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Palmer, Allen W. "News from the rain forest: Niklas Luhmann and the social integration of environmental communication." Public Understanding of Science 2, no. 2 (April 1993): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/2/2/005.
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The destruction of the Amazon rain forest is an issue defined primarily through the accounts of environmental journalists who find themselves caught between broad social and cultural forces. Environmentalism is a revolutionary paradigm which runs against traditional modernist tenets of science, but those domains are finding some areas of common ground. This project traces the significance of the tropical rain forest in terms of the social theory of Niklas Luhmann, who described ecological communication in terms of social differentiation and integration. Three separate domains of environmental discourse about the Amazon rain forest are identified in mass media: science, economics and politics. Originally, science defined the rain forest in terms of its taxonomy, then its biodiversity; in economics, the forest was understood in terms of the value of natural resources; and in the political sphere, the forest is defined variously in terms of the struggle over control of its development and/or exploitation. Labour activist Chico Mendes, who was killed in the struggle over the Brazilian forest, has been described as an eco-martyr, emphasizing his role in the struggle between opposing interests. Environmental discourse has strained to isolate causal responsibility for problems, but Luhmann reasons that cause-effect linkages are not always useful in clarifying complex issues. What emerge in the discursive traffic about the tropical rain forest are ideal conditions for the coalition and fragmentation of moral positions, and the cultivation of public anxiety, which the mass media fails to diffuse.
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Laermans, Rudi. "‘After Luhmann’: Dirk Baecker’s Sociology of Culture and Art." Cultural Sociology 5, no. 1 (March 2011): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1749975510389918.
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The German sociologist Dirk Baecker is one of the most prominent voices within contemporary social systems theory and German sociology, but is not well known within the wider circles of international sociology. He follows in the footsteps of Niklas Luhmann, yet in marked contrast with his ‘sociological master’ Baecker also gives ample attention to the notion of culture. This paper first summarizes some of the main lines in his writings on the notion of culture and on contemporary culture. It then continues with a succinct presentation of Baecker’s approach to artistic communication against the background of this more general characterization of the relationship between the individual and society, conscious sensory perception and communication, in terms of an ‘aesthetic coupling’. It will be shown that a recurrent figure of thought links up Baecker’s various considerations on culture and art, i.e. the inclusion of the excluded.
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Clark, Carlton. "Resonanzfähigkeit: resonance capability in Luhmannian systems theory." Kybernetes 49, no. 10 (November 18, 2019): 2493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2019-0490.
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Purpose This paper aims to contribute to the sociological literature on moral communication and disciplinary apparatuses in a functionally differentiated society. It combines Luhmannian and Foucauldian theories to further the understanding of social system complexity. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on the work of Niklas Luhmann, Michel Foucault and others to explore resonance capability, disciplinary apparatuses and the complexity–sustainability trade-off. The argument is illustrated with a discussion of the late-nineteenth- to early-twentieth-century anti-child labor movement. Findings The paper argues that organizations are better equipped than function systems to draw moral distinctions. Given the amorality of the function systems and the increasing secularization of modern society, a great deal of moral communication now occurs in non-religious organizations. These social systems increase their complexity in response to new problems, but the increased system complexity may become unsustainable. Research limitations/implications The paper contributes to the growing sociological literature that compares and sometimes attempts to synthesize the theories of Luhmann and Foucault. It also contributes to the literature on organizational theory. Originality/value The paper brings together the work of Luhmann, Foucault, Valentinov and others to advance the understanding of organizations and moral communication in a functionally differentiated society. It uses Google Books Ngrams, among other resources, to support the argument.
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Leydesdorff, Loet, Alexander M. Petersen, and Inga Ivanova. "Self-organization of meaning and the reflexive communication of information." Social Science Information 56, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018416675074.
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Following a suggestion from Warren Weaver, we extend the Shannon model of communication piecemeal into a complex systems model in which communication is differentiated both vertically and horizontally. This model enables us to bridge the divide between Niklas Luhmann’s theory of the self-organization of meaning in communications and empirical research using information theory. First, we distinguish between communication relations and correlations among patterns of relations. The correlations span a vector space in which relations are positioned and can be provided with meaning. Second, positions provide reflexive perspectives. Whereas the different meanings are integrated locally, each instantiation opens global perspectives – ‘horizons of meaning’ – along eigenvectors of the communication matrix. These next-order codifications of meaning can be expected to generate redundancies when interacting in instantiations. Increases in redundancy indicate new options and can be measured as local reduction of prevailing uncertainty (in bits). The systemic generation of new options can be considered as a hallmark of the knowledge-based economy.
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Alikberov, Alikber Kalabekovich. "Principle of trans-subjectivity in Luhmann’s historical methodology." RUDN Journal of World History 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2019-11-2-172-178.
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This article examines the problem of trans-subjectivity in Niklas Luhmann’s historical methodology. Trans-subjectivity, like inter-subjectivity, is understood in the humanities in different ways (N. Lossky, A. Bergson, I. Prigogine and others). Luhmann’s exploration of time leads him to devide it into “eternity” ( aeternitas ) and “system time” ( tempus ). Each manifestation of the latter is imbued with a special meaning that distinguishes one system time from another. History is reconstructed within the framework of the time dimension of meaning. These temporally measured meanings are the framework for reconstructing. This means that in historical methodology Luhmann essentially defended the principle of trans-subjectivism, although he denied the ontological positions of subject and object. In the framework of a forming system-communication approach significantly based on Luhmann’s historical methodology, trans-subjectivity becomes a new, more substantive and maximally realistic (and therefore more objective) understanding of the principle of historicism, when the past is viewed through the prism of the perception of a particular person, regarded as both the subject and the object of history. If in digital history such an ontological superposition is especially applicable thanks to the new conditions of an informal environment that allows for an almost total self-description of society (according to Luhmann), and records the digital footprints of social actions of the Ego , in non-digital traditional historical science it can also be used as a fertile conceptual scheme, and explanatory model.
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Zehetmair, Swen. "Societal Aspects of Vulnerability to Natural Hazards." Raumforschung und Raumordnung 70, no. 4 (August 31, 2012): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13147-012-0166-y.
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Abstract To date, social vulnerability research has focused primarily on the individual and household levels, and on social institutions relevant to these two benchmarks. In this paper, a widening of the perspective of social vulnerability to natural hazards is proposed to include socio-structural aspects. For a number of reasons, the sociological system theory, which is inextricably linked with the name of Niklas Luhmann, is an obvious choice for this undertaking. Firstly, Luhmann developed a consistent social theoretical definition of risk, which has significantly influenced risk and hazard research in social science. Furthermore, the system theory provides a theory of society that claims to be able to cover all social levels and to describe all social phenomena. The system theory assumes that in modern society social systems are formed of communications. Therefore, in this paper the view is taken that a system-theoretical inspired concept of social vulnerability must also assess communication. First, this paper describes empirical observations about the vulnerability of social systems. This is achieved on the one hand through a categorisation of four forms of social vulnerability. On the other hand, it is based on examples of vulnerability to flood risks in selected social systems. Finally, consideration is given to a system-theoretical concept of social vulnerability that sees the sensitivity of a social system in each of the respective system structures. Vulnerabilities can only be observed for a particular social system, because the configuration of system structures differs from system to system. These fundamental considerations have to be further explored infuture work on a consistent social theoretical concept of vulnerability.
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Esposito, Elena. "From self-reference to autology: how to operationalize a circular approach." Social Science Information 35, no. 2 (June 1996): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901896035002006.
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One of the most innovative features of Niklas Luhmann's theory resides in its allegedly circular construction: it starts from the assumption that even a theory of society itself is but a part of the object (society) that it aims to explain. Hence the relevance and crucial position of the issue of self-description. Using observation theory and second-order cybernetics, the paper briefly examines the epistemological presuppositions that are the basis for this position. It then turns to one of the aspects of the theory that reveals most clearly the consequences of this circular approach: the study of communication as applied to the system of science.
