Relevant bibliographies by topics / LTR (Lateral Load Transfer)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'LTR (Lateral Load Transfer)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "LTR (Lateral Load Transfer)"

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Zhao, Wanzhong, Lin Ji, and Chunyan Wang. "H∞ control of integrated rollover prevention system based on improved lateral load transfer rate." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, no. 3 (June 6, 2018): 859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331218773527.

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A rollover dynamic model that merges the active front steering model and differential braking model is established in this paper. After analyzing and improving the existing rollover evaluation method, a new evaluation method that takes both sprung mass and under-sprung mass into consideration is proposed. The reliability of the improved LTR (lateral load transfer rate) is confirmed by simulation results obtained from MATLAB and CARSIM where, all of three evaluation methods are taken under the same condition. The accuracy of the rollover evaluation index depends on the centroid height of under-sprung mass and the ratio of under-sprung mass and under-sprung mass. In order to achieve the desired tracking effect and anti-jamming capability, an integrated rollover control system based on active steering and differential braking is designed where a H∞ controller is adopted. The results of simulation under J-turn condition indicate that the control system has strong stability and robustness. When the vehicle is under the risk of rollover and reaches the setting threshold, the designed H∞ controller will actively keep the vehicle under the critical state.
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Tian, Shun, Lang Wei, Chris Schwarz, WenCai Zhou, Yuan Jiao, and YanQin Chen. "An Earlier Predictive Rollover Index Designed for Bus Rollover Detection and Prevention." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2713868.

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As vehicle rollovers annually cause a great deal of traffic-related deaths, an increasing number of vehicles are being equipped with rollover prevention systems with the aim of avoiding such accidents. To improve the functionality of active rollover prevention systems, this study provided a potential enhanced method with the intention to predict the tendency of the lateral load transfer ratio (LTR), which is the most common rollover index. This will help provide a certain amount of lead time for the control system to respond more effectively. Before the prediction process, an estimation equation was proposed to better estimate the LTR; the equation was validated using Simulink and TruckSim. Further, to eliminate the influence of drawbacks and make this method practical, a buffer operator was added. Simulation results showed that grey LTR (GLTR) was able to roundly predict the future trend of the LTR based on current and previous data. Under the tests of “Sine with Dwell” (Sindwell) and double lane change (DLC), the GLTR could provide the control system with sufficient time beforehand. Additionally, to further examine the performance of the GLTR, a differential system model was adopted to verify its effectiveness. Through the Sindwell maneuver, it was demonstrated that the GLTR index could improve the performance of the rollover prevention systems by achieving the expected response.
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Zhao, Wanzhong, Lin Ji, and Chunyan Wang. "H∞ control of anti-rollover strategy based on predictive vertical tire force." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 13 (September 18, 2017): 3587–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217727581.

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The mainstream rollover evaluation index, lateral load transfer rate (LTR), is commonly used in the rollover control field. However, it is not instant enough to reflect the rollover tendency since it can only reflect the load transfer rate of one side wheels while single rear wheel leaves the ground first during rollover happens. In order to monitor the rollover tendency more instantly and improve the reliability of anti-rollover control system, a new evaluation index called predictive vertical tire force (PVTF) is proposed, which is based on the single vertical tire force and merges both iterative prediction and derivative prediction methods. Meanwhile, an optimization is taken to solve the contradiction between prediction time and deviation. Secondly, using the PVTF as the measurement output, an anti-rollover control system based on active steering is established in this paper. In order to achieve the desired tracking effect and anti-jamming capability, a two-way H∞ controller is adopted in the anti-rollover control system. Lastly, the simulation results of J-turn condition and NHTSA (national highway traffic safety administration) condition are conducted and the results indicate that the anti-rollover control system has strong stability and robustness. Meanwhile, benefit from the pre-warning function of PVTF, the controller is triggered earlier and the vertical tire forces of four wheels are controlled to be positive all the time, which is beneficial for handling stability.
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Lin, R. C., D. Cebon, and D. J. Cole. "Optimal Roll Control of a Single-Unit Lorry." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 210, no. 1 (January 1996): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_243_02.

