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Journal articles on the topic 'LTB'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Loc, Nguyen H., Nghiem V. Tung, Phan T. A. Kim, and Moon S. Yang. "Expression of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit in Centella (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) via Biolistic Transformation." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 10 (September 7, 2020): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201021666200226094150.

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Background: Heat-Labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) produced by Escherichia coli, a non-toxic protein subunit with potential biological properties, is a powerful mucosal and parenteral adjuvant which can induce a strong immune response against co-administered antigens. Objective: In the present study, LTB protein, encoded by the optimized ltb (also known synthetic ltb, s-ltb) gene in centella plant (Centella asiatica) for use as an antigen, has been discussed. Methods: The s-ltb gene was cloned into a plant expression vector, pMYO51, adjacent to the CaMV 35S promoter and was then introduced into centella plant by biolistic transformation. PCR amplification was conducted to determine the presence of s-ltb gene in the transgenic centella plant. The expression of s-ltb gene was analyzed by immunoblotting and quantified by ELISA. In vitro activity of LTB protein was determined by GM1-ELISA. Results: PCR amplification has found seven transgenic centella individuals. However, only five of them produced LTB protein. ELISA analysis showed that the highest amount of LTB protein detected in transgenic centella leaves was about 0.8% of the total soluble protein. GM1-ELISA assay indicated that plant LTB protein bound specifically to GM1-ganglioside, suggesting that the LTB subunits formed active pentamers. Conclusion: The s-ltb gene that was successfully transformed into centella plants by the biolistic method has produced a relatively high amount of plant LTB protein in the pentameric quaternary structure that has GM1-ganglioside binding affinity, a receptor on the intestinal epithelial membrane.
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2

Jawale, Chetan V., and John Hwa Lee. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Ghosts Carrying the Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit Are Capable of Inducing Enhanced Protective Immune Responses." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 6 (March 26, 2014): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00016-14.

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ABSTRACTTheEscherichia coliheat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) is a potent vaccine adjuvant.Salmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis ghosts carrying LTB (S. Enteritidis-LTB ghosts) were genetically constructed using a novel plasmid, pJHL187-LTB, designed for the coexpression of the LTB and E lysis proteins.S. Enteritidis-LTB ghosts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy to visualize their transmembrane tunnel structures. The expression of LTB inS. Enteritidis-LTB ghost preparations was confirmed by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The parenteral adjuvant activity of LTB was demonstrated by immunizing chickens with eitherS. Enteritidis-LTB ghosts orS. Enteritidis ghosts. Chickens were intramuscularly primed at 5 weeks of age and subsequently boosted at 8 weeks of age. In total, 60 chickens were equally divided into three groups (n= 20 for each): group A, nonvaccinated control; group B, immunized withS. Enteritidis-LTB ghosts; and group C, immunized withS. Enteritidis ghosts. Compared with the nonimmunized chickens (group A), the immunized chickens (groups B and C) exhibited increased titers of plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA antibodies. The CD3+CD4+subpopulation of T cells was also significantly increased in both immunized groups. Among the immunized chickens, those in group B exhibited significantly increased titers of specific plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies compared with those in group C, indicating the immunomodulatory effects of the LTB adjuvant. Furthermore, both immunized groups exhibited decreased bacterial loads in their feces and internal organs. These results indicate that parenteral immunization withS. Enteritidis-LTB ghosts can stimulate superior induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses compared to immunization withS. Enteritidis ghosts alone, thus conferring efficient protection against salmonellosis.
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3

Kim, Jung-Mi, Seung-Moon Park, Jung-Ae Kim, Jin-Ah Park, Min-Hee Yi, Nan-Sun Kim, Jong-Lye Bae, et al. "Functional Pentameric Formation via Coexpression of the Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit and Its Fusion Protein Subunit with a Neutralizing Epitope of ApxIIA Exotoxin Improves the Mucosal Immunogenicity and Protection against Challenge by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 12 (October 26, 2011): 2168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05230-11.

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ABSTRACTA coexpression strategy inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeusing episomal and integrative vectors for theEscherichia coliheat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) and a fusion protein of an ApxIIA toxin epitope produced byActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaecoupled to LTB, respectively, was adapted for the hetero-oligomerization of LTB and the LTB fusion construct. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with GM1 ganglioside indicated that the LTB fusion construct, along with LTB, was oligomerized to make the functional heteropentameric form, which can bind to receptors on the mucosal epithelium. The antigen-specific antibody titer of mice orally administered antigen was increased when using recombinant yeast coexpressing the pentameric form instead of recombinant yeast expressing either the LTB fusion form or antigen alone. Better protection against challenge infection withA. pleuropneumoniaewas also observed for coexpression in recombinant yeast compared with others. The present study clearly indicated that the coexpression strategy enabled the LTB fusion construct to participate in the pentameric formation, resulting in an improved induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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4

Zhang, Wenna, Feng Liu, and Feng Xi. "Lateral Torsional Buckling of Steel Beams under Transverse Impact Loading." Shock and Vibration 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4189750.

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This study employs experiments and numerical simulation to analyze the dynamic response of steel beams under huge-mass impact. Results show that lateral torsional buckling (LTB) occurs for a narrow rectangular cross-section steel beam under transverse impact. The experiments were simulated using LS-DYNA. The numerical simulation is in good agreement with experimental results, thus indicating that the LTB phenomenon is the real tendency of steel beams under impact. Meanwhile, the study shows that LS-DYNA can readily predict the LTB of steel beams. A numerical simulation on the dynamic response of H-shaped cross-section steel beams under huge-mass impact is conducted to determine the LTB behavior. The phenomenon of dynamic LTB is illustrated by displacement, strain, and deformation of H-shaped steel beams. Thereafter, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of initial impact velocity and momentum on LTB. The LTB of H-shaped cross-section steel beams under transverse impact is primarily dependent on the level of impact kinetic energy, whereas impact momentum has a minor effect on LTB mode.
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5

Hur, Jin, and John Hwa Lee. "Enhancement of Immune Responses by an AttenuatedSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium Strain Secreting anEscherichia coliHeat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit Protein as an Adjuvant for a LiveSalmonellaVaccine Candidate." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 2 (December 15, 2010): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00407-10.

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ABSTRACTA plasmid harboringeltB, the gene encoding heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB), was constructed by insertion ofeltBinto an Asd+β-lactamase signal plasmid (pMMP65). This was introduced into the ΔlonΔcpxRΔasd Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium strain and designated the LTB adjuvant strain. LTB protein production and secretion from the strain were demonstrated with an immunoblot assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The LTB strain was evaluated for enhancement of immunity and protection efficacy induced by a previously constructed liveSalmonellavaccine candidate. In addition, immunization strategies using the LTB strain were optimized for effective salmonellosis protection. Seventy female BALB/c mice were divided into seven groups (A to G;n= 10 mice per group). Mice were primed at 6 weeks of age and boosted at 9 weeks of age. All mice were orally challenged with a virulent wild-type strain at week 3 postbooster. Serum IgG and IgA titers from mice immunized with the LTB strain alone or with a mixture of the LTB strain and the vaccine candidate were significantly increased. The secretory IgA titers from mice immunized with the LTB strain alone or with the mixture were at least 2.2 times greater than those of control mice. In addition, all group E mice (primed with the vaccine-LTB mixture and boosted with the vaccine candidate) were free of clinical signs of salmonellosis and survived a virulent challenge. In contrast, death due to the challenge was 100% in control mice, 80% in group A mice (single immunization with the vaccine candidate), 60% in group B mice (primed and boosted with the vaccine candidate), 40% in group C mice (single immunization with the LTB strain), 30% in group D mice (primed and boosted with the LTB strain), and 30% in group F mice (primed and boosted with the vaccine-LTB mixture). These results suggest that vaccination with the LTB strain, especially when added at the prime stage only, effectively enhances immune responses and protection against salmonellosis.
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6

Galli, Giulia, Claudia Proto, Diego Signorelli, Martina Imbimbo, Roberto Ferrara, Arsela Prelaj, Alessandro De Toma, et al. "Characterization of patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer obtaining long-term benefit from immunotherapy." Future Oncology 15, no. 23 (August 2019): 2743–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon-2019-0055.

