Journal articles: 'LRP: Lateralized Readiness Potential'

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Pope, Paul A., Andrew Holton, Sameh Hassan, Dimitrios Kourtis, and Peter Praamstra. "Cortical control of muscle relaxation: A lateralized readiness potential (LRP) investigation." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (May 2007): 1044–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.02.002.

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Morris, David Jackson, K. Jonas Brännström, and Catherine Sabourin. "Can the Lateralized Readiness Potential Detect Suppressed Manual Responses to Pure Tones?" Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 31, no. 01 (January 2020): 061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.18069.

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AbstractWillfully not responding to auditory stimuli hampers accurate behavioral measurements. An objective measure of covert manual suppression recorded during response tasks may be useful to assess the veracity of responses to stimuli.To investigate whether the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an electrophysiological measure of corticomotor response and suppression, may be of use in determining when participants hear but do not respond to pure tones.Within-subject repeated measures with a Go–NoGo paradigm.Five males and five females (mean age = 38.8 years, standard deviation = 8.8) underwent electrophysiology testing. All had normal hearing, except one.Participants were tested in a condition where they consistently responded to tonal stimuli, and in a condition where intensity cued whether they should respond or not. Scalp-recorded cortical potentials and behavioral responses were recorded, along with a question that probed the perceived effort required to suppress responses to the stimuli.Electrophysiology data were processed with independent component analysis and epoch-based artifact rejection. Averaged group and individual LRPs were calculated.Group averaged waveforms show that suppressed responses, cued by NoGo stimuli, diverge positively at approximately 300 msec poststimulus, when compared with performed (Go) responses. LRPs were comparable when Go responses were recorded in a separate condition in which participants responded to all stimuli, and when Go and NoGo trials were included in the same condition. The LRP was not observed in one participant.Subsequent to further investigation, the LRP may prove suitable in assessing the suppression of responses to audiometric stimuli, and, thereby, useful in cases where functional hearing loss is suspected.

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Vainio, L., M. Heimola, H. Heino, I. Iljin, P. Laamanen, E. Seesjärvi, and P. Paavilainen. "Does gaze cueing produce automatic response activation: A lateralized readiness potential (LRP) study." Neuroscience Letters 567 (May 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.015.

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Osman, Allen, Cathleen M. Moore, and Rolf Ulrich. "Bisecting RT with lateralized readiness potentials: Precue effects after LRP onset." Acta Psychologica 90, no. 1-3 (November 1995): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(95)00029-t.

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Houlihan, Michael, and Robert M. Stelmack. "Extraversion and Motor Response Initiation." Journal of Individual Differences 32, no. 2 (January 2011): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000041.

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This article explores the contribution of differences in motor response initiation and execution to the biological bases of extraversion. Specifically, we examined individual differences in the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) for introverts and extraverts under conditions influencing stimulus evaluation time prior to response execution, i.e., stimulus information value and tonal complexity. The salient effects were longer stimulus-locked LRP and shorter response-locked LRP for extraverts than introverts to simple imperative stimuli to respond. The present studies (1) confirm that extraverts initiate movement faster and are less efficient than introverts in the processing of simple stimulus signals to respond and (2) endorse the view differences in sensory-motor processing are important determinants of variation in Extraversion.

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Gibbons, Henning, and Jutta Stahl. "Early Activity in the Lateralized Readiness Potential Suggests Prime-Response Retrieval as a Source of Negative Priming." Experimental Psychology 55, no. 3 (January 2008): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.3.164.

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Abstract. Negative priming (NP) refers to increased response time (RT) for a probe target that was a distractor in a preceding prime presentation (distractor-target shift, DT), compared to novel targets. The present study used the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) to investigate, in a four-choice identification task, a novel episodic-retrieval explanation of NP introduced by Rothermund, Wentura, and de Houwer (2005) . This theory proposes that retrieval reactivates the prime response which interferes with selection of the correct probe response, thereby producing NP. 20 participants responded to pairs of red and blue digits, contingent on the identity of the digit presented in the target color. Behavioral NP involved RT increase by 16 ms. With shift trials (different hands used for prime and probe responses), in the DT condition LRP onset was delayed relative to control. By contrast, earlier LRP onset was observed for DT relative to control with no-shift trials (same hand used for prime and probe responses). Behavioral NP effects showed similar magnitude for shift and no-shift trials. Results support the Rothermund et al. (2005) theory of prime-response retrieval.

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Touzalin-Chretien, Pascale, and André Dufour. "Motor Cortex Activation Induced by a Mirror: Evidence From Lateralized Readiness Potentials." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 1 (July 2008): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90260.2008.

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Similar motor regions are activated during voluntarily executed or observed movements. We investigated whether observing movements of one's own hand through a mirror will generate activations in the cortical motor regions of both the moving and nonmoving hands. Using the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an electrophysiological correlate of premotor activation in the primary motor cortex, we recorded evoked responses to movements while subjects were viewing the performing (right) hand through a mirror placed sagittally, giving the impression that the left hand was performing the task. Reliable LRPs were recorded in relation to the seen hand, indicating motor cortex activity in the contralateral hemisphere of the inactive hand while the opposite hand was performing the movement.