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Lateral acceleration control and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) theory are used to design active roll control systems for heavy goods vehicles. The suspension consists of a limited bandwidth hydraulic actuator in series with an anti-roll bar. The procedure used to determine suitable controller gains is described. The simulation results show that roll control of a single-unit lorry requires an actuator bandwidth of 6 Hz and mean power of approximately 17 kW for a ‘worst case’ random steering input. The static roll-over threshold of this vehicle is increased by 66 per cent when compared with the same vehicle with passive suspensions and the r.m.s. lateral load transfer is reduced by 34 per cent for a typical random steering input.
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Zheng, Hong Yu, and Yu Chao Chen. "Research on TTR and Roll Stability Control of Heavy Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.601.

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Because of the sensitive factors, such as the larger loads, higher mass center and relatively narrow tread in comparison with the height of heavy vehicles that have the poor dynamic rollover stability. This paper set of anti-rollover LQR control algorithm based on early warning. The model-based early rollover warning algorithm utilize the TruckSim® models and early warning reference model to predict the impeding vehicle rollover time in advance and told the driver the warning signals so that drivers had enough time to take appropriate measures to prevent vehicle rollover that called time to rollover (TTR), thereby greatly improving the vehicles active safety performance of the heavy vehicles. As to the anti-rollover LQR control algorithm, the principle was to use the optimal additional yaw moment obtained from the control algorithm and then made it reasonable impose the corresponding wheels by taking the moment distribution methods based on the differential braking for the purpose of reducing the risk of rollover. The simulation results show that the algorithm was presented in this paper can effectively reduce the lateral load transfer ratio and actively void the occurrence of rollover accidents.
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Azim, Raja Amer, Fahad Mumtaz Malik, and Waheed ul Haq Syed. "Rollover Mitigation Controller Development for Three-Wheeled Vehicle Using Active Front Steering." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/918429.

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Three-wheeled vehicles are agile, less complex, but relatively more prone to rollover. The current study focuses on the rollover mitigation control design using active front steering for such vehicles. A lateral load transfer ratio (LLTR) adapted for a three-wheeled platform is presented. Sliding mode control design strategy has been devised which results in pseudo-direct control for roll dynamics of the vehicle. The lag in vehicle roll angle response has been managed using adaptive sliding surface. This concept can be extended for other vehicle configurations. The proposed control scheme is investigated for efficacy using a full vehicle simulation model of CarSim software and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s proposed Fishhook maneuver. The controller is able to limit the rollover propensity even with vehicle parameter uncertainties.
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Liu, Hua Chu. "Optimal Control of a Nuclear Reactor in Load Follow Based on LQG/LTR." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1563.

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Load follow is necessary in the operation of a power plant due to the need of power changing with time. In the load following of a nuclear plant, many special factors have to be considered, which makes the control strategy particularly difficult as well as important. Among many strategies, Linear Quadratic Gaussian and Loop Transfer Recovery (LQG/LTR) design approach is an efficient method for L-F, and is applied to a model of a practical nuclear reactor. The simulation shows the robust control method LQG/LTR meet the control requirements of the neutron flux spatial distribution during load following. And a Kalman-filter based feedback control is also applied in this approach to eliminate the oscillations caused by Xenon poisoning within the nuclear reactor.
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Protsenko, V. O., V. O. Nastasenko, M. V. Babiy, and A. O. Bilokon. "MARINE RAM-TYPE STEERING GEAR DETAILS LOAD TRANSFER FEATURES." Shipping & Navigation 30, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/2306-5761.30.2020.107-116.

