Journal articles: 'Luckenbach'

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Moffatt, Craig. "Methodologies for Removing Heavy Oil as Used on the SS Jacob Luckenbach and Joint International Testing Programs." Marine Technology Society Journal 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533204787511318.

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At 0440 on July 14, 1953, the 468-foot long C3 Cargo/Oil Carrier SS Jacob Luckenbach was struck by the SS Hawaiian Pilot about 31 km (17 miles) west of the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, CA. The Luckenbach sank with no loss of life, but sustained massive structural damage from the collision, which caused the sinking. At the time of her collision and sinking she was in route to Korea with a full cargo of jeeps, trucks, and railroad equipment for the Korean War effort. It is estimated that her bunkers were topped off for the trip with heavy bunker C oil.In early 2002, the Luckenbach was identified as the source of "mystery" oil spills along the California coast. In May 2002, Titan Maritime LLC, with engineers from PCCI Inc., was contracted by the U.S. Coast Guard, Pacific Area Command, San Francisco, to conduct a vessel assessment and remove available oil. Global Diving & Salvage, Seattle, provided saturation diving services and Crowley Maritime provided the primary work barge and tug services.Problems encountered included extended cold-water saturation diving at depths to 55 m, strong reversing currents, extremely adverse weather, and poor sub-sea visibility. The heavy residual oils in the deep tanks and double bottoms also proved to be a pumping challenge since some tanks contained oil that was far more viscous than normal number 6 fuel oil (Ingersoll-Dresser, 1998).This paper describes the approach to the oil recovery from this wreck, as well as expanding upon more recent and ongoing developments in the field of emergency ship and sunken vessel viscous oil off-loading methodologies.

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McGrath, Gabrielle G., Heather A. Parker-Hall, John A. Tarpley, and Alan Nack. "The Investigation to Identify the SS Jacob Luckenbach – Using Technology to Locate a Hidden Source of Oil that Caused Years of Impacts and the Future Implications of Sunken Shipwrecks." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 1219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1219.

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ABSTRACT From 1992 until 2002, oiled birds, predominantly common murres, were found along the central California coastline during the winter months, but no significant oil slicks were observed. These repeat “mystery” oil spills puzzled investigators for 10 years while several similar cases of bird impacts occurred from November through February to varying degrees each year. In 2001, the same pattern began yet again. The response to oiled wildlife was the most significant to date. Extending over 220 miles of coastline, more than 2000 birds were recovered and transported for care to California's Oiled Wildlife Care Network (OWCN) facility. Motivated by this serious threat to wildlife, federal and state investigators utilized the historical data collected in previous cases combined with current technology to solve the mystery. An extensive Oil Spill Source Identification Task Force was formed consisting of 20 federal and state agents working together to get to the source of the problem. Through these current technologies, including oil sample analysis; satellite, aerial, and on-water observations; and hindcasting, the Task Force was able to eliminate alternative possibilities and focus the investigation on the last potential source, a sunken shipwreck. The Task Force sifted through four different databases of sunken vessels indicating over 700 shipwrecks off of the San Francisco coast alone to establish eight ships as potential targets. During the first underwater search planned to visually investigate each of these vessels, oil was located in the surface waters above the SS JACOB LUCKENBACH, a C-3 freighter sunk in 1953, 17 miles southwest of the Golden Gate Bridge. Analyses of oil samples collected from the vessel's tanks confirmed the LUCKENBACH as the source impacting California seabirds. Further research showed that all possible responsible parties have been absolved of any liability regarding the sinking of the LUCKENBACH. After spending over $3 million on the 1997–1998 and 2001–2002 incidents for the wildlife response alone and with no party from which to recover the funds, the spill response community is faced with an enormous financial task for the future: responding to inevitable oil spills off the coasts of the United States from thousands of deteriorating shipwrecks sunk decades ago with, in most cases, no responsible parties.

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Barker, Christopher H. "Subsurface Oil and Waves in The Coastal Zone." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300025. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300025.1.

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Over the last decade, there have been more and more oil spill responses effected by subsurface waves in the coastal zone. These have ranged from oil leaking from sunken ships to heavy oils that have sunk to the bottom. A primary example is the DBL 152 incident on the Gulf of Mexico coast in November, 2006. The incident resulted in approximately 70,000 barrels of Slurry Oil (API 4) being released and sinking to the bottom. Waves played a significant role in the mobilization of the oil on the bottom, in addition to effecting sediment loading in the subsurface, often restricting visibility and making ROV operations difficult. Waves can also play a major role disturbing sunken ships, and evidenced by the SS Jacob Luckenbach, sunken off San Francisco during WWII. The ship was a source of occasional incidents of oiled birds washing ashore after certain winter storms. The oil on the ship was removed as part of a major remediation effort in the summer of 2002.The oil spill response community will be more effective, particularly with subsurface oils, with a better understanding of the role of waves on the mobilization of sediment and other deposited substances (such as subsurface oil). This paper provides an overview of wave mechanics and the implications for subsurface oil movement and spill response activities, using examples from the DBL 152, SS Jacob Luckenbach, and other recent incidents. Shortcomings of current understanding will be highlighted, with suggestions for future research offered.