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Zolyan, S. T. "Meaning and Linguistic Sign in System Theory of Niklas Luhmann." Critique and Semiotics 38, no. 2 (2020): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-34-51.
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The concept of meaning and communication is the core of the sociological conception of Niklas Luhmann. As he claims, “Meaning is co-present as a reference to the world in everything that is actualized... Society is a meaning constituting system” (Luhmann Niklas. Theory of Society. Stanford University Press, 2012, vol. 1). He considers the issue of a correlation of meaning with other concepts of his theory of social in almost all of his works. Obviously, on this occasion the linguistic issues also became matters of consideration. Language, however, is associated by Luhmann not so much with the production of meaning as with communication. The concept of a linguistic sign as some fixed connection between the signified and the signifier is transformed by Luhmann into a dynamic operation of juxtaposing communicative and cognitive characteristics, as a medium between cognition and communication.
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Altmann, Philipp. "Social Sciences between the Systems: The Ecuadorian University between Science, Education, Politics and Economy." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 29, no. 1 (January 2017): 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260107916674075.
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Universities are, like all organizations, at the intersection of different functional subsystems. They are not only dedicated to research (science) and teaching (education) but are also place for communications that form part of politics, economics and so on. But, what happens to universities, and, more precisely, social sciences in university, if the social system they work in is not differentiated in the way the social sciences in the Global North are used to? What if there is no clear distinction between science and politics? Does academic autonomy lead in this situation to some kind of ‘university as a subsystem’, complete with its own code and autopoiesis? Or will the different subsystems de-differentiate increasingly, as predicted by Luhmann? This contribution will analyse social sciences in Ecuadorian universities as an example for organizations at the intersection of functional systems that are not fully differentiated. The development, the operative closure, the institutionalization and the self-production of a concrete discipline under constant pressure of other social systems will be analysed. The goal is a further insight into processes of differentiation in the Global South and the role of institutions in these processes. Part of this is the attempt to actualize and criticize Niklas Luhmann’s approach of systems theory to regions outside of the Global North. JEL: O300, Z130
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Esposito, Elena. "Artificial Communication? The Production of Contingency by Algorithms." Zeitschrift für Soziologie 46, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2017-1014.
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AbstractDiscourse about smart algorithms and digital social agents still refers primarily to the construction of artificial intelligence that reproduces the faculties of individuals. Recent developments, however, show that algorithms are more efficient when they abandon this goal and try instead to reproduce the ability to communicate. Algorithms that do not “think” like people can affect the ability to obtain and process information in society. Referring to the concept of communication in Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems, this paper critically reconstructs the debate on the computational turn of big data as the artificial reproduction not of intelligence but of communication. Self-learning algorithms parasitically take advantage – be it consciously or unaware – of the contribution of web users to a “virtual double contingency.” This provides society with information that is not part of the thoughts of anyone, but, nevertheless, enters the communication circuit and raises its complexity. The concept of communication should be reconsidered to take account of these developments, including (or not) the possibility of communicating with algorithms.
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Suhardiyah, Martha. "KOMUNIKASI NIKLAS LUHMANN DALAM MEMBANGUN KERUKUNAN ANTAR UMAT BERAGAMA DI WILAYAH PERKOTAAN." Indonesian Journal of Islamic Communication 3, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/ijic.v3i1.811.
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Religious plurality in the era of globalization is a necessity in the midst of cultural heterogeneity, religious expression and religion itself. Religious plurality has a very large potential and role in the process of integrating the development of the Indonesian nation in the future. However, on the other hand, religious plurality contains the potential for conflict and disintegration of the nation, because the dominance of the absolute truth claims of each religion so that emotions become the basis of interaction and communication. Therefore, communication becomes a pillar of religious harmony. To achieve religious harmony, this research uses a qualitative-descriptive method that puts with Niklas Luhmann theory of communication. The results obtained in this study are communication with Lumann view is a social system based on action (activity) using communication tools and attribution as a reduction of the complexity of public trust. This Luhmann style action communication is very important to be applied to the Surabaya urban community in order to create harmony between religious communities. Therefore, the inter-religious community in the urban area of Surabaya builds communication with various models, namely Interpersonal Communication, group communication, Organizational or Institutional communication and cultural communication. This communication model is seen in the daily lives of urban Surabaya communities to foster harmony between religious communities. All of these communication models are supported by mutual respect, mutual acceptance of differences and a culture of mutual cooperation.
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Drigo, Maria Ogécia. "ALCANCES E LIMITES DA PUBLICIDADE SOB A PERSPECTIVA DA TEORIA SOCIAL DE NIKLAS LUHMANN." Revista Observatório 2, no. 4 (October 30, 2016): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2016v2especial2p280.
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Este artigo tem como contexto a publicidade e o pensamento comunicacional e objetiva avaliar os alcances e limites da publicidade, no contexto contemporâneo, sob a perspectiva da Teoria Social de Niklas Luhmann, a qual permite o redimensionamento da relação entre comunicação e sociedade, bem como da noção de representação, colocando-se, portanto, na contramão de teorias da comunicação bem assentadas na área da comunicação. Para tanto, apresentam-se reflexões sobre a publicidade na confluência do pensamento comunicacional e aspectos da teoria mencionada, com ênfase no conceito de heterorreferência, seguido de exemplos envolvendo o sistema das marcas e a publicidade. A importância desse artigo está na possibilidade de repensar a publicidade e seus atributos em função do fluxo das diversas correntes do pensamento comunicacional estabelecidas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Publicidade. Pensamento Comunicacional. Niklas Luhmann. Autopoiese. Heterorreferência. ABSTRACTAs its context, the present paper addresses advertising and the communicational thought, and it aims to assess both the scopes and limits of advertising, within the contemporaneous context, in the perspective of Niklas Luhmann Social Theory, which allows redimensioning both the relation between communication and society and of the notion of representation, therefore, counterposing the well-established communication theories within the communicational universe. Thereto, one presents reflections on advertising at the confluence of the communicational thought and some aspects of the referred theory, with an emphasis on the concept of heteroreference, followed by examples that involve the trademark system and advertising. The importance of the present paper lies upon the possibility of reconceiving* advertising and its attributes, in relation to the flux of several already established lines of communicational thought. KEYWORDS: Averstising. Communicational thought. Niklas Luhmann. Autopoiesis. Heteroreference. RESUMENEste artículo abarca en su contexto la publicidad y el pensamiento comunicacional y tiene como objetivo evaluar los alcances y límites de la publicidad, en contexto contemporáneo, bajo la Teoría Social de Niklas Luhmann, que permite dimensionar nuevamente la relación entre comunicación y sociedad, así como la noción de representación, por lo tanto se pone a contramano de teorías de la comunicación ajustadas al medio comunicacional. Se presentan, para ello, reflexiones sobre la publicidad en la confluencia del pensamiento comunicacional y aspectos de la teoría que aquí se nombra, con énfasis en el concepto de hetero referencia, al que siguen ejemplos que incluyen el sistema de las marcas y la publicidad. La importancia de este artículo está en la posibilidad de que se reflexione sobre la publicidad y sus atributos en función del flujo de las diversas corrientes que se establecen en el pensamiento comunicacional. PALABRAS CLAVE: Publicidad. Pensamiento Comunicacional. Niklas Luhmann. Autopoiesis. Hetero referencia.
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Gren, Martin, and Wolfgang Zierhofer. "The Unity of Difference: A Critical Appraisal of Niklas Luhmann's Theory of Social Systems in the Context of Corporeality and Spatiality." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, no. 4 (April 2003): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a35280.
