Journal articles: 'LTR (Lateral Load Transfer)'

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Zhao, Wanzhong, Lin Ji, and Chunyan Wang. "H∞ control of integrated rollover prevention system based on improved lateral load transfer rate." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, no. 3 (2018): 859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331218773527.

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A rollover dynamic model that merges the active front steering model and differential braking model is established in this paper. After analyzing and improving the existing rollover evaluation method, a new evaluation method that takes both sprung mass and under-sprung mass into consideration is proposed. The reliability of the improved LTR (lateral load transfer rate) is confirmed by simulation results obtained from MATLAB and CARSIM where, all of three evaluation methods are taken under the same condition. The accuracy of the rollover evaluation index depends on the centroid height of under-sprung mass and the ratio of under-sprung mass and under-sprung mass. In order to achieve the desired tracking effect and anti-jamming capability, an integrated rollover control system based on active steering and differential braking is designed where a H∞ controller is adopted. The results of simulation under J-turn condition indicate that the control system has strong stability and robustness. When the vehicle is under the risk of rollover and reaches the setting threshold, the designed H∞ controller will actively keep the vehicle under the critical state.

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Tian, Shun, Lang Wei, Chris Schwarz, WenCai Zhou, Yuan Jiao, and YanQin Chen. "An Earlier Predictive Rollover Index Designed for Bus Rollover Detection and Prevention." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2713868.

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As vehicle rollovers annually cause a great deal of traffic-related deaths, an increasing number of vehicles are being equipped with rollover prevention systems with the aim of avoiding such accidents. To improve the functionality of active rollover prevention systems, this study provided a potential enhanced method with the intention to predict the tendency of the lateral load transfer ratio (LTR), which is the most common rollover index. This will help provide a certain amount of lead time for the control system to respond more effectively. Before the prediction process, an estimation equation was proposed to better estimate the LTR; the equation was validated using Simulink and TruckSim. Further, to eliminate the influence of drawbacks and make this method practical, a buffer operator was added. Simulation results showed that grey LTR (GLTR) was able to roundly predict the future trend of the LTR based on current and previous data. Under the tests of “Sine with Dwell” (Sindwell) and double lane change (DLC), the GLTR could provide the control system with sufficient time beforehand. Additionally, to further examine the performance of the GLTR, a differential system model was adopted to verify its effectiveness. Through the Sindwell maneuver, it was demonstrated that the GLTR index could improve the performance of the rollover prevention systems by achieving the expected response.

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Zhao, Wanzhong, Lin Ji, and Chunyan Wang. "H∞ control of anti-rollover strategy based on predictive vertical tire force." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 13 (2017): 3587–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217727581.

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The mainstream rollover evaluation index, lateral load transfer rate (LTR), is commonly used in the rollover control field. However, it is not instant enough to reflect the rollover tendency since it can only reflect the load transfer rate of one side wheels while single rear wheel leaves the ground first during rollover happens. In order to monitor the rollover tendency more instantly and improve the reliability of anti-rollover control system, a new evaluation index called predictive vertical tire force (PVTF) is proposed, which is based on the single vertical tire force and merges both iterative prediction and derivative prediction methods. Meanwhile, an optimization is taken to solve the contradiction between prediction time and deviation. Secondly, using the PVTF as the measurement output, an anti-rollover control system based on active steering is established in this paper. In order to achieve the desired tracking effect and anti-jamming capability, a two-way H∞ controller is adopted in the anti-rollover control system. Lastly, the simulation results of J-turn condition and NHTSA (national highway traffic safety administration) condition are conducted and the results indicate that the anti-rollover control system has strong stability and robustness. Meanwhile, benefit from the pre-warning function of PVTF, the controller is triggered earlier and the vertical tire forces of four wheels are controlled to be positive all the time, which is beneficial for handling stability.

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Lin, R. C., D. Cebon, and D. J. Cole. "Optimal Roll Control of a Single-Unit Lorry." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 210, no. 1 (1996): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1996_210_243_02.

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Lateral acceleration control and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) theory are used to design active roll control systems for heavy goods vehicles. The suspension consists of a limited bandwidth hydraulic actuator in series with an anti-roll bar. The procedure used to determine suitable controller gains is described. The simulation results show that roll control of a single-unit lorry requires an actuator bandwidth of 6 Hz and mean power of approximately 17 kW for a ‘worst case’ random steering input. The static roll-over threshold of this vehicle is increased by 66 per cent when compared with the same vehicle with passive suspensions and the r.m.s. lateral load transfer is reduced by 34 per cent for a typical random steering input.

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Zheng, Hong Yu, and Yu Chao Chen. "Research on TTR and Roll Stability Control of Heavy Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.601.

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Because of the sensitive factors, such as the larger loads, higher mass center and relatively narrow tread in comparison with the height of heavy vehicles that have the poor dynamic rollover stability. This paper set of anti-rollover LQR control algorithm based on early warning. The model-based early rollover warning algorithm utilize the TruckSim® models and early warning reference model to predict the impeding vehicle rollover time in advance and told the driver the warning signals so that drivers had enough time to take appropriate measures to prevent vehicle rollover that called time to rollover (TTR), thereby greatly improving the vehicles active safety performance of the heavy vehicles. As to the anti-rollover LQR control algorithm, the principle was to use the optimal additional yaw moment obtained from the control algorithm and then made it reasonable impose the corresponding wheels by taking the moment distribution methods based on the differential braking for the purpose of reducing the risk of rollover. The simulation results show that the algorithm was presented in this paper can effectively reduce the lateral load transfer ratio and actively void the occurrence of rollover accidents.