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Houlihan, Michael E., Walter S. Pritchard, Thomas D. Guy, and John H. Robinson. "Smoking/Nicotine Affects the Magnitude and Onset of Lateralized Readiness Potentials." Journal of Psychophysiology 16, no. 1 (January 2002): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.1.37.

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AbstractSmoking/nicotine improves cognitive performance for a variety of tasks. In most cases, reaction time (RT) is generally shorter after smoking/nicotine. While there may be some slight facilitation of stimulus-evaluation processing, most of the RT effects of nicotine appear to take place following the response-selection stage. This study investigated possible effects (in smokers) of smoking/nicotine on response preparation and execution processes using the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). On each trial, a warning stimulus preceded an imperative stimulus by 1.2s. The warning stimulus completely specified the correct response to the imperative stimulus. The study was completed in two morning sessions in which 4 cigarettes were smoked in each session. The nicotine yield of the cigarettes varied between sessions (0.05mg or 1.1mg). Maximum amplitudes of both the stimulus and response-locked LRPs were larger in the 1.1 mg session. For both stimulus- and response-locked LRPs, smoking the 1.1 mg cigarette (but not the 0.05 mg cigarette) shortened onset latency. However, the magnitude of the effect was much larger for the stimulus-locked LRPs, suggesting that response preparation is facilitated by smoking/nicotine to a greater degree than response execution.

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Sangals, Jörg, Maria Wilwer, and Werner Sommer. "Localizing practice effects in dual-task performance." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 60, no. 6 (June 2007): 860–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210600822720.

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Practice effects on dual-task processing are of interest in current research because they may reveal the scope and limits of parallel task processing. Here we used onsets of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), a time marker for the termination of response selection, to assess processing changes after five consecutive dual-task sessions with three stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) and priority on Task 1. Practice reduced reaction times in both tasks and the interference between tasks. As indicated by the LRP, the reduction of dual-task costs can be explained most parsimoniously by a shortening of the temporal demands of central bottleneck stages, without assuming parallel processing. However, the LRP also revealed a hitherto unreported early activation over the parietal scalp after practice in the short SOA condition, possibly indicating the isolation of stimulus–response translation from other central processing stages. In addition, further evidence was obtained from the LRP for a late motoric bottleneck, which is robust against practice.

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Schwarzenau, P., M. Falkenstein, J. Hoormann, and J. Hohnsbein. "A new method for the estimation of the onset of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP)." Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 30, no. 1 (March 1998): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03209421.

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Leuthold, Hartmut, and Bruno Kopp. "Mechanisms of Priming by Masked Stimuli: Inferences From Event-Related Brain Potentials." Psychological Science 9, no. 4 (July 1998): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00053.

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A metacontrast procedure was combined with the recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the mechanisms underlying the priming effect exerted by masked visual stimuli (primes) on target processing. Participants performed spatially arranged choice responses to stimulus locations. The relationship between prime and target locations (congruity) and the mapping between target and response locations (compatibility) were factorially manipulated. Although participants were unaware of prime locations, choice responses were faster for congruent than incongruent conditions irrespective of the mapping. Visual ERP components and the onset of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an index of specific motor activation, revealed that neither perceptual nor preselection processes contributed to the congruity effect. However, the LRP waveform indicated that primes activated responses that fit the stimulus-response mapping. These results support the view that sensorimotor processing of masked stimuli is functionally distinct from their conscious perception.

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SHIRAISHI, Maiko, and Makoto MIYATANI. "The effects of time pressure and discriminability on P300 and lateralized readiness potential." Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology 23, no. 3 (2005): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5674/jjppp1983.23.227.

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Gibbons, Henning. "An Event-Related Potential Investigation of Varieties of Negative Priming." Journal of Psychophysiology 20, no. 3 (January 2006): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.20.3.170.

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In an event-related potential (ERP) study of varieties of negative priming (NP), 20 participants performed two basic tasks, identification and localization. NP was established in response times (RTs) for two different conditions employed in the literature, DT (distractor-target shifts between subsequent displays), and DTTD (distractor-target reversals). With identification, there were two findings specific to DTTD: reduced amplitude of frontocentral P200 and earlier onset of response-locked lateralized readiness potential (R-LRP). The pattern suggests that DTTD probes were perceived as highly similar to the prime, causing a tendency to repeat the prime response. Identity-based DT had no significant ERP correlate but was accompanied by wrong preactivation in the stimulus-locked LRP (S-LRP). Regarding localization, P300 seemed reduced with the DTTD condition. However, current-source density (CSD) analysis suggested additional frontal and occipital N2 components, indicating inhibition of a tendency to repeat the prime response and persisting inhibition of the prime distractor location, respectively. A larger frontopolar N440 accompanying spatial NP suggested attempts to resolve conflicts occurring at late stages of processing. Data support the view of NP effects being caused by different subprocesses. Furthermore, distinct brain processes seem to underlie NP obtained from DT and DTTD conditions.

