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Journal articles on the topic 'Luo language (Kenya and Tanzania)'
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1
Onyango-Ouma, Washington, and Jens Aagaard-Hansen. "Dholuo Kincepts in Western Kenya." Studies in African Linguistics 49, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v49i2.125889.
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The Luo are a Nilotic people living in western Kenya, north-eastern Tanzania and in western Uganda. Their language, Dholuo, forms part of the Western Nilotic group of languages. This article presents the traditional kincepts (kinship terminology) of the Luo people as described by elders living in Central Sakwa location, Siaya County, western part of Kenya. The kincepts for consanguine as well as affine relatives in up to three ascending and five descending generations are described. The paper applies a combined linguistic and anthropological approach. Linguistically, the terms are analysed in relation to current Dholuo vocabulary, grammar and modes of expression. Anthropologically, the Luo kinship rules of patrilineality and virilocality are considered. The domain of kincepts is a research field bringing together linguistics, anthropology and history. It contributes to the inquiry of diachronic linguistics, which can provide insights on the development and interaction of related languages as well as population groups’ migratory patterns not least in parts of the world where written historical sources are scarce.
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Fleisher, Michael L. "Kuria Cattle Raiding: Capitalist Transformation, Commoditization, and Crime Formation Among an East African Agro-Pastoral People." Comparative Studies in Society and History 42, no. 4 (October 2000): 745–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500003303.
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Among the agro-pastoral Kuria people, whose population straddles the border between Tanzania and Kenya, many young men are actively engaged in an illicit livestock trade in which cattle stolen in Tanzania—from other Kuria, as well as from neighboring peoples such as the Luo, Ngoreme, and Maasai—are sold to buyers, mainly butchers, inside Tanzania or else are run across the border for cash sale in neighboring Kenya. Kenya is a more affluent country than Tanzania—consequently, the demand for beef is greater there and beef prices are considerably higher. The beef and hides from these stolen Tanzanian cattle also fuel Kenya's meat-packing and tanning industries, and live animals as well as canned beef are reportedly also shipped to buyers in Scandinavian countries and the Persian Gulf.
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Ojwang, Benson Oduor. "Linguistic Conceptualizations of Disease Among the Luo of Kenya." Qualitative Health Research 28, no. 3 (January 9, 2018): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732317747875.
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The region inhabited by the Luo ethnic group in Kenya is disease endemic. However, disease awareness initiatives register low acceptance due to the sociocultural images of disease and illness conceptualized in the local Dholuo language in ways that may contradict modern biomedical knowledge and practice. This article evaluates the sociocultural basis of encoding descriptions of disease in the Luo indigenous knowledge system and their implications for modern medical practice. The methodology entailed use of qualitative interviews of purposively sampled Dholuo-speaking patient escorts in a provincial referral hospital. Nonparticipant observation was also conducted at funerals to monitor contextualized usage of the discourse of disease, illness, and death. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and categorized into emergent themes and categories. The results revealed that Dholuo is replete with expressions that emphasize the vulnerability and discrimination of the sick. Such attitudes cause rejection of interventions and negatively influence health-seeking behavior. The expressions were relevant and acceptable to cultural insiders; hence, they could determine their understanding of health conditions thereby influencing how they make medical decisions. It emerges that the unique Luo worldview controls their perceptions on the causes of disease and prescribes community-driven remedies which may depart from the expectations of the biomedical model.
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Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (April 2004): 327–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100004330.
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This article examines how government policies affect ethnic relations by comparing outcomes across two nearby districts, one in Kenya and one in Tanzania, using colonial-era boundary placement as a “natural experiment.” Despite similar geography and historical legacies, governments in Kenya and Tanzania have followed radically different language, education, and local institutional policies, with Tanzania consistently pursuing more serious nation building. The evidence suggests that nation building has allowed diverse communities in rural Tanzania to achieve considerably better local public goods outcomes than diverse communities in Kenya. To illustrate, while Kenyan communities at mean levels of diversity have 25 percent less local school funding than homogeneous communities on average, the comparable figure in the Tanzanian district is near zero. The Kenya-Tanzania comparison provides empirical evidence that serious reforms can ameliorate social divisions and suggests that nation-building should take a place on policy agendas, especially in Africa.
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Onyango, Daniel. "Loch Piny Owacho." Journal of Language and Politics 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 606–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.11.4.07ony.
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In this paper, I construct a linguistic framework for understanding contrasting conceptions of political contest. That framework is illustrated by applying it to the particular case of Luo of Kenya in the wider context of the country’s conflictual ethno-politics.The article, which rests on a conception of political contest as a structure of competition in which individuals and ethnic communities compete for political supremacy (over others, or at the expense of others), analyses selected instances of recent texts from online blogs, music and recorded public meetings. The article shows that, just like many other language communities, Luo key concepts and understandings emanate from its social and cultural institutions. Also, as those activities serve as source domains for other areas of social existence, including politics, the article argues that the conceptual metaphors deriving from frames such as POLITICAL CONTEST IS HUNTING/WAR/ WRESTLING/A FOOTBALL MATCH or POLITICAL CONTEST IS WOOING A WIFE are still common among the Luo today, even though some issues like hunting and war are no longer matters of everyday life. As the article argues, understanding the Luo Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs) of political contest may be very useful in peace and conflict studies.
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Grigorenko, Elena L., P. Wenzel Geissler, Ruth Prince, Frederick Okatcha, Catherine Nokes, David A. Kenny, Donald A. Bundy, and Robert J. Sternberg. "The organisation of Luo conceptions of intelligence: A study of implicit theories in a Kenyan village." International Journal of Behavioral Development 25, no. 4 (July 2001): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000348.
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This article examines the organisation of concepts of intelligence among the Luo people in rural Kenya. In particular, it discusses what the components of these concepts are; how these components are expressed in the DhoLuo language, how they are interrelated, how they are used in judgements of other people, and how these components of Luo conceptions of intelligence are related to Western conceptions of intelligence. Peer, teacher, and adult in the community ratings of children on Luo components of intelligence are correlated with performance on conventional ability tests and with school achievement. The Luo concept of intelligence is primarily expressed in the DhoLuo vocabulary by four concepts (rieko, luoro, paro, and winjo), which appear to form two latent structures, social-emotional competence and cognitive competence. Indicators of only one of these concepts (rieko) and only one latent structure (cognitive competence) correlate with scores on conventional Western cognitive ability tests and with school achievement in English and mathematics. The article also presents a novel method for analysing data from people’s ratings of each other’s intelligence that is useful when not every one who is providing the ratings knows everyone who is to be rated, and when Likert rating scales are inapplicable.
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Mous, Maarten. "Tanzania and Kenya: Appraisal of Continued Richness in Languages." Journal of Linguistics and Language in Education 16, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jlle.v16i1.6.
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The article is a plea for sustaining the indigenous languages of Tanzania and Kenya. These languages display an impressive richness in diversity which is diminishing currently. It is important to appreciate the value of the current linguistic diversity and that of multilingualism. The article is based on a presentation at a conference of the Languages of Tanzania project and hence is biased towards the Tanzanian situation. I argue that the success of the language policy of promoting Kiswahili now opens the ways to support the local languages that pose no threat to national unity. Given that this article is a plea and one making ample use of my personal experiences of linguistic research in Tanzania and Kenya the style is more personal and lacks the usual detachment of academic papers.
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Opondo, Rose Akinyi. "Masking death: Covid-19 inspired humour in the everyday orality of a Luo community in Kenya." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 60, no. 3 (December 13, 2023): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v60i3.14691.
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Death, especially death which comes through disease, is often a hard subject that the human mind wishes to bury deep in the unconscious. The lack of ease with impending death eventually finds expression in everyday discourse. In this paper I look at performance of Covid-19 discourse through humour in a short episode of everyday orality of a Luo community in Uyoma, Siaya, in Kenya. The performance of the everyday language is textualized to display the aesthetics of contextual language through coinage, jokes, and puns, which manifest as humorous responses to an otherwise dire situation. From the feminising of the disease as Acory Nyar China, literally translated as “the petite Cory from China”, to the symbolic naming of aspects of the Covid-19 protocols and verbal jokes about the same, there is an inherent, deliberate attempt to literally laugh in the face of death. The identified aspects of language are treated as metaphorical masks, even as the mask as an object also becomes a metaphor. I employ discourse analysis, which treats language as living social phenomena capable of change, growth, expansion, and adaptation for contextual spatial and temporal expressions.