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Azim, Raja Amer, Fahad Mumtaz Malik, and Waheed ul Haq Syed. "Rollover Mitigation Controller Development for Three-Wheeled Vehicle Using Active Front Steering." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/918429.

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Three-wheeled vehicles are agile, less complex, but relatively more prone to rollover. The current study focuses on the rollover mitigation control design using active front steering for such vehicles. A lateral load transfer ratio (LLTR) adapted for a three-wheeled platform is presented. Sliding mode control design strategy has been devised which results in pseudo-direct control for roll dynamics of the vehicle. The lag in vehicle roll angle response has been managed using adaptive sliding surface. This concept can be extended for other vehicle configurations. The proposed control scheme is investigated for efficacy using a full vehicle simulation model of CarSim software and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s proposed Fishhook maneuver. The controller is able to limit the rollover propensity even with vehicle parameter uncertainties.

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Liu, Hua Chu. "Optimal Control of a Nuclear Reactor in Load Follow Based on LQG/LTR." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1563.

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Load follow is necessary in the operation of a power plant due to the need of power changing with time. In the load following of a nuclear plant, many special factors have to be considered, which makes the control strategy particularly difficult as well as important. Among many strategies, Linear Quadratic Gaussian and Loop Transfer Recovery (LQG/LTR) design approach is an efficient method for L-F, and is applied to a model of a practical nuclear reactor. The simulation shows the robust control method LQG/LTR meet the control requirements of the neutron flux spatial distribution during load following. And a Kalman-filter based feedback control is also applied in this approach to eliminate the oscillations caused by Xenon poisoning within the nuclear reactor.

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Protsenko, V. O., V. O. Nastasenko, M. V. Babiy, and A. O. Bilokon. "MARINE RAM-TYPE STEERING GEAR DETAILS LOAD TRANSFER FEATURES." Shipping & Navigation 30, no. 1 (2020): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/2306-5761.30.2020.107-116.

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he article deals with steering gears, used on marine and river ships, namely with ram-type steering gears. Article topicality due to the fact that ship controllability and sailing safety depends of steering gears reliability. Reliability could be increased through the refinement of processes, which took place during the perception and transfer of load. Process of lateral force perception by plungers and guide beams is studied theoretically. It is shown that perception depends of gap size between plunger and sleeve and could pass in one, two or three stages. Those stages are characterized changing in the loading process plungers fixing conditions, and respectively plunger lateral load proposed to determinate by three design schemes. Received expressions for calculation ultimate gaps of «plunger-sleeve» pare landing, that gives the limits of application each of three design schemes. Ratios for determination load of plunger and guide beam are received trough consideration their joint deformation for each design schemes. On the example of YOOWON-MITSUBISHI YDFT-335-2 ram-type steering gear is shown that in new gear, where landing gap is minimal and conditioned by tolerances of plunger and sleeve diameters, guide beam can take only 2.0…6.5% of lateral force, which applied to it and plunger from tiller. In steering gear with partially worn out plunger and sleeve in time of rudder feather shifting from diametric plane to board (when α = 5…35º), guide beam could take 4.7…6.8% of lateral force. The source of origin significant loads on plungers in ram-type steering gears is application of sinus-type mechanism for transformation progressive plunger motion to rotating tiller motion. Decreasing lateral loads on plunger through using unloading guide beams, with considering low unloading percent is ineffective. Guide beams availability complicates steering gear construction, increasing number of friction surfaces and trough this complicates steering gear maintenance.

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Men, Yu Zhuo, Hai Bo Yu, and Xian Sheng Li. "Roll Stability Model of Lateral Load Transfer of Passenger Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 2019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.2019.

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In order to research the influence of lateral load transfer on the roll stability of passenger vehicle, the dynamics simulation model is established. Pass through simulation, the influence of the passenger vehicle structural parameters and speed on its roll stability is analyzed. The research result shows that, the passenger vehicle rear wheel drive axle is risky for roll stability; it will first lift off when the speed is too high or the front wheel angle is too big. The roll stability of passenger vehicle can be effectively improved by increasing the wheel spread and wheelbase, lowering sprung mass center height, and improving the passenger vehicle suspension roll stiffness.

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Mitchell, M. R., R. E. Link, Bing Wang, Xiaoqin Liu, and F. Lam. "Computational Modeling of the Lateral Load Transfer Capacity of Rimboard." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 36, no. 4 (2008): 101196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte101196.

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Farhey, Daniel N., David Z. Yankelevsky, and Moshe A. Adin. "Analysis of lateral load transfer by internal slab-column joints." Engineering Structures 14, no. 6 (1992): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(92)90021-h.

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Liu, Ting-Rui, and Ai-Ling Gong. "Theoretical modeling and vibration control for pre-twisted composite blade based on LLI controller." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 7 (2019): 1255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219888415.

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Theoretical modeling and vibration control for divergent motion of thin-walled pre-twisted wind turbine blade have been investigated based on “linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller using loop transfer recovery (LTR) at plant input” (LLI). The blade section is a single-celled composite structure with symmetric layup configuration of circumferentially uniform stiffness (CUS), exhibiting displacements of vertical/lateral bending coupling. Flutter suppression for divergent instability is investigated, with blade driven by nonlinear aerodynamic forces. Theoretical modeling of CUS-based structure is implemented based on Hamilton variational principle of elasticity theory. The discretization of aeroelastic equations is solved by Galerkin method, with blade tip responses demonstrated. The LLI controller is characterized by LTR at the plant input. The effects of LLI controller are achieved and illustrated by displacement responses, controller responses and frequency spectrum analysis, respectively.