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Niklas Luhmann was one of the most innovative and productive social theorists of the 20th century. He developed a comprehensive and distinctive social theory and his ideas have enriched many disciplines. Yet, only few geographers have engaged with his work. Convinced of its qualities, our intention is to stimulate a critical reception of his theory among human geographers. Here an introduction into his theory of social systems is provided, and the possibilities for a geography of social systems is explored. A key element of our proposal is a differential notion of space as a possibility of distinction, which complements Luhmann's epistemological notion of time. Our conclusion is that a geography of social systems would have to set out conceptually from accessibility systems, which are systems that encompass communications, their necessary physical and ecological environment, as well as their coordination in various dimensions of space and time.
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Hedgpeth, Joel W. "Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness. Alfred RunteEcological Communication. Niklas Luhmann , John Bednarz, Jr." Quarterly Review of Biology 66, no. 2 (June 1991): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417203.
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Lee, Ju-Hwa. "Doping as Communication topic : Focused on the Theory of Social System of Niklas Luhmann." Journal of the Korean Society for the Philosophy of Sport, Dance, & Martial Arts’ 26, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31694/pm.2018.12.26.4.005.
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Lee, Daniel B., Jessica Goede, and Rebecca Shryock. "Clicking for friendship: social network sites and the medium of personhood." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 26, no. 49 (November 26, 2010): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v26i49.2585.
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Social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook depend on familiar social resources, including language, reading/writing and established semantic constructs such as personhood, privacy and friends. However, the use of computers, the Web 2.0 platform, and the latest networking software are revolutionising how “personhood” and “friendship” are produced by communication. We refer to the media theory of Niklas Luhmann to identify specific differences in how communication is organised and reproduced on networking sites. The electronic medium appears to be changing the way participants selectively construct and bind expectations of personhood and communicative ties to themselves and others. Using software available on the Web, users confront each other as digital bodies, as participants in communication, available for friendship within a new “ether of interactivity”.
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Ostrowski, Marek. "Issues of Truth and Correctness vs. Rhetoric in Media Discourse." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica 35, no. 5 (April 27, 2017): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1505-9057.35.01.
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Following Niklas Luhmann, the author assumes that communication creates social systems. The system therefore influences the nature of communication. The impact of rhetoric on media discourse can be understood as a result of the strategy adopted by the system. What follows from the above assumption is a discussion of the notion of truth which is fundamental to media philosophy. Systems, in their adopted strategies, affect the media and use persuasion in a way that is remote from the treatment of the truth as an idea or as a condition of an ethical nature.
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Cordero, Rodrigo. "The Negative Dialectics of Law: Luhmann and the Sociology of Juridical Concepts." Social & Legal Studies 29, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663918819173.
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This article proposes to read Niklas Luhmann’s sociological theory of law from the perspective of what may be called the negative dialectics of law: namely, the irreconcilable tension between law as a mechanism that reproduces institutional orders and stabilizes normative expectations, and law as a medium that empowers transformative action and motivates social innovations. Drawing on this tension, the article advances an interpretation of the critical potential of Luhmann’s conceptualization of law by pointing out that the normative form of society emerges out of conflicts about the form of the normative within society. This formulation supposes that the unfolding of law is not the rational completion of higher principles into unified social structures, but a contradictory outcome semantically produced through endless iterations of the difference between what is legal and what is illegal. In doing so, it argues for a sociological reconsideration of the work of juridical concepts in the everyday operation of legal communications, as well as in the normatively guided search for what is non-actualized within the existing scope of positive legal forms. By reading Luhmann along the lines of a critical engagement with the law, the article further calls for exploring constituent moments as instances of reflexive instability that signal the unmarked space of normativity and bring the politicality of concepts to the fore.
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Handaka, Tatag, Hermin Indah Wahyuni, Endang Sulastri, and Paulus Wiryono. "Social Capital and Communication Systems of Ettawa Goat Breeders in Purworejo Regency." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v7i2.4479.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the social capital and communication system of Ettawa goat breeders (Peranakan Ettawa/PE) Kaligesing race in Purworejo. The study used the theory of social capital and communication systems in the perspective of Niklas Luhmann. The method of this study employed ethnography. Social capital of breeders is developed within farmers groups (Poktan). The existing social capitals in Poktan include trust, network, and norms. Social capital of trust is seen in the management of membership dues/contribution, poktan board transparency, division of work, and goat farming with nggaduh system. Network appears in the cooperation between Poktan with other Poktan, instructors/educator, traders/markets, universities, villages and districts. Norms are seen in the agreement on the division of dues, waragan group, and the breeders who use goats as debt guarantee and youth Poktan rules that prohibit breeders to sell the goats before lambing.
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Alikberov, A. K. "Modern theories of religion viewed through the prism of the system-communication approach." Minbar. Islamic Studies 12, no. 1 (June 4, 2019): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2019-12-1-15-33.
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The article offers an analysis of the most influential modern theories of religion. The theory of secularization is associated with the classical theory of modernization. The theory of individualization of religion is associated with theories of social action, albeit indirectly. Likewise, it is connected with the theory of communicative action by Jürgen Habermas, and there is also a direct association with theories of individualization and privatization. The theory of the market model of religion is directly associated with the theory of the market for demand and supply, and the theory of post-industrial society is associated with the theory of secularization indirectly. In addition, various theories are gaining recognition. Among them is the postsecularism associated with the theory of postindustrial society, as well as postnonclassical (postmodernist and postpositivist) approach. Modern theories of religion are analysed from the point of view of the emerging system-communication approach, which is based upon the communicative approach theory by Jürgen Habermas, and the theory of self-reference social systems by Niklas Luhmann. The author suggests, while being within the framework of the neoclassical model of scientific rationality, to move away from the theories by Habermas and Luhmann. He suggests a new understanding of religious communication, in terms of its logical interconnection and interdependence with other forms of communication, primarily social, political, ethnic and cultural.
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Razumov, Evgnii. "Globalization as a socio-environmental equilibrium: applying Luhmann`s theory to Integrated Reporting." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207401028.
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International accounting standards systems are able to define borders by producing reference codes for institutional, informational and cultural codes. Such ways of influence are similar to globalization in other societal spaces: for example internalization of trade systems has been produced by creating institutes and organizations as well as miscellaneous standards. These tendencies have been highlighted by Niklas Luhmann through differentiation of borders determinants of a system. And this operational determination of globalization as continual creation of the world system is to be highly appreciated for comprehensive analysis of the last developments in accounting and reporting field influenced by environmental issues. In this paper three-tier classification of globalization in terms of system definition proposed as development of Niklas Luhmann ideas. Through analysis of the mean shifts in reporting as social memory phenomenon and communication process accounting problems reformulated as world system`s issues and demonstrated existence of globalization as operational phenomenon for accountancy and social responsibility systems. Concepts of the social systems theory have been visualized and interpreted to determine possible ways of equilibrium states for human systems and environment. As a result main ways for integrated reporting application and its future development formulated.
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Šubrt, J. "Niklas Luhmann’s system theory: A critical analysis." RUDN Journal of Sociology 19, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2019-19-4-607-616.
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This article considers the nature of the theoretical legacy - the system theory - of the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. The author focuses on three topics: first, he briefly describes Luhmann’s ideas in the context of the contemporary sociological thought; second, he identidies how Luhmann’s works are perceived today; third, he presents a new reflection on Luhmann’s works. Paradigmatically, Luhmann’s ideas can be attributed to the system theory, neo-functionalism and radical constructivism due to his efforts to find inspiration in natural sciences. At the same time, Luhmann found himself in the close position to the traditions of the German philosophical idealism. Although the system theory is holistic in nature, Luhmann used for its elaboration elements of the individualist-oriented approach (based on Max Weber’s ideas). Thus, in Luhmann’s conception, systems become holistic entities that, like individual subjects, are capable of making decisions and managing themselves. One of the strengths of Luhmann’s conception is determined by his evolutionary theory consistent with random (in Luhmann’s terms - contingent) development connected with the idea of an open future. As with Parsons, in Luhmann’s conception we find emphasis on the consensus ensured by communication processes. However, what is missing, are the topics of work, production, conflict, struggle and violence. The current decline in the interest in Luhmann’s works has been reinforced by the fact that he was unable to translate his conceptions into instruments for the empirical sociological research. Nevertheless, Luhmann’s theory of a functionally differentiated society and its consequences still represents a significant stimulus for the contemporary sociological thought.