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Twaakyondo, Hashim M., and Kennedy Mwakisole. "Open Source Kiswahili Spell Checker (SW-TZ)." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 34, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v34i1.455.
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Different English software products are localized into many native languages spoken around the world, the most popular software products localized so far are word processing software and web browsers. The effort has begun to localize these software products in Kiswahili language which is widely spoken in Tanzania, East and Central Africa. Kiswahiliis an official language of Tanzania, and is a national language in Uganda and Kenya. To make these software products useful to Kiswahili speaking community particularly in Tanzania a new Kiswahili spell checker has been developed and, it uses most of the Kiswahili words spoken in Tanzania and its locale identity is sw-TZ for OpenOffice.org and Mozilla Firefox while Kiswahili spoken in Kenya has a locale identity sw-KE which is common for Microsoft office products. It was developed due to the shortcomings of first ever Kiswahili spell checker developed by Open Kiswahili Localization Project(KILINUX). A spell-checking tool called MySpell has been used in developing a new spell checker. The dictionary of a new spell checker consists of 4894 stems and its affixes were created based on Kiswahili noun classification system and by selecting different groups of verb stems that follow the same trends in generating other Kiswahili valid words. Thispaper addresses the shortcomings of the existing spell checker and the approach carried out to develop a new spell checker.
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Xu, Xiaohui. "Corpus-based Study on African English Varieties." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0803.22.
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Corpus-based research is more and more used in linguistics. English varieties are used a lot in daily communications throughout the world. African English varieties are discussed in this paper, including West African English, East African English and South African English. Kenya and Tanzania corpus is the main target corpus while Jamaica corpus is used as a comparative one. The tool used is AntConc 3.2.4.
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Mwangi, Evan. "Sex, Music, and the City in a Globalized East Africa." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122, no. 1 (January 2007): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2007.122.1.321.
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One of the first things i noticed on landing in my hometown of nairobi, kenya, for summer vacation this year was the continued proliferation of new-style music that undermines traditional ties with the solid rural identities seen previously as quintessential manifestations of patriotism and African racial pride. Radios in duty-free shops at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport were tuned to various FM stations, which issued beats that were a cross between Western hip-hop and traditional village music. Notable were the songs' calls for dissolving the boundaries between East African countries—namely, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.
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Mohr, Susanne, and Dunlop Ochieng. "Language usage in everyday life and in education: current attitudes towards English in Tanzania." English Today 33, no. 4 (July 6, 2017): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078417000268.
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Tanzania is, like most countries in East Africa, extremely culturally and linguistically diverse. Language counts range from 125 (Lewis, Simons & Fennig, 2016) to 164 living languages mentioned by the ‘Languages of Tanzania project’ (2009). Given this extreme multilingualism, institutional languages had to be chosen on a national level after independence. Kiswahili is the proclaimed national language and lingua franca of the East African region, also spoken in Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, for instance, and is used as medium of instruction (MoI) in primary education. English, the former colonial language, is the de facto national working language and medium of instruction in secondary and higher education. However, English remains a minority language, spoken by approximately 5% of the population, most of whom are members of a higher social class (Tibategeza, 2010). This leads to English being an international rather than a second language as in other former British colonies (Schmied, 1990, 1991). Rubanza (2002: 45) goes so far as to argue that ‘the society Tanzanians work and live in does not demand the use of English’. That is why it has been claimed that English will never replace the African languages in Tanzania but remain an additional language in certain spheres (Schmied, 1991).
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Aiello, Flavia. "La memoria coloniale nella narrativa swahili contemporanea." Annali Sezione Orientale 76, no. 1-2 (November 28, 2016): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685631-12340005.
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The memory of the colonial experience is a recurrent topic in the Swahili prose produced after the independencies. The present article investigates how East African writers creating in the Swahili language reconstructed and preserved the local reminiscences of the colonial trauma, sometimes in reaction to the solicitations of the political leaders. The textual analysis is contextualised by taking into account the historical, cultural and linguistic specificities of the two countries where post-independence Swahili literature developed, namely Kenya and Tanzania.
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Ukoyen, Joseph. "La littérature africaine moderne en traduction." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 2 (August 20, 1999): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.2.04uko.
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Résumé La question linguistique constitue à l'heure actuelle un des problèmes fondamentaux auxquels font face les Etats-Nations d'Afrique. Faut-il conserver intégralement les langues d'origine coloniale, dites langues officielles, non seulement comme moyens d'enseignement mais aussi comme véhicules de communication dans tous les autres domaines de la vie, y compris le gouvernement, ou faut-il remplacer les langues exogènes par une ou plusieurs langues indigènes dans chaque territoire national? A l'exception de la Tanzanie, du Kenya et de l'Ethiopie, qui ont su résoudre avec succès le problème épineux de choix d'une langue nationale unique, tous les autres pays d'Afrique adoptent des solutions de compromis qui laissent une grande place à la traduction. Abstract The language question constitutes one of the fundamental problems confronting the modern Nation-States of Africa today. Should the languages of the erstwhile colonial masters be retained wholesale as the media of educational instruction and for all other purposes, including government business, or should they be replaced with one or more indigenous languages in each national territory? With the exception of Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia, which have successfully resolved the thorny problem of selecting only one, single national language, all the other African countries adopt compromise solutions in which translation activity looms large.
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Kobimbo, Mary Mercy. "The Translation of יהוה: Part 2, The Case of Dholuo." Bible Translator 73, no. 2 (August 2022): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20516770221105876.
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The first part of this study ( TBT 72[1]: 50–60) reviewed the history of the rendering of the key term יהוה YHWH in Bible translations into Dholuo (spoken in southwestern Kenya and northwestern Tanzania). This second part considers the translation of this key term within the context of modern Dholuo language and culture. The different renderings in two existing translations are analyzed and put in the broader perspective of Bible translation in Africa. Finally, the paper proposes a rendering for יהוה that does justice to the Dholuo culture and tradition, while maintaining the specific characteristics that are present in the source text.
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Mercy Kobimbo, Mary. "The Translation of יהוה in Dholuo: Overview and History." Bible Translator 72, no. 1 (April 2021): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20516770211001418.
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The rendering of the divine name יהוה is one of the most debated issues in Bible translation. This is also the case in translation of the Bible into the Dholuo language of Kenya and Tanzania. Different solutions have been proffered in different Dholuo versions, but without a clear rationale. This raises important questions. To what extent do versions used as sources influence translation choice? Should traditional religion and culture provide guidance in the search for a solution? This study analyses renderings of יהוה in existing Dholuo versions against the background of the history of church and mission in the Dholuo context.
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Walga, Tamene Keneni. "Prospects and Challenges of Afan Oromo: A Commentary." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1106.03.
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Afan Oromo- the language of the Oromo- is also known as Oromo. The word ‘Oromo’ refers to both the People of Oromo and their language. It is one of the widely spoken indigenous African languages. It is also spoken in multiple countries in Africa including Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Tanzania among others. Moreover, it is spoken as a native language, second language and lingua-franca across Ethiopia and beyond. Regardless of its scope in terms of number of speakers and geographical area it covers, Afan Oromo as a literary language is only emerging due to perpetuating unfair treatment it received from successive Ethiopian regimes. This commentary sought to examine prospects and challenges of Afan Oromo. To this end, drawing on existing literature and author’s own personal observations, salient prospects and challenges of Afan Oromo have been presented and briefly discussed. Suggestions to confront the challenges foreseen have been proposed by the author where deemed necessary. The paper concludes with author’s concluding remarks concerning the way forward.
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NIKOLSKAYA, M. V. "POLITICAL DIMENSION OF SWAHILI IN EAST AFRICA: COUNTRY AND REGIONAL ASPECTS." Comparative Politics Russia 13, no. 3 (January 11, 2024): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2221-3279-2022-3-13-74-93.
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Kiswahili is an East African Bantu language with around 150 million speakers, including those for whom it is a mother tongue or a language of confident proficiency. Its historical geographic domain spans Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. All three were part of British East Africa from the early 1920s up until decolonization. At present, their shared history, culture, geographical proximity and integration aspirations make them the core countries in the region. It would be logical therefore to assume that the position of Kiswahili should be growing stronger, yet in reality its status, functions and spread differ across all the three countries. This article seeks to identify the reasons for this phenomenon and analyze whether Kiswahili has the right potential to become a tool for regional political communication and integration.
