Journal articles: 'Lusaka district'

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Kaneko, Chiho, Michihito Sasaki, Ryosuke Omori, et al. "Immunization Coverage and Antibody Retention against Rabies in Domestic Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060738.

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Rabies remains endemic in Zambia. Despite conducting canine vaccinations in Lusaka district, the vaccination coverage and actual seropositivity in the dog population in Lusaka district are rarely evaluated. This study estimated the seropositivity-based immunization coverage in the owned dog population in Lusaka district using the expanded program on immunization cluster survey method. The time-series trend of neutralizing antibodies against rabies in vaccinated dogs was also evaluated. Of 366 dogs in 200 dog-owning households in Lusaka district, blood samples were collected successfully from 251 dogs. In the sampled dogs, 42.2% (106/251) had an antibody titer ≥0.5 IU/mL. When the 115 dogs whose blood was not collected were assumed to be seronegative, the minimum immunization coverage in Lusaka district’s owned dog population was estimated at 29.0% (95% confidence interval: 22.4–35.5). It was also found that a single vaccination with certified vaccines is capable of inducing protective levels of antibodies. In contrast, higher antibody titers were observed in multiple-vaccinated dogs than in single-vaccinated dogs, coupled with the observation of a decline in antibody titer over time. These results suggest the importance of continuous booster immunization to maintain herd immunity and provide useful information to plan mass vaccination against rabies in Zambia.

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Chanda, Hendrix Chama, and Wanga W. Chakanika. "A comparative Study of Survival Strategies used by the Aged in Rural and Urban Areas: A case of Chongwe and Lusaka Districts." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.2.1.437.

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For many years, studies to do with the aged and how they survive ‘economically’, were enshrined in mystery and stereotype. As a result of that, many old people in Zambia have been subjected to abuse and destitution; which is partially attributed to lack of systematic studies that would elucidate facts about the aged. It is for this reason that this study was instituted. The study comprised of 97 senior citizens who were purposively selected from Chongwe and Lusaka Districts. 84 senior citizens were subjected to a structured interview, while 13 participated in the two focus group discussions. Therefore, structured interview guides and two focus group discussions were used to collect data in Chongwe and Lusaka Districts. The study established that several types of survival strategies were used by the aged in rural and urban areas. The findings revealed that senior citizens in Chongwe and Lusaka Districts were involved in trade men and women. Others depended on their extended family members for support and care. This was the case for majority of the respondents from Chongwe District compared to their counterparts in Lusaka. There were a number of senior citizens who were also assisted financially and materially by local churches, charitable organizations and well wishers within and outside their communities. Although majority senior citizens were business men and women, their businesses, according to the finding, were not capital intensive, hence less lucrative. Consequently, majority senior citizens in the two Districts resorted to eating once or twice a day in order to conserve food for subsequent days. The situation was exacerbated further in Lusaka, as opposed to Chongwe, because senior citizens there had a lot of dependents. As a result and except for a few most of the aged scraped a living on less than a dollar per day in the two districts.

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White, C. M. N. "Notes on the Birds of the Lusaka District, Northern Rhodesia." Ibis 85, no. 3 (2008): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1943.tb03835.x.

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Saasa, Ngonda, King Shimumbo Nalubamba, Ethel M’kandawire, and Joyce Siwila. "Seroprevalence of Canine Parvovirus in Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2016 (September 6, 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9781357.

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Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is a highly contagious enteric disease of young dogs. Limited studies have been done in Zambia to investigate the prevalence of CPV in dogs. Blood was collected from dogs from three veterinary clinics (clinic samples, n=174) and one township of Lusaka (field samples, n=56). Each dog’s age, sex, breed, and vaccination status were recorded. A haemagglutination assay using pig erythrocytes and modified live parvovirus vaccine as the antigen was used. Antibodies to CPV were detected in 100% of dogs (unvaccinated or vaccinated). The titres ranged from 160 to 10240 with a median of 1280. Vaccinated dogs had significantly higher antibody titres compared to unvaccinated (p<0.001). There was a significant difference in titres of clinic samples compared to field samples (p<0.0001) but not within breed (p=0.098) or sex (p=0.572). Multiple regression analysis showed that only age and vaccination status were significant predictors of antibody titres. The presence of antibody in all dogs suggests that the CPV infection is ubiquitous and the disease is endemic, hence the need for research to determine the protection conferred by vaccination and natural exposure to the virus under local conditions.

