importante para la restauración de las poblaciones remanentes de las especies en peligro Hemignathus munroi, Oreomystis mana, y Loxops coccineus coccineus que aún existen en el refugio.

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Wang, Lun, Zhishuai Qu, Song Li, and Xiaozhong Hu. "Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Two Little-Known Species of Loxodes, L. kahli Dragesco & Njiné, 1971 and L. rostrum Müller, 1786 (Protist, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea)." Journal of Ocean University of China 18, no. 3 (2019): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-019-3897-3.

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Costantini, Maria S., Matthew C. I. Medeiros, Lisa H. Crampton, and Floyd A. Reed. "Wild gut microbiomes reveal individuals, species, and location as drivers of variation in two critically endangered Hawaiian honeycreepers." PeerJ 9 (October 28, 2021): e12291. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12291.

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Background The gut microbiome of animals is an important component that has strong influence on the health, fitness, and behavior of its host. Most research in the microbiome field has focused on human populations and commercially important species. However, researchers are now considering the link between endangered species conservation and the microbiome. In Hawaiʻi, several threats (e.g., avian malaria and habitat loss) have caused widespread population declines of Hawaiian honeycreepers (subfamily: Carduelinae). These threats can have a significant effect on the avian gut microbiome and may even lead to disruption of microbial function. However, the gut microbiome of honeycreeper in the wild has yet to be explored. Methods We collected 13 and 42 fecal samples, respectively, from two critically endangered honeycreeper species, the ʻakikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) and the ʻakekeʻe (Loxops caeruleirostris). The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and processed though a MOTHUR-based bioinformatics pipeline. Bacterial ASVs were identified using the DADA2 program and bacterial community analyses, including alpha and beta diversity measures, were conducted using R packages Phyloseq and vegan. Results A total of 8,958 bacterial ASVs were identified from the fecal samples. Intraspecific differences in the gut microbiome among individual birds explained most of the variation present in the dataset, however differences between species did exist. Both species had distinct microbiomes with minimal overlap in beta diversity. ‘Akikiki had a more diverse microbiome compared to ‘akekeʻe. Additionally, small but stastically significant differences in beta diversity also exist between sampling location and sexes in ʻakikiki. Conclusion ʻAkikiki and ʻakekeʻe are currently the focus of captive breeding efforts and plans to translocate the two species to other islands are underway. This baseline knowledge will help inform management decisions for these honeycreeper species in their native habitats, on other islands, and in captivity.

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Camp, Richard J., David L. Miller, Stephen T. Buckland, and Steve J. Kendall. "Accounting for spatial habitat and management boundaries when estimating forest bird population distribution and density: inferences from a soap film smoother." PeerJ 11 (June 14, 2023): e15558. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15558.

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Birds are often obligate to specific habitats which can result in study areas with complex boundaries due to sudden changes in vegetation or other features. This can result in study areas with concave arcs or that include holes of unsuitable habitat such as lakes or agricultural fields. Spatial models used to produce species’ distribution and density estimates need to respect such boundaries to make informed decisions for species conservation and management. The soap film smoother is one model for complex study regions which controls the boundary behaviour, ensuring realistic values at the edges of the region. We apply the soap film smoother to account for boundary effects and compare it with thin plate regression spline (TPRS) smooth and design-based conventional distance sampling methods to produce abundance estimates from point-transect distance sampling collected data on Hawai‘i ‘Ākepa Loxops coccineus in the Hakalau Forest Unit of the Big Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex, Hawai‘i Island, USA. The soap film smoother predicted zero or near zero densities in the northern part of the domain and two hotspots (in the southern and central parts of the domain). Along the boundary the soap film model predicted relatively high densities where ‘Ākepa occur in the adjacent forest and near zero elsewhere. The design-based and soap film abundance estimates were nearly identical. The width of the soap film confidence interval was 16.5% and 0.8% wider than the width of the TPRS smooth and design-based confidence intervals, respectively. The peaks in predicted densities along the boundary indicates leakage by the TPRS smooth. We provide a discussion of the statistical methods, biological findings and management implications of applying soap film smoothers to estimate forest bird population status.

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Seah, Brandon K. B., Aditi Singh, David E. Vetter, et al. "Nuclear dualism without extensive DNA elimination in the ciliate Loxodes magnus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, no. 39 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2400503121.

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Most eukaryotes have one nucleus and nuclear genome per cell. Ciliates have instead evolved distinct nuclei that coexist in each cell: a silent germline vs. transcriptionally active somatic nuclei. In the best-studied model species, both nuclei can divide asexually, but only germline nuclei undergo meiosis and karyogamy during sex. Thereafter, thousands of DNA segments, called internally eliminated sequences (IESs), are excised from copies of the germline genomes to produce the streamlined somatic genome. In Loxodes , however, somatic nuclei cannot divide but instead develop from germline copies even during asexual cell division, which would incur a huge overhead cost if genome editing was required. Here, we purified and sequenced both genomes in Loxodes magnus to see whether their nondividing somatic nuclei are associated with differences in genome architecture. Unlike in other ciliates studied to date, we did not find canonical germline-limited IESs, implying Loxodes does not extensively edit its genomes. Instead, both genomes appear large and equivalent, replete with retrotransposons and repetitive sequences, unlike the compact, gene-rich somatic genomes of other ciliates. Two other hallmarks of nuclear development in ciliates—domesticated DDE-family transposases and editing-associated small RNAs—were also not found. Thus, among the ciliates, Loxodes genomes most resemble those of conventional eukaryotes. Nonetheless, base modifications, histone marks, and nucleosome positioning of vegetative Loxodes nuclei are consistent with functional differentiation between actively transcribed somatic vs. inactive germline nuclei. Given their phylogenetic position, it is likely that editing was present in the ancestral ciliate but secondarily lost in the Loxodes lineage.

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LEPSON, JAAN KAIMANU, and LEONARD A. FREED. "Akepa (Loxops coccineus)." Birds of North America Online, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2173/bna.294.

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