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Hickey, Ellen M., Monica McKenna, Celeste Woods, and Carmen Archibald. "Ethical Concerns in Voluntourism in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology." Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders 2, no. 2 (September 2012): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gics2.2.40.
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There is growing interest in short-term volunteering (i.e., volunteer tourism) to contribute to the development of speech-language pathology (SLP) and audiology (AUD) in global contexts. While this is exciting, professionals and students must be properly prepared for such trips to ensure cultural safety and avoid potential ethical concerns and pitfalls of neo-colonialist perspectives in working in resource-poor contexts. There is a burgeoning literature on volunteer tourism and medical tourism that can be used to assist us in planning and preparing for such work. Some examples from the first author's experiences in Malawi, Tanzania, and Kenya are used to illustrate some of the ethical concerns in SLPs' and AUDs' voluntourism. This article suggests that we attend to the motivations of volunteers, conduct training to ensure culturally safe and sustainable practices, and assist volunteers in coping with culture shock and re-entry shock. Research is needed to understand best practices in assessment and treatment in global contexts and best practices in pre- and post-trip training for SLP/AUD volunteers and students.
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Ochola, Eunita D. "Is there a passive in Dhuluo." Studies in African Linguistics 28, no. 1 (June 1, 1999): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v28i1.107380.
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This article presents an analysis of a particular passive-like syntactic construction in Dholuo, a Nilotic language spoken in parts of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. While the construction analyzed resembles the passive construction in English in which the fronted patient/theme is the subject NP, the analysis shows that this construction is not a true passive in Dholuo, but rather a pseudo-passive. The peculiarity of the Dholuo pseudo-passive is that the fronted patient is not the NP subject of the construction; rather, it is a preposed object that is adjoined to IP. What distinguishes this construction from "classic" passive constructions is that the preposed object does not control subject verb agreement.
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Hofmeyr, Isabel. "Universalizing the Indian Ocean." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 3 (May 2010): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.3.721.
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In 1966 Auguste Toussaint, the Mauritian Archivist, Wrote One of the First Histories of the Indian Ocean, a Topic he Described as “neglected” (1). Four decades on, circumstances have shifted, and the Indian Ocean now compels our attention. Audacious Somali pirates astound international media audiences. The new economic superpowers, India and China, exert palpable global influence. Their internecine competition plays itself out in the Indian Ocean, where the two Asian powers squabble for control of shipping lanes and oil supplies and for dominance of African markets and minerals (Vines and Oruitemeka; Broadman). Al-Qaeda continues to operate around the Indian Ocean littoral: its targets have included United States interests in Tanzania, Kenya, Comoros, Indonesia, and Yemen. United States imperialism itself persists in the Indian Ocean world, waning in Iraq but entrenched in Diego Garcia, the United States-occupied atoll from which bombing raids on Afghanistan and Iraq were launched.
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Myers-Scotton, Carol. "Ali A. Mazrui & Alamin M. Mazrui, The power of Babel: Language and governance in the African experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Oxford: James Currey; Kampala: Fountain Publishers; Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers; Cape Town: David Philip, 1998. Pp. xii, 228. Hb $40.00, pb $15.25." Language in Society 29, no. 3 (July 2000): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500333048.
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To understand this book, a little background information helps. I first encountered Ali Mazrui in 1968–70 when I was the first lecturer in linguistics at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda; Mazrui, a member of the political science faculty, was already a famous orator, acknowledged by all as possessing “a golden tongue.” Since then, he has gone on to become probably the most famous African studies professor in the United States; he was the presenter of the nine-part BBC/PBS television series The Africans: A triple heritage, and he is the author of many books and articles on Africa. He has taught at many universities around the world, and is now director of the Institute of Global Cultural Studies and Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities at the State University of New York at Binghamton. His junior co-author (a relative?), Alamin M. Mazrui, was trained as a linguist and is an associate professor of Black studies at Ohio State University. Both are native speakers of Swahili from Mombasa, Kenya (they prefer to refer to the language as Kiswahili, with its noun class prefix, as it would be if one were speaking the language itself). Kiswahili, of course, is probably the best-known African language; many people in East Africa and other areas (e.g. the Democratic Republic of Congo) speak it as a second language. Furthermore, it is one of the few indigenous languages with official status in an African nation; it is the official language of Tanzania, and the co-official language in Kenya along with English. However, Kiswahili is spoken natively mainly along the East African coastline and on the offshore islands (e.g. Zanzibar), often by persons with a dual Arabic-African heritage similar to that of the Mazruis.
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Dorsey, Shannon, Christopher F. Akiba, Noah S. Triplett, Leah Lucid, Haley A. Carroll, Katherine S. Benjamin, Dafrosa K. Itemba, et al. "Consumer perspectives on acceptability of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy in Tanzania and Kenya: A mixed methods study." Implementation Research and Practice 3 (January 2022): 263348952211099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26334895221109963.
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Background There is a substantial mental health treatment gap globally. Increasingly, mental health treatments with evidence of effectiveness in western countries have been adapted and tested in culturally and contextually distinct countries. Findings from these studies have been promising, but to better understand treatment outcome results and consider broader scale up, treatment acceptability needs to be assessed and better understood. This mixed methods study aimed to examine child and guardian acceptability of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) in two regions in Tanzania and Kenya and to better understand how TF-CBT was perceived as helpful for children and guardians. Methods Participants were 315 children (7–13), who experienced the death of one or both parents and 315 guardians, both of whom participated in TF-CBT as part of a randomized controlled trial conducted in Tanzania and Kenya. The study used mixed methods, with quantitative evaluation from guardian perspective ( N=315) using the Treatment Acceptability Questionnaire (TAQ) and the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8). Acceptability was assessed qualitatively from both guardian and child perspectives. Qualitative evaluation involved analysis using stratified selection to identify 160 child and 160 guardian interviews, to allow exploration of potential differences in acceptability by country, setting (urban/rural), and youth age (younger/older). Results Guardians reported high acceptability on the TAQ and, using an interpretation guide from U.S.-based work, medium acceptability on the CSQ-8. Guardians and children noted high acceptability in the qualitative analysis, noting benefits that correspond to TF-CBT’s therapeutic goals. Analyses exploring differences in acceptability yielded few differences by setting or child age but suggested some potential differences by country. Conclusion Quantitative and qualitative data converged to suggest high acceptability of TF-CBT from guardian and child perspectives in Tanzania and Kenya. Findings add to accumulating evidence of high TF-CBT acceptability from Zambia and other countries (United States, Norway, Australia). Plain Language Summary: Evidence-based treatments have been shown to be effective in countries and regions that are contextually and culturally distinct from where they were developed. But, perspectives of consumers on these treatments have not been assessed regularly or thoroughly. We used open-ended questions and rating scales to assess guardian and youth perspectives on a group-based, cognitive behavioral treatment for children impacted by parental death, in regions within Tanzania and Kenya. Our findings indicate that both guardians and youth found the treatment to be very acceptable. Nearly all guardians talked about specific benefits for the child, followed by benefits for the family and themselves. Eighty percent of youth mentioned benefits for themselves and all youth said they would recommend the program to others. Benefits mentioned by guardians and youth corresponded to treatment goals (improved mood/feelings or behavior, less distress when thinking about the parent/s’ death). Both guardians and children named specific aspects of the treatment that they liked and found useful. Dislikes and challenges of the treatment were less frequently mentioned, but point to areas where acceptability could be further improved. Recommendations from participants also offer areas where acceptability could be improved, namely guardians’ recommendation that the treatment also address non-mental health needs and offer some follow-up or opportunity to participate in the program again. Our study provides an example of how to assess acceptability and identify places to further enhance acceptability.
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Shatokhina, Viсtoriya Sergeevna. "On the history of studying proverbs in the Swahili language." Litera, no. 5 (May 2021): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.5.32946.