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Szűcs, Dénes, Fruzsina Soltész, Donna Bryce, and David Whitebread. "Real-time Tracking of Motor Response Activation and Response Competition in a Stroop Task in Young Children: A Lateralized Readiness Potential Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 11 (November 2009): 2195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21220.

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The ability to select an appropriate motor response by resolving competition among alternative responses plays a major role in cognitive performance. fMRI studies suggest that the development of this skill is related to the maturation of the frontal cortex that underlies the improvement of motor inhibition abilities. However, fMRI cannot characterize the temporal properties of motor response competition and motor activation in general. We studied the development of the time course of resolving motor response competition. To this end, we used the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an ERP measure, for tracking correct and incorrect motor cortex activation in children in real time. Fourteen children and 14 adults took part in an animal-size Stroop task where they selected between two animals, presented simultaneously on the computer screen, which was larger in real life. In the incongruent condition, the LRP detected stronger and longer lasting incorrect response activation in children than in adults. LRP results could explain behavioral congruency effects, the generally longer RT in children than in adults and the larger congruency effect in children than in adults. In contrast, the peak latency of ERP waves, usually associated with stimulus processing speed, could explain neither of the above effects. We conclude that the development of resolving motor response competition, relying on motor inhibition skills, is a crucial factor in child development. Our study demonstrates that the LRP is an excellent tool for studying motor activation in children.

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Leppänen, Jukka M., Mirja Tenhunen, and Jari K. Hietanen. "Faster Choice-Reaction Times to Positive than to Negative Facial Expressions." Journal of Psychophysiology 17, no. 3 (January 2003): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.17.3.113.

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Abstract Several studies have shown faster choice-reaction times to positive than to negative facial expressions. The present study examined whether this effect is exclusively due to faster cognitive processing of positive stimuli (i.e., processes leading up to, and including, response selection), or whether it also involves faster motor execution of the selected response. In two experiments, response selection (onset of the lateralized readiness potential, LRP) and response execution (LRP onset-response onset) times for positive (happy) and negative (disgusted/angry) faces were examined. Shorter response selection times for positive than for negative faces were found in both experiments but there was no difference in response execution times. Together, these results suggest that the happy-face advantage occurs primarily at premotoric processing stages. Implications that the happy-face advantage may reflect an interaction between emotional and cognitive factors are discussed.

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Verleger, Rolf. "Malfunctions of Central Control of Movement Studied with Slow Brain Potentials in Neurological Patients." Journal of Psychophysiology 18, no. 2/3 (January 2004): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.18.23.105.

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Abstract Studies are reviewed that used movement-related EEG potentials to investigate impairments of movement control in neurological patients. The EEG potentials reviewed are the Bereitschaftspotential (BP), Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), and components of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). Patient groups included in this review are patients with infarction of the middle cerebral artery, Parkinson's disease, cerebellar disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A rich body of evidence has been collected on Parkinson's disease, and somewhat less on cerebellar atrophy, contributing to an understanding of the impairments caused by these diseases. In contrast, not much research has been done in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in infarction patients. The latter is particularly striking since utility of this method for assessing residual capacities of affected motor areas seems rather obvious.

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Hackley, Steven A., and Fernando Valle-Inclán. "Accessory Stimulus Effects on Response Selection: Does Arousal Speed Decision Making?" Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 3 (May 1999): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892999563427.

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When an intense but task-irrelevant “accessory” stimulus accompanies the imperative stimulus in a choice reaction task, reaction times (RTs) are facilitated. In a similar previous study (Hackley & Valle-Inclán, 1998), we showed that this effect is not due to a reduction of the interval from onset of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) until movement onset. In the present study, the RT task was modified to move a portion of the response selection stage into this time interval. The interval remained invariant, indicating that this late phase of the response selection process is not speeded by accessory stimulation. However, we observed amplitude modulation of the LRP on no-go trials in a condition with three alternative responses. This finding suggests that an earlier phase of response selection is influenced by accessory stimulation. In addition, a novel dependent measure was introduced to event-related potential research—the latency of spontaneous, posttrial blinking.

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Paluch, Katarzyna, Katarzyna Jurewicz, and Andrzej Wróbel. "Beyond Difference in Reaction Time: Understanding Neuronal Activity during the Preparatory Period of the Decision Process." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 2 (February 2021): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01648.