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Simecek-Beatty, D., and P. Clemente-Colón. "Locating a sunken vessel using SAR imagery: detection of oil spilled from the SSJacob Luckenbach." International Journal of Remote Sensing 25, no. 11 (June 2004): 2233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001647732.

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Symons, Lisa, and Heather A. Parker-Hall. "The SS Jacob Luckenbach: Integration of NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Trust Issues into the Response1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-649.

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ABSTRACT Since at least 1992, state and federal trustees have struggled to deal with episodic “mystery” spills that have impacted thousands of seabirds and compromised hundreds of miles of California coastline. In November 2001, another of these mystery events spurred the United States Coast Guard (USCG), state, and federal trustees to initiate a cooperative response and investigation. As impacts from the same oil type continued into January, it soon became evident that this oil most probably stemmed from a submerged source and not transient vessels. By February 2002, a source was identified for this and many of the previous mystery spills —the 1953 wreck of the cargo ship SS Jacob Luckenbach, fully fuelled and laden with materials for the Korean War effort. The vessel now sits in 176 feet of water, 17 miles off San Francisco Bay in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. The Luckenbach itself is an historic resource, protected by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) 16 U.S.C.470 et seq and the National Marine Sanctuary Act (NMSA) 16 U.S.C. 1431 et seq. as amended by Public Law 106–513. The wreck rests in one of the most biologically productive regions of California, home to countless sensitive resources including several listed species, and is within a series of marine protected areas. The Unified Command (UC) comprised of USCG, California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) and other state and federal agencies, were faced with an unusual set of challenges. First, finding accurate historical information about the vessel and its cargo, determining liability, and coordinating salvage and recovery operations complicated by both historical and ecological trustee issues during the Sanctuary's most biologically active and sensitive season. NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) played a particularly strong role in this response. Linked closely to the UC through NOAA's Scientific Support Coordinator, NMSP provided invaluable support in determining possible sources - engaged knowledgeable local divers in the process, located key historical documentation about the wreck, tracked down original owners and hull insurers, and assisted in the coordination of input from all trustees. Closely integrated coordination was a key factor in preparing for and determining the outcome of this response.

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Parker-Hall, Heather A., Steve Hampton, and James Haas. "Integrating Trustee Issues into a Balanced Response: Working Toward a Common Goal1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-655.

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ABSTRACT In February 2002, a Unified Command (UC) comprised of the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), and other state and federal agencies tested a sample of oil taken from the water near the wreck SS Jacob Luckenbach. Oil from this fifty-year-old wreck, submerged in 176 feet of water 17 miles off San Francisco, matched oil that had impacted thousands of birds and miles of shoreline since November 2001. It also matched oil from mystery spills in this area dating back to 1992. Now that the source of this extensive pollution was found, the next step seemed simple: remove the oil from the vessel. Yet there were many issues surrounding this vessel and its location that required significant cooperation with many agencies and trustees. The Luckenbach is an historic property, protected by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). It is submerged in the Gulf of Farallones National Marine Sanctuary - one of the most biologically productive regions off the California coast and home to many sensitive resources including several listed species. The UC realized that dialogue with and among the natural resource trustee agencies was crucial to planning balanced operations that would remove the pollution source while providing the utmost protection available to the resources at risk A task force was formed that allowed trustees to engage in discussions about the tradeoffs of initiating removal as quickly as possible while balancing the risk of harm that any incidental release during operations may cause to their resources of concern. One of the most exciting benefits of this cooperative effort was the shift in thinking beyond just responding to the incident to advanced planning of a response that would best enhance restoration and long-term recovery. In many responses, it is not always clear that everyone has the same priorities: the USCG may focus on recovering oil and mitigating damage, the responsible party wants to minimize costs, and the trustees want to protect and restore their resources. In this case, the trustees and USCG were clearly working together toward common goals: removing a source of chronic oil pollution while minimizing environmental impacts from the response.

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Elliott, Jim. "An Analysis Of Underwater Oil Recovery Techniques." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-883.

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ABSTRACT Historically, once a ship sank below the surface, the oil that remained onboard became inaccessible to responders. In the last few years, however, there has been a significant push by both regulators and salvors to go deeper below the surface to recover oil trapped within a shipwreck. Recent examples in the United States include the recovery of oil from the SS JACOB LUCKENBACH in a water depth greater than 175-feet seawater (fsw) and the attempt to recover oil from the T/V BOW MARINER at a depth greater than 265 fsw. This technical paper provides an analysis of recent technological advances available to recover oil at depth, from using saturation diving systems and manually connected viscous oil pumping systems to remotely operated vehicles and associated offloading systems. Recent case studies frame the presentation of advances in sub-sea oil recovery equipment and associated safety, logistical and financial considerations.