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Aim: A minority of patients gains advantage from immunotherapy (IO). Predictive variables of long-term benefit (LTB) are incompletely understood. Materials & methods: We retrospectively collected data about metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with IO from April 2013 to July 2017. We defined LTB to IO as complete response (CR), partial response (PR) or disease stability as best response and maintaining it for ≥12 months. Results: Thirty-five of the 147 patients had LTB. More LTB patients than controls showed CR/PR as first and best response to IO. Only CR/PR as best response to IO retained association to LTB at multivariate analyses. Conclusion: Objective response appears as a central factor for LTB from IO.
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7

Jawale, Chetan V., Nithiphonh Somsanith, Seong Kug Eo, Sang-Youel Park, and John Hwa Lee. "Evaluation of Salmonella Gallinarum ghost formulated with Montanide™ ISA 70 VG adjuvant as a vaccine against fowl typhoid." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 63, no. 4 (December 2015): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2015.038.

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Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) protein is a potent adjuvant. Salmonella Gallinarum ghosts carrying LTB (S. Gallinarum-LTB ghosts) were genetically constructed using a plasmid, pJHL187-LTB, designed for the co-expression of the LTB and E lysis proteins. This study evaluates the immunopotentiating effects of Montanide™ ISA 70 VG on S. Gallinarum-LTB ghost vaccination against fowl typhoid. Five-week-old layer chickens were injected intramuscularly with sterile PBS (non-immunised control, Group A), S. Gallinarum-LTB ghost (Group B) or S. Gallinarum-LTB ghost emulsified with Montanide™ ISA 70 VG adjuvant (Group C). Chickens from both Groups B and C showed significant induction of antigen-specific systemic IgG response compared to controls; in addition, Group C showed enhanced induction of systemic IgG response compared to Group B. We observed significant induction of antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferative response and increased mRNA levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL2) in both Groups B and C. Furthermore, in the challenge experiment with a virulent strain of S. Gallinarum, Group C showed higher survival rates compared with other groups. These results indicate that vaccination with the S. Gallinarum-LTB ghost in combination with Montanide™ ISA 70 VG may enhance the protective immunity against fowl typhoid.
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8

Ge, Jun-Wei, Di-Qiu Liu, and Yi-Jing Li. "Construction of recombinant lactobacilli expressing the core neutralizing epitope (COE) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and a fusion protein consisting of COE and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B, and comparison of the immune responses by orogastric immunization." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 58, no. 11 (November 2012): 1258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w2012-098.

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The core neutralizing epitope (COE) region of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) plays an important role in the development of the subunit vaccine against PEDV infection. To enhance the vaccine’s immunogenicity, Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) has usually been adopted as a molecular adjuvant. In this study, the COE and LTB–COE genes were engineered into the Lactobacillus –Escherichia coli shuttle vectors pSAPG1 (surface-displaying) and pSAPG2 (secreting) followed by electrotransformation into Lactobacillus casei (Lc) to yield the following recombinant strains: Lc:PG1-LTB-COE, Lc:PG2-LTB-COE, Lc:PG1-COE, and Lc:PG2-COE. Our results showed that mice immunized orogastrically with L. casei expressing COE or LTB–COE produced secretory immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G with the ability to neutralize PEDV in sera and mucus. Moreover, higher levels of interleukin-4 and gamma interferon were also exhibited compared with negative control. These data displayed the tendency of Lc:PG2-LTB-COE > Lc:PG1-LTB-COE > Lc:PG2-COE > Lc:PG1-COE at the same time point. Taken together, LTB–COE is more suitable for Lactobacillus expressing system to engineer mucosal vaccine against PEDV infection.
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9

Loc, N. H., D. T. Long, T. G. Kim, and M. S. Yang. "Expression of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 50, No. 1 (February 13, 2014): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/77/2013-cjgpb.

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We report a feasibility study for expressing the LTB protein (Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). We produced five regenerated plants obtained on the selection medium supplemented with an antibiotic. Stable integrations of the LTB&nbsp;gene into the genome of these plants were confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. Western blot analysis showed that only two of the five T<sub>0 </sub>transgenic tomato plants expressed the pentameric LTB protein in the fruits. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that these two plants synthesized the LTB protein bound specifically to GM1 ganglioside, suggesting that the LTB subunits formed active pentamers. The LTB protein produced in tomatoes can be a potential candidate for inexpensive, safe, and effective plant-based vaccines.
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10

Weltzin, Richard, Bruno Guy, William D. Thomas, Paul J. Giannasca, and Thomas P. Monath. "Parenteral Adjuvant Activities of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin and Its B Subunit for Immunization of Mice against Gastric Helicobacter pyloriInfection." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 2775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.5.2775-2782.2000.

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ABSTRACT The heat-labile toxin (LT) of Escherichia coli is a potent mucosal adjuvant that has been used to induce protective immunity against Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. We studied whether recombinant LT or its B subunit (LTB) has adjuvant activity in mice when delivered withH. pylori urease antigen via the parenteral route. Mice were immunized subcutaneously or intradermally with urease plus LT, recombinant LTB, or a combination of LT and LTB prior to intragastric challenge with H. pylori. Control mice were immunized orally with urease plus LT, a regimen shown previously to protect against H. pylori gastric infection. Parenteral immunization using either LT or LTB as adjuvant protected mice againstH. pylori challenge as effectively as oral immunization and enhanced urease-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses in serum as effectively as aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. LT and LTB had adjuvant activity at subtoxic doses and induced more consistent antibody responses than those observed with oral immunization. A mixture of a low dose of LT and a high dose of LTB stimulated the highest levels of protection and specific IgG in serum. Urease-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody subclass responses were stimulated by all immunization regimens tested, but relative levels were dependent on the adjuvant used. Compared to parenteral immunization with urease alone, LT preferentially enhanced IgG1, while LTB or the LT-LTB mixture preferentially enhanced IgG2a. Parenteral immunization using LT or LTB as adjuvant also induced IgA to urease in the saliva of some mice. These results show that LT and LTB stimulate qualitatively different humoral immune responses to urease but are both effective parenteral adjuvants for immunization of mice against H. pyloriinfection.
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11

Sholberg, P. L., P. Haag, and D. A. Gaudet. "Effect of fungicides and controlled-atmosphere storage on LTB rot of apples." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-090.

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Inhibition of mycelial growth of the low-temperature basidiomycete (LTB) strain LRS 233, which causes LTB rot of pome fruit, was evaluated on potato dextrose agar amended with 15 fungicides. Flusilazole and triadimefon were the most effective fungicides, reducing growth by 98.2 and 71.5%, respectively, when used at 1 μg mL1. Mancozeb was effective at a higher concentration, reducing growth 96.9% when used at 100 μg mL1. In orchard tests, dodine, metiram, sodium hypochlorite and ziram reduced LTB rot of Spartan apples in controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage in 1986–1987 and 1988–1989. Flusilazole and imazalil were also effective, but thiophanate-methyl was ineffective in controlling LTB rot. Flusilazole, propiconazole and myclobutanil effectively reduced the incidence of LTB rot of inoculated apples, while mancozeb and metiram were ineffective. The LTB fungus grows more slowly in CA storage than in air. After 28 d in CA storage, the average colony diameter and weight of three LTB strains were reduced 25.5 and 65.7%, respectively, compared with air storage. Key words: Coprinus rot, postharvest, storage, control
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12

Joffré, Enrique, Astrid von Mentzer, Moataz Abd El Ghany, Numan Oezguen, Tor Savidge, Gordon Dougan, Ann-Mari Svennerholm, and Åsa Sjöling. "Allele Variants of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin Are Globally Transmitted and Associated with Colonization Factors." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 2 (November 17, 2014): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02050-14.