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Kedar, S. A., Gandhali Deshpande, Aditi Bhusawalkar, Maithili Yawalkar, and Kangkana Sarmah. "Lateral Transfer Device for Hospital Stretcher." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1330.

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Patient handling from hospital bed to CT scan, X-Ray centre, M R Scan, Sonography centre etc is a tedious job. Generally from bed to stretcher trolley the patient is manually transferred. Two persons lift the patient and put him on trolley stretcher. The manual handling of patient is injurious to patient as stresses are produced in the body of patient, especially in neck, backbone, limb joints etc. Also the nursing staffs who handle the patients also face health problems like shoulder, back pain. The primary objective of this device achieved is safe and efficient transfer of an injured patient to and from a hospital bed without any discomfort on account of the transfer. This is accomplished by the use of a pair of endless belts attached to rollers. The slab will travel with the movement of endless belts. A hand operated worm gearbox is used to drive the rollers. Two pairs of finite length belts are used connect slab and endless belts. This device can take a load up to 150kg smoothly which is sufficient for the weight range of obese persons.

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Larish, Chad, Damrongrit Piyabongkarn, Vasilios Tsourapas, and Rajesh Rajamani. "A New Predictive Lateral Load Transfer Ratio for Rollover Prevention Systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 62, no. 7 (2013): 2928–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2013.2252930.

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Gao, Hong Bo, Hong Guo Xu, Hong Fei Liu, and Cheng Zeng. "Testing Analysis on Load Transfer of Tractor-Semitrailer Steering and Braking." Applied Mechanics and Materials 540 (April 2014): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.540.164.

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An algorithm about tractor-semitrailer longitudinal load and lateral load transfer amount was proposed in order to research the driving stability of tractor-semitrailer steering and braking. A dynamic simulation model of tractor-semitrailer including load transfer was established by using S-Function. The results show that the model including load transfer is more actual than conventional model to describe the driving stability of vehicle Further analyzed the effect of factors on load transfer when tractor-semitrailer steering and braking.

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Yu, Da Zhao, Yue Liang Chen, Zhong Hu Jia, Yong Gao, and Wen Lin Liu. "Parametric Analysis Mechanical Properties of Bolted Joints." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 3924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3924.

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Three-dimensional finite element model of a bolted joint has been developed in the non-linear finite element code MSC.Marc and attempts were made to validate it by comparing results with those of experiments and other finite element. Issues in modeling the contact between the joint parts, which affect the accuracy and efficiency of the model, were presented. Experimental measurements of surface strains and load transfer ratio(LTR) were compared with results from finite element analysis. The results show that three-dimensional finite element model of bolted joint can produce results in close agreement with experiment. Three-dimensional effects such as bolt titling, seconding and through-thickness variations in stress and strain are well represented by such models. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was also used to study the effects of different parameters on the mechanical behaviour of single lap bolted joints. The results show that straight hole, small bolt diameter, and big hole pitch are selected first for bolted joint if other conditions allowed, and effect of bolt material on LTR of joint is small for small load. Interference and pre-stress should be strictly controlled for bolted joints in order to attain the best fatigue capability of lap joint.

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Bransby, M. Fraser, and Sarah Springman. "Selection of load–transfer functions for passive lateral loading of pile groups." Computers and Geotechnics 24, no. 3 (1999): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-352x(99)00006-3.

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Kamnik, R., F. Boettiger, and K. Hunt. "Roll dynamics and lateral load transfer estimation in articulated heavy freight vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 11 (2003): 985–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440703770383884.

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., Satyam Tripathi. "DESIGN OF A FORMULA SAE CHASSIS ACCORDING TO LATERAL LOAD TRANSFER DISTRIBUTION." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 06, no. 07 (2017): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2017.0607023.

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Doumiati, M., A. Victorino, A. Charara, and D. Lechner. "Lateral load transfer and normal forces estimation for vehicle safety: experimental test." Vehicle System Dynamics 47, no. 12 (2009): 1511–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110802673091.

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Xu, Xiangyang, Xing Ai, Renxiang Chen, Guosong Jiang, and Xia Hua. "Research on roll stability of articulated engineering vehicles based on dynamic lateral transfer load." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 9 (2020): 2364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020909242.

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A 16-degree-of-freedom non-linear roll dynamic model is developed for an articulated engineering vehicle considering non-linear road excitations and non-linear characteristics of vehicle structures. In addition, a variable step-size numerical method is proposed to solve the non-linear dynamic model. The proposed numerical method can improve the calculation accuracy and the computational stability. Through the proposed dynamic model, an equation is derived considering time-varying tire load characteristics to reflect the roll stability of an articulated engineering vehicle. Using the proposed roll stability equation, the driving stability can be effectively evaluated for an articulated engineering vehicle with different system parameters. The analysis results show that the roll stability decreases significantly with the increase in vehicle speed, centroid height of engineering vehicle, or lateral slope angle. The influence of vehicle speed and lateral slope angle on roll stability is greater than that of the centroid height of engineering vehicle. When steering on the road with a lateral slope angle, the roll angle and the lateral load transfer ratio curves fluctuate with time. As the lateral slope angle increases, the fluctuation is stronger. Overall, the proposed model can accurately evaluate the roll stability of a driving articulated engineering vehicle and accurately determine the unstable tilting of an articulated engineering vehicle.