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The subject of this research is the African paremiology. The object is the history of studying proverbs in the Swahili language. The author examines the chronology of studying this field of linguistics by Western European and African scholars, cites their major works, and describes the peculiarities of their scientific views. Special attention is given to the works of the founders of African paremiology, as well as the perspective of modern scholars of Tanzania and Kenya upon the scientific heritage of proverbs and sayings of the Swahili language. The article employs the theoretical research methods, namely the comparison of theoretical works in the Swahili and English languages. The analysis of a wide range of works in the Swahili language alongside the works of certain European authors, allows reconstructing the chronology of the process of studying Swahili paroemias, as well as highlighting most prominent African and European scholars in this field of linguistics. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that this topic is viewed in the domestic African Studies for the first time; foreign linguists also did not pay deliberate attention to this question. The author’s special contribution consists in translation of the previously inaccessible materials of the African and Western European into the Russian language, which helps the linguists-Africanists in their further research.
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Jacobsen, Ushma Chauhan. "Knowledge Asymmetry in Action." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 27, no. 53 (December 2, 2014): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v27i53.20950.
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<p align="LEFT">This article forges a connection between knowledge asymmetry and intercultural communication to challenge extant understandings of knowledge asymmetry as a static and stable condition that infl uences the processes and outcomes of interactive encounters that promote learning. The article draws its empirical material from ethnographic fieldwork at a training course on climate change that involved the participation of development practitioners, policy makers and civil servants working in broad professional arenas such as engineering, agriculture, water management and urban development in Sri Lanka, Kenya, Egypt, Bangladesh, Uganda, Tanzania, Vietnam and Denmark. The material is represented in the form of ethnographic vignettes to demonstrate knowledge asymmetry ‘in action’: how knowledge asymmetry is far from a static and stable condition, but rather how it emerges and disappears as participants summon, articulate, dismiss, ridicule, ignore or explore the rich pools of their culture/knowledge differences during the training course interaction. The article aligns itself to Barth’s (2002) conceptualization of culture as knowledge and to contemporary understandings of intercultural communication that privilege sensitivities to the webs of geo-historical relations and macro power and economic asymmetries that structure and inform intercultural relationships. The article also emphasizes the relevance of seeing knowledge asymmetry as a concept-metaphor (Moore 2004).</p>
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Mariri, Cecilie Butenschøn. "Searcwl and the Women's Law Collection, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Legal Information 32, no. 2 (2004): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500004200.
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The Southern and Eastern African Regional Centre for Women's Law – SEARCWL - (in daily language just called the Women's Law Centre) is an institute under the Faculty of Law, University of Zimbabwe (UZ). It all started way back in the late 1980'ies when the Norwegian Agency for Development (NORAD) sponsored diploma courses in women's law for participants from Africa, at the University of Oslo. The first three courses were held in Oslo, but then the venue was moved to the University of Zimbabwe, and through the 1990'ies more than a hundred scholars have passed through the diploma courses. From February 2003, a masters degree program has been running with 28 students from 10 different countries (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe). From mid-June until the end of August we had an additional 19 students, so-called “upgraders” – i.e. ex-diploma students upgrading their diploma to a Masters degree.
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Shamaieva, Iuliia, Mahona Joseph Paschal, and Saman Ange-Michel Gougou. "The ECOSOPHY concept in discourses of language education: a cross-cultural perspective." 26, no. 26 (August 31, 2023): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2218-2926-2023-26-08.
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This paper focuses on studying the peculiarities of the linguocognitive actualization of the concept of ecosophy in language education discourses with an emphasis on its cross-cultural ontology in the English language teaching and learning environments of Argentina, Côte d'Ivoire, the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Peru, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Ukraine. On the premise of analysing the multidisciplinary essence of ecosophy as deep ecology philosophy, within the methodological framework of cognitive linguistics, ecolinguistics and linguoculturology, the authors substantiate the status of ecosophy as a universal fundamental conceptual constituent of linguodidactic discourses of the twenty-first century, oriented at biospheric egalitarianism to realize the Sustainable Development Goals formulated by the United Nations as the blueprint to secure a better future. As a result of the conducted psycholinguistic experiment centered around elicitation techniques, such quantitatively dominant culturally universal components of the concept of ecosophy as harmony, resilience, and sustainability, together with the conceptual facets content and level, as the basis of better language education cross-culturally have been revealed. Our further conceptual and linguistic analysis has enabled our construing a multi-dimensional matrix as a representation of the concept researched. The data obtained have proved that the conceptual dimension content comprises the conceptual commonalities social life, economics, politics, peace/war/safety, environment, culture, whereas the dimension level embraces the concepts individual/identity, community, state. The matrix serves as a tool for explicating major conceptual highlights of ecosophy in language instruction discourses across eleven countries, thus perspectively contributing to the development of more efficient, culturally relevant linguodidactic methods and media.
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Wahome, Maina, Agus Subiyanto, and Oktiva Herry Chandra. "An analysis of Swahili verbal inflection and derivational morphemes: An item and arrangement approach." Journal of Languages, Linguistics and Literary Studies 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.57040/jllls.v3i3.470.
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This research paper investigates the affixation and derivation processes in Swahili, a highly inflective and agglutinative language spoken in East Africa. Swahili defaults to SVO but allows for VSO or SOV word orders. The study's primary objective is to understand how Swahili words are inflected or derived, and the function of affixation. The research aims to enhance our understanding of the language's morphology and contribute to language learning and teaching methodologies. The study uses a descriptive-qualitative approach, collecting data from the Swahili dictionary, native Swahili speakers, and other relevant resources. Eight knowledgeable informants, native speakers of Swahili from Tanzania and Kenya, provide valuable insights. The researcher, who is also a native Swahili speaker, guides the data collection process. The research findings reveal that Swahili words exhibit affixation in the form of prefixes, infixes, suffixes, and circumfixes. The study also discovered that the key to successful Swahili derivation lies in utilizing stem words to create new words with distinct meanings or contexts from the same word class. Additionally, derivative morphemes were discovered as a result of the affixation process. In conclusion, the research contributes to our understanding of Swahili's morphology, particularly its affixation and derivation processes. The use of inflectional and derivational morphemes allows Swahili speakers to express complex thoughts and convey subtle nuances, making the language a rich and versatile means of communication and cultural expression. This research has implications for language learning and teaching, particularly for those interested in exploring Swahili word morphology.
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Scheinfeldt, Laura B., Sameer Soi, Charla Lambert, Wen-Ya Ko, Aoua Coulibaly, Alessia Ranciaro, Simon Thompson, et al. "Genomic evidence for shared common ancestry of East African hunting-gathering populations and insights into local adaptation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 10 (February 19, 2019): 4166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817678116.
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Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa ∼300,000 years ago, but the demographic and adaptive histories of African populations are not well-characterized. Here, we have generated a genome-wide dataset from 840 Africans, residing in western, eastern, southern, and northern Africa, belonging to 50 ethnicities, and speaking languages belonging to four language families. In addition to agriculturalists and pastoralists, our study includes 16 populations that practice, or until recently have practiced, a hunting-gathering (HG) lifestyle. We observe that genetic structure in Africa is broadly correlated not only with geography, but to a lesser extent, with linguistic affiliation and subsistence strategy. Four East African HG (EHG) populations that are geographically distant from each other show evidence of common ancestry: the Hadza and Sandawe in Tanzania, who speak languages with clicks classified as Khoisan; the Dahalo in Kenya, whose language has remnant clicks; and the Sabue in Ethiopia, who speak an unclassified language. Additionally, we observed common ancestry between central African rainforest HGs and southern African San, the latter of whom speak languages with clicks classified as Khoisan. With the exception of the EHG, central African rainforest HGs, and San, other HG groups in Africa appear genetically similar to neighboring agriculturalist or pastoralist populations. We additionally demonstrate that infectious disease, immune response, and diet have played important roles in the adaptive landscape of African history. However, while the broad biological processes involved in recent human adaptation in Africa are often consistent across populations, the specific loci affected by selective pressures more often vary across populations.
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Okere, Oluchi Ojinamma, and Cecilia Funmilayo Daramola. "Corporate social responsibilities by academic libraries: A global review." Journal of Library Services and Technologies 5, no. 3 (2023): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47524/jlst.v5i3.77.