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EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. ETEC-mediated diarrhea is orchestrated by heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxins (STp and STh), acting in concert with a repertoire of more than 25 colonization factors (CFs). LT, the major virulence factor, induces fluid secretion after delivery of a monomeric ADP-ribosylase (LTA) and its pentameric carrier B subunit (LTB). A study of ETEC isolates from humans in Brazil reported the existence of natural LT variants. In the present study, analysis of predicted amino acid sequences showed that the LT amino acid polymorphisms are associated with a geographically and temporally diverse set of 192 clinical ETEC strains and identified 12 novel LT variants. Twenty distinct LT amino acid variants were observed in the globally distributed strains, and phylogenetic analysis showed these to be associated with different CF profiles. Notably, the most prevalent LT1 allele variants were correlated with major ETEC lineages expressing CS1 + CS3 or CS2 + CS3, and the most prevalent LT2 allele variants were correlated with major ETEC lineages expressing CS5 + CS6 or CFA/I. LTB allele variants generally exhibited more-stringent amino acid sequence conservation (2 substitutions identified) than LTA allele variants (22 substitutions identified). The functional impact of LT1 and LT2 polymorphisms on virulence was investigated by measuring total-toxin production, secretion, and stability using GM1–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (GM1-ELISA) andin silicoprotein modeling. Our data show that LT2 strains produce 5-fold more toxin than LT1 strains (P< 0.001), which may suggest greater virulence potential for this genetic variant. Our data suggest that functionally distinct LT-CF variants with increased fitness have persisted during the evolution of ETEC and have spread globally.
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13

Oh, In-Gyeong, Chetan Jawale, and John Lee. "The B subunits of cholera and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxins enhance the immune responses in mice orally immunised with a recombinant live P-fimbrial vaccine for avian pathogenic E. coli." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2014.006.

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This study aimed to investigate the adjuvant effect of recombinant attenuatedSalmonellaexpressing cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) andEscherichia coliheat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) for the P-fimbriae subunit-based vaccine of avian pathogenicE. coli(APEC) in a murine model. The PapA-specific sIgA and IgG responses were significantly enhanced after immunisation with theSalmonella-PapA vaccine in the presence of CTB or LTB. The group immunised with theSalmonella-LTB strain promoted Th1-type immunity, whereas that immunised with theSalmonella-CTB strain produced Th2-type immunity. We concluded that bothSalmonella-CTB and -LTB strains can enhance the immune response to PapA, and that the LTB strain may be a more effective adjuvant for APEC vaccination, which requires higher Th1-type immunity for protection. Thus, our findings provide evidence that immunisation with an adjuvant, LTB, is one of the strategies of developing effective vaccines against P-fimbriated APEC.
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Sepehri, NazaninZahra, Seyed Mohammad Saghanezhad, Farshad Khoddami, Amin Arasteh, Marziyeh Delirakbariazar, and Azad Khaledi. "Meta-analysis of latent tuberculosis in healthcare workers in Iran: a retrospective review." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, no. 9 (February 3, 2021): 965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab006.

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Background Here we review the status of latent tuberculosis (LTB) in Iranian healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods A literature search was conducted using keywords according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses instructions. Cross-sectional studies published from 1 January 2000 through 1 January 2019 were retrieved. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software using the random effects model, Cochran's Q and I2 tests. Publication bias was estimated by funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test. Results Among 774 articles retrieved in the primary literature search, 21 studies met the eligibility criteria. No publication bias was observed among the included studies (p=0.07). The prevalence of LTB ranged from 7% to 63% in Iranian HCWs from different geographical areas. The overall combined prevalence of LTB among Iranian HCWs was 30.9% (95% confidence interval 24.2 to 38.5). Also, 52.4% of the included studies showed a significant correlation between occupation and LTB incidence (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of LTB was high among Iranian HCWs. This requires developing comprehensive information databases and surveillance systems for detecting LTB among HCWs. It is also essential to periodically screen for LTB in HCWs to provide a timely diagnosis of the infection. It is recommended to perform a tuberculin skin test, a useful tool for screening and treatment of LTB, on an annual basis in HCWs.
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Li, Fengsai, Xiaona Wang, Rumeng Ma, Wei Wu, Fei Teng, Xi Cheng, Yanping Jiang, et al. "Oral Immunization with Lactobacillus casei Expressing the Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Cap and LTB Induces Mucosal and Systemic Antibody Responses in Mice." Viruses 13, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071302.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes many diseases in weaned piglets, leading to serious economic losses to the pig industry. This study investigated the immune response following oral administration of Lactobacillus casei ATCC393 (L. casei 393) expressing PCV2 capsid protein (Cap) fusion with the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin B subunit (LTB) in mice. Recombinant L. casei strains were constructed using plasmids pPG611.1 and pPG612.1. The expression and localization of proteins from recombinant pPG611.1-Cap-LTB (pPG-1-Cap-LTB)/L. casei 393 and pPG612.1-Cap-LTB (pPG-2-Cap-LTB)/L. casei 393 were detected. All recombinant strains were found to be immunogenic by oral administration in mice and developed mucosal and systemic immune responses against PCV2. The titers of specific antibodies in mice administered pPG-2-Cap-LTB/L. casei 393 were higher than those in mice administered pPG-1-Cap-LTB/L. casei 393 in serum and the mucosal samples. The mucosal immune response was not only limited to the gastrointestinal tract but was also generated in other mucosal parts. Thus, the application of recombinant L. casei could aid in vaccine development for PCV2.
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Sholberg, P. L., E. J. Hogue, and G. H. Neilsen. "Effect of orchard cover crop on incidence of low-temperature-basidiomycete rot of stored Spartan Apples." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-045.

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Apples cv. Spartan from the same orchard block in Kelowna, British Columbia, were stored in a controlled atmosphere storage facility for seven to eight months each year for a period of four years from 1989 to 1993 to study the effect of nitrogen fertilization rate and orchard cover crop on the incidence of low-temperature-basidiomycete (LTB) rot. The effect of adding orchard floor litter from the cover crop was studied during the last two years of the study. Rate of nitrogen fertilization did not affect disease incidence, but cover crop influenced LTB rot in apples stored with and without orchard floor litter. White clover litter placed in apple bags from the treatment of white clover with a clean strip on the tree row resulted in 12.8% LTB rot and was significantly higher than the mixed grass treatments. The effect was not as clear for apples stored without the addition of litter, although apples from the white clover cover had a higher incidence of LTB rot than apples from the clean orchard cover. Sterilizing the orchard litter by autoclaving reduced the incidence of LTB rot compared with nonautoclaved litter, and apples stored without litter had an even lower incidence of LTB rot. Isolations from symptomatic fruit in 1992 showed that 86% of the isolates were pathogenic and caused LTB rot. Spartan apples were infected early during fruit development, because 17.2% of the apples were infected by 23 June in 1993. In the orchard, Spartlett pear was more susceptible to LTB infection than Spartan apple. The use of cover crop management for reducing the incidence of LTB rot is discussed. Key words: Coprinus rot, postharvest, storage, control, pest management
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17

Sun, Jun, Qianqian Shi, Xi Chen, and Rong Liu. "Decoding the similarities and specific differences between latent and active tuberculosis infections based on consistently differential expression networks." Briefings in Bioinformatics 21, no. 6 (November 13, 2019): 2084–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbz127.

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Abstract Although intensive efforts have been devoted to investigating latent tuberculosis (LTB) and active tuberculosis (PTB) infections, the similarities and differences in the host responses to these two closely associated stages remain elusive, probably due to the difficulty in identifying informative genes related to LTB using traditional methods. Herein, we developed a framework known as the consistently differential expression network to identify tuberculosis (TB)-related gene pairs by combining microarray profiles and protein–protein interactions. We thus obtained 774 and 693 pairs corresponding to the PTB and LTB stages, respectively. The PTB-specific genes showed higher expression values and fold-changes than the LTB-specific genes. Furthermore, the PTB-related pairs generally had higher expression correlations and would be more activated compared to their LTB-related counterparts. The module analysis implied that the detected gene pairs tended to cluster in the topological and functional modules. Functional analysis indicated that the LTB- and PTB-specific genes were enriched in different pathways and had remarkably different locations in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Finally, we showed that the identified genes and gene pairs had the potential to distinguish TB patients in different disease stages and could be considered as drug targets for the specific treatment of patients with LTB or PTB.
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18

Ma, Wenbin, Hongyun Luo, and Xiaoguang Yang. "The Effects of Grain Size and Twins Density on High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Nickel-Based Superalloy GH738." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 4166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184166.