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Kienitz, K. H., and G. Grübel. "Multiobjective Target Feedback Loop / Loop Transfer Recovery (TFL/LTR) design with application to aircraft lateral control in high incidence regime." Aerospace Science and Technology 2, no. 8 (1998): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1270-9638(99)80010-8.

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Zhou, Hua Cong, Wen Juan Yao, and Ze Rong Zhang. "Research on Load Transfer Model of Super-Long Single Pile." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 1028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.1028.

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Currently, super-long piles are designed based on the theory of normal long piles. There is no recognized reasonable mechanical model for qualitative analysis. In this paper, based on load transfer function method, an improved load transfer model is proposed, which gives consideration to both the degradation of skin friction and the asynchronous work between lateral friction resistance and pile-tip resistance caused by pile-soil slip. By applying it in various working conditions, the corresponding pile-soil displacement and axial force of super-long piles are derived. Finally, the proposed model is validated by comparing its analytical solutions to the results of FEM and practical survey of super-long piles, and it provides a new efficient approach for the study of the mechanical behavior of super-long single pile.

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Zhang, Hao, Minglei Shi, Lei Yang, and Yuancheng Guo. "A Semianalytical Solution for Passively Loaded Piles Adjacent to Surcharge Load." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 10, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2398389.

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Piles adjacent to a surcharge load commonly support not only active loads from superstructures but also the passive loads caused by soil lateral movement. To investigate the influence of passive load and the response along pile shafts of existing actively loaded piles, a load transfer model for analyzing the soil-pile interaction was developed based on plastic deformation theory and the triparameter soil model. An analytical solution for the deformation and internal force of such piles was proposed using the transfer matrix method, in which the transfer matrix coefficients for piles in free, plastic, and elastic zones were analytically obtained by considering the second-order axial force effect caused by lateral loading and soil yielding based on the triparameter soil model. The proposed methodology was validated by comparing its predictions with field measurements and previously published results. A good match between model predictions, field measurements, and previously published results implies that the proposed method can be used to evaluate the response of passive piles adjacent to a surcharge load. Parametric studies were also carried out to investigate the influence of surcharge pressure, soil resistance, and boundary conditions on the behavior of passively loaded piles adjacent to a surcharge load.

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Gao, Guohua, and Stefan Miska. "Effects of Friction on Post-Buckling Behavior and Axial Load Transfer in a Horizontal Well." SPE Journal 15, no. 04 (2010): 1104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/120084-pa.

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Summary In this paper, the buckling equation and natural boundary conditions are derived with the aid of calculus of variations. The natural and geometric boundary conditions are used to determine the proper solution that represents the post-buckling configuration. Effects of friction and boundary conditions on the critical load of helical buckling are investigated. Theoretical results show that the effect of boundary conditions on helical buckling becomes negligible for a long pipe with dimensionless length greater than 5π Velocity analysis shows that lateral friction becomes dominant at the instant of buckling initiation. Thus, friction can increase the critical load of helical buckling significantly. However, once buckling is initiated, axial velocity becomes dominant again and lateral friction becomes negligible for post-buckling behavior and axial-load-transfer analysis. Consequently, it is possible to seek an analytical solution for the buckling equation. Analytical solutions for both sinusoidal and helical post-buckling configurations are derived, and a practical procedure for modeling of axial load transfer is proposed. To verify the proposed model and analytical results, the authors also conducted experimental studies. Experimental results support the proposed solutions.

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Clarke, Michelle J., Patricia L. Zadnik, Mari L. Groves, et al. "Fusion following lateral mass reconstruction in the cervical spine." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 22, no. 2 (2015): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.spine13858.

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OBJECT Recently, aggressive surgical techniques and a push toward en bloc resections of certain tumors have resulted in a need for creative spinal column reconstruction. Iatrogenic instability following these resections requires a thoughtful approach to adequately transfer load-bearing forces from the skull and upper cervical spine to the subaxial spine. METHODS The authors present a series of 7 cases in which lateral mass reconstruction with a cage or fibular strut graft was used to provide load-bearing support, including 1 case of bilateral cage placement. RESULTS The authors discuss the surgical nuances of en bloc resection of high cervical tumors and explain their technique for lateral mass cage placement. Additionally, they provide their rationale for the use of these constructs throughout the craniocervical junction and subaxial spine. CONCLUSIONS Lateral mass reconstruction provides a potential alternative or adjuvant method of restoring the load-bearing capabilities of the cervical spine.

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Fu, Qian, Jia Hao Huang, Shu Ting Liang, and Xiao Qing Sun. "The Solution and Parameter Analysis of the Single Pile Response Subject to Lateral Load Based on Three-Parameter Subgrade Resisting Force Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 711 (December 2014): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.711.503.

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To further investigate the mechanism of the interaction between the response of single pile and pile-soil on the condition of lateral load, on the basis of the normal type of the coefficient of subgrade reaction, this paper reaches the transfer matrix solution of single pile subject to lateral load by combining matrix transfer method with finite element method assuming that the coefficient of subgrade reaction is constant in each finite element. With the matrix solutions obtained, a computer program is developed using MATLAB to compute the pile responses and parametric studies are carried out on the effect of the constraint conditions of pile head and tip, effect of soil properties etc. and the results are discussed in detail.

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Zhang, Sigong, Ying Hei Chui, and David Joo. "Lateral Load Performance of Panelized Wood I-Joist Floor Systems." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 4 (2020): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00029.