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he article deals with steering gears, used on marine and river ships, namely with ram-type steering gears. Article topicality due to the fact that ship controllability and sailing safety depends of steering gears reliability. Reliability could be increased through the refinement of processes, which took place during the perception and transfer of load. Process of lateral force perception by plungers and guide beams is studied theoretically. It is shown that perception depends of gap size between plunger and sleeve and could pass in one, two or three stages. Those stages are characterized changing in the loading process plungers fixing conditions, and respectively plunger lateral load proposed to determinate by three design schemes. Received expressions for calculation ultimate gaps of «plunger-sleeve» pare landing, that gives the limits of application each of three design schemes. Ratios for determination load of plunger and guide beam are received trough consideration their joint deformation for each design schemes. On the example of YOOWON-MITSUBISHI YDFT-335-2 ram-type steering gear is shown that in new gear, where landing gap is minimal and conditioned by tolerances of plunger and sleeve diameters, guide beam can take only 2.0…6.5% of lateral force, which applied to it and plunger from tiller. In steering gear with partially worn out plunger and sleeve in time of rudder feather shifting from diametric plane to board (when α = 5…35º), guide beam could take 4.7…6.8% of lateral force. The source of origin significant loads on plungers in ram-type steering gears is application of sinus-type mechanism for transformation progressive plunger motion to rotating tiller motion. Decreasing lateral loads on plunger through using unloading guide beams, with considering low unloading percent is ineffective. Guide beams availability complicates steering gear construction, increasing number of friction surfaces and trough this complicates steering gear maintenance.
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Men, Yu Zhuo, Hai Bo Yu, and Xian Sheng Li. "Roll Stability Model of Lateral Load Transfer of Passenger Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 2019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2019.

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In order to research the influence of lateral load transfer on the roll stability of passenger vehicle, the dynamics simulation model is established. Pass through simulation, the influence of the passenger vehicle structural parameters and speed on its roll stability is analyzed. The research result shows that, the passenger vehicle rear wheel drive axle is risky for roll stability; it will first lift off when the speed is too high or the front wheel angle is too big. The roll stability of passenger vehicle can be effectively improved by increasing the wheel spread and wheelbase, lowering sprung mass center height, and improving the passenger vehicle suspension roll stiffness.
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Mitchell, M. R., R. E. Link, Bing Wang, Xiaoqin Liu, and F. Lam. "Computational Modeling of the Lateral Load Transfer Capacity of Rimboard." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 36, no. 4 (2008): 101196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte101196.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "LTR (Lateral Load Transfer)"

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Ghandour, Raymond. "Diagnostic et évaluation anticipée des risques de rupture d'itinéraires basés sur l'estimation de la dynamique du véhicule." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1966.