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Kapembwa, Mercy Muyemba, Catherine Ngoma, and Maureen Makoleka. "Acceptability of Routine HIV Testing by Pregnant Women in Lusaka District Ante Natal Urban Clinics in Lusaka, Zambia." Open Journal of Nursing 08, no. 09 (2018): 669–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2018.89050.

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Mugala, Lamson, Joyce Siwila, Ngonda Saasa, and Girja Shanker Pandey. "Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in dogs in Lusaka district of Zambia." Veterinary World 11, no. 5 (2018): 585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.585-589.

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Mutaka, Maryn, and Mwiya I. Imasiku. "Risk Factors and Child Sexual Abuse among High School Pupils in Lusaka District, Zambia." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2012): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.1.1.361.

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Child sexual abuse is a universal problem that affects both boys and girls. In Zambia, like many other African countries, there are certain conditions and circumstances that put children at risk of sexual abuse. However, these risk factors remain explored (Chiroro et al., 2006). This study, therefore, was aimed at investigating risk factors and exploring child sexual abuse in Lusaka District. Specifically, it focused on identifying the forms of sexual abuse; examine the factors that put children at risk for sexual abuse; find out the grooming tactics used by sexual abusers; find out the disclosure rate for child sexual abuse cases; examine the abuser-victim relationships; and make recommendations for child sexual abuse prevention. Participants were 200 secondary school pupils (86 males and 114 females), who were randomly selected. Their ages ranged from sixteen to twenty-one years. Data was collected using a structured selfreport questionnaire and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show an overall prevalence rate of child sexual abuse to be 43.5 per cent (n=87). Of the 87 victims, 41.1 per cent (n=36) were males and 58.6 per cent (n=51) were females. Among the forms of sexual abuse, sexual touch/arousal had the highest frequency (n=54, 62.1%). Most of the subjects (75.6%, n=19) did not disclose their sexual experiences, whereas only 24.4 per cent (n=19) did. Most abusers were found to be family members (n=39, 44%). Six risk factors for sexual abuse were examined, and the most powerful one was parental absence (n=63, 73.3%); having punitive parents (n=57, 68.7%); alcohol intake by a parent or other guardian (n=30, 34.5%); poor parent-child relationship (n=20, 23.7%); parental conflict (n=19, 22.4%); and presence of a stepparent (n=13, 13.1%). Furthermore, the results obtained from the FGDs show that the most frequently used trick for sexual abuse is the offer of money and/other gifts (n=21, 67.8%). Fifty-six (69%) of the victims lacked knowledge to know that the grooming they experienced would result into sexual abuse. The study tested two hypotheses: (a) alcohol intake by the parent or guardian is not a significant risk factor for child sexual abuse; (b) in Lusaka District, children and adolescents that are sexually abused have adequate knowledge of the grooming tactics used by abusers. The results showed that: (a) there is a significant relationship (p=0.004) between child sexual abuse and parental or guardian intake of alcohol; (b) there is a significant relationship (p=0.000) between child sexual abuse and children’s lack of knowledge of the grooming tactics used by sexual abusers. Recommendations made include: (a) teacher training in the area of child sexual abuse; (b) encouragement of research culture among Zambian scholars in the area of child sexual abuse; and (c) active involvement of children, parents, teachers and the government in the prevention of child sexual abuse.

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Katamba, Cibangu. "Barriers To Optimal Index Testing for Improved HIV Positivity Yield in Lusaka Urban District of Zambia - A Research Protocol." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 9, no. 2 (2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.09.02.art009.

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As The Proportions Of People Living With HIV Who Do Not Know Their HIV Infection Status Decrease, Reaching The Last Mile Of Those Who Are Asymptomatic And Not In Contact With The Health Care System Becomes A Critical Challenge. This Project Will Use An Explanatory Sequential Mixed-Methods Study Design. It Will Be Conducted In Three High-Volume Health Facilities In Matero Sub-District 3 Of Lusaka District In Zambia Over A Period Of One Year. The Specific Objectives Are: To Understand The Perceived Facilitators And Barriers To HIV Partner Testing From The Perspective Of The Health-Care Provider; To Propose Interventions Necessary For Improved HIV Case Finding; And To Reach High Risk But Hard To Reach Populations In HIV Programs Such As Middle-Aged Men And Adolescent Girls And Young Women (AGYW). The Permission To Conduct This Study Will Be Obtained From The Lusaka Provincial Health Office Before Its Commencement. Ethical Clearance Will Be Sought And Obtained From The ERES Converge Research Ethical Committee. The Authority To Conduct Research Will Be Sought From The National Health Research Authority. The Expected Main Findings Following The Address Of The Identified Challenges Are: Increased Number Of Recipients Of Care Indexed, Increased Index Contact Elicitation Ration From 1:1 To At Least 1:2, Improved Rate Of Contacts Tested On Time, Improved HIV Case Finding Through Index Testing, And Overall, Increased HIV Index Testing Positivity Rate From Below 25% (Baseline) To Above 40% (At The End Of The Project).