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Abstract Panelized light wood frame construction is becoming more popular due to the faster construction time and shortage of onsite skilled labor. To use light wood frame panels effectively in panelized floor systems, panel-to-panel joints must be fastened adequately to allow load transfer between panels. They must also possess in-plane shear strength and stiffness comparable to stick-built, staggered-sheathed assemblies. This study was designed to develop efficient and effective panel-to-panel joints for connecting adjacent floor panels built with wood I-joists and evaluate the efficiency of the joints in achieving diaphragm action. At first, a number of these panel-to-panel joints were tested in the laboratory using a small-scale diaphragm test setup to determine their efficiency in transferring in-plane forces between panels. Test results showed that a small decrease in in-plane stiffness was expected for the most effective joints, but their strengths were significantly higher than at the same location in a conventional site-built floor diaphragm. The presence of blockings and use of two-row nailing were found to considerably improve stiffness and strength. These features can be used to mitigate the potential reduction in mechanical performance of panelized floor construction, in comparison with the site-built wood I-joist floor.

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Wang, Rui, Hao Zhang, Xian Sheng Li, Xue Lian Zheng, and Yuan Yuan Ren. "Consider Roll of Heavy Vehicle's Modeling Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.250.

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Existed consider roll of heavy vehicle's dynamics model have defects and deficiencies. Vehicles lateral-load transfer that will lead to vehicles rollover is not considered; the whole vehicles dynamics model neglect unspring masss roll angle while the unspring masss independent force analysis considered the roll angel, the establishment of the model is not consistent in; the model dont have a united positive direction rule for all the variables. Because of all of these defects the model cant rightly reflect vehicles motion status. This paper takes lateral-load transfer as a dynamic variable; unspring masss roll angle is considered when establishing the whole vehicles dynamics model; all variables positive direction is united. Reasonable, right, applied to evaluate vehicle's rollover stability and quite newly model is established.

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Scarry, J. M. "Floor diaphragms and a truss method for their analysis." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 48, no. 1 (2015): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.48.1.41-62.

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Floor diaphragms form a critical component of seismic resistant buildings, but unfortunately, in the main their analysis and design in New Zealand leaves much to be desired. No worse example exists than the CTV Building in Christchurch. Despite the critical importance of diaphragms, there is a paucity of code provisions and design guidance relating to them. Using generic examples, the author describes a number of common diaphragm design deficiencies. These include diaphragms where valid load paths do not exist; diaphragms where the floors are not properly connected to the lateral load resisting elements, diaphragms that lack adequate flexural capacity and where re-entrant corners are not properly accounted for, and transfer diaphragms into which the reactions from the walls above cannot be properly introduced or transmitted. Three main types of seismic diaphragm action are discussed – ‘inertial,’ ‘transfer’ and ‘compatibility.’ These are, respectively, the direct inertial load on a floor that must be carried back to the lateral load resisting elements, the transfer forces that occur when major changes in floor area and lateral load resisting structure occur between storeys, and the compatibility forces that must exist to force compatible displacements between incompatible elements, such as shear walls or braced frames and moment frames, or as a result of redistribution. The author presents a simple Truss Method that allows complex diaphragms to be analysed for multiple load cases, providing accurate force distributions without the multiple models that conventional strut and tie methods would require. Being a type of strut and tie method, the Truss Method is compliant with requirements in NZS3101:2006 [1] to use strut and tie models for the analysis and design of certain aspects of diaphragm behaviour.

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Kahyaoglu, Mehmet Rifat, Okan Onal, Gökhan Imançlı, Gürkan Ozden, and Arif S. Kayalar. "SOIL ARCHING AND LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM FOR SLOPE STABILIZED WITH PILES." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, no. 5 (2012): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.723353.

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In this study, the effects of pile spacing and pile head fixity on the moment and lateral soil pressure distribution along slope stabilizing piles are investigated. A slice from an infinitely long row of piles with fixed pile tip in an inclined sand bed was simulated with an experimental test setup. Surficial soil displacements were monitored and relative displacements between soil particles were determined by recording time-lapse images during the test in order to observe the soil arching mechanism on the soil surface. The load transfer process from moving soil to piles and behavior of soil around piles were observed and evaluated by the different test setups. It was observed that decrease in pile spacing causes an increase of load carried per pile. This behavior, which was significantly influenced by the pile head boundary conditions, can only be explained by soil arching that existed between the piles along their lengths.

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Qiu, Jing, Guang Feng Li, and Rui Li Shen. "Geometrically Nonlinear Stability Study of Self-Anchored Arch-Suspension Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1137.

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The self-anchored arch-suspension bridge is characterized by innovative structure and beautiful shape. In order to research the mechanical characteristics and stability of this structure that has never been built, the proposed preliminary design of the combined system bridge with a main span of 406m is studied. On the basis of the transfer mechanism of live load based on the deflection theories of suspension bridges and arch bridges, the stability of the combined system bridge is analyzed in this paper. The universal finite element software ANSYS is applied to study the linear elastic stability and the geometrically non-linearity stability under six load cases. The study indicates that the transfer mechanism of live load is determined by the distribution of the stiffness. There is no possibility of in-plane instability under live load. The first-order linear elastic instability mode shows the shape of lateral flexure of the junction at mid-span, and the geometrically nonlinear stability is controlled by the lateral flexure. These conclusions can be of some value for the design, calculation and operation management of this structure.

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Li, Yun Liang, Luo Ke Li, Yi Qiu Tan, and Zhong Jun Xue. "Performance Properties of GFRP Dowels in Concrete Pavement Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 1147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1147.