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Soeffner, Hans-Georg. "Fragile Pluralism." Entangled Religions 3 (January 13, 2016): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/er.v3.2016.1-32.
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This essay first appeared in German in Magdalena Tzaneva, ed. Nachtflug der Eule: 150 Stimmen zum Werk von Niklas Luhmann. Gedenkbuch zum 15. Todestag von Niklas Luhmann (8. Dezember 1927 Lüneburg – 6. November 1998 Oerlinghausen). Berlin: LiDi EuropEdition (2013), 73–100.
A shorter version of the essay was published in Hans-Georg Soeffner, and Thea D. Boldt, eds. Fragiler Pluralismus, Wiesbaden: VS Springer (2014), 207–24.
The present translation for Entangled Religions – Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Religious Contact and Transfer is by Nicola Morris.
The article describes the emergence of pluralism within the process of globalization and the impact of this development upon individuals communication and the definitions of the ‘self’ and the ‘Other’. The author illustrates the pitfalls of the human tendency to view the world from an ethnocentric perspective and with the corresponding attitude. He argues that in ‘open societies’, successful citizens will be capable of recognising and articulating distinctions between individuals, as well as between groups, beliefs, lifestyles and attitudes. These citizens must also be aware and capable of adapting for their purposes the full repertoire of language games and role games in their social world, in order to perceive and utilise comprehensive systems such as frameworks for cooperation. These skills will help them implement ‘maxims of communication’ and ‘existential hypotheses’.
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Leydesdorff, Loet. "Luhmann, Habermas and the theory of communication." Systems Research and Behavioral Science 17, no. 3 (May 2000): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1743(200005/06)17:3<273::aid-sres329>3.0.co;2-r.
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Leydesdorff, Loet. "Luhmann's sociological theory: its operationalization and future perspectives." Social Science Information 35, no. 2 (June 1996): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/053901896035002007.
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Luhmann (1984) has proposed a second-order theory of social communications, but its formalization in terms of second-order systems theory has remained underdeveloped. Second-order systems theory is a formal option and, furthermore, Shannon's (1948) mathematical theory of communication is available. The operationalization of Luhmann-type (reflexive) communications in terms of Shannon-type (first-order) communications has theoretical consequences: one is able to distinguish, more clearly than Luhmann did, between not (yet) meaningful information (“uncertainty”) and its potential meaning after selection by an observing system. Structural coupling between co-evolving systems can be distinguished from operational coupling between subsystems. This operationalization provides us with means to clarify, among other things, the theoretical debate between Münch and Luhmann about Parsons' concept of “interpenetration”. Technological developments can be analysed in terms of operational and recursive coupling at the interfaces between sciences and markets. In a triple helix model of university-industry-government relations codes of functionally differentiated communication can be translated into each other. Interorganizational configurations support the emerging communication systems.
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Foellmer, Susanne. "Choreography as a Medium of Protest." Dance Research Journal 48, no. 3 (December 2016): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767716000395.
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This article focuses on the idea of choreography as a possible medium of protest. Dealing with the media theory of Niklas Luhmann in the framework of social communication, and adopting Randy Martin's idea of an interrelation of (danced) movement and politics, the focus lies in the moments of migration of gestures from everyday life into art and then into the realm of politics. By analyzing the example of the IstanbulDuran Adamand the performance of choreographer Ehud Darash in Tel Aviv, I address the key question in which moments and what kind of formats choreography serves as a medium of protest by blurring the boundaries between everyday life, art, and politics.
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Sprenger, Guido. "Communicated into being: Systems theory and the shifting of ontological status." Anthropological Theory 17, no. 1 (March 2017): 108–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499617699330.
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The inclusion of non-humans as persons into social systems raises the question: How exactly are they constituted as communicating beings? This article suggests an approach informed by Niklas Luhmann’s theory of autopoietic social systems. In particular, it addresses the question why some beings are more person-like in some contexts and more like objects or potencies in others. According to Luhmann, social systems consist not of persons but of self-reproducing, self-referential communications. Communicating beings emerge from communications that systems attribute to actors, not the other way around. The differentiated recognition of communication allows for a gradual, step-by-step ascription of personhood to non-human beings, with the possibility of shifting between ontological states. This approach is illustrated with rituals for agricultural spirits among Rmeet uplanders in Laos.
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Antonovski, Alexander Yu, and Raisa E. Barash. "The Science of Society and the Concept of Complexity." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 57, no. 4 (2020): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202057469.
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This article is dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the publication of Niklas Luhmann’s book The Science of Society. The system-communicative approach to the analysis of science is reconstructed with a focus on the relation of science to its highly complex external world. The problem of complexity is posed as a key one and is considered in the context of the communicative “reduction of the complexity” of the external world, which science actualizes through its unique binary opposition (truth/falsehood distinction). The complexity of the world that science is facing disintegrates into two large areas. On the one hand, science processes its own external world, i.e., nature, society, the human psyche, as its object and thus fulfills a unique function, the pursuance of research. Scientific communication in this case can be integrated in the form of transdisciplinary studies. On the other hand, science has to respond to the complexity of the internal (i.e., social) external world of the communicative system of science, namely, to interfaced communicative systems of the embracing system of world society (politics, economy, religion, education, law, etc.). In the latter case, science does not fulfill a function but delivers achievements on request to the above-mentioned communicative systems in exchange for resources for interdisciplinary studies, which are occasional and cannot serve for integrating scientific communication on a systematic basis. We will propose some corrections to this theory and apply it to the situation in Russian science.
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Graf, Heike. "Media Practices and Forced Migration: Trust Online and Offline." Media and Communication 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i2.1281.
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This article explores the relationship between online and offline practices in the special case of forced migration. By applying a central category in social relations, trust/distrust as developed by Niklas Luhmann, this article contributes to the understanding of forced migration in the digital age. It presupposes that, without a strategy of trust, it would be almost impossible to cope with situations of unfamiliarity and uncertainty. By interviewing refugees, the question is in what contexts the refugee recognizes that they can trust (or not). The article concludes that through the combination of on- and offline communication practices, more varied mechanisms for the creation and stabilization of trust are provided. In contexts of unfamiliarity, interpersonal relations with the native inhabitants play an important role in bridging online and offline worlds.
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Lee, Chul. "The System Theoretical Analysis of World Society by Niklas Luhmann - The Social as Communication and the Society as the Whole of Communications -." Society and Theory 30 (May 31, 2017): 171–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.17209/st.2017.05.30.171.
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Lee, Ju-Hwa. "The Change of the Anti-Doping Discourse Communication and Sports Semantics: a Focus on the Theory of Social System of Niklas Luhmann." Journal of the Korean Society for the Philosophy of Sport, Dance, & Martial Arts’ 29, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31694/pm.2021.06.29.2.001.
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Salem, A. "Veiksmas ir komunikacija niklaso luhmanno socialinėje teorijoje." Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2013.2.3808.
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Santrauka. Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti keletą intriguojančių Niklaso Luhmanno socialinės teorijos aspektų. Trumpai aptarus, kaip Luhmannas nutolsta nuo ankstesnių funckionalizmo formų (ypač Talcotto Parsonso idėjų) ir kaip jo darbai iš esmės skiriasi nuo esencializmo, fundamentalizmo ir humanizmo, parodoma, kuo svarbi jo siūloma nevaržomų socialinių struktūrų teorija. Kalbama apie tokias struktūras, kurių reprodukcija nepriklauso nuo išorinių veiksnių, o pati reprodukcija traktuojama kaip nesibaigiantis procesas, kuriame, Luhmanno teigimu, žmogiškieji subjektai nevaidina jokio vaidmens. Vėliau kritinėje Luhmanno visuomenės teorijos analizėje pereinama prie svarstymų, koks vaidmuo tenka komunikacijai ir jos efektyvumą ribojantiems veiksniams, koks yra atotrūkis tarp žmogaus veiksmo ir komunikacijos sistemos. Straipsnio pabaigoje siekiama įvertinti, ar ir kaip Luhmanno teorija gali būti pritaikyta socialinėje kritikoje. Teigiama, kad nepaisant rimtų teorijos trūkumų, ji visgi gali atnaujinti visuomenės kritinę mintį ir suteikti jai naują kryptį.