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Even the simplest perceptual tasks are executed with significant interindividual differences in accuracy and RT. In this work, we used the diffusion decision model and multi-electrode EEG signals to study the impact of neuronal activity during the preparatory period on the following decision process in an attention task. Two groups were defined by fast and slow responses during the performance of control trials. A third, control group performed the same experiment but with instructions defining signal for response execution. We observed that the fast-responding group had a shorter duration of nondecision processes (describing both stimulus encoding and response preparation) preceded by lower power of the frontal upper alpha (10–15 Hz) and central beta (21–26 Hz) activities during the preparatory period. To determine whether these differences were followed by a shortening of the early perceptual or late motor process, we analyzed lateralized readiness potential (LRP). The time from LRP onset until response execution (LRP-RT interval) was similar in all three groups, enabling us to interpret shortening of nondecision time as reflecting faster stimulus encoding.

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van der Lubbe, Rob H. J., Piotr Jaśkowski, Bernd Wauschkuhn, and Rolf Verleger. "Influence of Time Pressure in a Simple Response Task, a Choice-by-Location Task, and the Simon Task." Journal of Psychophysiology 15, no. 4 (October 2001): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.15.4.241.

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Abstract The influence of strategy was examined for a simple response task, a choice-by-location task, and the Simon task by varying time pressure. Besides reaction time (RT) and accuracy, we measured response force and derived two measures from the event-related EEG potential to form an index for attentional orienting (posterior contralateral negativity: PCN) and the start of motor activation (the lateralized readiness potential: LRP). For the choice-by-location task and the Simon task, effects of time pressure were found on the response-locked LRP, but not on the onset of the PCN and the stimulus-locked LRP. Thus, strategy influences processing after the start of motor activation in choice tasks. A small effect of time pressure was found on the peak latency of the PCN in the Simon task, which suggests that time pressure may affect attentional orienting. In the simple response task, time pressure reduced the amplitude of the PCN. This finding suggests that strategy affects attentional orienting to stimuli when these stimuli are not highly relevant. Finally, the effect of time pressure on RT was much larger in the simple response task than in the other tasks, which may be ascribed to the possibility of preparing the required response in the simple response task.

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Schmitt, Bernadette M., Kolja Schiltz, Wanda Zaake, Marta Kutas, and Thomas F. Münte. "An Electrophysiological Analysis of the Time Course of Conceptual and Syntactic Encoding during Tacit Picture Naming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 4 (May 1, 2001): 510–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290152001925.

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A central question in psycholinguistic research is when various types of information involved in speaking (conceptual/ semantic, syntactic, and phonological information) become available during the speech planning process. Competing theories attempt to distinguish between parallel and serial models. Here, we investigated the relative time courses of conceptual and syntactic encoding in a tacit picture-naming task via event-related brain potential (ERP) recordings. Participants viewed pictures and made dual-choice go/no-go decisions based on conceptual features (whether the depicted item was heavier or lighter than 500 g) and syntactic features (whether the picture's German name had feminine or masculine syntactic gender). In support of serial models of speech production, both the lateralized readiness potential, or LRP (related to response preparation), and the N200 (related to response inhibition) measures indicated that conceptual processing began approximately 80 msec earlier than syntactic processing.

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Hung, Tsung-Min, Thomas W. Spalding, D. Laine Santa Maria, and Bradley D. Hatfield. "Assessment of Reactive Motor Performance with Event-Related Brain Potentials: Attention Processes in Elite Table Tennis Players." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 2 (June 2004): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.2.317.

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Motor readiness, visual attention, and reaction time (RT) were assessed in 15 elite table tennis players (TTP) and 15 controls (C) during Posner’s cued attention task. Lateralized readiness potentials (LRP) were derived from contingent negative variation (CNV) at Sites C3 and C4, elicited between presentation of directional cueing (S1) and the appearance of the imperative stimulus (S2), to assess preparation for hand movement while P1 and N1 component amplitudes were derived from occipital event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to S2 to assess visual attention. Both groups had faster RT to validly cued stimuli and slower RT to invalidly cued stimuli relative to the RT to neutral stimuli that were not preceded by directional cueing, but the groups did not differ in attention benefit or cost. However, TTP did have faster RT to all imperative stimuli; they maintained superior reactivity to S2 whether preceded by valid, invalid, or neutral warning cues. Although both groups generated LRP in response to the directional cues, TTP generated larger LRP to prepare the corresponding hand for movement to the side of the cued location. TTP also had an inverse cueing effect for N1 amplitude (i.e., amplitude of N1 to the invalid cue > amplitude of N1 to the valid cue) while C visually attended to the expected and unexpected locations equally. It appears that TTP preserve superior reactivity to stimuli of uncertain location by employing a compensatory strategy to prepare their motor response to an event associated with high probability, while simultaneously devoting more visual attention to an upcoming event of lower probability.

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Jaśkowski, Piotr, Izabela Szumska, and Edyta Sasin. "Functional Locus of Intensity Effects in Choice Reaction Time Tasks." Journal of Psychophysiology 23, no. 3 (January 2009): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.23.3.126.