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L’objectif de ce travail de thèse, est le développement d’une méthodologie innovante pour répondre à la question de l’augmentation de la sécurité routière, par le diagnostic et la surveillance de l’évolution des paramètres de la dynamique de véhicule en interaction avec l’environnement proche. Dans ce contexte, l’évaluation des indicateurs de risque liés aux paramètres de la dynamique de véhicule nous a paru nécessaire. Pour cela, nous avons développé deux méthodologies pour estimer et prévoir les situations de risque, pour alerter le conducteur (ou le système de contrôle automatique) sur ces situations afin qu’il puisse agir et les éviter. La première phase de ce travail, consiste à développer une méthode d’estimation du coefficient d’adhérence maximal en se basant, sur le modèle d’interaction pneumatique-chaussée de Dugoff et sur la méthode d’optimisation itérative non-linéaire de Levenberg-Marquardt. Cette méthode d’estimation a été testée et validée en utilisant, des données de simulation issues du simulateur de véhicule CALLAS® et des données expérimentales du véhicule expérimental de l’IFSTTARMA. Ayant ce coefficient estimé, nous avons conçu un indicateur de dérapage LSI qui compare l’adhérence maximale à l’adhérence utilisée et génère une indication (ou une alerte) de danger quand cet indicateur atteint un certain seuil. La deuxième phase de ce travail, consiste à développer une méthodologie pour évaluer les indicateurs de risque dans un instant futur. Cette méthodologie est basée sur des méthodes simples et sur des hypothèses sur la trajectoire parcourue, pour estimer dans un instant futur les différents paramètres de la dynamique du véhicule ; tel que, l’angle de braquage, l’angle de dérive, les forces d’interaction, … Ayant ces paramètres (estimés dans un instant futur), nous avons évalué les indicateurs de risque. Ces indicateurs sont le LSI (Lateral Skid Indicator) et le LTR (Lateral Load Transfer). Le LSI est basé sur l’estimation du coefficient d’adhérence maximal et le calcul du coefficient d’adhérence utilisé, alors que le LTR est basé sur l’estimation des forces normales. La validation de cette méthodologie est assurée par des données de simulation et des données expérimentales. Les résultats obtenus de la validation de ces méthodologies ont montré l’applicabilité de ces méthodes
The aim of this thesis is the development on an innovative methodology to address the issue of increasing road safety, by the diagnosis and the monitoring of the evolution of the parameters of the dynamic interaction of the vehicle with its surrounding environment. For that, the development and the evaluation of risk indicators seems necessary to warn the driver in order to avoid the risk situations. The research work of this thesis is divided in two methodologies. The first one, consists on the development of an estimator for the maximum friction coefficient estimation based on the Dugoff tyre-road interaction model and the iterative non-linear optimization method of Levenberg-Marquardt. This estimation is the base behind the development of the lateral skid indicator LSI, that compares the value of the used friction coefficient to the maximum one. An alert is generated, when the value of the LSI exceeds a threshold, to warn the driver on the risk situations. This methodology is validated in simulation using data from the vehicle dynamics simulator CALLAS® and in experimentation using the data from the laboratory vehicle of the IFSTTARMA. The simulation dat correspond to different road states (dry, wet, snowy and icy) and the experimental data correspond to a dry road state. The second methodology consists on the development of an algorithm for the anticipation of the risk situations by the evaluation of the risk indicators in future instant. This method is based on assumptions on the trajectory and longitudinal velocity and acceleration, to anticipate the vehicle dynamics parameters such as, the steering angle, the wheel rotational speed, the yaw rate, the side-slip angle, the normal forces, the lateral forces and the maximum friction coefficient. By knowing these parameters, we can calculate the risk indicators and evaluate them in future instant. The risk indicators evaluated in this method are the lateral load transfer LTR, based on the normal forces and the lateral skid indicator LSI based on the maximum friction coefficient. As well as for the estimation method, this method is validated using simulation data and experimental data. The results obtained in both methods have shown their applicability
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Rivera, Rojas Alfonso Jose. "Lateral response of stiff column-supported shallow foundations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100795.

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The mechanisms that control the lateral response of stiff column-supported shallow foundations, resulting from the application of horizontal load on shallow foundations supported by stiff columns, are uncertain. Stiff columns constructed in soft clayey soil have been used to support retaining walls and in such cases, the lateral thrust applied behind these geotechnical structures is a source of horizontal loading. For seismic events, stiff columns constructed in soft clayey soil have been used to support shallow foundations subjected to horizontal load coming from the upper structure of buildings. Due to its practical applications, it has become important to understand the consequences of subjecting a shallow foundation supported by stiff columns to horizontal load by identifying the factors that control the lateral response of such systems. A series of centrifuge tests were carried out to examine the lateral response of stiff column-supported shallow foundations. The experimental trends suggested that the thickness of the coarse-granular mattress placed above the soil-column composite, called the Load Transfer Platform (LTP), controlled the lateral capacity and the overall lateral response of these systems. A numerical study using the finite element method confirmed the experimental trends. A parametric analysis was conducted with the purpose of investigating the influence of different geometry-based and material-based variables in the lateral response of these systems. The results of the parametric analysis further confirmed the importance of the thickness of the LTP in controlling the lateral response. The parametric results also emphasized the contribution of other variables to this lateral response, and these variables included the undrained shear strength of the soft clayey soil around the stiff columns, the stiff column diameter, and the spacing of the stiff columns after they are constructed in the soft clayey soil.
Doctor of Philosophy
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Richier, Mathieu. "Conception de dispositifs actifs de maintien de stabilité pour les véhicules évoluant en milieux naturels." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066614.