ABSTRACT
ACTION AND COMMUNICATION IN NIKLAS LUHMANN’S SOCIAL THEORY
‘Everyone knows, of course, that the word “human being” is not a human being. We must alsolearn that there is nothing in the unity of an object that corresponds to the word. Wordssuch as “human being,” “soul,” “person,” “subject,” and “individual” are nothingmore than what they effect in communication’(LUHMANN 2002; 183)
This article offers a critical introduction to some of the most striking features of Niklas Luhmann’s social theory. It opens with a discussion of Luhmann’s departure from older forms of functionalism (above all the ideas of Parsons), and of how his work marks a distinct break with essentialism, foundationalism and humanism. This is followed by an account of the importance to his theory of free-form social structures that can reproduce themselves in ways not determined by external forces, a never-ending process in which, on Luhmann’s account, human agents have no part to play. Next the place and role of communication (and of obstacles to communicative efficacy) in his vision of society are examined, and the decisive split between human action and communication systems in his work is further discussed. Finally, some of the implications of Luhmann’s theory for social critique are drawn out, and it is argued that, despite posing serious difficulties for the idea of criticism as conventionally conceived, this theory might actually help to renew it.
Keywords: communications theory, cybernetics, human action, post-humanism, social change, social criticism, social systems, social theory.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: komunikacijos teorija, kibernetika, socialinis veiksmas, post-humanizmas, socialiniai pokyčiai, socialinė kritika, socialinės sistemos, socialinė teorija.
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Leydesdorff, Loet. "‘Meaning’ as a sociological concept: A review of the modeling, mapping and simulation of the communication of knowledge and meaning." Social Science Information 50, no. 3-4 (August 31, 2011): 391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018411411021.
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The development of discursive knowledge presumes the communication of meaning as analytically different from the communication of information. Knowledge can then be considered as a meaning which makes a difference. Whereas the communication of information is studied in the information sciences and scientometrics, the communication of meaning has been central to Luhmann’s attempts to make the theory of autopoiesis relevant for sociology. Analytical techniques such as semantic maps and the simulation of anticipatory systems enable us to operationalize the distinctions which Luhmann proposed as relevant to the elaboration of Husserl’s ‘horizons of meaning’ in empirical research: (1) interactions among communications, (2) the organization of meaning in instantiations, and (3) the self-organization of interhuman communication in terms of symbolically generalized media such as truth, love and power. Horizons of meaning, however, remain uncertain orders of expectations, and one should caution against reification from the meta-biological perspective of systems theory.
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LIUTAEVA, MARIA. "“NOVELTY” AS A COMMUNICATIVE CRITERION OF SOCIAL “AUTOPOIESIS” (ON THE EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENCES IN THE SOCIETY OF HOMERIC AND ARCHAIC GREECE)." Sociopolitical sciences 10, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-4-124-131.
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The study is devoted to the semantic study of the phenomenon of “novelty” in the context of social and philosophical theorizing by Niklas Luhmann. The factor of novelty is considered as a necessary aspect of communication, its obligation as an informational or demonstrative component, the semantic ambiguity of the word in the subsystems of religion and art is indicated. On the basis of an etymological analysis and study of the resource of the National Corpus of the Russian language, three “basic” attitudes towards the novelty were identified: negative, neutral and positive in the fields of religion and art. Within the framework of the study, the dependence of the noting of the “new” and social valuations of this phenomenon depending on the cultural and historical context, the study of which is possible using the methodology of N. Luhmann, is indicated. As an example of the practical application of the method of “distinguishing differences” and identifying semantic dynamics in self-descriptions of autopoietic social systems, the experience of understanding the novelty in the society of Homeric and archaic Greece, the degree and forms of its acceptability/unacceptability is analyzed. In terms of Luhmann’s philosophy, the society of our research refers to segmented, in which access to the forbidden, the unknown, of which the novelty is a part, is strictly regulated. On the basis of Homer’s poems, as well as texts of the archaic period, the main mechanisms of the emergence of a novelty are shown, interpreted as news from the world of the gods, received by people through poets, oracles, signs. As a result of the study, the difference between the lexeme «novelty» and the social phenomenon of the new was demonstrated. The phenomenon of novelty is an integral characteristic of communication, however, the historical forms of its access to social life change depending on the context, which can be traced in the textual forms of self-description of a society.
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Hignell-Tully, Daniel. "Beyond Turner’s Liminal Community: The Perpetual Crisis of Politics and the Everyday." Excursions Journal 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/exs.8.2018.219.
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The social anthropologist Victor Turner describes the process of a communitas as orientated around crisis - a liminal stage by which the community compensates for any breaches within their existing understanding of the world. As a liminal stage, crisis is the means by which a community remains politically active, in so far as it relies on the local, autonomous management of change to the lived environment. This paper seeks to explore the nature of communication as a tool of crisis, arguing that the community relies upon a network of crisis occurring both from first-hand and communally-derived communication, for which it is the distance between its membership that allows a community to flourish. Invoking the critical theory of Jean-Luc Nancy, and systems theory of Niklas Luhmann to interrogate such a network, I will argue that it is the performed misuse of a communities shared symbols that allows it to maintain political resonance. With this in mind, I will propose that the advent of what I term ‘perpetual crisis’ seeks to fundamentally undermine such a resonance, usurping the lived crisis of our everyday interactions with Other, in favour of a perpetual state of epistemological violence that exists beyond the limits of our control. Exploring the tone and utility of political language within the mainstream media, I will seek to draw a parallel between the narrative disjunction of politicians and their policies as a means of highlighting the imposition of a crisis that impedes communitas by distancing a communities membership from meaningful political redress.
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Guy, Jean-Sébastien. "Functional Systems as Metric Forms and Institutions as Non-metric Forms: A Neo-Luhmannian Approach." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 29, no. 1 (January 2017): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260107916673270.
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The article develops a new pair of fundamental concepts – metric and nonmetric – by exploiting the contrast between systems theory and neo-institutionalism. Borrowed from Manuel DeLanda, the concepts aims at describing the properties of social forms arising in a crowd of individuals functioning as a medium of communication. It is argued that neo-institutionalism privileges nonmetric forms. The crowd is rearranged into distinct groups just like space can be divided into topological zones. Individuals in the crowd take their identity from the group they are in: actor or non-actor, rational or non-rational, etc. By opposition, systems theory emphasizes metric forms as in the case of the functional systems of modern society analyzed by Niklas Luhmann. Each metric form is based on a signal activated by the circulation of individuals inside the crowd and thus creating a modulating flow. Metric forms are not tied to specific individuals. For the flow to go on, it is not necessary for the same individuals who once triggered the signal in the past to return and trigger it again. Anyone will do! Metric forms are truly different from their nonmetric counterparts since they do not categorize individuals by grouping them (or group individuals by categorizing them). JEL: B5, Y8
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Kautt, York. "Practice and Structure as Concepts of a Sociology of Visual Communication: Toward a Methodology of Visual and Structural Analysis." Qualitative Inquiry 25, no. 4 (August 29, 2018): 350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800418792022.