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an integral practice for organizations initiated to demonstrate accountability and contribute to societal well being. This paper explores CSR efforts in academic libraries through documentary reports from cases of academic libraries in Nigeria, Tanzania, Lesotho, Kenya, India, and the Philippines. The study involved a systematic investigation, examination and analysis of existing records on CSR from various settings. The reported cases highlight outreach initiatives to serve the information needs of rural communities, including agricultural extension services, literacy programs, mobile libraries, book donations, and skills training. Disadvantaged groups are also beneficiaries in some of the examples. Key CSR activities aim to promote development, address inequality, and build relationships. However, libraries face challenges like limited funding, low literacy of users, lack of ICT infrastructure, developing local language materials, vehicle maintenance issues, and impact monitoring. Proposed solutions emphasize partnerships to pool resources, customization of training for users, utilization of local languages, leveraging of low tech options (mobile phones), enhancing evaluation, and securing external funding. The reports demonstrate libraries’ potential as change agents in fostering inclusion and bridging information gaps by embracing CSR principles. Also, libraries achieve much through collaborations with corporate organizations. The study provides exemplars for modelling CSR practices that enable libraries to positively serve disadvantaged communities and live up to their role as equitable social institutions.
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Radovanović, Danica, Christine Holst, Sarbani Banerjee Belur, Ritu Srivastava, Georges Vivien Houngbonon, Erwan Le Quentrec, Josephine Miliza, Andrea S. Winkler, and Josef Noll. "Digital Literacy Key Performance Indicators for Sustainable Development." Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (May 14, 2020): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.2587.
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The concept of digital literacy has been defined in numerous ways over the last two decades to incorporate rapid technological changes, its versatility, and to bridge the global digital divide. Most approaches have been technology-centric with an inherent assumption of cultural and political neutrality of new media technologies. There are multiple hurdles in every stage of digital literacy implementation. The lack of solutions such as local language digital interfaces, locally relevant content, digital literacy training, the use of icons and audio excludes a large fraction of illiterate people. In this article, we analyse case studies targeted at under-connected people in sub-Saharan Africa and India that use digital literacy programmes to build knowledge and health literacy, solve societal problems and foster development. In India, we focus on notable initiatives undertaken in the domain of digital literacy for rural populations. In Sub-Saharan Africa, we draw from an original project in Kenya aiming at developing digital literacy for youth from low-income backgrounds. We further focus on Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Tanzania, where field studies have been conducted on the use of digital technologies by low-literacy people and on how audio and icon-based interfaces and Internet lite standard could help them overcome their limitations. The main objective of this article is to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) in the context of digital literacy skills as one of the pillars for digital inclusion. We will learn how digital literacy programmes can be used to build digital literacy and how KPIs for sustainable development can be established. In the final discussion, we offer lessons learned from the case studies and further recommendation for stakeholders and decision-makers in the field of digital health literacy.
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Юзмухаметов, Рамиль Тагирович. "PERSIAN LEXICAL LOANWORDS IN SWAHILI." Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no. 3(108) (October 20, 2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2020.108.3.014.
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Статья посвящена исследованию персидских лексических заимствований в языке суахили. Язык суахили является официальным языком ряда государств в Восточной Африке, таких как Танзания, Кения, Уганда, Коморские острова и др., эти страны можно считать родиной суахили. Актуальность исследования определяется интересом к распространению персидской заимствованной лексики в Восточной Африке параллельно с интересом к вопросу истории появления мусульманской культуры в Восточной Африке. Несмотря на то что арабские заимствования проникали в языки банту одновременно с персидскими словами, в этой статье рассмотрены исключительно персидские слова с целью подробнее исследовать тематические и структурные группы персидских заимствований, фонетические, морфологические и лексико-семантические изменения в них. Методологической и теоретической базой для исследования стали труды отечественных и зарубежных языковедов и африканистов, изучавших историю языка суахили, его строение, лексический состав, а также этническую структуру общества в Восточной Африке. Материалом для исследования послужили заимствованные из персидского языка слова, зафиксированные в «Суахили-русском словаре» под редакцией Н. В. Громовой. В лексическом составе языка суахили содержится значительное количество иностранных заимствований, что отражает разные периоды истории колонизации и освоения Восточной Африки. Персидских слов в суахили содержится порядка тридцати. Они представлены главным образом конкретными именами, обозначающими различные бытовые понятия, имеется и несколько абстрактных слов, связанных с религией и общественным укладом жизни. В морфологическом, фонологическом и лексико-семантическом плане обнаружены признаки глубокого усвоения иранизмов со стороны языка-реципиента - банту. The article is devoted to the study of Persian lexical borrowings in Swahili. Swahili is the official language of a number of states in East Africa; these are Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, the Comoros and others. These countries can be considered the homeland of Swahili. The relevance of the study is determined by interest in the distribution of Persian borrowed vocabulary in East Africa, along with interest in the issue of the history of the emergence of Muslim culture in East Africa. Despite the fact that Arabic borrowings penetrated the Bantu languages simultaneously with Persian words, this article exclusively discusses Persian words in order to study in more detail the thematic and structural groups of Persian borrowings, phonetic, morphological and lexical-semantic changes in them. The methodological and theoretical framework for this study was determined by works of the domestic and foreign linguists and africanists who studied the history of Swahili, its structural and lexical composition. The material for the study was taken from “Swahili-Russian Dictionary” (ed. N. V. Gromova). The lexical composition of Swahili contains a significant amount of foreign lexical borrowings, which reflects different periods of the history of colonization of East Africa. There are about thirty Persian words in Swahili. They are represented mainly by specific words denoting various everyday concepts, and there are several abstract words related to religion and the social way of life. On the morphological, phonological, and lexical-semantic plane, signs of a deep assimilation of Iranisms by the recipient language, Bantu, were found
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Shankar, P. R., R. M. Piryani, and S. Piryani. "The state of the world’s antibiotics 2015." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 6, no. 4 (February 20, 2017): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v6i4.16721.
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Antibiotics play an important role in modern healthcare and the modern medical system is dangerously and solely dependent on them to fight and prevent infections. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is however, becoming increasingly common with the injudicious use of antibiotics being one of the common reasons. AMR is now attracting attention both in the lay and the scientific press and the grim possibility of a world without antibiotics is being visualized. The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington DC, United States of America (USA) has recently published a report on the state of the world’s antibiotics. Eight working groups of the Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP), one each from India, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Vietnam have contributed to the report and Hellen Gelband, Molly Miller-Petrie, Suraj Pant, Sumanth Gandra, Jordan Levinson, Devra Barter, Andrea White and Ramanan Laxminarayan have authored the report.The authors of the report mention that two factors are driving the world’s increased requirement for antibiotics. Rising incomes is increasing access to antibiotics and an increased demand for animal protein is resulting in intensification of agriculture and animal husbandry with a greater potential for antibiotic use. The book briefly mentions the tool, Resistance Map which brings together AMR statistics from a number of nations. There has been a huge increase in antibiotic consumption in livestock especially among developing nations.Chapter 1 discusses antibiotic resistance in 2015. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers (ESBL), carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae, are among the major organisms described and resistance is increasing among nearly all micro-organisms. Different countries have or are in the process of setting up AMR surveillance systems which are briefly described in the book.Chapter 2 focuses on human use of antibiotics. Globally the consumption of the two groups of ‘last resort’ antibiotics, carbapenems and polymixins has been rising. As mentioned previously the developing world has been witnessing huge increases in antibiotic consumption. The table showing public campaigns to improve use of antibiotics among outpatients provides an overview of important campaigns. Antibiotics in agriculture and the environment is the focus of chapter 3. Antibiotic use in agriculture is greater than their use among humans. Regulating antibiotic use in agriculture and animal husbandry is becoming a priority area globally.Antibiotics lose effectiveness over time and the report mentions how each new generation of antibiotics has proven exponentially more expensive than its precursors. Issues of antibiotic quality (substandard and counterfeit medicines) persist in many areas of the world and reintroduction of older antibiotics could be an option as bacteria ‘forget’ about antibiotics which are not in common use.Chapter 4 mentions about 1) the stewardship and effective public health measures contributing towards a decline in the use of antibiotics, and hence antibiotic resistance, 2) feasible and practicable interventions that could contribute in maintaining antibiotic effectiveness and 3) alternative and complementary approaches applied to control and treat infections.Vaccines could be an important initiative to reduce antibiotic use. It also describes the six strategies that contribute to slowing resistance and maintaining the effectiveness of current drugs.Excellent maps and tables add to the information presented in the book. High production standards and effective use of color characterize this well-written and presented report. The list of references provided at the end of the book is comprehensive and will be of interest to readers interested in knowing more about the issues discussed. This book will be of interest to specialists in the field of AMR and to health professionals interested in preserving the power of antibiotics for future generations. The technical language used may make reading the book difficult for lay persons but those interested can still do so.About the book: Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. 2015. State of the World’s Antibiotics, 2015. CDDEP: Washington, D.C. The report is freely available at http://cddep.org/publications/ state_worlds_antibiotics_2015#sthash.RKLp0pcM. dpbs and can be downloaded for free from https:// cddep.org/sites/default/files/swa_2015_final.pdf
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Odhiambo, Christopher, and Loreen Maseno. "Dramatic Irony as an Intervention Strategy in Two Dholuo Films: Kalausi and The Cleansing." Imbizo 9, no. 2 (June 27, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2078-9785/5775.