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La problématique de cette thèse réside dans la caractérisation et le maintien de la stabilité des Véhicules Légers Tout Terrain (VLTT). Elle se concentre plus particulièrement sur le développement de systèmes de sécurité actifs capables à la fois de prévenir le conducteur des risques encourus mais aussi de les limiter afin d'assurer l'évolution du véhicule dans une zone de stabilité prédéfinie. Comme le cadre expérimental privilégié est l'application à la stabilité des quadricycles légers à moteurs, plus connus sous le terme anglophone "quad", une des contraintes du projet a été de se limiter à un système sensoriel bas-coût afin d'être en mesure d'industrialiser un tel système. En premier lieu, les métriques de stabilité (Transfert de Charge Latéral et Longitudinal : TCLa et TCLo) ont été choisies grâce à une étude préliminaire sur la stabilité des VLTT. Par la suite, une modélisation 2D en roulis et en tangage avec la prise en compte des déplacements du pilote sur le véhicule sont présentées, ce qui permet d'estimer respectivement le TCLa et le TCLo uniquement à partir de la mesure de l'accélération latérale et longitudinale. Étant donné que pour la suite des travaux, l'anticipation du risque de renversement latéral est nécessaire, un modèle 2D en lacet du véhicule est proposé afin d'obtenir un modèle analytique décrivant la dynamique latérale du véhicule. La suite du mémoire présente les différentes techniques d'observation proposées pour l'estimation des variables et paramètres non-directement mesurables du modèle en lacet du véhicule et qui influencent sa stabilité latérale : les glissements, les conditions d'adhérence et les inclinaisons du véhicule. Plusieurs observateurs ont été proposés, dont le dernier permet de considérer des conditions d'adhérence différentes entre les essieux avant et arrière en utilisant plus largement les accélérations mesurées. Cela permet d'intégrer les passages de sous- à sur-vireur qu'il est essentiel de considérer quand on étudie la stabilité de ce type de véhicule. Ainsi, l'estimation des glissements est toujours pertinente, ce qui permet d'obtenir par la suite une meilleure prédiction de la métrique de stabilité latérale (TCLa) quel que soit le comportement du véhicule. Puis en s'appuyant sur les estimations des observateurs couplées aux modèles dynamiques du véhicule et sur l'extrapolation des commandes du conducteur sur un horizon de prédiction, il est possible de prédire les évolutions du TCLa. Cette valeur prédite ainsi que les estimations en ligne des métriques de stabilité constituent alors le point d'entrée pour la synthétisation d'un système de sécurité actif dédié aux VLTT. Celui-ci est basé sur la génération d'un retour d'effort au niveau de la gâchette des gaz permettant soit d'informer le pilote du risque encouru par la création d'une sensation de dureté, soit d'imposer le retour complet de la gâchette des gaz, ce qui implique une diminution de la vitesse et donc la réduction du risque. Finalement, dans le cas où il est possible de maîtriser la vitesse du véhicule par l'installation d'un système de rétroaction sur les freins (Quad haut de gamme ou robot mobile), les derniers travaux présentés s'intéressent aux techniques de commande prédictive à modèle afin de calculer en temps-réel la vitesse maximale admissible, qui assure l'évolution du critère de stabilité choisi dans un domaine de stabilité. Les modèles, les observateurs, la prédiction du TCLa et les 2 systèmes de prévention présentés dans ce mémoire ont été validés et testés au travers de simulations avancées et d'essais expérimentaux réalisés sur un quad agricole et un robot autonome. Il apparaît alors qu'en plus d'être efficace pour la prévention des risques de renversement à hautes dynamiques, le système de sécurité est industriellement viable. Cela a été rendu possible grâce à une conception reposant uniquement sur des actionneurs et un système sensoriel, dont les coûts sont en adéquation avec le prix d'un VLTT.
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Denis, Dieumet. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la commande de robots mobiles reconfigurables en milieu tout-terrain : application à la stabilité dynamique d'engins agricoles." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22565/document.