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In the present study, surface treatment techniques such as room temperature machining (RTM) and low temperature burnishing (LTB) processing have been used to improve the microstructure of GH738 superalloy. Nano-grains and nano-twins are obtained on the top surface of RTM and LTB specimens. It is found that although the grain size of RTM and LTB specimens is almost the same, different types of nano-twins have been produced. Moreover, the effect of RTM and LTB processing on high temperature oxidation behavior of nickel-based superalloy GH738 at 700 °C is investigated. The result shows that LTB specimen has the best high temperature oxidation resistance owing to the formation of nano-grains and higher twins density, which induce to form a continuous protective Al2O3 layer at the interface between outer oxide layer and matrix. It is observed that this layer inhibits the inward diffusion of O and outward diffusion of Ti and significantly improves oxidation resistance of LTB specimen. Furthermore, the effects of nano-grains and crystal defects on the diffusion mechanism of elements are clarified during the high temperature oxidation test.
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19

Peng, Xiaoyan, Rongguang Zhang, Chen Wang, Feiyan Yu, Mingyang Yu, Shuaiyin Chen, Qingtang Fan, Yuanlin Xi, and Guangcai Duan. "E. coli Enterotoxin LtB Enhances Vaccine-Induced Anti-H. pylori Protection by Promoting Leukocyte Migration into Gastric Mucus via Inflammatory Lesions." Cells 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8090982.

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Current studies indicate that the anti-H. pylori protective efficacy of oral vaccines to a large extent depends on using mucosal adjuvants like E. coli heat-lable enterotoxin B unit (LtB). However, the mechanism by which Th17/Th1-driven cellular immunity kills H. pylori and the role of LtB remains unclear. Here, two L. lactis strains, expressing H. pylori NapA and LtB, respectively, were orally administrated to mice. As observed, the administration of LtB significantly enhanced the fecal SIgA level and decreased gastric H. pylori colonization, but also markedly aggravated gastric inflammatory injury. Both NapA group and NapA+LtB group had elevated splenocyte production of IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23 and INF-γ. Notably, gastric leukocytes’ migration or leakage into the mucus was observed more frequently in NapA+LtB group than in NapA group. This report is the first that discusses how LtB enhances vaccine-induced anti-H. pylori efficacy by aggravating gastric injury and leukocytes’ movement into the mucus layer. Significantly, it brings up a novel explanation for the mechanism underlying mucosal cellular immunity destroying the non-invasive pathogens. More importantly, the findings suggest the necessity to further evaluate LtB’s potential hazards to humans before extending its applications. Thus, this report can provide considerable impact on the fields of mucosal immunology and vaccinology.
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Zhu, Cuiming, Shiping Wang, Shihai Hu, Minjun Yu, Yanhua Zeng, Xiaoxing You, Jinhong Xiao, and Yimou Wu. "Protective efficacy of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae P1C DNA vaccine fused with the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 58, no. 6 (June 2012): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w2012-051.

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In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory responses of a DNA vaccine constructed by fusing Mycoplasma pneumoniae P1 protein carboxy terminal region (P1C) with the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin B subunit (LTB). BALB/c mice were immunized by intranasal inoculation with control DNAs, the P1C DNA vaccine or the LTB–P1C fusion DNA vaccine. Levels of the anti-M. pneumoniae antibodies and levels of interferon-γ and IL-4 in mice were increased significantly upon inoculation of the LTB–P1C fusion DNA vaccine when compared with the inoculation with P1C DNA vaccine. The LTB–P1C fusion DNA vaccine efficiently enhanced the M. pneumoniae-specific IgA and IgG levels. The IgG2a/IgG1 ratio was significantly higher in bronchoalveolar lavages fluid and sera from mice fusion with LTB and P1C than mice receiving P1C alone. When the mice were challenged intranasally with 107 CFU M. pneumoniae strain (M129), the LTB–P1C fusion DNA vaccine conferred significantly better protection than P1C DNA vaccine (P < 0.05), as suggested by the results, such as less inflammation, lower histopathological score values, lower detectable number of M. pneumoniae strain, and lower mortality of challenging from 5 × 108 CFU M. pneumoniae. These results indicated that the LTB–P1C fusion DNA vaccine efficiently improved protective efficacy against M. pneumoniae infection and effectively attenuated development of M. pneumoniae in mice.
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Ben Ami, Eytan, Sophia C. Kamran, Suzanne George, Jeffrey A. Morgan, Andrew J. Wagner, Priscilla Merriam, Katherine Anne Thornton, et al. "Whole exome analysis of patients (pts) with metastatic GIST (mGIST) demonstrating exceptional survival with imatinib (IM) therapy compared to those with short term benefit." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 11513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.11513.

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11513 Background: Most patients with mGIST initially benefit from IM therapy with durable disease control (DC), i.e. objective responses and stable disease, with median duration of approximately two years. We reported exceptional long-term benefit (LTB) with DC and overall survival (OS) >14 years in a subset of mGIST pts treated with IM. We aimed to characterize tumor and normal genomes of exceptional LTB pts treated with IM and compare with short-term benefit (STB) pts. Methods: Among 87 mGIST pts enrolled between July 2000 and June 2001 in the B2222 trial of IM and followed prospectively at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, we identified 10 LTB (>14 years of DC) pts, and 6 STB (<2 years of DC) pts on IM. Targeted genotyping ( KIT/PDGFRA)was performed in all tumors (n=16). Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on archival FFPE tumor samples from LTB and STB pts prior to any IM treatment. We compared WES results from LTB with STB pts to identify unique features of long-term DC and OS with IM. Results: KIT mutation in LTB pts were as follows: exon 11(6 pts), exon 9 (3 pts), and SDH-deficient with KIT/PDGFRA wild type (1 pt). In STB pts, mutated KITwas found 4 pts (exon 11) and 2 pts (exon 9). WES was successful in six LTB (five exon 11, one exon 9) and three STB (two exon 11, one exon 9) pts. A total of 1211 somatic mutations were observed (546 missense, 37 nonsense, 256 silent, 285 indels, 36 splice mutations). The mean somatic mutational burden was 3.42 mutations/Mb (range 1.18-4.93) and 3.34 mutations/Mb (range 1.06-6.68) among LTB and STB, respectively. Genes mutated in LTB but not in STB were MUC7 (4 pts), H1F0 (3 pts), ZKSCAN1 (3 pts), SLC24A1 (3 pts) and USP4 (2 pts). Conclusions: KRAB domain containing zinc finger (KRAB-ZNF) gene expression signatures have been associated with prediction of response to IM, and a possible role in response modulation to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in GIST. We found variants in ZKSCAN1, a gene encoding a transcriptional regulator of the KRAB subfamily of zinc finger, to be present in LTB but not in STB. KRAB-ZNF family of genes may be linked to LTB and exceptional survival with IM in mGIST; functional analyses will be important to test such hypotheses.
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Momoi, Fumiki, Tomomi Hashizume, Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai, Yoshikazu Yuki, Hiroshi Kiyono, and Masafumi Yamamoto. "Nasal Vaccination with the 40-Kilodalton Outer Membrane Protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis and a Nontoxic Chimeric Enterotoxin Adjuvant Induces Long-Term Protective Immunity with Reduced Levels of Immunoglobulin E Antibodies." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 6 (April 14, 2008): 2777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01502-07.