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The concept of practice occurs frequently in current research about the visual. However, the term remains problematic as it cannot always clarify the complexity of the topic. Following an initial discussion of the subject area and central questions of a sociology of visual communication, I proceed to show that visual practices are embedded in many different social structures that condition forms of practice. This aspect is reflected on theoretically with reference to the concept of artifacts outlined by Herbert Simons in Sciences of the Artificial. As Simons does not seek to establish any connection to sociology, his thoughts must first be developed for the discipline. This is achieved, inter alia, by taking up the structural concepts of Giddens and Luhmann. Having established this background, the notion of practice is reconsidered in relation to the structures of social realities and to a concept of the sociology of visual communication. In the discussion, methodological and methodical conclusions are drawn from these conceptual considerations, which are important for the further development of the analysis of the visual.
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Roth, Steffen, Vladislav Valentinov, and Lars Clausen. "Dissecting the empirical-normative divide in business ethics." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 11, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-03-2019-0107.
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Purpose This paper aims to probe the limits of the empirical-normative divide as a conceptual framework in business ethics. Design/methodology/approach A systems theory perspective debunks this divide as a false distinction that cannot do justice to the conceptual complexity of the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) scholarship. Findings Drawing on the systems-theoretic ideas of Niklas Luhmann and the “Laws of Form” by George Spencer Brown, the paper shows that the divide may be dissected into a four-cell matrix constituted by two other distinctions-descriptive vs prescriptive and categorical vs hypothetical-the latter of which was seminally suggested by Donaldson and Preston (1995). Practical implications The emerging four-cell matrix is shown to centrally embrace the multiplicity of normative, empirical and instrumental approaches to CSR. This multiplicity is exemplified by the application of these approaches to the phenomenon of CSR communication. Social implications A more general implication of the proposed argument for the field of business ethics is in tracing the phenomena of moral diversity and moral ambivalence back to the regime of functional differentiation as the distinguishing feature of the modern society. This argument drives home the point that economic operations are as ethical or unethical as political operations, and that both economic and political perspectives on ethical issues are as important or unimportant as are religious, artistic, educational or scientific perspectives. Originality/value In contrast to the empirical-normative divide, the perspective is shown to centrally embrace the multiplicity of normative, empirical and instrumental approaches to CSR.
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Gouveia Júnior, Mário, and Marcos Galindo. "Sistemas memoriais como disseminadores de informação." Transinformação 24, no. 3 (December 2012): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-37862012000300005.
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Propõe-se, neste artigo, uma revisão da literatura cara à Ciência da Informação sobre as noções de sistema anotadas por Bertalanffy e por Luhmann, como forma de respaldar o entendimento sobre a articulação necessária entre instituições de memória como sistemas memoriais destinados à disseminação de informação. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, é contemplar, por meio da análise de conteúdo, aquilo que os teóricos aqui evocados têm considerado, nos últimos anos, acerca das possibilidades conferidas pelas instituições de memória no sentido de, graças a uma atuação em conjunto, tornarem-se sistemas memoriais. Como resultados alcançados a partir das presentes discussões, considera-se que a noção de sistema aplicada às instituições memoriais, pensadas como Unidades de Informação, contribui para integrar tais lugares de memória em torno do bem comum, do desenvolvimento social, possibilitado pelo acesso à informação e às responsabilidades coletivas de nos apresentarmos como bons ancestrais. O procedimento metodológico aplicado foi o da análise de conteúdo.
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Zuin, Antônio Álvaro Soares, and Luiz Roberto Gomes. "A formação da subjetividade na Idade Mídia (The formation of subjectivity in the Media Age)." Revista Eletrônica de Educação 13, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271993350.
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In today’s society of the spectacle, the screens are present in all spheres of public and private spaces, in such a way that it becomes possible to characterize the current society as the Media Age. This omnipresence of screens in all social relations determines unprecedented transformations in both the objective and the subjective dimensions. It is no coincidence that it is possible to identify signs of addictive behaviour in relation to audio-visual stimuli continuously produced and consumed through electronic gadgets, with emphasis on the ubiquitous presence of mobile devices. Following this line of reasoning, it becomes increasingly common to intensify anxiety, if someone separates from their cell phone for example. Given this context, the main objective of this article is to reflect critically on the metamorphoses in the subjective dimension present in the so-called Media Age. In order to do so, we will present considerations about the transformations related to the concept of cultural industry in the era of the microelectronic revolution, as well as the analysis of the changes in subjectivity resulting from the reconfiguration of the public and private spheres in times of hegemony of digital technologies.ResumoNa atual sociedade do espetáculo, as telas estão presentes em todas as esferas dos espaços público e privado, de tal maneira que se torna possível caracterizar a sociedade hodierna como a da Idade Mídia. Esta onipresença das telas em todas as relações sociais determina transformações inéditas tanto na dimensão objetiva, quanto na subjetiva. Não por acaso, já é possível identifcar sinais de comportamento de vício em relação aos estímulos audiovisuais continuamente produzidos e consumidos por meio dos gadgets eletrônicos, com destaque para a presença ubíqua dos aparelhos celulares. Seguindo esta linha de raciocínio torna-se cada vez mais comum o recrudescimento da ansiedade, caso alguém se separe de seu celular, por exemplo. Diante de tal contexto, os autores deste artigo têm, como principal objetivo, refletir criticamente sobre as metamorfoses na dimensão subjetiva presentes na chamada Idade Mídia. Para tanto, serão apresentadas considerações sobre as transformações no conceito de indústria cultural na era da revolução microeletrônica, bem como a análise das modifcações na subjetividade decorrentes da reconfiguração das esferas pública e privada em tempos de hegemonia das tecnologias digitais.Keywords: Subjectivity, Media Age, Cultural Industry, Microelectronic Revolution.Palavras-chave: Subjetividade, Idade Mídia, Indústria Cultural, Revolução Microeletrônica.ReferencesADORNO, Theodor W. Educação e emancipação. Trad. Wolfgang Leo Maar. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1995.ADORNO, Theodor W. “A indústria cultural”. In: COHN, Gabriel (Org.), Theodor W. Adorno, coleção grandes cientistas sociais, São Paulo: editora Ática, 1994a.ADORNO, Theodor W. “Sobre música popular”. In: COHN, Gabriel (Org.), Theodor W. Adorno, coleção grandes cientistas sociais, São Paulo: editora Ática, 1994b.ADORNO, Theodor W. Minima Moralia: reflexões a partir da vida danificada. Trad. Luiz Eduardo Bicca. São Paulo: Ática, 1993.ADORNO, Theodor W.; HORKHEIMER, Max. Dialética do esclarecimento: fragmentos filosóficos. Tradução de Guido Antonio de Almeida. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar editor, 1986.ARENDT, Hannah. A condição humana. Trad. Roberto Raposo. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 2017.CABOT, Mateu; LASTÓRIA, Luiz A. C. N.; ZUIN, Antônio, A. S. (Coords.). Tecnologia, violência, memória: diagnósticos críticos de la cultura contemporánea. Barcelona: Anthropos; México: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalana, 2018. 270p.DARDOT, Pierre; LAVAL, Christian. Comum: ensaio sobre a revolução no século XXI. Trad. Mariana Echalar. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2017.HABERMAS, Jürgen. Entre naturalismo y religião. Madrid: Technos, 2005.HABERMAS, Jürgen. Direito e democracia: entre facticidade e validade. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 2003. 2 v. 2003a – volume 1 e 2003b – volume 2.HABERMAS, Jürgen. Mudança estrutural da esfera pública: investigações quanto a uma categoria da sociedade burguesa. Trad. Flávio R. Kothe. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, 1984.HABERMAS, Jürgen. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns - Band 1 und 2. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1981.HABERMAS, Jürgen. Técnica e ciência como ideologia. Trad. Artur Morão. Lisboa: Edições 70, 1968.HABERMAS, Jürgen. Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Neuwied und Berlin: Hermann Luchterhand Verlag, 1962.HEW, Khe F. Students’ and teachers’ use of Facebook, Computers in Human Behaviour, 27, 662-676, 2011.HORKHEIMER, Max. Teoria tradicional e teoria crítica. Coleção os Pensadores. São Paulo: Editora Abril, 1987.HORKHEIMER, Max; ADORNO, Theodor W. Dialética do esclarecimento. Rio de Janeiro. Jorge Zahar, 1985.KANT, Immanuel. Resposta à pergunta: que é esclarecimento? In: Textos seletos. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1985.LUHMANN, Niklas. Soziale Systeme: Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1994.MARTINS, Sandra Olades. A esfera pública: dos salões à rede virtual. In: BORGES, Bento Itamar; GOMES, Luiz Roberto; JESUS, Osvaldo Freitas de (Orgs.) Direito e democracia em Habermas: pressupostos e temas em debate. São Paulo: Xamã, 2010.MAZER, Joseph P.; MURPHY, Richard E.; SIMONDS, Cheri J. I will see you on “Facebook”: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate, Communication Education, 56 (1), 1-17, 2007.McLUHAN, Marshall. Os meios de comunicação como extensão do homem. São Paulo: Cultrix, 1969.NOBRE, Marcos. A teoria crítica. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2004.TÜRCKE, Christoph. Erregte Gesellshaft: Philosophie der Sensation, München: C.H. Beck Verlag, 2002. TÜRCKE, Christoph. Sociedade excitada: filosofia da sensação. Tradução de Antônio Zuin, Fabio Durão, Francisco Fontanella e Mario Frungillo. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2010.