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Kalausi and The Cleansing are two films set in Kenya whose storylines touch on death and rituals among the Luo community of Kenya. Both films are in the language of Dholuo and place sharp focus on widowhood and its prevailing dilemmas and anxieties within Luo culture. It is these dilemmas and anxieties that reveal the injustices that culture metes out to women. While Kalausi engages its viewers up until the burial ceremony, The Cleansing starts after the actual burial and focuses on post-burial rituals. Thus, the two films in a way complement each other in the presentation of the injustices and intrigues that a woman faces during and after the demise of a spouse. Dramatic irony as the trope of ambiguity in the two films builds up tension, suspense and comic relief. Consequently, we examine how dramatic irony participates as a socio-cultural device of intervention in the two films. Reading the two films from this perspective, dramatic irony as a signifying trope becomes paramount in unravelling the multiplicities of interpretations evident in the critical moment of death within the Luo community. It is an extremely intricate signifying device as it plays on the contrast between reality and appearance.
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Iyawe, Efosa P., Bukunmi M. Idowu, and Olasubomi J. Omoleye. "Radiology subspecialisation in Africa: A review of the current status." South African Journal of Radiology 25, no. 1 (August 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajr.v25i1.2168.
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Background: Radiology subspecialisation is well-established in much of Europe, North America, and Australasia. It is a natural evolution of the radiology speciality catalysed by multiple factors.Objectives: The aim of this article is to analyse and provide an overview of the current status of radiology subspecialisation in African countries.Methods: We reviewed English-language articles, reports, and other documents on radiology specialisation and subspecialisation in Africa.Results: There are 54 sovereign countries in Africa (discounting disputed territories). Eighteen African countries with well-established radiology residency training were assessed for the availability of formal subspecialisation training locally. Eight (Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, and Tunisia) out of the 18 countries have local subspecialist training programmes. Data and/or information on subspecialisation were unavailable for three (Algeria, Libya, and Senegal) of the 18 countries. Paediatric Radiology (Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia) and Interventional Radiology (Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania) were the most frequently available subspecialist training programmes. Except Tanzania, all the countries with subspecialisation training programmes have ≥ 100 radiologists in their workforce.Conclusion: There is limited availability of subspecialist radiology training programmes in African countries. Alternative models of subspecialist radiology training are suggested to address this deficit.
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Mwalubanda, Joseph. "The development of institutional repositories in East Africa countries: A comparative analysis of Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda." IASSIST Quarterly 45, no. 3-4 (December 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/iq1012.
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This paper aims to examine the growth of IR in the East Africa region (Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda) from 2010-2020. This study adopted a content analysis methodology. Data for this study was extracted from OpenDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repository), ROAR (Registry of Open Access Repository) and repositories websites to identify the language used, subject covered, software used and types of content that are found in East African repositories. The findings of this study reveal that East Africa region had a total number of 66 repositories, which are registered in OpenDOAR. Kenya is a leading country in the region by having 42 repositories, followed by Tanzania with 14 repositories and Uganda have 10 repositories. The findings show that there is an increase number in the of repositories in the region from 4 in 2010 to 66 in 2020, however the growth is low compared to other parts of the world like Europe, Asia, and America. The study shows the need of librarians, researchers, stakeholders, and East Africa governments to come together to overcome the challenges that hinder the growth of repositories in the region. Mandate policies formulation, training, fund support, OA awareness and technical support are needed in overcoming those challenges. Keywords: Institutional Repository, Open Access, Content growth, Institutional Repository software, Items types, Institutional Repository language, and subject covered in repository, East Africa region.
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Nkurunziza, Fabrice. "GDP Official Exchange Rate and GDP Purchasing Power Parity Comparison: East African Community (EAC) A Comparative Study." International Journal of Learning and Development 6, no. 2 (June 4, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v6i2.9285.
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<p><em>The strength of the book is that it is comprehensive, well written and accessible to students who don’t have an in depth- understanding of formal economics.”(Matthew Cole, Birmingham University)</em></p><p><em>The main objectives of this Review paper is to answer three questions in easy and soft language for an in depth understanding. which country is more advanced in East African community (EAC) using comparison of GDP Official exchange rate (GDP OER) and GDP Purchasing power party (GDP PPP), Is Rwanda contributing more to global Economy than other countries member of EAC, and the last one is the average person income or wealthier in Rwanda compared to other countries member of East African community, all these issues are being addressed in this review paper</em>. </p><p><em>The methodology used in this paper was a Descriptive study, where EAC members where described based on historical data published from world bank, IMF, NISR, and then compared where comparison was based on GDP official exchange rate, PPP, expenditures partners, Trade per capita, exports, imports and worldwide governance indicators. </em></p><p><em>The result showed that Kenya is the most advanced country in EAC members, with highest Nominal GDP in US dollar, times more than one point five of Tanzania, two point five times of Uganda, seven times of Rwanda and twenty times of Burundi. Even though country like Kenya is one step ahead of Tanzania in terms of GDP per capita, Tanzania had spent much in gross fixed capital formation compared to Kenya and all other EAC members. And in terms of governance Rwanda is a head of its counterparts EAC members. Kenyans are wealthier in EAC and Kenya contributes more in global economy in terms of exports and imports. </em></p><p>Key words: GDP OER, GDP PPP, EAC, Global economy, Governance and Advanced. </p>
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Nassenstein, Nico, and Paulin Baraka Bose. "Morphological features of Kiswahili youth language(s): Evidence from Dar es Salaam, Goma, Lubumbashi and Nairobi." Linguistics Vanguard 6, s4 (December 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2019-0034.
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Abstract Since the late 1980s, linguists’ analyses of Sheng, the urban youth language from Nairobi, have led to the growth of a considerable body of literature. In contrast, only a few studies are available that cover other youth registers from the Kiswahili-speaking parts of Africa. While most of the available studies either deal with techniques of manipulation or with adolescents’ identity constructions, our paper intends to give a comparative overview of specific morphological features of Kiswahili-based youth languages. While certain characteristics of Sheng (Nairobi/Kenya), Lugha ya Mitaani (Dar es Salaam/Tanzania), Kindubile (Lubumbashi/DR Congo) and Yabacrâne (Goma/DR Congo) largely diverge from East Coast Swahili (hereafter ECS) in regard to their nominal and verbal morphology, they all share specific features. Focusing on (apparent) supra-regional developments and changes in Kiswahili, this preliminary description of some structural features that transcend all four youth language practices aims to provide comparative insights into urban register variation, approaching East African youth languages from a micro-typological perspective.
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Ryanga, Sheila. "Imbalances in the Modernization and Promotion of the Swahili Language in East Africa: The Case of Kenya and Tanzania." Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies 18, no. 3 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/f7183016813.
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Lilak, Abigail A., David B. Pecor, Graham Matulis, Alexander M. Potter, Rachel N. Wofford, Mary F. Kearney, Stephanie Mitchell, et al. "Data release: targeted systematic literature search for tick and tick-borne pathogen distributions in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa from 1901 to 2020." Parasites & Vectors 17, no. 1 (February 22, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06086-4.
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Abstract Background Surveillance data documenting tick and tick-borne disease (TBD) prevalence is needed to develop risk assessments and implement control strategies. Despite extensive research in Africa, there is no standardized, comprehensive review. Methods Here we tackle this knowledge gap, by producing a comprehensive review of research articles on ticks and TBD between 1901 and 2020 in Chad, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Over 8356 English language articles were recovered. Our search strategy included 19 related MeSH terms. Articles were reviewed, and 331 met inclusion criteria. Articles containing mappable data were compiled into a standardized data schema, georeferenced, and uploaded to VectorMap. Results Tick and pathogen matrixes were created, providing information on vector distributions and tick–pathogen associations within the six selected African countries. Conclusions These results provide a digital, mappable database of current and historical tick and TBD distributions across six countries in Africa, which can inform specific risk modeling, determine surveillance gaps, and guide future surveillance priorities. Graphical Abstract
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Kembo, Jane. "THE CHALLENGE OF TEACHING IN A SECOND/FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING FLUENCY IN THE LANGUAGES OF INSTRUCTION." Chemchemi International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (July 12, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/cijhs.v10i2.5.