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ABSTRACT In this study, we demonstrated that the 40-kDa outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis (40-kDa OMP) nasally administered with a nontoxic chimeric adjuvant that combines the A subunit of mutant cholera toxin E112K with the pentameric B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (mCTA/LTB) elicited a long-term protective immune response. Immunization with the 40-kDa OMP and mCTA/LTB induced high levels of 40-kDa-OMP-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies (Abs) in sera and elicited a significant IgA anti-40-kDa OMP Ab response in saliva. These Ab responses were maintained for at least 1 year after the immunization. Although using adjuvant mCTA/LTB gave Ab responses in the saliva comparable to those obtained using native cholera toxin (nCT) as the adjuvant, the levels of total IgE and 40-kDa-OMP-specific IgE Abs as well as interleukin-4 levels induced by the immunization with mCTA/LTB were lower than those induced by the immunization with nCT. Importantly, IgG Abs generated by nasal immunization with the 40-kDa OMP plus mCTA/LTB inhibited the coaggregation and hemagglutinin activities of P. gingivalis. Furthermore, the mice given nasal 40-kDa OMP plus mCTA/LTB showed a significant reduction of alveolar bone loss caused by oral infection with P. gingivalis even 1 year after the immunization compared to the loss in unimmunized mice. Because mCTA/LTB is nontoxic, nasally administered 40-kDa OMP together with mCTA/LTB should be an effective and safe mucosal vaccine against P. gingivalis infection in humans and may be an important tool for the prevention of chronic periodontitis.
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Yoo, Chul-Moon, Ken-ichi Nakao, and Misao Sasaki. "CMB observations in LTB universes. Part II: the kSZ effect in an LTB universe." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2010, no. 10 (October 12, 2010): 011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2010/10/011.

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Harro, Clayton, David Sack, A. Louis Bourgeois, R. Walker, Barbara DeNearing, Andrea Feller, Subhra Chakraborty, Charlotte Buchwaldt, and Michael J. Darsley. "A Combination Vaccine Consisting of Three Live Attenuated Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains Expressing a Range of Colonization Factors and Heat-Labile Toxin Subunit B Is Well Tolerated and Immunogenic in a Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Phase I Trial in Healthy Adults." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 12 (October 12, 2011): 2118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05342-11.

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ABSTRACTImmune responses against colonization factors (CFs) and the nontoxic B component of the enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) heat-labile toxin (LTB) are considered to be important for immunity against diarrhea caused by ETEC. Individual live attenuated ETEC derivatives that have had their toxin genes removed and whosearoC,ompC, andompFgenes are deleted have shown promise as vaccines against ETEC. The development of such strains has culminated in the testing of a three-strain-combination live attenuated vaccine known as ACE527, comprised of strains ACAM2025 expressing colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) and LTB; ACAM2022, expressing CS5, CS6, and LTB; and ACAM2027, expressing CS1, CS2, CS3, and LTB. The recombinant CF and LTB genes expressed in the three strains were inserted into the bacterial chromosome to ensure their stable inheritance and expression without the requirement for any selection. ACE527 has been tested in a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase I safety and immunogenicity study in healthy adult volunteers and proved to be well tolerated and immunogenic at dose levels of 1010and 1011total CFU. There was no indication of strain interference on the basis of fecal shedding patterns, with all three being detected in the feces of 50% and 83% of low- and high-dose vaccine recipients, respectively. Similarly, strong immune responses to LTB and to CFs expressed on all three constituent strains were induced, with at least 50% of subjects in the high-dose group responding to LTB, CFA/I, CS3, and CS6.
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Amano, Taiju, Alon Amir, Sonal Goswami, and Denis Paré. "Morphology, PKCδ expression, and synaptic responsiveness of different types of rat central lateral amygdala neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 12 (December 15, 2012): 3196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00514.2012.

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Recent findings implicate the central lateral amygdala (CeL) in conditioned fear. Indeed, CeL contains neurons exhibiting positive (CeL-On) or negative (CeL-Off) responses to fear-inducing conditioned stimuli (CSs). In mice, these cells differ in their expression of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) and physiological properties. CeL-Off cells are PKCδ+ and late firing (LF), whereas CeL-On cells are PKCδ− and express a regular-spiking (RS) or low-threshold bursting (LTB) phenotype. However, the scarcity of LF cells in rats raises questions about the correspondence between the organization of CeL in mice and rats. Therefore, we studied the PKCδ expression, morphological properties, synaptic responsiveness, and fear conditioning-induced plasticity of rat CeL neurons. No PKCδ+ LF cells were encountered, but ≈20–25% of RS and LTB neurons were PKCδ+. Compared with RS neurons, a higher proportion of LTB cells projected to central medial amygdala (CeM) and they had fewer primary dendritic branches, yet the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by lateral amygdala (LA) stimulation was similar in RS and LTB cells. In contrast, LA-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) had a higher amplitude in LTB than RS neurons. Finally, fear conditioning did not induce plasticity at LA inputs to RS or LTB neurons. These findings point to major species differences in the organization of CeL. Since rat LTB cells are subjected to stronger feedforward inhibition, they are more likely to exhibit inhibitory CS responses than RS cells. This is expected to cause a disinhibition of CeM fear output neurons and therefore an increase in fear expression.
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Hwang, S. F., and D. A. Gaudet. "Effects of low-temperature stress on development of winter crown rot in first-year alfalfa." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-147.

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The effects of sub-lethal low temperatures on predisposing first-year alfalfa plants to infection by the low temperature basidiomycete (LTB), and the effects of sub-lethal winter crown rot levels on alfalfa cold hardiness were evaluated in controlled environment and field studies. Alfalfa, subjected to the sublethal stress temperature of –7.5 °C for 1 to 5 wk and inoculated with LTB, exhibited higher mortality, lower shoot dry weights, and higher winter crown rot levels than alfalfa similarly inoculated but non-stressed. Inoculation and incubation of alfalfa with the LTB fungus for 4 wk decreased the freezing resistance of cv. Barrier and cv. Peace alfalfa by 26 and 32%, respectively, compared with the non-inoculated controls. Following inoculation and incubation with LTB, stress temperatures between −6 and −15 °C increased LTB induced mortality in Barrier by 17–54% and in Peace by 10–75%. These results demonstrate that sub-lethal low-temperature stress can act synergistically with winter crown rot pathogen to reduce survival and yield in first-year alfalfa. Key words: Medicago sativa L., alfalfa, low temperature, winter crown rot, Coprinus psychromorbidus
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da Silva Ramos Rocha, Andréa, Fabricio Rochedo Conceição, André Alex Grassmann, Valeska Lizzi Lagranha, and Odir Antônio Dellagostin. "B subunit ofEscherichia coliheat-labile enterotoxin as adjuvant of humoral immune response in recombinant BCG vaccination." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54, no. 8 (August 2008): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-056.

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The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB), a nontoxic molecule with potent biological properties, is a powerful mucosal and parenteral adjuvant that induces a strong immune response against co-administered or coupled antigens. In this paper, the effect of LTB on the humoral immune response to recombinant BCG (rBCG) vaccination was evaluated. Isogenic mice were immunized with rBCG expressing the R1 repeat region of the P97 adhesin of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae alone (rBCG/R1) or fused to LTB (rBCG/LTBR1). Anti-R1 systemic antibody levels (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM, and IgA) were measured by ELISA using recombinant R1 as antigen. With the exception of IgM, LTB doubled the anti-R1 antibody levels in rBCG vaccination. The IgG1/IgG2a mean ratio showed that both rBCG/LTBR1 and rBCG/R1 induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Interestingly, anti-R1 serum IgA was induced only by rBCG/LTBR1. These results demonstrate that LTB has an adjuvant effect on the humoral immune response to recombinant antigens expressed in BCG.
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Inglis, G. D., A. P. Popp, L. B. Selinger, L. M. Kawchuk, D. A. Gaudet, and T. A. McAllister. "Production of cellulases and xylanases by low-temperature basidiomycetes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-057.