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Long reaction times (RT) paradoxically occur with extremely loud auditory stimuli ( Van der Molen & Keuss, 1979 , 1981 ) or with ultrabright and large visual stimuli ( Jaśkowski & Włodarczyk, 2006 ) when the task requires a response choice. Van der Molen and Keuss (1981 ) hypothesized that this effect results from an arousal-driven elongation of response-selection processes. We tested this hypothesis using visual stimuli and chronopsychophysiological markers. The results showed that the latency of both early (P1 recorded at Oz) and late (P300) evoked potentials decreased monotonically with intensity. In contrast, the latency of stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials (LRP) abruptly increased for the most intense stimuli, thus mirroring the reaction time–intensity relationship. Response-locked LRPs revealed no dependency on intensity. These findings suggest that the processes responsible for the van der Molen-Keuss effect influence processing stages that are completed before the onset of LRP. The van der Molen-Keuss effect likely occurs later than those represented by early sensory potentials. This is in keeping with the hypothesis of van der Molen-Keuss.

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Beste, Christian, Carsten Saft, Jürgen Andrich, Ralf Gold, and Michael Falkenstein. "Stimulus-Response Compatibility in Huntington's Disease: A Cognitive-Neurophysiological Analysis." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 3 (March 2008): 1213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01152.2007.

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The basal ganglia are assumed to be of importance in action/response selection, but results regarding the importance are contradictive. We investigate these processes in relation to attentional processing using event-related potentials (ERPs) in Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal genetic disorder expressed by degeneration of the basal ganglia, using a flanker task. A symptomatic HD group, a presymptomatic HD group (pHD), and healthy controls were examined. In the behavioral data, we found a general response slowing in HD while the compatibility effect was the same for all groups. The ERP data show a decrease of the N1 on the flanker in HD and pHD; this suggests deficient attentional processes. The N1 on the target was unaffected, suggesting that the attentional system in HD is not entirely deficient. The early lateralized readiness potential (LRP), reflecting automatic response activation due to the flankers, was unchanged, whereas the late LRP, reflecting controlled response selection due to the target information, was delayed in HD. Thus levels of action-selection processes are differentially affected in HD with automatic processes seeming to be more robust against neurodegeneration. The N2, usually associated with conflict processing, was reduced in the HD but not in the pHD and the control groups. Because the N2 was related to the LRP and reaction times in all groups, the N2 may generally not be related to conflict but rather to controlled response selection, which is impaired in HD. Overall, the results suggest alterations in attentional control, conflict processing, and controlled response selection in HD but not in automatic response selection.

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Töllner, Thomas, Michael Zehetleitner, Joseph Krummenacher, and Hermann J. Müller. "Perceptual Basis of Redundancy Gains in Visual Pop-out Search." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (January 2011): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21422.

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The redundant-signals effect (RSE) refers to a speed-up of RT when the response is triggered by two, rather than just one, response-relevant target elements. Although there is agreement that in the visual modality RSEs observed with dimensionally redundant signals originating from the same location are generated by coactive processing architectures, there has been a debate as to the exact stage(s)—preattentive versus postselective—of processing at which coactivation arises. To determine the origin(s) of redundancy gains in visual pop-out search, the present study combined mental chronometry with electrophysiological markers that reflect purely preattentive perceptual (posterior-contralateral negativity [PCN]), preattentive and postselective perceptual plus response selection-related (stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential [LRP]), or purely response production-related processes (response-locked LRP). As expected, there was an RSE on target detection RTs, with evidence for coactivation. At the electrophysiological level, this pattern was mirrored by an RSE in PCN latencies, whereas stimulus-locked LRP latencies showed no RSE over and above the PCN effect. Also, there was no RSE on the response-locked LRPs. This pattern demonstrates a major contribution of preattentive perceptual processing stages to the RSE in visual pop-out search, consistent with parallel-coactive coding of target signals in multiple visual dimensions [Müller, H. J., Heller, D., & Ziegler, J. Visual search for singleton feature targets within and across feature dimensions. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 1–17, 1995].

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Rüsseler, Jascha, Erwin Hennighausen, and Frank Rösler. "Response Anticipation Processes in the Learning of a Sensorimotor Sequence." Journal of Psychophysiology 15, no. 2 (April 2001): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.15.2.95.

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Abstract We investigated the contribution of motor processes to implicit and explicit serial learning by means of event-related brain potentials. An otherwise predictable sequence of S-R pairs was occasionally interrupted by stimuli that violated either the stimulus or the response sequence (perceptual or motor deviants). After performing the task, participants were asked to recall as much of the sequence as possible. On the basis of these free recall results, two groups of subjects (explicit and implicit learners) were formed. Reaction time was prolonged for motor deviants but not for perceptual deviants, which violated the predictable sequence of stimulus locations. Early activation in the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) for standard stimuli and an activation of the expected but incorrect response for deviants violating the response sequence indicate the contribution of motor processes to serial learning. ERPs did not show any learning-related changes. Furthermore, in all dependent measures no differences between explicit and implicit learners were observed. The results are at variance with previous claims that serial learning is a purely perceptual process.