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Dowels are used in jointed plain concrete pavements to provide lateral load transfer across transverse joint through shear force, effective load transfer at lateral joints can reduces stresses in the slabs. Steel dowels are generally used in engineering practice, but corrosive substance such as carbon chloride ions ,dioxide can free access and easily dispersed along the length of the steel dowels, therefor rapid corrosion can occur which can lead to premature failure of the transverse joint. Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) dowels have been recently introduced as a possible solution to the corrosion problem posed by steel dowels. This paper given a comparison of the maximum shear forces of none eroded GFRP dowel at the joint face with the help of a three-dimensional finite-element model and investigated the performance of GFRP dowels under static and cyclic load. According to the experiment results, the larger-diameter GFRP dowels were found to perform the best in this study.

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Liu, Guo, and Han. "Load Transfer of Offshore Open-Ended Pipe Piles Considering the Effect of Soil Plugging." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 9 (2019): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090313.

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Open-ended pipe piles have been increasingly used as the foundations for offshore structures. Considering the soil plugging effect, a novel analytical model is proposed in this paper to study the load transfer mechanism of open-ended pipe piles. A trilinear model for the external shaft friction was introduced, while a rigid plastic model was adopted to describe the load transfer at the pile-plug interface. Furthermore, an equilibrium equation of the soil plug was proposed, based on the hypothesis of a trilinear distribution of lateral earth pressure. The pile end resistance was analyzed by dividing it into two parts, i.e., the soil plug and pile annulus, the behaviors of which were described by the double broken line model. A calculation example was carried out to analyze the load transfer properties of the open-ended pipe piles. As a validation, similar load transfer processes of the open-ended pile were also captured in a newly built discrete element method model, mimicking the 100g centrifuge testing conditions.

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Gao, Hong Bo, Hong Guo Xu, Hong Fei Liu, and Cheng Zeng. "Research on Lateral Stability of Tractor-Semitrailer Steering and Braking Based on Nonlinear Factors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 540 (April 2014): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.540.159.

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A 18-DOF tractor-semitrailer nonlinear dynamics model was developed to describe the travelling characteristics of tractor-semitrailer braking in the cornering, considering the related nonlinear factors on the vehicle such as load transfer, saddle and tire. On this basis, it was calibrated that vehicle simulation model is reliable through real vehicle test. It was further analyzed the effects on lateral stability such as saddle position, load, braking force distribution and inside/outside wheel braking force difference through simulation when tractor-semitrailer braking in a turn.

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Li, Luo Ke, Yun Liang Li, Yi Qiu Tan, and Zhong Jun Xue. "Research on Load Transfer Efficiency of GFRP Dowel in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 1152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1152.

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In a jointed plain concrete pavements, the dowel bar system are used to provide lateral load transfer across transverse joint. Corrosion of commonly used steel dowel in engineering practice reduces their service life and costs considerable maintenance and repair spending for concrete pavements. The objective of this study focus primarily on the performance of none eroded GFRP dowel on LTE( load transfer efficiency) with the help of a three-dimensional finite-element model. The amount of LTE can be obtained directly from comparing the maximum deflection of the concrete slab and the level tensile stress under the concrete slab. According to the finite element results, the larger-diameter GFRP dowel are found to perform the best in this study.

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37

Mostafa, Yasser E., and M. Hesham El Naggar. "Dynamic analysis of laterally loaded pile groups in sand and clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 6 (2002): 1358–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-102.

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Pile foundations supporting bridge piers, offshore platforms, and marine structures are required to resist not only static loading but also lateral dynamic loading. The static py curves are widely used to relate pile deflections to nonlinear soil reactions. The p-multiplier concept is used to account for the group effect by relating the load transfer curves of a pile in a group to the load transfer curves of a single pile. Some studies have examined the validity of the p-multiplier concept for the static and cyclic loading cases. However, the concept of the p-multiplier has not yet been considered for the dynamic loading case, and hence it is undertaken in the current study. An analysis of the dynamic lateral response of pile groups is described. The proposed analysis incorporates the static py curve approach and the plane strain assumptions to represent the soil reactions within the framework of a Winkler model. The model accounts for the nonlinear behaviour of the soil, the energy dissipation through the soil, and the pile group effect. The model was validated by analyzing the response of pile groups subjected to lateral Statnamic loading and comparing the results with field measured values. An intensive parametric study was performed employing the proposed analysis, and the results were used to establish dynamic soil reactions for single piles and pile groups for different types of sand and clay under harmonic loading with varying frequencies applied at the pile head. "Dynamic" p-multipliers were established to relate the dynamic load transfer curves of a pile in a group to the dynamic load transfer curves for a single pile. The dynamic p-multipliers were found to vary with the spacing between piles, soil type, peak amplitude of loading, and the angle between the line connecting any two piles and the direction of loading. The study indicated the effect of pile material and geometry, pile installation method, and pile head conditions on the p-multipliers. The calculated p-multipliers compared well with p-multipliers back-calculated from full scale field tests.Key words: lateral, transient loading, nonlinear, pilesoilpile interaction, py curves, Statnamic.

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Xu, Huabo, Huihui Song, and Rui Hou. "Central Bulge Ferrite Core for Efficient Wireless Power Transfer." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165111.