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Three of four isolates, representing phylogenetically distinct groupings of low-temperature basidiomycetes (LTB), were capable of utilizing wheat straw, and to a lesser extent conifer wood at 15°C. A cottony snow mould LTB (LRS 013) and a fruit rot LTB (LRS 241) grown on straw significantly degraded filter paper, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), p-nitrophenyl β-glucopyranoside (i.e., β-glucosidases), and xylan. Enzymes produced by Coprinus psychromorbidus (LRS 067) were limited to xylanases from straw and wood and β-glucosidases from wood. A sclerotia-forming LTB (LRS 131) exhibited poor growth on both substrates, and did not produce detectable quantities of extracellular enzymes. None of the LTB isolates tested degraded avicel. The temperature optima of CMCases and xylanases in the filtrates from the straw medium ranged from 25°C to 55°C, and with the exception of LRS 067, significant activity was observed at 5°C. Two cellulases (25 and 31 kDa) and two xylanases (24 and 34 kDa) were observed on zymograms for LRS 013 and 241. Reduction of enzymes with 2-mercaptoethanol adversely affected their activity on zymograms, and an additional cellulase band was observed for non-reduced samples. This study indicates that LTB produce an array of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes, and that some of these enzymes possess low-temperature optima which may facilitate degradation of plant fibre under low-temperature conditions.Key words: psychrophile, snow mould, cellulase, xylanase, enzymes.
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Ricci, Susanna, Donata Medaglini, Catherine M. Rush, Alessandro Marcello, Samuele Peppoloni, Riccardo Manganelli, Giorgio Palú, and Gianni Pozzi. "Immunogenicity of the B Monomer ofEscherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin Expressed on the Surface of Streptococcus gordonii." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.2.760-766.2000.

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ABSTRACT The B monomer of the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LTB) was expressed on the surface of the human oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii. Recombinant bacteria expressing LTB were used to immunize BALB/c mice subcutaneously and intragastrically. The LTB monomer expressed on the streptococcal surface proved to be highly immunogenic, as LTB-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) serum titers of 140,000 were induced after systemic immunization. Most significantly, these antibodies were capable of neutralizing the enterotoxin in a cell neutralization assay. Following mucosal delivery, antigen-specific IgA antibodies were found in feces and antigen-specific IgG antibodies were found in sera. Analysis of serum IgG subclasses showed a clear predominance of IgG1 when recombinant bacteria were inoculated subcutaneously, while a prevalence of IgG2a was observed upon intragastric delivery, suggesting, in this case, the recruitment of a Th1 type of immune response.
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30

Ogresta, D., A. Bišćanin, V. Tomašić, Z. Dorosulić, D. Kralj, J. Forgač, P. Ćaćić, I. Lerotić, and D. Hrabar. "P369 Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among patients with inflammatory bowel disease under biologics: experience of Croatian Tertiary Centre." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S348—S349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.498.

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Abstract Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (TB) causes a huge number of deaths in the world. A majority (95%) of infections remain asymptomatic, defined as latent tuberculosis (LTB). The estimated incidence rate of TB in Croatia is 10.6 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) usually require immunosuppressive therapies which puts them at higher risk for infection. LTB diagnosis and prophylactic treatment are recommended for all patients starting biologics. Methods A single-centre retrospective study in the continental part of Croatia included all IBD patients who started treatment with biologics and have presented with TB or LTB from January 2016 till September 2019. The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of LTB among patients with IBD before starting biologic therapy, and TB reactivation during treatment with biologics. All patients underwent Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) and X-ray. Active infection was excluded or diagnosed using clinical history, bronchoscopy, CT scan and sputum stain for Mycobacteria. Results Study population included 74 patients treated with biologics: 51% female, 73% Crohn’s disease (CD); 37% starting adalimumab, 29% infliximab, 19% ustekinumab and 15% vedolizumab. Prevalence of LTB was 8.1% (6 patients), and all patients underwent isoniazid prophylaxis for 9 months except one patient treated with conventional immunomodulatory therapy which failed prophylactic therapy with both isoniazid and rifampin (liver injury). Among patients with adequate chemoprophylaxis, two patients later on started with anti-TNF therapy (adalimumab), two patients with vedolizumab and one with ustekinumab. One patient with CD and negative LTB screening developed pulmonary TB during induction with infliximab (1 month after initiation); after successful treatment with conventional fourfold therapy, the patient was switched to vedolizumab. During the observational period (median 16 months), all IBD patients with LTB as well with cured TB were in clinical and biochemical remission, without signs of TB (re)activation. Conclusion Our study has demonstrated that prevalence of LTB among our IBD patients starting biologics was significant (8.1%). Treatment with vedolizumab, ustekinumab and anti-TNF (adalimumab) after isoniazid chemoprophylaxis appears to be safe during the observational period, without signs of TB reactivation.
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Firouzjaee, J. T., and R. Mansouri. "Radiation from the LTB black hole." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 97, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 29002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/97/29002.

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Sussman, Roberto A., and Julien Larena. "Gravitational entropies in LTB dust models." Classical and Quantum Gravity 31, no. 7 (March 20, 2014): 075021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/31/7/075021.

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33

Zecca, Antonio. "Quantization of the LTB cosmological equation." Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics 7 (2013): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/astp.2013.3660.

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Zecca, Antonio. "LTB cosmological model with particle creation." Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics 8 (2014): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/astp.2014.4685.

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Anuradha, Rajamanickam, Saravanan Munisankar, Yukthi Bhootra, Nathalla Pavan Kumar, Chandrakumar Dolla, Paul Kumaran, and Subash Babu. "Coexistent Malnutrition Is Associated with Perturbations in Systemic and Antigen-Specific Cytokine Responses in Latent Tuberculosis Infection." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 4 (February 10, 2016): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00009-16.

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ABSTRACTMalnutrition, as defined by low body mass index (BMI), is a major risk factor for the development of active tuberculosis (TB), although the biological basis underlying this susceptibility remains poorly characterized. To verify whether malnutrition affects the systemic and antigen-specific cytokine levels in individuals with latent TB (LTB), we examined circulating and TB antigen-stimulated levels of cytokines in individuals with LTB and low BMI (LBMI) and compared them with those in individuals with LTB and normal BMI (NBMI). Coexistent LBMI with LTB was characterized by diminished circulating levels of type 1 (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]), type 2 (interleukin-4 [IL-4]), type 17 (IL-22), and other proinflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6) cytokines but elevated levels of other type 2 (IL-5 and IL-13) and regulatory (IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta [TGF-β]) cytokines. In addition, LBMI with LTB was associated with diminished TB antigen-induced IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α, and IL-1β levels. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between BMI values and TNF-α and IL-1β levels and a significant negative correlation between BMI values and IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-β levels in individuals with LTB. Therefore, our data reveal that latent TB with a coexistent low BMI is characterized by diminished protective cytokine responses and heightened regulatory cytokine responses, providing a potential biological mechanism for the increased risk of developing active TB.
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de Jersey, James, Peter H. Bird, Naresh K. Verma, and Mark P. Bradley. "Antigen-specific systemic and reproductive tract antibodies in foxes immunized with Salmonella typhimuriumexpressing bacterial and sperm proteins." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 11, no. 5 (1999): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd99072.

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Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains are potential ‘safe’ delivery vectors of an oral immunocontraceptive vaccine for the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes). In the present study, model bacterial (Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit, LTB) and fox sperm (fSP10) antigens were expressed in S. typhimurium SL3261 (DaroA) under the control of the trc promoter. Adult female foxes were given three oral immunizations with SL3261 containing either LTB (SL3261/pLTB), fSP10 (SL3261/pFSP10) or a control plasmid (pKK233-2 or pTrc99A). All foxes raised serum (IgG) and vaginal (IgG and IgA) antibodies against S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Each fox that received SL3261/pLTB raised high titre LTB-specific serum and vaginal IgG antibodies. However, only one of four foxes immunized with SL3261/pFSP10 raised an anti-fSP10 immune response, in the form of low titre serum and vaginal IgG antibodies. No vaginal IgA antibodies were raised against either LTB or fSP10 in these experiments. The immune responses against recombinant LTB and fSP10 resulted chiefly from the initial dose of antigen in the inocula and were minimally influenced by continued in vivo antigen expression. This study demonstrates for the first time in the female red fox that oral Salmonella can elicit specific systemic and reproductive tract antibodies against heterologous, recombinant proteins.
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Kabir, Imran, and Anjan K. Bhowmick. "Lateral torsional buckling of welded wide flange beams under constant moment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 45, no. 9 (September 2018): 766–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0499.