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La thématique étudiée dans ce mémoire est axée sur la préservation de la stabilité dynamique de véhicules évoluant en environnement naturel. En effet, la mobilité en milieu tout-terrain est une activité particulièrement pénible et dangereuse en raison de la nature difficile de l'environnement de conduite et de la reconfigurabilité des machines. Le caractère changeant et incertain des interactions rencontrées entre des véhicules à dynamique complexe et variable et leur environnement entraîne régulièrement des risques accrus de renversement et/ou de perte de contrôle (dévalement, dérapage déclenché par une perte soudaine d'adhérence) pour le conducteur. Une forte accidentalité mortelle est, en effet, recensée dans ce secteur, en particulier, dans le milieu agricole ou le renversement de véhicule est classé comme étant la première cause de mortalité au travail. A l'heure actuelle, les approches existantes sur la stabilité d'engins agricoles sont qualifiées à juste titre de passives car elles ne permettent pas d'éviter que les accidents ne se produisent. Par ailleurs, la transposition directe des solutions de sécurité active du secteur de l'automobile (ABS, ESP) s'est révélée inadaptée aux véhicules tout-terrain a cause des hypothèses simplificatrices (routes plates et homogènes, conditions d'adhérence constantes, etc.) dont souffre la conception de ces dispositifs. Ainsi, le développement de systèmes actifs de sécurité prenant en compte les spécificités de la conduite en milieu tout-terrain se révèle être la meilleure voie d'amélioration à suivre. Eu égard à ces circonstances, ce projet se propose d'adresser cette problématique en étudiant des métriques de stabilité pertinentes permettant d'estimer et d'anticiper en temps réel les risques afin de permettre des actions correctives pour la préservation de l'intégrité des machines tout-terrain. Afin de faciliter l'industrialisation du dispositif actif de sécurité conçu, l'une des contraintes sociétales et commerciales de ce projet a été l'utilisation de capteurs compatibles avec le coût des machines visées. L'objectif ambitieux de cette étude a été atteint par différentes voies. En premier lieu, une approche de modélisation multi-échelle a permis de caractériser l'évolution dynamique de véhicules en milieu tout-terrain. Cette approche à dynamique partielle a offert l'avantage de développer des modèles suffisamment précis pour être représentatifs du comportement réel de l'engin mais tout en présentant une structure relativement simple permettant la synthèse d'asservissements performants. Puis, une étude comparative des avantages et des inconvénients des trois grandes familles de métriques répertoriées dans la littérature a permis de mettre en exergue l'intérêt des métriques analytiques à modèle dynamique par rapport aux catégories de critères de stabilité dits statiques et empiriques. Enfin, l'analyse approfondie des métriques dynamiques a facilité le choix de trois indicateurs (Lateral and Longitudinal Load Transfer (LLT), Force Angle Stability Measurement (FASM) et Dynamic Energy Stability Measurement (DESM)) qui sont représentatifs d'un risque imminent de renversement du véhicule. La suite du mémoire s'appuie sur la théorie d'observation pour l'estimation en ligne des variables non directement mesurables en milieu tout-terrain telles que les rigidités de glissement et dérive du pneumatique. Jumelée aux différents modèles dynamiques du véhicule, la synthèse d'observateurs a permis donc d'estimer en temps réel les efforts d'interaction pneumatiques-sol nécessaires à l'évaluation des indicateurs d'instabilité. Le couplage de ces modèles multi-échelles à la théorie d'observation a ainsi constitué un positionnement original à même de briser la complexité de la caractérisation de la stabilité de véhicules à dynamiques complexes et incertaines. (...)