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To improve the efficiency of the wireless power transfer (WPT) system without increasing the system size, a central bulge ferrite core with a novel configuration is proposed. The mutual inductance between magnetic coupling structures is able to increase obviously, which is approved by eigenfunction expansion method. In this paper, the mathematical models of the planar core and the central bulge core are established, respectively, as two types of the mutual inductance are calculated in same condition. The structure parameters of the central bulge ferrite core are further optimized by Maxwell magnetic field simulation. Experiments are conducted to compare the WPT efficiency of two types of ferrite cores in improving the efficiency of WPT system, in which the influence of transmission distance, lateral misalignment, and load variation are taken into account. The results show that central bulge ferrite core has better performance in WPT efficiency than the planar one, even in the case of long power transfer distance and lateral misalignment.

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Yazdandoost, Fatemeh, Reza Mirzaeifar, Zhao Qin, and Markus J. Buehler. "Multiscale mechanics of the lateral pressure effect on enhancing the load transfer between polymer coated CNTs." Nanoscale 9, no. 17 (2017): 5565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr00312a.

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Chu, T. W., and R. P. Jones. "Analysis and simulation of nonlinear handling characteristics of automotive vehicles with focus on lateral load transfer." Vehicle System Dynamics 46, sup1 (2008): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110701882272.

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Guo, F., and B. M. Lehane. "Lateral response of piles in weak calcareous sandstone." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 9 (2016): 1424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0600.

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Existing design methods for laterally loaded piles in soft rock have insufficient supporting case history data and consequently cannot be regarded as having a high level of reliability. This paper addresses the shortage of experimental data by describing the results from four instrumented lateral load tests on drilled and grouted piles installed in weak calcareous sandstone. The derived lateral load transfer (p–y) curves are first compared with existing approaches for weak rock and cemented soils. The paper then examines the potential of using cone penetration test (CPT) data directly for the design analysis of laterally loaded piles in weak rock. It is shown that equivalent elastic moduli of the rock controlling values of qc at the test site are very similar to those controlling lateral pile response. This finding is used to formulate a simple bilinear p–y approximation of the lateral response that requires qc data and an estimate of the rock’s effective stress strength parameters. It is shown that such an approach is likely to be sufficient for many practical purposes if the moment capacity of the pile section is incorporated in the analysis.

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Żmudzki, J., P. Malara, and G. Chladek. "Full Contoured Tooth-Implant Supported 3-Pointic All-Ceramic Denture During Occlusal Load Transfer in Lateral Region." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (2016): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0142.

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Abstract Implant and a tooth supported dentures are avoided by dentists because of uneven distribution of occlusal loads between a stiffer implant and a more pliable tooth. The hypothesis was that a 3-point all-ceramic bridge supported on a natural second premolar tooth and a two-pieces typical implant bears safely mastication loads. The finite element analysis showed that the implant splinted by all-ceramic zirconium bridge with the second premolar was safe under lateral mastication load, but there was found an overload at wide zone of bone tissue around the implant under the load of 800 N. The patients can safely masticate, but comminution of hard food should be avoided and they should be instructed that after such an indiscretion they need to contact a dental professional, because, in spite of integrity of the prosthesis, the bone tissue around the implant may fail and there is a hazard of intrusion of the tooth.

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43

Dixon, J. C. "Limit Steady State Vehicle Handling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Transport Engineering 201, no. 4 (1987): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_187_02.

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Previously, limit steady state handling has always been restricted to the qualitative statement that a vehicle has final understeer or final oversteer; it cannot be analysed by the conventional understeer gradient concept. A specific proposal is made for quantification of final understeer or oversteer. This is called the understeer number, and is defned by Nu = (ArAf)-1, where Af and Ar are the lateral acceleration capabilities of the front and rear axles. Thus Nu is non-dimensional, is zero for a notional final neutral vehicle, positive for final understeer and negative for final oversteer. A typical value is 0.150 (rear drive) or 0.220 (front). The various design parameters that influence the understeer number are investigated, and equations are obtained and quantified, including centre of mass position, lateral load transfer distribution, longitudinal load transfer, traction, the components of aerodynamic forces and moments, the effect of non-free differentials and the effect of load increments. The effect of turning radius and slopes is also investigated. Thus the limit state of handling is subject to a quantitative assessment, showing the degree of a vehicle's commitment to final understeer or oversteer.

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44

Guo, Yuancheng, Shaochuang Gu, Junwei Jin, and Mingyu Li. "Study on the earth pressure of a foundation pit adjacent to a composite foundation with rigid-flexible and long-short piles." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0251985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251985.

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Model tests were performed to investigate the lateral earth pressure acting on the retaining structure adjacent to both natural ground (NG) and composite foundation (CFRLP), which were supported with rigid-flexible and long-short piles. Two testing procedures, namely, applying a load to the foundation and rotating the retaining structure along its toe, were considered. The results indicate that the additional lateral earth pressure acting on the retaining structure adjacent to the CFRLP is less than that of the NG in the depth of the reinforcement area strengthened by flexible piles. Compared with NG, the CFRLP yielded a smaller normalized height of application of the lateral earth pressure, suggesting that the CFRLP blocked the horizontal diffusion of the load and had a strong ability to transfer the surcharge load to the deep soil. When rotating the retaining structure, the lateral earth pressure acting on the upper part of the retaining structure experienced limited reduction once the displacement at the top of the retaining structure was greater than 8 mm, whereas the pressure acting on the lower part of the retaining structure continued to decrease with increasing displacement. In addition, a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) was used to investigate the influence of the pile parameter and the wall-soil friction angle on the additional lateral earth pressure.

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45

Shi, X., and R. Richards. "Seismic bearing capacity with variable shear transfer." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 28, no. 2 (1995): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.28.2.153-163.