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The structural steel design specification in Canada, CSA S16-14, uses the same equations for the design of rolled and welded shape beams for lateral torsional buckling (LTB). A recent study has shown that the current design equations might overestimate the capacity of welded wide flange (WWF) beams. This paper evaluates the performance of the current design equations in providing LTB capacities of welded I-shape beams (WWF beams). An extensive finite element (FE) analysis is performed for simply supported WWF beams subjected to constant moment. In total, 256 FE models are analyzed and it is observed that both CSA and AISC overestimate the LTB capacity of welded I-shape beams by as much as 37%, particularly when residual stress measured at Lehigh University is used in the analysis. Also, the Eurocode is found to be conservative and the proposed equation by MacPhedran and Grondin in 2011 provides better predictions of LTB strengths of WWF shapes than the current CSA approach.
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Mohebkhah, Amin, and Behrouz Chegeni. "Flexural Capacity of Locally Buckled Steel I-Beams Under Moment Gradient." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 7, no. 1 (December 30, 2013): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801307010244.

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Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) and flange local buckling (FLB) are treated as two independent phenomena in AISC-LRFD 360-10 in which the flexural capacity of locally buckled beams is determined as the minimum value obtained for the limit states of LTB and FLB. A 3-D nonlinear finite-element model using ABAQUS is developed in this research to investigate the interactive flexural capacity of steel I-beams with compact web under moment gradient. It was found that the AISC approach is adequate for beams with compact or noncompact sections, however, too conservative for beams with slender flanges representing a considerable interaction between LTB and FLB limit states.
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Phan, Trang Thi Phuong, Anh Le Tuan Nguyen, and Hoang Duc Nguyen. "Cloning and expression of LTB in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis." Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i1.1392.

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LTB is the B subunit of heat labile toxins (LT) in Escherichia coli ETEC. This subunit is non-toxic but has a high immune response. Therefore, LTB is considered a suitable antigen for partial vaccine against the diarrhea caused by E. coli ETEC. The most important component of partial vaccine is antigen protein. Nowadays, with the advancement of recombinant protein technology, these antigens are mainly produced by the common bacterial expression system as E. coli. However, the recombinant proteins produced by E. coli are often miscellaneous with enterotoxins, which should be removed from pharmaceutical products. Thus, the production of antigen proteins in other expression system without endotoxins like Bacillus subtilis is in attention. We conducted the experiments of cloning and expressing LTB using a novel pHT plasmid that allow the protein to be expressed in both of E. coli and B. subtilis. We were successful to generate plasmid pHT326 and express the gene encoding for the fusion protein of LTB and LysSN-6xHis-TEV in B. subtilis and E. coli. The binding of fusion protein on the columns that have affinity with His-tag was confirmed. This result is about to be applied for the development of partial vaccine aganst the diarrhea as well as the development of some diagnostic kits for ETEC in food or medical waste and kits to detect antibodies against LTB in animals.
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Wawrocki, Sebastian, Grzegorz Kielnierowski, Wieslawa Rudnicka, Michal Seweryn, and Magdalena Druszczynska. "Interleukin-18, Functional IL-18 Receptor and IL-18 Binding Protein Expression in Active and Latent Tuberculosis." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060451.

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A thorough understanding of the processes modulating the innate and acquired immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in the context of gene expression is still a scientific and diagnostic problem. The study was aimed to assess IL-18, IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), IL-18R, IFN-γ, and IL-37 mRNA expression in patients with active tuberculosis (ATB) and healthy volunteers with latent M.tb-infection (LTB) or M.tb-uninfected healthy controls (Control). The relative mRNA expression was assessed in the buffy coat blood fraction using the qPCR method. In total, 97 BCG-vaccinated Polish adults were enrolled in the study. The relative expression of IL-18 and IL-18BP mRNA was significantly elevated in the ATB and LTB groups. In ATB, but not LTB individuals, the overexpression of IL-18 and IL-18BP, as well as a significant increase in IFN-γ mRNA expression, might be considered as a manifestation of active tuberculosis disease. No statistically significant differences were observed in the IL-37 mRNA expression among the studied groups. Particularly noteworthy is the outstanding reduction in the relative expression of IL-18R mRNA in the LTB group as compared to the ATB and Control group. Reduced expression of IL-18R in LTB group may, at least partially, prevent the development of a pathological inflammatory reaction and promote the maintenance of homeostatic conditions between host immunity and M.tb.
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Galishnikova, Vera V., and Tesfaldet H. Gebre. "A comparative study of beam design curves against lateral torsional buckling using AISC, EC and SP." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2019-15-1-25-32.

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Introduction. Structural stability is an essential part of design process for steel structures and checking the overall stability is very important for the determination of the optimum steel beams section. Lateral torsional buckling (LTB) normally associated with beams subject to vertical loading, buckling out of the plane of the applied loads and it is a primary consideration in the design of steel structures, consequently it may reduce the load currying capacity. Methods. There are several national codes to verify the steel beam against LTB. All specifications have different approach for the treatment of LTB and this paper is concentrated on three different methods: America Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Eurocode (EC) and Russian Code (SP). The attention is focused to the methods of developing LTB curves and their characteristics. Results. AISC specification identifies three regimes of buckling depending on the unbraced length of the member ( Lb ). However, EC and SP utilize a reduction factor (χ LT ) to treat lateral torsional buckling problem. In general, flexural capacities according to AISC are higher than those of EC and SP for non-compact sections.
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42

Stahl, Clément. "Inhomogeneous matter distribution and supernovae." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 06 (May 2016): 1650066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816500668.

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This work investigates a simple inhomogeneous cosmological model within the Lema[Formula: see text]tre–Tolman–Bondi (LTB) metric. The mass-scale function of the LTB model is taken to be [Formula: see text] and would correspond to a fractal distribution for [Formula: see text]. The luminosity distance for this model is computed and then compared to supernovae (SNe) data. Unlike LTB models which have, in the most general case, two free functions, our model has only two free parameters as the flat Standard Model of cosmology. The best-fit obtained is a matter distribution with an exponent of [Formula: see text] revealing that SNe data do not favor those fractal models.
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43

Yan, Kenneth, Jerome B. Taxy, Ajit Paintal, and Aaron D. Friedman. "Atypical Laryngeal Infections: Localized Lesions from Unusual Organisms May Simulate Malignancy." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 129, no. 1 (September 14, 2019): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489419875755.

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Objective: The identification of rare sources of laryngeal infection in immunocompetent patients. Recovered organisms were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (laryngeal tuberculosis [LTB]), Mycobacterium fortuitum (laryngeal Mycobacterium fortuitum [LMF]), and Blastomyces dermatiditis (laryngeal blastomycosis [LB]). Method: Single institution retrospective case series of three patients over a 2.5-year period and review of the literature on laryngeal infections by three atypical organisms. Results: Three patients presented with hoarseness and cough; one additionally had throat pain (LTB). Indirect laryngoscopy demonstrated diffuse laryngeal ulceration (LTB, LMF) and an exophytic, contiguous glottic mass (LB). Direct microlaryngoscopic biopsies and cultures established the diagnoses, including a frozen section in one case (LB), which prevented a simultaneously planned surgical resection. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy yielded dramatic laryngeal and corresponding vocal improvement, for which we provide unique photo and audio documentation. In the last 10 years, fewer than 500 cases of LTB have been reported in the English language medical literature, principally outside the United States. To date, there have been reports of only 34 LB and no cases of LMF. Conclusion: Atypical infections of the larynx may be localized and mimic laryngeal cancer on endoscopy. Tissue examination as well as microbiologic samples are diagnostic and complementary.
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Kahl, Brad. "Is there a role for “watch and wait” in follicular lymphoma in the rituximab era?" Hematology 2012, no. 1 (December 8, 2012): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation.v2012.1.433.3798541.