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Rodger, John J. "Luhmann's theory of psychic systems and communication in social work practice." Journal of Social Work, July 5, 2021, 146801732110081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14680173211008107.
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Summary The aim of the article is to increase interest in the social systems theory of Niklas Luhmann among practicing social workers. The enigmatic statement from Luhmann that only ‘communication can communicate’ is explained with reference to his autopoietic systems theory which identifies three distinct types of systems: systems of communication, systems of life and systems of consciousness. The article proceeds to describe the meaning and nature of autopoietic systems before discussing the place of the individual in Luhmann’s theory and how it is relevant for practicing social workers. The concepts of psychic systems, structural coupling and communicative codes are described and discussed. Findings The conceptual framework derived from Luhmann’s systems theory is applied to a description of the social worker/client encounter. Communication in social work practice is polyphonic: it is structured by a hybrid of communicative codes which the practitioner must draw on depending on the auspices of the communicative context. The key conclusion of the article is that Luhmann retains a conception of the individual as an active agent in systems theory aiming ‘noise’ at the function systems with which the individual interacts. Applications The article suggests that the systems perspective presented provides social workers with a useful and nuanced framework for reflective practice because it makes the components of the practice system explicit and visible.
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Miller, Jacob A. "Demoralizing: integrating J.D. Peters’ communication “chasm” with Niklas Luhmann’s (1989) ecological communication to analyze climate change mitigation inaction." Kybernetes ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (June 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-11-2020-0770.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain the US society’s insignificant mitigation of climate change using Niklas Luhmann’s (1989) autopoietic social systems theory in ecological communication. Specifically, the author’s analysis falls within the context of Luhmann re-moralized while focusing on particular function systems’ binary codes and their repellence of substantive US climate change mitigation policy across systems. Design/methodology/approach The author achieves this purpose by resituating Luhmann’s conception of evolution to forgo systems teleology and better contextualize the spatial-temporal scale of climate change; reinforcing complexity reduction and differentiation by integrating communication and media scholar John D. Peters’s (1999) “communication chasm” concept as one mechanism through which codes sustain over time; and applying these integrated concepts to prominent the US climate change mitigation attempts. Findings The author concludes that climate change mitigation efforts are the amalgamation of the systems’ moral communications. Mitigation efforts have relegated themselves to subsystems of the ten major systems given the polarizing nature of their predominant care/harm moral binary. Communication chasms persist because these moral communications cannot both adhere to the systems’ binary codes and communicate the climate crisis’s urgency. The more time that passes, the more codes force mitigation organizations, activist efforts and their moral communications to adapt and sacrifice their actions to align with the encircling systems’ code. Social implications In addition to the conceptual contribution, the social implication is that by identifying how and why climate change mitigation efforts are subsumed by the larger systems and their codes, climate change activists and practitioners can better tool their tactics to change the codes at the heart of the systems if serious and substantive climate change mitigation is to prevail. Originality/value To the author’s knowledge, there has not been an integration of a historical communication concept into, and sociological application of, ecological communication in the context of climate change mitigation.
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Antonovskiy, Alexander Yu. "Sorokin Pitirim Revisited. His Place in Social Philosophy as a Transdisciplinary Thinker." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences, August 2020, 1250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0639.
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The article reviews the contribution made by Pitirim Sorokin, Russian- American sociologist and philosopher, into the development of social thought during the Russian period of his work. It analyses the program of autonomation of sociology as a transdisciplinary science. It proves that Sorokin managed to anticipate many ideas of the system-communication theory being the most respected at the moment and to reveal the major conditions for crystallization of the modern communicatively differentiated society. With the achievements of science, psychology, philosophy, linguistics and evolution theory contemporary for him, Sorokin formulated a positive system-communication approach to social studies that was implemented and therefore verified in the theory of Niklas Luhmann only several decades after. The program included the analysis of the minimum manifestation of the society later referred to as “interaction”, which we can rightfully equalize with our contemporary interpretation of communication
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Higuchi, Ayumi. "Double symmetry in Niklas Luhmann's moral communication." Kybernetes ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (August 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-11-2020-0826.
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PurposeThis study aims to review Luhmann's theory of moral communication while focusing on symmetry conditions, in light of Armin Nassehi's criticism, to clarify issues regarding this concept. Then, Luhmann's symmetry condition is reconstructed as a concept containing double meaning via a case study in Japan. Correspondingly, interesting situations and characteristics of moral communication, such as “inflation,” the “polemogene” and ubiquity of moral communication, are interpreted more consistently.Design/methodology/approachIn today's society, moral communication may spiral out of control and even be fatal. By examining Niklas Luhmann's theory, in this paper, the author elaborates on why and how this mechanism occurs.FindingsThe author emphasizes that the suspicion pertaining to the asymmetry of communication is stressed in the case of anonymity. When an individual communicates using a moral code, it is impossible to discern whether the implications of self-bindingness are undermined or not through observations or consequences of communication and can only be questioned or confirmed through communication. However, criticizing the outburst of the masses and exchanging blame by isolating only one aspect of such a phenomenon will only be superficial.Originality/valueThis study reveals that the very condition that makes moral communication possible enables people to communicate respectfully or contemptuously with others without any special qualification. Such an analysis can serve as a theoretical underpinning for the analysis of today's phenomena.
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Weaver, Nicholas. "Escalating complexity and fragmentation of mental health service systems: the role of recovery as a form of moral communication." Kybernetes ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (May 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-11-2020-0782.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeTheoretical generalisation provides the basis for tackling problems of service complexity, fragmentation and disrupted care pathways.Design/methodology/approachRecent mental health service transformation in Wales, United Kingdom, has been stimulated by a policy programme underpinned by person-centred recovery values. This paper offers analysis informed by the perspectives of Niklas Luhmann and other noted theorists to examine escalating service system complexity related to this transformation. Analysis builds upon the findings of a qualitative study employing thematic discourse analysis of talk of people with mental illness and associated workers.FindingsIn total, three themes were constructed in participants' talk: “Competing versions of recovery”, “Misaligned service expectations” and “Disrupted care pathways.” Recovery may be understood as a form of moral communication and autopoietic meaning-making activity, according to Luhmann's radical constructionist epistemology. This has the potential to generate competing versions of recovery, a key contributor to escalating complexity.Research limitations/implicationsFindings could be developed further by continued investigation of the relationship between recovery implementation and service fragmentation.Social implicationsA more judicious, balanced policy-implementation may cultivate optimal conditions for recovery pluralism by avoiding polarisation towards either top-down, policy-based recovery implementation or a proliferation of approaches at the grassroots level. Findings have implications for healthcare settings beyond the scope of mental healthcare, given the prevalence of person-centred care internationally.Originality/valueA simplistic view of recovery implementation should be challenged. Recovery should not be considered a “magic bullet” for mental healthcare delivery. Haphazard recovery-implementation may have detrimental effects of escalating complexity, service fragmentation and disrupted care pathways.