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Teaching at the university makes me realize that something needs to be done in the teaching of language for learning. Observation shows that students arrive at university without the requisite language skills (Tekeste, 2006; Aspen, et al., 2009), to benefit fully from the kind of independent work that is expected of them, and that should, by and large, be buttressed by ingrained language and study skills which they should have acquired and honed at secondary school. In addition, more than half of the students I teach at university cannot succinctly express themselves in English and are unable to write effectively in English, the language of instruction. The studies cited in the paper are not confined to Kenya; there is the SAQMEC II Study which covered 15 African countries at primary level. The UWEZO study of 2012 covered Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, while the report on Ethiopia covers the Ethiopian situation. The study covered undergraduate writing errors from 201 students, while the Ethiopian data covers PhD theses from 7 candidates. What the data shows is that mastery of the language of instruction across the board is not what it should be and candidates struggle to express themselves both in writing and speech. In attending PhD vivas, I have come across candidates who are unable to express themselves orally using English, even when they are English language majors. The paper argues, based on existing research, that language is a big determinant of reading (Winne, 1993; Kinstch, 1991; Olshavksy 1977; Kembo, 1994, which, in turn, is a big part of independent learning, thereby determining school success. The paper further contends that in circumstances where input from the environment is limited, as is often the case in most second and foreign language contexts, the student must be aided to get it from alternative sources: extensive reading programs that are monitored until they become habitual, clubs, listening to radio and television as part of teaching and learning, production and use of self-learning materials that learners can utilize in schools and at home at affordable costs. Alternatively, we must revert to the use of African languages because of the benefits accruing: early mastery, conceptualization of the world, fluency, and the freedom to use their mental capacities and resources for grappling with content rather than with mastery of language at the same time.
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Ombogo, Tandy. "Causes, effects & mitigation of brain drain in Sub-Saharan Africa." Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography 17, no. 2 (June 16, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/ejab.v17i2.11742.
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Brain drain occurs when skilled labor from developing countries (LDCs) migrate to developed countries (DCs) in search of better living standards, professional growth, political stability and security, etc. This annotated bibliography aims to explore the causes of the brain drain, its effects on sending countries and mitigation that has been taken by stakeholders to slow it down and help LDCs achieve socio-economic and development growth. Publications cited are in the English language and were published between 2001 and 2022. The scope of this article is Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as a region and includes country-specific highlights from SSA countries like Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cape Verde, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Somali, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe; as well as regional blocks, such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC), in East, Central and Southern Africa. Country-specific highlights are included because the brain drain was felt and handled differently within these countries and regions that this literature discusses. Peer reviewed journals, working papers and government sources are also discussed.
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Kosgei, Kiptum George. "Impact of East African Community Integration on Trade: Gravity Model Approach." Journal of Economics, Finance And Management Studies 04, no. 11 (November 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v4-i11-30.
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East African community (EAC) is a regional economic bloc established to foster economic corporation between Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and Tanzania. Using gravity model the study explores the short run and long run effect of East African community (EAC) on trade using parametric, random effect and fixed effect estimation techniques. Secondly, the study investigates whether formation of EAC led to trade creation or trade diversion in the long run among the member countries of EAC. Lastly, the study establishes the effect of entry of Burundi and Rwanda to the economic bloc of EAC on trade. The study used panel data obtained from the five countries of EAC for the period 1985 to 2019. Breausch Pagan LM test for restrictions in the parametric model and Hausman test for endogeinity in the gravity model found out that fixed effect estimation technique produced accurate and plausible results than parametric and random effect estimation techniques. The empirical results of fixed effect model established that trade across EAC member countries rose by 1.6% in the short run while random effect and parametric models recorded 3.6% increase in trade in the short run. This effect was insignificant meaning that trade between EAC member countries did not expand considerably in the short run. In the long run, fixed effect indicate that EAC increased trade by 24.2% while random effect and parametric model each show that EAC increased trade by 16%. The coefficients are statistically significant at 5% ceteris paribus. Secondly, economic corporation of EAC led to trade creation in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda by 41.6%, 12.2%, 33.9% and 30.1% respectively and trade diversion by 4.2% in Tanzania. Thirdly, entry of Burundi and Rwanda to EAC increased trade of EAC countries by 19.6%. The coefficient is statistically significant at 5% level. The results of random effect and parametric model each indicate a growth in trade by 19.1%. The results of parametric, random effect and fixed effect estimation techniques are all consistent. Lastly, the study established that countries in EAC ought to foster greater growth in GDP, to encourage and strengthen use of common language and to reduce cross border restrictions in order to realize more growth in trade.
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Ebengho, Ikponmwosa G., Osaivbie E. Irorere, Oseiwe 'Benjamin' B. Eromosele, and Judith O. Ebengho. "Abstract 15431: Barriers to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Sub Saharan Africa: A Call to Action." Circulation 148, Suppl_1 (November 7, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.148.suppl_1.15431.
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Introduction: Myocardial infarction incidence is rising in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Currently, 80% of the world cardiovascular disease mortality burden is by low- and middle-income countries. SSA countries have limited access to trained interventional cardiologists and medical centers where Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is performed. Methods: In this review, Google Scholar and PubMed were used to search literature on PCI in SSA. Selection criteria were manuscripts published between 2013-2023, written in English language, and addressed the hurdles with PCI. Results: Between April 2010 and March 2019, patients presenting to a PCI-capable center in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire had a median delay of 20 hours from onset of symptoms to admission. This was 53.2 hours in Senegal, 4.35 days in Burkina-Faso, and 6.6 days in Tanzania, while it was between 2.3 to 3.6 hours in South Africa. In terms of availability of PCI-capable centers in East and Central Africa; Kenya, Ethiopia Tanzania, and Uganda 5, 3, 2, and 1 center (s) respectively. In West Africa; Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire and Cameroon had 6, 4, 2, 1, and 1 center(s), respectively. The average cost of an uncomplicated PCI of a single vessel occlusion costs up to $3500 (R65,000/1,612,000). In SSA, due to limited access to medical insurance, the proportion of direct out-of-pocket payments in total health expenditure remains above 40%. Conclusions: Minimizing ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction care and PCI delay should be a public health priority, as it a matter of public health interest and global health equity. There is a need for research into understanding better ways to improve access to STEMI care in Africa.
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Nyabola, Nanjala. "Citizenship, language and digital rights: the question of language in the process of decolonising the internet and digital rights." foresight, July 19, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-09-2022-0102.
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Purpose Much of the vocabulary of digital rights have not been translated into Kiswahili. This means that technology experts and digital rights defenders often use English words when they are discussing technology. This contributes to the frailty of efforts to defend digital rights because those who attempt to explain the importance of these issues to the broader societies are forced to rely on English vocabulary that is not rooted in or connected to Kiswahili contexts. This paper aims to discuss the importance of inviting people to use African languages on the internet. Design/methodology/approach Kiswahili is the most widely spoken African language in the world. Nearly 140 million people in East Africa speak Kiswahili as a first or second language, including in Kenya and Tanzania where it is the national language. There is a long history of Kiswahili writing, publishing and cultural production in Kiswahili. Kiswahili is also the only African language that is an official language at the African Union. Even so, Kiswahili lags behind significantly in the development of a vocabulary and grammar of technology. Findings Beyond vocabulary, the use of African languages online is important to strengthening democracy on the internet because language is keenly connected to identity. Efforts to translate the vocabulary of technology into Kiswahili are aimed at encouraging societies in East Africa to build communities online that represent their interests keenly. This article therefore looks at the importance of language in building society and the efforts by residents of East Africa to decolonise the internet, so that they are able to exist in their fullness on the internet. The article further examines the semiotics of language in digital innovation, and the importance of representing Kiswahili language communities properly online in efforts to decolonise the internet. This paper does not presume that Kiswahili is the only African language that can decolonise the internet, because even Kiswahili has a history of domination over other language communities in the region. Rather, the article uses the example of Kiswahili to urge the use of indigenous languages to defend digital diversity. Originality/value The importance of this article is in demonstrating the importance of language in the movement to develop digital rights and especially to remove colonial approaches to technology, an issue that, to the best of the author’s knowledge, has never been discussed in relation to the Kiswahili language.