This work is focused on the thematic of the maintenance of the dynamic stability of off-road vehicles. Indeed, driving vehicles in off-road environment remains a dangerous and harsh activity because of the variable and bad grip conditions associated to a large diversity of terrains. Driving difficulties may be also encountered when considering huge machines with possible reconfiguration of their mechanical properties (changes in mass and centre of gravity height for instance). As a consequence, for the sole agriculture sector, several fatal injuries are reported per year in particular due to rollover situations. Passive protections (ROllover Protective Structure - ROPS) are installed on tractors to reduce accident consequences. However, protection capabilities of these structures are very limited and the latter cannot be embedded on bigger machines due to mechanical design limitations. Furthermore, driving assistance systems (such as ESP or ABS) have been deeply studied for on-road vehicles and successfully improve safety. These systems usually assume that the vehicle Center of Gravity (CG) height is low and that the vehicles are operating on smooth and level terrain. Since these assumptions are not satisfied when considering off-road vehicles with a high CG, such devices cannot be applied directly. Consequently, this work proposes to address this research problem by studying relevant stability metrics able to evaluate in real time the rollover risk in order to develop active safety devices dedicated to off-road vehicles. In order to keep a feasible industrialization of the conceived active safety device, the use of compatible sensors with the cost of the machines was one of the major commercial and societal requirements of the project. The ambitious goal of this study was achieved by different routes. First, a multi-scale modeling approach allowed to characterize the dynamic evolution of off-road vehicles. This partial dynamic approach has offered the advantage of developing sufficiently accurate models to be representative of the actual behavior of the machine but having a relatively simple structure for high-performance control systems. Then, a comparative study of the advantages and drawbacks of the three main families of metrics found in the literature has helped to highlight the interest of dynamic stability metrics at the expense to categories of so-called static and empirical stability criteria. Finally, a thorough analysis of dynamic metrics has facilitated the choice of three indicators (Longitudinal and Lateral Load Transfer (LLT), Force Angle Stability Measurement (FASM) and Dynamic Energy Stability Measurement (DESM)) that are representative of an imminent rollover risk. The following of the document is based on the observation theory for estimating online of variables which are not directly measurable in off-road environment such as slip and cornering stiffnesses. Coupled to the dynamic models of the vehicle, the theory of observers has helped therefore to estimate in real time the tire-soil interaction forces which are necessaries for evaluating indicators of instability. The coupling of these multiscale models to the observation theory has formed an original positioning capable to break the complexity of the characterization of the stability of vehicles having complex and uncertain dynamics. (...)
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Book chapters on the topic "LTR (Lateral Load Transfer)"