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The seismic degradation of bearing capacity for drained soils is shown to depend primarily on two factors related to earthquake acceleration: (a) the lateral inertial forces in the structure transmitted as shear at the foundation-soil interface and (b) the lateral body forces in the soil itself. Both induce shear stresses using up the reserve strength of the soil to carry the footing load. During those short periods when this reserve strength provided by the static design factor of safety is exhausted, the footing settles and moves laterally. Solutions for this seismic limit state defining the critical acceleration at which it occurs are determined for any value of shear transfer first by the "exact" method of characteristics and then by a simple Coulomb-type approximate mechanism. Expressions for seismic bearing capacity factors that are directly related to their static counterparts are nearly identical by either method. Thus a straightforward sliding block procedure based on the Coulomb mechanism with examples is presented for computing accumulating settlements due to the periodic loss of bearing capacity. Conversely, this approach leads to a modified static design procedure for shallow footings to limit seismic settlements in a prescribed earthquake intensity zone.

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Lv, Yaru, and Dongdong Zhang. "Geometrical effects on the load transfer mechanism of pile groups: three-dimensional numerical analysis." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 5 (2018): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0518.

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This paper investigates geometrical effects on the load transfer mechanism of off-ground capped pile groups subjected to vertical load by four three-dimensional numerical simulations, including a circular single pile, an X-shaped cross-sectional concrete (XCC) single pile, a 4 × 4 circular pile group, and a 4 × 4 XCC pile group. The ultimate bearing capacities of the XCC and circular piles within pile groups are approximately 0.86 and 0.74 times that of the XCC and circular single piles, respectively. The group efficiency of the XCC pile group is mainly improved by its side resistance. Comparing the XCC pile group to the circular pile group, the increment in side resistance is almost larger than the increment in pile perimeter, indicating that the pile geometry alters the load transfer mechanism via stress concentration and lateral stress arching. A nonuniform load distribution on piles within a capped pile group causes a bending moment along the pile shafts. The bending moment of XCC piles is smaller than that of circular piles because the raft stiffness of an XCC pile group is increased by its larger circumscribing pile diameter.

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R. Vhatkar, Sudarshan, and Pradip D. Jadhao. "Steel plate shear wall – a 20th century review." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (2018): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.21170.

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This paper provides a brief summary carried out in past analytical and experimental research work on steel plate shear walls with empha- sis given up to 20th Century. In buildings, two different systems exist to resists the loads viz., gravity load system and a lateral load sys- tem. To transfer the vertical loads to the footing gravity load system is used while lateral loads due to wind and seismic loads are resisted by the Lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS). Steel Plate Shear Walls (SPSW) is relatively a new type of LLRS; it has many distinct performance benefits including large displacement ductility capacities, high elastic stiffness properties, and stable hysteresis behavior as compared to other LLRS. The experimental results were also compared with simplified analytical models. The capacity of SPSW is li- mited to elastic buckling strength of its plate panels. This practice results not only in an undesirable one, but also in a conservative design, where columns buckle and may yield before the plate reaches a fraction of its capacity. With failure plate buckling is not synonymous and along its boundaries if plate is supported adequately, as in the case of SPSW the post buckling strength may be several times theoret- ical buckling strength.

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Ma, Tianzhong, Yanpeng Zhu, Xiaohui Yang, and Yongqiang Ling. "Bearing Characteristics of Composite Pile Group Foundations with Long and Short Piles under Lateral Loading in Loess Areas." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (November 12, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8145356.

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It is very necessary to research the bearing characteristics of composite pile group foundations with long and short piles under lateral load in loess areas, because these foundations are used widely. But few people researched this problem in loess areas up to now worldwide. In this paper, firstly, an indoor test model of a composite pile foundation with long and short piles is designed and then employed to explore the vertical load bearing characteristics and load transfer mechanisms of a single pile, a four-pile group, and a nine-pile group under different lateral loads. Secondly, ANSYS software is employed to analyze the load-bearing characteristics of the test model, and for comparison with the experimental results. The results demonstrate the following. (1) The lateral force versus pile head displacement curves of the pile foundation exhibit an obvious steep drop in section, which is a typical feature of piercing damage. A horizontal displacement limit of the pile foundation is 10 mm and 6mm for the ones sensitive to horizontal displacement. (2) The axial force along a pile and frictional resistance do not coincide, due to significant variations and discontinuities in the collapsibility of loess; a pile body exhibits multiple neutral points. Therefore, composite pile groups including both long and short piles could potentially maximize the bearing capacity and reduce pile settlement. (3) The distribution of stress and strain along the pile length is mainly concentrated from the pile head to a depth of about 1/3 of the pile length. If the lateral load is too large, short piles undergo rotation about their longitudinal axis and long piles undergo flexural deformation. Therefore, the lateral bearing capacity mainly relies on the strength of the soil at the interface with the pile or the horizontal displacement of the pile head.

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Li, Qiang, Armin W. Stuedlein, and Antonio Marinucci. "Effect of Casing and High-Strength Reinforcement on the Lateral Load Transfer Characteristics of Drilled Shaft Foundations." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 145, no. 9 (2019): 04019056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002116.

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Weißgraeber, P., H. v.d. Wall, S. Khabbazeh, A. M. Kroker, and W. Becker. "Effect of the lateral rotators on load transfer in the human hip joint revealed by mechanical analysis." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 194, no. 5 (2012): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2012.02.020.

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Journal articles on the topic 'LTR (Lateral Load Transfer)'

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