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Masum, Ahmad. "UGANDA: A Country Profile." Journal of International Studies, January 6, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jis.8.2012.7931.
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Uganda lies in the heart of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is situated in East Africa and occupies an area of 241,038 sq km (roughly twice the size of the state of Pennsylvania) and its population is about 35,873,253 (CIA World Factbook, 2012). Uganda is bordered by Tanzania and Rwanda to the south, Democratic Republic of Congo to the west, South Sudan to the north, and Kenya to the east. Uganda is a landlocked country and occupies most of the Lake Victoria Basin, which was formed by the geological shifts that created the Rift Valley during the Pleistocene era. Uganda was a British colony and became an independent- sovereign nation in 1962 without a bloody struggle. Several ethnic groups reside in the country i.e. Baganda, Banyankole, Bahima, Bakiga, Bunyoro, Batoro, Basoga, Bagisu, Langi, Acholi, Lugbara, Karamojong and others. English is the official language by virtue of Article 6(1) of the 1995 Constitution and Swahili is also widely spoken especially in the urban areas. Uganda has no State religion. As a country, Uganda has witnessed some positive development in the area of security. The government managed to plant the seeds of peace in the north by defeating the Lord Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony.
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Adokorach, Monica, and Bebwa Isingoma. "Homogeneity and heterogeneity in the pronunciation of English among Ugandans." English Today, July 3, 2020, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078420000152.
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English is an official language in Uganda and is said to be in its nativization phase when placed within Schneider's (2007) model of the trajectorial development of Englishes (Isingoma & Meierkord, 2019). In the present study, we delineate the general features of the Ugandan accent of English (i.e. those that cut across regional or ethnic boundaries) as well as features that evince variability among Ugandans due to regional or ethnic background. The first description of the phonological features of the variety of English spoken in Uganda is included in Fisher's (2000) seminal paper on this L2 (second language) variety of English. Another description of these features is found in Nassenstein (2016). Both Fisher (2000) and Nassenstein (2016) provide a short section, outlining the features which are similar to the general features of L2 Englishes, notably the restructuring of the phonemic system, e.g. /a/ replacing /ɜ:, ɑ:, ʌ, ə/ and the free variation of [l] and [r], although the latter occurs regionally (see similar findings on L2 varieties of English in Bailey & Görlach [eds.] 1984; Platt, Weber & Ho, 1984; Schmied, 1991; Simo-Bobda, 2000; Atechi, 2004; Schneider et al. [eds.], 2004; Tsilimos, 2018; among others). Additionally, Simo-Bobda (2001) and Schmied (2004) describe more or less the same features but in a more detailed way under the label ‘East African English’ (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania). Schmied (2004) posits three reasons that underlie the features in question: substrate influence, simplification and spelling pronunciation. To these studies, we add a more focused study on one particular aspect of the Ugandan accent(s) of English, namely by Meierkord (2016), who looks at diphthongs and how they are realized by speakers of different L1s. Her findings demonstrate variability but also convergence in the idiomorphic pronunciation of diphthongs by Ugandans.
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Allan, Fiona K., Isla S. MacVicar, Andrew R. Peters, and Christian Schnier. "Systematic map of recent evidence on reproductive performance of cattle in Africa." Tropical Animal Health and Production 56, no. 7 (July 22, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-024-04074-z.
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AbstractGood cattle reproductive performance is essential for livestock productivity. Farmers are highly dependent on the success of productive outputs to support their livelihoods. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), however, optimal reproduction of cows and bulls is comparatively less well defined, with information on key reproductive parameters and reproductive management often not available. The aim of this study was to collate and synthesise the recent published evidence on cattle reproductive performance in selected sub-Saharan countries.Systematic mapping methodology was used, with searches conducted for both cow and bull reproductive performance in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda, for the period 2012–2022, in English language. Search returns were screened for relevance at title and abstract, and full-text levels, based on the research question criteria.A substantial number of studies were identified for cows (n = 133), but only very few for bulls (n = 11). A large proportion of reported studies have been conducted in Ethiopia, with relatively few from the other countries, and most studies published between 2014 and 2016, and in 2021. Certain reproductive parameters received more attention than others; calving interval was reported in 86 studies, while culling due to infertility was reported in eight studies.The study highlights where research is being conducted in this area, and importantly where there is a gap, in particular on bull reproductive performance. While there were a range of values reported for cow reproductive parameters, the values were reasonable, indicating that it is possible to have good reproductive performance in LMICs. The synthesis of studies in the map should help to inform farmers and their advisors, at farm and national levels.
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Gondwe, Gregory. "CHATGPT and the Global South: how are journalists in sub-Saharan Africa engaging with generative AI?" Online Media and Global Communication, June 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/omgc-2023-0023.
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Abstract Study purpose This study explores the usage of generative AI tools by journalists in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on issues of misinformation, plagiarism, stereotypes, and the unrepresentative nature of online databases. The research places this inquiry within broader debates of whether the Global South can effectively and fairly use AI tools. Design/methodology/approach This study involved conducting interviews with journalists from five sub-Saharan African countries, namely Congo, DRC, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. The objective of the study was to ascertain how journalists in sub-Saharan Africa are utilizing ChatGPT. It is worth noting that this study is a component of an ongoing project on AI that commenced on September 19, 2022, shortly after receiving IRB approval. The ChatGPT project was initiated in January 2023 after discovering that our participants were already employing the Chatbot. Findings The study highlights that generative AI like ChatGPT operates on a limited and non-representative African corpus, making it selective on what is considered civil and uncivil language, thus limiting its effectiveness in the region. However, the study also suggests that in the absence of representative corpora, generative AI tools like ChatGPT present an opportunity for effective journalism practice in that journalists cannot completely rely on the tools. Practical implications The study emphasizes the need for human agencies to provide relevant information to the tool, thus contributing to a global database, and to consider diverse data sources when designing AI tools to minimize biases and stereotypes. Social implications The social implications of the study suggest that AI tools have both positive and negative effects on journalism in developing countries, and there is a need to promote the responsible and ethical use of AI tools in journalism and beyond. Originality/value The original value of the study lies in shedding light on the challenges and opportunities associated with AI in journalism, promoting postcolonial thinking, and emphasizing the importance of diverse data sources and human agency in the development and use of AI tools.
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Busisiwe, Nkosi, Janet Seeley, Ann Strode, and Michael Parker. "Beyond translations, perspectives for researchers to consider to enhance comprehension during consent processes for health research in sub-saharan Africa: a scoping review." BMC Medical Ethics 24, no. 1 (June 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12910-023-00920-1.
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Abstract Background Literature on issues relating to comprehension during the process of obtaining informed consent (IC) has largely focused on the challenges potential participants can face in understanding the IC documents, and the strategies used to enhance comprehension of those documents. In this review, we set out to describe the factors that have an impact on comprehension and the strategies used to enhance the IC process in sub-Saharan African countries. Methods From November 2021 to January 2022, we conducted a literature search using a PRISMA tool. We searched electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCOHOST) to identify relevant peer reviewed studies. We then reviewed the references of these articles to find additional literature that might have been missed through the initial search. We were particularly interested in full text articles in English that focused on the IC process in SSA published between 2006 and 2020. We included systematic reviews, and studies from Western and Asian countries that included data about SSA. We excluded articles that focused on medical interventions and studies that did not require IC. Results Out of the 50 studies included most were multi-country (n = 13) followed by single country studies in South Africa (n = 12); Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda (n = 5) each; Gambia, Ghana and Nigeria (n = 2)each ; and one each for Botswana, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique. We identified three areas of focus: (1) socio-cultural factors affecting IC; (2) gaps in the ethical and legal frameworks guiding the IC process; and (3) strategies used to improve participants’ understanding of IC. Conclusion Our review showed wide recognition that the process of achieving IC in SSA is inherently challenging, and there are limitations in the strategies aimed at improving comprehension in IC. We suggest that there is a need for greater flexibility and negotiation with communities to ensure that the approach to IC is suited to the diverse socio-cultural contexts. We propose moving beyond the literal translations and technical language to understanding IC comprehension from the participants’ perspectives and the researchers’ views, while examining contextual factors that impact the IC process.