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Chen, Jing, Matteo Valsecchi, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner. "LRP predicts smooth pursuit eye movement onset during the ocular tracking of self-generated movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00184.2016.

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Several studies have indicated that human observers are very efficient at tracking self-generated hand movements with their gaze, yet it is not clear whether this is simply a by-product of the predictability of self-generated actions or if it results from a deeper coupling of the somatomotor and oculomotor systems. In a first behavioral experiment we compared pursuit performance as observers either followed their own finger or tracked a dot whose motion was externally generated but mimicked their finger motion. We found that even when the dot motion was completely predictable in terms of both onset time and kinematics, pursuit was not identical to that produced as the observers tracked their finger, as evidenced by increased rate of catch-up saccades and by the fact that in the initial phase of the movement gaze was lagging behind the dot, whereas it was ahead of the finger. In a second experiment we recorded EEG in the attempt to find a direct link between the finger motor preparation, indexed by the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) and the latency of smooth pursuit. After taking into account finger movement onset variability, we observed larger LRP amplitudes associated with earlier smooth pursuit onset across trials. The same held across subjects, where average LRP onset correlated with average eye latency. The evidence from both experiments concurs to indicate that a strong coupling exists between the motor systems leading to eye and finger movements and that simple top-down predictive signals are unlikely to support optimal coordination.

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Beste, Christian, Bernhard T. Baune, Michael Falkenstein, and Carsten Konrad. "Variations in the TNF-α Gene (TNF-α -308G→A) Affect Attention and Action Selection Mechanisms in a Dissociated Fashion." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 5 (November 2010): 2523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00561.2010.

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There is growing interest to understand the molecular basis of complex cognitive processes. While neurotransmitter systems have frequently been examined, other, for example neuroimmunological factors have attracted much less interest. Recent evidence suggests that the A allele of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) 308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs1800629) enhances cognitive functions. However, it is also known that TNF-α exerts divergent, region-specific effects on neuronal functioning. Thus the finding that the A allele is associated with enhanced cognitive performance may be due to regionally specific effects of TNF-α. In this study, associations between the TNF-α −308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800629) and cognitive function in an event-related potential (ERP) study in healthy participants ( n = 96) are investigated. We focus on subprocesses of stimulus-response compatibility that are known to be mediated by different brain systems. The results show a dissociative effect of the TNF- 308G→A SNP on ERPs reflecting attentional (N1) versus conflict and action selection processes [N2 and early-lateralized readiness potential (e-LRP)] between the AA/AG and the GG genotypes. Compared with the GG genotype group, attentional processes (N1) were enhanced in the combined AA/AG genotype group, while conflict processing functions (N2) and the selection of actions (LRP) were reduced. The results refine the picture of the effects of the TNF-α −308G→A SNP on cognitive functions and emphasize the known divergent effects of TNF-α on brain functions.

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Gevers, Wim, Elie Ratinckx, Wouter De Baene, and Wim Fias. "Further Evidence that the SNARC Effect is Processed Along a Dual-Route Architecture." Experimental Psychology 53, no. 1 (January 2006): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.53.1.58.

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In a binary response setting, it has been frequently observed that small numbers are reacted to faster with the left hand and large numbers with the right hand (i. e., the SNARC-effect) which reflects the spatial left-right orientation of the mental number line ( Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993 ). In line with the work of Keus and Schwarz (in press ), we investigated the locus of the conflict in the SNARC effect in a parity judgment task with the Arabic numerals 1, 2, 8, or 9. Differences between compatible (left-hand response to 1 or 2 and right-hand response to 8 and 9) and incompatible SNARC conditions (left-hand response to 8 or 9 and right-hand response to 1 or 2) were observed in the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) but not in the peak latency of the P300. In accordance with Keus and colleagues ( Keus, Jenks, & Schwarz, 2005 ), we argue that the locus of the conflict is situated at intermediate response-related stages. However, instead of adopting a single-route processing architecture, a dual route account is proposed as the underlying processing architecture explaining the SNARC effect.

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Ko, Yao-Ting, and Jeff Miller. "Locus of Backward Crosstalk Effects on Task 1 in a Psychological Refractory Period Task." Experimental Psychology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000224.

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Our performance on a task decreases when the task is in a dual-task situation than when it is in isolation. An important experimental setting for dual-task situation is the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm, and the dual-task performance decrements in the PRP paradigm are referred to as PRP interference. The standard response-selection bottleneck (RSB) models state that the response-selection stage of the second task (T2) cannot start until the response-selection stage of the first task (T1) finishes, resulting in the PRP interference. Contrary to the prediction of RSB models, several researchers have found T2’s modulations on T1’s performance, and have suggested that T1’s selection-related processes are affected by T2’s selection-related processes, referred to as backward crosstalk effects. The locus of backward crosstalk effects is not clear, however, because RTs were measured in most previous studies. By using semantically unrelated stimuli and responses and by measuring T1’s lateralized readiness potential, we examined the locus of backward crosstalk effects. We found that the interval between T1’s stimulus onset and the stimulus-locked LRP onset was affected, suggesting T2’s response selection starts before T1’s selection is complete. The present result provided electrophysiological evidence focusing on T1’s changes in favor of the hypothesis of parallel response selection in the PRP paradigm.