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Dorsey, Margaret E. (Margaret Ellen). "Borderland Music as Symbolic Forms of Nationalisms: The Best of the Texas Tornados, Partners, and Viva Luckenbach!" Latin American Music Review 26, no. 1 (2005): 23–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lat.2005.0007.

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9

Seyferth, Dietmar. "Book Review: Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, 5th Supplementary Series, Volume 17/1. Edited by R. Luckenbach." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 24, no. 10 (October 1985): 890–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.198508902.

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Addassi, Yvonne Najah, Kathleen Jennings, Michael Ziccardi, Julie Yamamoto, and Steve Hampton. "LONG-TERM WILDLIFE OPERATIONS: ADAPTATIONS TO TRADITIONAL INCIDENT COMMAND (OR ICS) STRUCTURE. A CASE STUDY OF THE SS JACOB LUCKENBACH.*." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-479.

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ABSTRACT From 2001–2002, oiled birds were found along 220 miles of California's central coastline, with more than 2,000 birds recovered and transported for care. No significant slicks or other obvious sources of oil were observed. Response activities were coordinated to address a prolonged wildlife event, rather than proceeding as a typical short-term oil spill response. This event was part of a long pattern of repeat “mystery” oil spills in this region that puzzled investigators for 10 years, most believing the oil resulted from illegal dumping; but when the 2001/2002 event extended well beyond the winter season, investigators looked deeper. After an extensive investigation by state and federal agencies, the sunken vessel, SS Jacob Luckenbach was identified. A six month, $19 million, multi-agency response operation was undertaken by the U.S. Coast Guard with operations concluding October 2002. To address the 11-month wildlife response for the 2001/2002 season, the Incident Command Structure was modified to address the unique needs of this event, including: activation and deactivation criteria for beach searches; weather prediction for oil release and animal stranding patterns; hybridization of field team functions; changing response priorities for key species; and long-term staffing, communication and coordination among the multiple agencies. Spill-specific policies and protocols were established, and information was made available to remote personnel through a website. On-going staff debriefs were conducted and adjustments implemented. Based on lessons learned, California's Wildlife Operations Plan is being revised and an electronic data collection system is being implemented to streamline animal tracking. Although most response organizations are structured to respond to “batch” spills, with hundreds of aging sunken vessels along the California coast alone and as the continuous release from the TV Prestige demonstrated, organizational modifications may be necessary to adequately prepare for and respond to the more unusual, but potentially growing risk of long-term, intermittent releases in the off-shore environment.

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Heydt, Heinrich, and Manfred Regitz. "Book Review: Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry. 4th Edition. 5th Supplementary Series. Volumes 17, 18, and 19. Edited by R. Luckenbach." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 29, no. 1 (January 1990): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199001091.

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Massey, J. Gregory, Steve Hampton, and Michael Ziccardi. "A COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF OILED WILDLIFE RESPONSE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-463.

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ABSTRACT In discussions about the value of cleaning and rehabilitating oiled wildlife, much attention is focused on the costs to provide such care. Several references have made widely varying claims regarding these costs, yet none have provided a detailed accounting of costs associated with rehabilitation. Therefore, this paper focuses on three oil spill responses conducted in northern California (M/V Kure, M/V Stuyvesant, and S.S. Jacob Luckenbach) since 1997. We examine the costs associated with wildlife care using detailed accounting provided by the Oiled Wildlife Care Network. We include all variable costs (including labor and travel expenses for staff at the facility, facility expenses such as utilities and other indirect costs, and supplies) and compare these amounts to the numbers of birds collected live and dead, as well as the number treated and released. We discuss other fixed and variable costs that are not included, as well as characteristics of the spill responses that impacted rehabilitation costs. Finally, we discuss the results with regard to natural resource damage assessments, the costs of restoring birds in the wild, and non-economic criteria relevant to an evaluation of the value of oiled bird rehabilitation. We conclude that costs and benefits vary based on factors that include the temporal nature of the spill, the level of preparation, and the behavior of the responsible party.

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Muskat, Judd. "INCORPORATING REMOTE SENSING DATA INTO A GIS FOR EMERGENCY SPILL RESPONSE AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-911.