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Srivastava, Devesh. "Torsional moment representation in lateral load transfer equations." In Advanced Vehicle Control AVEC’16, 223–28. CRC Press/Balkema, P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands, e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com, www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com: Crc Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315265285-36.

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Dang, Cong Chi, and Liet Chi Dang. "Evaluation of the At-Rest Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient of Fibre Reinforced Load Transfer Platform and Columns Supported Embankments." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 647–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0802-8_102.

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"More recently, the list of exceptions to the rule appears to have been extended. In Linden Gardens Trust v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd, a building contract entered into between parties who described themselves as employer and contractor required the contractor to develop a site of shops, offices and flats. Later, the site, but not the benefit of the contract, was transferred by the employer to a third party, who discovered that the work done by the contractor was defective and required a considerable amount of remedial work. Some of these defects also came into existence after transfer of the site. The employer sued the contractor, but the latter argued that, since only the third party had suffered loss, the employer was not entitled to substantial damages. Lord Griffiths considered that the employer had suffered loss since he was required to spend money in order to obtain the benefit he had expected to receive from the contractor. Although he added, as a rider, that." In Sourcebook on Contract Law, 768. Routledge-Cavendish, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843141518-301.

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Conference papers on the topic "LTR (Lateral Load Transfer)"

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Cong, Sun, Song Shangbin, and Liu Zan. "Vehicle roll stability analysis considering lateral-load transfer rate." In 2015 International Conference on Transportation Information and Safety (ICTIS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictis.2015.7232193.

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Xu Hongguo, Peng Tao, Liu Hongfei, Xu Yan, and Ren Xia. "Improved Algorithm of Dynamic Lateral Load Transfer for Tractor-Semitrailer." In 2011 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2011.380.

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Clover, Chris L., and James E. Bernard. "The Influence of Lateral Load Transfer Distribution on Directional Response." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/930763.

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Otremba, Frank, and José A. Romero Navarrete. "Lateral Load Transfer due to Sloshing Cargo in Partially Filled Containers." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10030.

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Abstract The interaction of the liquid cargo and its carrying vehicle has been a common research subject, aiming at clarifying the potential effects of the mobility characteristics of such type of cargo, on the overall safety performance of the vehicle. While there has been extensive research on this topic, including both experimental and theoretical approaches, the comparative experimental testing of sloshing and non-sloshing cargoes has been only limited. In this paper, a scaled-down testing device that operates under the principles of a tilt table, is described and used to comparatively assess the effects, of a sloshing and non-sloshing cargo, on the lateral load transfer in the vehicle, as a function of the fill level and of the rate at which the lateral acceleration input is exerted on the vehicle-cargo system. Results suggest that the sloshing cargo generates greater load transfers, regardless of the fill level and acceleration rate input. As an average, the sloshing cargo generates a 14.75% greater load transfer.
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Ding, Xiaolin, Zhenpo Wang, and Lei Zhang. "A Vehicle Rollover Prediction System Based on Lateral Load Transfer Ratio." In 2020 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac51589.2020.9327119.

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Nguyen, Vincent, Gregory Schultz, and Balakumar Balachandran. "Nonlinear Dynamics of a Four-Wheel Vehicle With Lateral Load Transfer Effects." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34686.

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Two-dimensional, in-plane maneuvers are investigated by using a four-wheel vehicle model. Individual tire slip angles and loading conditions are considered. Lateral load transfer and roll moment distribution effects are included in the two-dimensional analysis by applying instantaneous roll angle propagation. Numerical simulations are performed for a heavily loaded vehicle. Bifurcations of equilibria are presented with respect to vehicle velocity and roll stiffness. This effort provides a framework for vehicle handling assessment in terms of nonlinear regions of performance, transient behavior, and roll moment distribution.
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Rucco, Alessandro, Giuseppe Notarstefano, and John Hauser. "On a reduced-order two-track car model including longitudinal and lateral load transfer." In 2013 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2013.6669808.

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Tsourapas, Vasilios, Damrongrit Piyabongkarn, Alexander C. Williams, and Rajesh Rajamani. "New method of identifying real-time Predictive Lateral load Transfer Ratio for rollover prevention systems." In 2009 American Control Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2009.5160061.

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Favaretti, Camilla, Anne Lemnitzer, Armin W. Stuedlein, and John Turner. "Recent Discussions ofp-yFormulations for Lateral Load Transfer of Deep Foundations Based on Experimental Studies." In IFCEE 2015. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.039.

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Corradi, Roberto, Alan Facchinetti, and Giovanni Sempio. "Numerical Investigation on Load Transfer Effects in Bogies of Urban Rail Vehicles." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95539.

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Urban rail vehicles can present many types of architecture, definitely different from those of traditional rail vehicles. When dealing with long articulated tramcars, complex coupling effects between the vertical and lateral dynamics may arise. Making reference to a modern tramcar, the coupling phenomena are investigated in detail by means of numerical simulation, considering the dynamic behaviour during the negotiation of curves with or without superelevation.
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