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Wohlert, Amy B. "Event-Related Brain Potentials Preceding Speech and Nonspeech Oral Movements of Varying Complexity." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 5 (October 1993): 897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3605.897.

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Cortical preparation for movement is reflected in the readiness potential (RP) waveform preceding voluntary limb movements. In the case of oral movements, the RP may be affected by the complexity or linguistic nature of the tasks. In this experiment, EEG potentials before a nonspeech task (lip pursing), a speech-like task (lip rounding), and single word production were recorded from scalp electrodes placed at the cranial vertex (Cz) and over the left and right motor strips (C3′ and C4′). Seven right-handed female subjects produced at least 70 repetitions of the three tasks, in each of five repeated sessions. EEG records were averaged with respect to EMG onset at the lip. The word task, as opposed to the other tasks, was associated with greater negative amplitude in the RP waveform at the vertex site. Differences between the waveforms recorded at the rightand left-hemisphere sites were insignificant. Although intersubject variability was high, individuals had relatively stable patterns of response across sessions. Results suggest that the RP recorded at the vertex site is sensitive to changes in task complexity. The RP did not reflect lateralized activity indicative of hemispheric dominance.

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Amenedo, Elena, Francisco-Javier Gutiérrez-Domínguez, Sara M. Mateos-Ruger, and Paula Pazo-Álvarez. "Stimulus-Locked and Response-Locked ERP Correlates of Spatial Inhibition of Return (IOR) in Old Age." Journal of Psychophysiology 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000119.

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Behavioral research has shown that Inhibition of Return (IOR) is preserved in old age although at longer time intervals between cue and target, which has been interpreted as reflecting a later disengagement from the cue. A recent event-related potential (ERP) study attributed this age-related pattern to an enhanced processing of the cue. Previous ERP research in young samples indicates that target and response processing are also affected by IOR, which makes interesting to study the ERP correlates of IOR from cue presentation to response execution. In this regard, in the present study stimulus-locked (cue-locked and target-locked) and response-locked ERPs were explored in healthy young and older participants. The behavioral results indicated preserved IOR in the older participants. The cue-locked ERPs could suggest that the older participants processed the cue as a warning signal to prepare for the upcoming target stimulus. Under IOR, target-locked ERPs of both age groups showed lower N1 amplitudes suggesting a suppression/inhibition of cued targets. During the P3 rising period, in young subjects a negative shift (Nd effect) to cued targets was observed in the lower visual field (LVF), and a positive shift (Pd effect) in the upper visual field. However, in the older group the Nd effect was absent suggesting a reduction of attentional resolution in the LVF. The older group showed enhanced motor activation to prepare correct responses, although IOR effects on response-locked lateralized readiness potential LRP indicated reduced response preparation to cued targets in both age groups. In general, results suggest that the older adults inhibit or reduce the visual processing of targets appearing at cued locations, and the preparation to respond to them, but with the added cost of allocating more attentional resources onto the cue and of maintaining a more effortful processing during the sequence of stimuli within the trial.

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32

Novak, Gerald. "Vector analysis of the lateralized readiness potential." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 102, no. 1 (January 1997): P25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4694(97)86327-4.

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33

Masaki, Hiroaki, Nele Wild-wall, JOrg Sangals, and Werner Sommer. "The functional locus of the lateralized readiness potential." Psychophysiology 41, no. 2 (March 2004): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00150.x.

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34

Praamstra, P., F. Schmitz, H. J. Freund, and A. Schnitzler. "Magneto-encephalographic correlates of the lateralized readiness potential." Cognitive Brain Research 8, no. 2 (July 1999): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00008-7.

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35

Minelli, Alessandra, Carlo Alberto Marzi, and Massimo Girelli. "Lateralized readiness potential elicited by undetected visual stimuli." Experimental Brain Research 179, no. 4 (January 10, 2007): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0825-8.

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36

Wohlert, Amy B., and Charles R. Larson. "Cerebral Averaged Potentials Preceding Oral Movement." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 6 (December 1991): 1387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3406.1387.