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ABSTRACT In California, A GIS (Geographic Information System) is routinely employed by the Unified Command to manage, map, analyze and display convergent data during an oil spill emergency response. Collecting remote sensing data from satellite, aircraft and ground based platforms has become more common as technology advances and data acquisition expenses decrease. The California Department of Fish and Game (DFG), Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) first used aerial photographs acquired in stereo pairs in both natural color and color infra-red for the MV Stuyvesant response in 1999. The aim was to map aquaculture sites in Humboldt and Arcata Bays. OSPR used satellite radar (RADARSAT-1, ERS-2) for slick detection at the MV Stuyvesant and SS Jacob Luckenbach responses. A pilot project by OSPR in 2004/05 showed the feasibility of using the RADARSAT-1 satellite for both ship detection and suspected pollution (slick) location in near real-time. At the Suisun Marsh pipeline incident in 2004 the trustee agencies and the responsible party undertook several NRDA (natural resource damage assessment) data collection efforts and studies. One study used a multispectral digital camera that was flown over the spill site on two dates several weeks apart. Interpretations from these images helped to quantify acreage affected by the pipeline release. DFG'S air force routinely obtains aerial imagery for response purposes using a standard Nikon digital SLR (Single-Lens Reflex) camera. These aerial photographs are geo-referenced and used as “instant” accurate base maps.

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Madrigal, Melissa D. "NOAA'S NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY RESOURCES AND UNDERSEA THREATS DATABASE: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 1077–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-1077.

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ABSTRACT Recent incidents within our National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS), throughout the United States, and around the world have led the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to begin to look proactively at catastrophic hazardous material releases from submerged sources. Not knowing and understanding the reality of the ecological and economic impacts associated with submerged threats (such as vessels, pipelines, abandoned wellheads, ammunition, and chemical weapon dumpsites) is no longer an option for the nation'S leading ocean agency. Reactive strategies for addressing these threats after a release incident have proved to be ineffective and costly. For example, the decade-long release of heavy fuel oil from the MIV Jacob Luckenbach off the coast of California not only caused the loss of thousands of seabirds, but also cost the nation upwards of $20 million dollars to mitigate and remove the oil from the sunken cargo ship. We know there are potential threats out there and the National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) is taking the proactive first steps in understanding this issue. NOAA'S NMSP and the Office of Response and Restoration'S Hazardous Materials Division have developed the Resources and Undersea Threats Database (RUST). RUST addresses the need for a centralized planning tool to safeguard the marine, historical, and cultural resources within the NMSP. This paper addresses database development and how meeting present needs of the database will shape future uses as a response and planning tool for the United States Coast Guard (USCG), state and federal resource protection staff, oil spill responders, and coastal environmental planners.

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Heydt, Heinrich, and Manfred Regitz. "Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry. 4. Aufl., 5. Ergänzungswerk, Bände 17, 18 und 19. Herausgegeben vonR. Luckenbach. Springer, Berlin 1984–1988. 30572 S., geb. DM 90440." Angewandte Chemie 101, no. 12 (December 1989): 1753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19891011244.

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Symons, Lisa C., and Jim Morris. "Development of Multi-Hazard Contingency Plans and Tools for the National Marine Sanctuary System1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-899.

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ABSTRACT In the last few years, incidents such as the crash of Alaska Air Flight #261, the M/V Cape Mohican and SS Jacob Luckenbach spills and over 600 groundings a year in the Florida Keys have highlighted the need for coordinated, multi-hazard contingency planning to safeguard the marine, historical and cultural resources protected by the National Marine Sanctuary System. American waterways are a critical component of heightened homeland security; including the waters encompassed by marine protected areas. The challenge has been to develop consistent contingency plans that address a broad range of hazards from oil spills to hurricanes across 13 sites that are widely divergent in size, geographic location and type of resources. Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary is larger than Yellowstone National Park and protects habitat ranging from coastal dunes to deep-ocean trenches while Fagatele Bay in American Samoa encompasses a coral reef inlet less than one square mile in size. Thunder Bay in Lake Huron and the U.S.S. Monitor sites focus on historical and cultural resources while habitat of humpback whales is the primary concern for the Hawaiian Islands sanctuary. Because of site diversity, regulations and prohibited activities vary widely. Jurisdictional issues are complex with nearly half of the sites incorporating state waters and shorelines. In 2001, NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration and the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries initiated a project to develop and build a suite of contingency plans and tools. This web-based contingency plan and tool set, hosted on a secure Intranet, is called Sanctuaries Hazardous Incident Emergency Logistics Database System (SHIELDS). SHIELDS gives resource managers efficient access to numerous NOAA databases, GIS systems, charts and images providing on-demand information for making critical decisions about environmental tradeoffs during a response.

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"NEW LUCKENBACH FREIGHT STEAMERS." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 28, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1916.tb00055.x.

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"S. S. EDWARD LUCKENBACH." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 29, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1917.tb01189.x.

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Luckenbach, Till, and David Epel. "Synthetic Musk Compounds: Luckenbach Responds." Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 12 (December 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.113-a803.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Luckenbach'

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