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Morales, Francisco X. "Society and the moral semantics of the COVID-19 pandemic: a social systems approach." Kybernetes ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (June 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-11-2020-0762.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeIn a context of critical transition such as the COVID-19 pandemic, moral semantics take a prominent role as a form of self-description of society. However, they are not usually observed, but rather assumed as self-evident and necessarily “good.” The purpose of the article is to summarize the theory of morality from the social systems' perspective and illustrate with concrete examples the polemogenous nature of moral communication.Design/methodology/approachThis article presents an analysis of the role of morality in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, from the perspective of Niklas Luhmann’s social systems theory. Applying the method of second-order observation, it describes three cases of moral semantics disseminated via mass media and social media, and it examines their connection with the structural situation of subsystems of society during the pandemic crisis (particularly healthcare, politics and science).FindingsSecond-order observation of moral communication demonstrates to be fruitful to describe the conditions and consequences in which moralization of communication occurs, particularly in a situation of critical transition around the healthcare crisis. The three examples examined, namely, the hero semantics directed to healthcare workers, the semantics of indiscipline and the controversies around pseudo-sciences and conspiracy theories, show how they are based on social attribution of esteem and disesteem, how they try to answer to troublesome situations and contradictions that seem difficult to cope, and how they are close related to the emergence of conflicts, even when they seem positive oriented and well intentioned.Originality/valueThis paper is an attempt to test the usefulness of Luhmann's theory of society to understand the ongoing COVID-19 crisis and particularly the role of moral communication in concrete examples.
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Clausen, Lars. "Diabolical perspectives on healthy morality in times of COVID-19." Kybernetes ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (August 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-02-2021-0155.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe paper combines the systems theoretical perspective on the evolution of societal differentiation and the emergence of codes in communication. By combining the approach by Niklas Luhmann with a historical theology on the development of Christian morality split between God and Devil, it recreates a sociological point of observation on contemporary moral forms by a temporary occupation of the retired Christian Devil.Design/methodology/approachThe article combines a Luhmannian systems theoretical perspective on the evolution of societal differentiation with a concept of emerging codes in communication. The latter is based on on the development of a Christian view of morality being split between God and Devil. It establishes a sociological point of observation on contemporary moral forms through the temporary invocation of the retired figure of the Christian Devil.FindingsThe proposed perspective develops a healthy perspective on the exuberant distribution of a health(y) morality across the globe during the pandemic crisis of 2020–21. The temporary invocation of the retired Christian Devil as point of departure in this sociological analysis allows for a disturbing view on the unlimited growth of the morality of health and its inherent dangers of dedifferentiating the highly specialised forms of societal differentiation and organisation.Originality/valueBy applying the diabolical perspective, the analytical framework creates a unique opportunity to observe the moral encodings of semantic forms in detail, while keeping the freedom of scientific enquiry to choose amongst available distinctions in the creation of sound empirical knowledge. This article adopts a neutral stance, for the good of sociological analysis. The applications of the term “evil” to observations of communication are indifferent to anything but itself and its qualities as scientific enquiry.
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Veber, Hanne. "SAMFUND? Durkheim revisited i Amazonas og videre." Tidsskriftet Antropologi, no. 40 (July 1, 1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ta.v0i40.115129.
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“Society” appears a difficult notion. We use
it all the time. But is it any good as an
analytical concept? Sociologists seem to
agree it is not. Few societies have the
empirical characteristics of the bounded
entity that structural-functionalist theory
assumed. Constructivist notions of society as
“imagined community” appear to be tied up
with the existence of the State or with the
spread of information technology. This
leaves contemporary anthropology with
“society” as a residue, the left-over from
culture’s gluttonous theoretical supper. Still,
social science aims to explain or understand
social relations, interactions, and the
processes by which structures and functions
are worked into social systems as implied by
the notion of society. The notion of society
allows us to assume the existence of
objective structures of order in the social life
of people. Unlike the notion of culture,
however, the notion of society has not been
critically scrutinized by anthropologists. In
contemporary Danish anthropology with its
focus on culture and cultural representations,
writers tend to simply take society for
granted as the intrinsic empirical context of
culture. From the perspective of Durkheimian
notions of “the social”, the paper
provides a brief review of interpretations that
retrospectively have appeared analytical
dead-ends. The author goes on to suggest that
the notion of “symbolically generalized
media of communication” may offer a
productive opening that embraces both sides
of the culture/society dichotomy in the
search for structured systems of social
existence whether subjectively or
objectively conceived. The idea of
“symbolically generalized media or
communication” was originally formulated
by Talcott Parsons and subsequently
reworked by German sociologist Niklas
Luhmann. Rather than an interrelated series
of parts that make up a whole plus something
else in the classic Durkheimian sense,
society from this perspective appears in the
form of structured sets of actions oriented by
a horizon of possibilities and expectations,
symbolically constituted, yet always
provisional and emergent. Inspired by
analyses of two different cases in Amazonian
research the paper offers a brief hint at how
the notion may be employed in
anthropology.
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Paetau, Michael. "Niklas Luhmann and Cybernetics." Journal of Sociocybernetics 11, no. 1/2 (April 24, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_jos/jos.20131/2790.
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Even though Niklas Luhmann himself never declared his own approach as a cybernetic one, and even if the relationship between systems theory and cybernetics is still not clearly defined in every way, it seems to be legitimate to classify Luhmann's Theory of Social Systems into the field of cybernetics approaches, more precisely as a socio-cybernetic one. Beside the concept of autopoiesis by Maturana and Varela there are various systems thinkers and cyberneticists like Wiener, Ashby, Shannon, Bateson, von Foerster who influenced Luhmanns work deeply. Certainly he fits the cybernetic principles into his theory rather idiosyncratically and partly after some significant revisions, but one can argue that Luhmann's Theorie of Social Systems is the conclusion of a confrontation of the mayor issues of cybernetic discourse with the European philosophical tradition. In the following article it is discussed the question in what extent we can include Luhmann's work into the cybernetic tradition. Which are the significant connection-points between cybernetics and Luhmann's work? What is the relevance of this connection for Luhmanns own theoretical development? Which are the congruences and which are the differences? To what extent is Luhmann's Theory of Social Systems even though his critical distance - integrable into the spectrum of the approaches of ``New Cybernetic'' (as Geyer & van der Zouwen formulated in 1986)? After a short discussion on what is characterizing a theory as a cybernetic one, the article reconstructs Luhmann's critical debate on the most important theoretical problems of cybernetics and finally it will sketch out Luhmanns answer to this debate, which he gives in his own concepts. For Luhmann the fascination of cybernetics consists in explaining the problem of constancy and invariance of systems in a highly complex and dynamical world by observing communication processes. This makes cybernetics to a definitive non-ontological approach and brings it near to the functionalistic sociology.
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Infante, Michele. "Communication between Social and Media Systems." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 26, no. 49 (February 3, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v26i49.2588.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: The communication process is currently invading and pervading the public sphere, the transmission of cultural models, the political participation and the relation between countries. Why are we registering this enormous development of communication technology? Which is the logic at the base of this social process? Through the works and thoughts of Niklas Luhmann, we define the nature of the communication process, the medium as system, the individual as a Psychic System, and their relation. We use the conceptual frame of cybernetics (observation of second order, cognitive construction), cognitive evolution biology (autopoiesis, double contingency, evolution,) and information theory concepts (information, code and encode, noise) in order to analyze the role and function of Media System. Finally, we show how the reduction of complexity operated by the Media System permits the communication between the Social Systems through Media System and his influence on society. Based on the last media research debates, this paper proposes a new lexicon (expectation, communicative event, social systemic meanings, self-observing) for understanding media.