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The “readiness potential” is an event-related potential that shows increasing negativity at vertex and motor strip scalp recording sites prior to voluntary, unilateral limb movements. Though speech involves movement on both sides of the midline, recent recordings of prespeech potentials suggest a pattern of bilateral activation that lateralizes to the dominant hemisphere just prior to the onset of articulatory movement. To determine whether this pattern of dominant hemisphere activation is present prior to a stereotyped, nonspeech movement of the mouth, the averaged potentials preceding a lip protrusion task were recorded at the cranial vertex and over the right and left motor cortex. Results were compared to potentials preceding a right finger extension task performed by the same subjects. Both the finger and the lip movements were initially preceded by slow negative potentials. Prior to the finger extension task, the negative amplitude became greatest over the left motor cortex, contralateral to the side of movement. Prior to the lip protrusion task, the amplitude of the potential remained even over the right and left motor cortices. The results suggest that, for this nonspeech movement of a midline structure, bilateral cortical control takes place. Control of lip movement is apparently not necessarily a dominant hemisphere function, though dominance may become part of the motor control strategy for more complex movements such as those used during speech.

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37

Ray, William J., Semyon Slobounov, J. Toby Mordkoff, J. Johnston, and Robert F. Simon. "Rate of force development and the lateralized readiness potential." Psychophysiology 37, no. 6 (November 2000): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3760757.

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38

Miller, Jeff, Rolf Ulrich, and Gerhard Rinkenauer. "Effects of stimulus intensity on the lateralized readiness potential." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25, no. 5 (1999): 1454–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.25.5.1454.

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39

Suzuki, Kunitake, and Kuniyasu Imanaka. "Relationships among Visual Awareness, Reaction Time, and Lateralized Readiness Potential in a Simple Reaction Time Task under the Backward Masking Paradigm." Perceptual and Motor Skills 109, no. 1 (August 2009): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.1.187-207.

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The goal of the present study was to examine whether a backward masking paradigm, in which a prime and a mask stimuli were consecutively presented with a short stimulus onset asynchrony affected the time needed for either the perceptual or motor stages of processing and the simple reaction times. The times needed for the perceptual and motor stages were evaluated by measuring the stimulus-locked and response-locked lateralized readiness potentials. The results showed that the onset of the stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potentials under the backward masking paradigm took place earlier than it did under the condition of a mask stimulus presented alone, whereas the onset of the response-locked lateralized readiness potentials did not significantly differ under different stimulus conditions. These results suggested that the participants responded to the masked prime stimulus despite being unaware of the prime stimulus. This may have been mediated by facilitation of the perceptual rather than motor stages.

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40

Hsieh, Shulan. "The lateralized readiness potential and P300 of stimulus-set switching." International Journal of Psychophysiology 60, no. 3 (June 2006): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.07.011.

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41

Mordkoff, J. Toby, and Marc Grosjean. "The lateralized readiness potential and response kinetics in response-time tasks." Psychophysiology 38, no. 5 (September 2001): 777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3850777.

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Kappenman, Emily S., Samuel T. Kaiser, Benjamin M. Robinson, Sarah E. Morris, Britta Hahn, Valerie M. Beck, Carly J. Leonard, James M. Gold, and Steven J. Luck. "Response activation impairments in schizophrenia: Evidence from the lateralized readiness potential." Psychophysiology 49, no. 1 (September 8, 2011): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01288.x.

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HACKLEY, STEVEN A., and JEFF MILLER. "Response complexity and precue interval effects on the lateralized readiness potential." Psychophysiology 32, no. 3 (May 1995): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb02952.x.

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Hsieh, Shulan, and Yen-Ting Yu. "Switching between simple response-sets: inferences from the lateralized readiness potential." Cognitive Brain Research 17, no. 2 (July 2003): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00110-1.

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Schmitz, Judith, Julian Packheiser, Tim Birnkraut, Nina-Alisa Hinz, Patrick Friedrich, Onur Güntürkün, and Sebastian Ocklenburg. "The neurophysiological correlates of handedness: Insights from the lateralized readiness potential." Behavioural Brain Research 364 (May 2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.021.

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Troche, Stefan J., Rebekka Indermühle, Hartmut Leuthold, and Thomas H. Rammsayer. "Intelligence and the psychological refractory period: A lateralized readiness potential study." Intelligence 53 (November 2015): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.10.003.

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Leuthold, Hartmut, Werner Sommer, and Rolf Ulrich. "Partial advance information and response preparation: Inferences from the lateralized readiness potential." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 125, no. 3 (1996): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.125.3.307.

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Shang, Qian, Huijian Fu, Wenwei Qiu, and Qingguo Ma. "Event-related lateralized readiness potential correlates of the emotion-priming Simon effect." Experimental Brain Research 234, no. 8 (March 19, 2016): 2123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-016-4614-8.

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MUller-Gethmann, Hiltraut, Rolf Ulrich, and Gerhard Rinkenauer. "Locus of the effect of temporal preparation: Evidence from the lateralized readiness potential." Psychophysiology 40, no. 4 (July 2003): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.00061.

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Ren, Xi, Fernando Valle-Inclán, Sergii Tukaiev, and Steven A. Hackley. "Changes in the stimulus-preceding negativity and lateralized readiness potential during reinforcement learning." Psychophysiology 54, no. 7 (April 6, 2017): 969–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12859.

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Journal articles on the topic 'LRP: Lateralized Readiness Potential'

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