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Abstract The paradigm of “watch and wait” for low-tumor-burden follicular lymphoma (LTB-FL) was established in an era when the treatment options were more limited. With the introduction of rituximab, it appears that the natural history of this incurable disease has changed. However, most of the contemporary treatment data have been generated in patients with high tumor burden, and it is unclear whether the improvements in outcome also apply to the LTB population. There are no published trials evaluating rituximab-chemotherapy combinations and just a few studies evaluating single-agent rituximab in this population. As a result, there are many unknowns in the management of LTB-FL. Would the application of rituximab-chemotherapy combination cure a fraction of patients? Would the application of rituximab-chemotherapy combination improve the overall survival of the population? Would treatment with single-agent rituximab improve the psychologic quality of life by avoiding a watch and wait interval or by delaying the time to first chemotherapy? This review, a mixture of data and opinion, will discuss goals of therapy for an LTB-FL patient, summarize existing data, and propose a management algorithm.
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45

Bedon, Chiara. "Simplified Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB) Analysis of Glass Fins with Continuous Lateral Restraints at the Tensioned Edge." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 24, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6667373.

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Within multiple design challenges, the lateral torsional buckling (LTB) analysis and stability check of structural glass members is a well-known issue for design. Typical examples can be found not only in glass slabs with slender bracing members but also in facades and walls, where glass fins are used to brace the vertical panels against input pressures. Design loads such as wind suction give place to possible LTB of fins with LR at the tensioned edge and thus require dedicated tools. In the present investigation, the LTB analysis of structural glass fins that are intended to act as bracers for facade panels and restrained via continuous, flexible joints acting as lateral restraints (LRs) is addressed. Geometrically simplified but refined numerical models developed in Abaqus are used to perform a wide parametric study and validate the proposed analytical formulations. Special care is spent for the prediction of the elastic critical buckling moment with LRs, given that it represents the first fundamental parameter for buckling design. However, the LR stiffness and resistance on the one side and the geometrical/mechanical features of the LR glass members on the other side are mutually affected in the final LTB prediction. In the case of laminated glass (LG) members composed of two or more glass panels, moreover, further design challenges arise from the bonding level of the constituent layers. A simplified but rational analytical procedure is thus presented in this paper to support the development of a conservative and standardized LTB stability check for glass fins with LR at the tensioned edge.
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46

Laubert, Tilman, Michael Thomaschewski, Paul Auerswald, Markus Zimmermann, Linda Brüheim, Tobias Keck, and Claudia Benecke. "Implementierung eines laparoskopischen Simulationstrainings in der studentischen Lehre – das Lübecker Toolbox-Curriculum." Zentralblatt für Chirurgie - Zeitschrift für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie 143, no. 04 (May 15, 2017): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-106851.

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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Simulationstraining in der minimalinvasiven Chirurgie (MIC) wird zunehmend relevant. Inwieweit das etablierte Lübecker Toolbox-Curriculum (LTB-Curriculum) zum Erlernen von MIC-Basisfertigkeiten die studentische Lehre in der Chirurgie ergänzen kann und mit welcher Akzeptanz, ist unklar. Material und Methoden Seit 04/2015 haben Studierende der Humanmedizin an der Universität zu Lübeck die Möglichkeit, das hoch standardisierte und validierte LTB-Curriculum zu absolvieren. Dieses besteht inhaltlich aus 6 aufeinander aufbauenden Übungen mit definierten Zielvorgaben. Videotutorials erlauben das autodidaktische Training. Der individuelle Trainingsfortschritt wurde laufend dokumentiert wie im Curriculum vorgesehen. Es erfolgte die standardisierte Evaluation über ein für die Evaluation von Lehrveranstaltungen der Universität zu Lübeck etabliertes Onlineportal. Ergebnisse Zwischen 04/2015 und 07/2016 durchliefen 63 Studierende das LTB-Curriculum. Das generelle Interesse an einer chirurgischen Fachdisziplin stieg von im Mittel 1,61 (Standardabweichung [SD] 0,78) vor dem Curriculum auf 1,12 nach dem Curriculum an. Die Anzahl der notwendigen Wiederholungen bis zum Erreichen der Zielvorgaben betrug für die Übungen 1 – 6 im Median 24 (6 – 79), 23 (5 – 61), 7 (5 – 33), 15 (5 – 59), 16 (5 – 50) und 18 (7 – 48). Keiner der 63 Studierenden brach das LTB-Curriculum vorzeitig ab. Im Durchschnitt wurden 4,35 (SD 1,58) Stunden pro Woche aufgewandt und im Mittel eine Gesamtdauer von 4,1 (SD 1,2) Wochen benötigt, um das LTB-Curriculum zu komplettieren. Die Evaluationsergebnisse ergaben eine Gesamtnote von 1,0 (SD 0,17). Der Lernzuwachs, die Didaktik und die Struktur des Trainingsprogramms wurden mit im Mittel 1,0 (SD 0,24), 1,14 (SD 0,36) und 1,0 (SD 0,24) bewertet. Die Relevanz des Curriculums für das weitere Studium und die zukünftige berufliche Tätigkeit wurde im Durchschnitt mit 1,2 (SD 0,45) angegeben. Schlussfolgerung Das Angebot, das strukturierte Lübecker Toolbox-Curriculum zusätzlich zur regulären Lehre absolvieren zu können, wurde von zahlreichen Studierenden angenommen und sehr positiv evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse legen zudem nahe, dass das LTB-Curriculum das Interesse an einer chirurgischen Fachrichtung bei Studierenden steigert. In Zeiten, da die Chirurgie um Nachwuchs bemüht sein muss, erscheint dieser Aspekt relevant.
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Miyabe, Yoshishige, Chie Miyabe, and Andrew D. Luster. "LTB 4 and BLT1 in inflammatory arthritis." Seminars in Immunology 33 (October 2017): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2017.09.009.

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48

Giesel, Kristina, Johannes Tambornino, and Thomas Thiemann. "LTB spacetimes in terms of Dirac observables." Classical and Quantum Gravity 27, no. 10 (April 20, 2010): 105013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/27/10/105013.

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49

Boudrioua, A., P. Moretti, J. C. Loulergue, and K. Polgar. "Waveguides in LTB (Li2B4O7) by He+ implantation." Physica Status Solidi (a) 153, no. 2 (February 16, 1996): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211530231.

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50

McFeters, G., M. Pickett, S. Broadaway, and B. Pyle. "Impact of chlorine injury on reaction kinetics of coliforms and E. coli in colisureTM and LTB." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0770.

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This study compared a chromogenic and fluorogenic substrate based medium, Colisure, with the conventional fermentation based medium, lauryl tryptose broth (LTB), for the recovery of chlorine-injured and non-injured coliforms and E. coli. Mixed natural populations of coliforms from sewage, with and without chlorine exposure, and untreated surface water samples were examined following a USEPA established procedure. Colisure and LTB were examined after 20, 24, 28 and 48h incubation and reactions verified. There were slight increases in positive reactions over time with unchlorinated samples, for which the two media gave similar kinetic patterns. The increases over time with chlorinated samples were much greater than with unchlorinated samples. LTB gave significantly lower total positive responses and had a more pronounced lag period than did Colisure. Total coliform bacteria from surface water samples gave somewhat different reactions with more of an increase with time. Colisure recovered comparable or higher numbers of total coliforms and E. coli in 20–28h than LTB after 48h. These results confirm that Colisure gives improved recovery of chlorine-injured total coliforms and E. coli under conditions simulating treated drinking and source water, resulting in a more realistic estimate of the actual population of indicator bacteria in public water supplies.
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