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Muuma, Charity, and Ferdinand Mwaka Chipindi. "Gender Gaps in Administrative Positions: The Case of Selected Educational Institutions in Lusaka District, Zambia." International Journal of Secondary Education 9, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsedu.20210901.11.

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Chomba, Brown. "Single Women Involved in Entrepreneurship Negatively Affected by Gender and Marital Status as Entrepreneurs." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT 7, no. 2 (2021): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijmg.2015.07.02.art017.

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Issues to do with gender imbalances and inequality of women in general and single women in particular in the political arena and entrepreneurship are nowadays a burning issue in all the countries worldwide. This is a major aspect of modern democratic governance such that low levels of female participation in politics are a major concern worldwide. The steps were taken by the United Nations Convention on stopping all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and other international organizations have laid the concrete basis for the emergence of women’s participation in politics and entrepreneurship. In Lusaka, Zambia, women’s political participation is not proportional to the 50% of the country’s population which women represent, thereby not translating into equal representation in political leadership positions. The study employed questionnaires to collect data. The findings demonstrate that there exists a significant gender gap in the political participation of women in all the wards in the Lusaka district and that factors affecting their effective participation were social, economic, political, cultural, and religious-based. The study, therefore, recommended the change of perception of the people, equal representation in governance, support from everyone, and also stopping of discriminatory practices to ensure the equal and full participation of women.

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Goma, Fastone M., Selestine H. Nzala, Olusegun Babaniyi, et al. "Prevalence of hypertension and its correlates in Lusaka urban district of Zambia: a population based survey." International Archives of Medicine 4, no. 1 (2011): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1755-7682-4-34.

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Charlton, Karen E., Beatrice M. Kawana, and Michael K. Hendricks. "An assessment of the effectiveness of growth monitoring and promotion practices in the Lusaka district of Zambia." Nutrition 25, no. 10 (2009): 1035–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.03.008.

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Manchishi, Peter Chomba, and David Sani Mwanza. "The University of Zambia School Teaching Experience: Is It Effective?" Excellence in Higher Education 4, no. 2 (2014): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ehe.2013.84.

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Teaching practice exercises serve the purpose of orienting the teacher into real classroom situations where the novice puts his or her skills into practice. Education students at the University of Zambia (UNZA) go through the school teaching experience after their third year of study. This comes after they have arguably completed enough content and methodology courses to teach. The purpose of this study was to establish the effectiveness of the UNZA school teaching experience. The research instruments used were interview guides, observation checklists, and focus group discussions. The respondents included 80 serving teachers, 80 student teachers, and 10 head teachers drawn from 10 high schools in the Lusaka District. In addition, 10 lecturers from UNZA were also sampled. The findings revealed that the design and delivery of the UNZA student teaching experience was not effective.

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Kabombwe, Yvonne Malambo, and Innocent Mutale Mulenga. "Implementation of the competency-based curriculum by teachers of History in selected Secondary Schools in Lusaka district, Zambia." Yesterday and Today, no. 22 (2019): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2223-0386/2019/n22a2.

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Chamileke, Nkomba. "Financial Flow Factors Associated with Sustainable Health Sector Prepayment among the Urban Informal Sector in Lusaka District, Zambia." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 8, no. 1 (2020): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.08.01.art023.

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Phiri, Davies, and WangaW Chakanika. "STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES USED BY TUTORS IN UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA EXTENSION EDUCATION PROGRAMME IN LUSAKA DISTRICT." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 7 (2017): 1876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/4915.

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Katamba, Cibangu. "HIV index testing services in urban Lusaka: a review of medical records." F1000Research 9 (September 30, 2020): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26372.1.

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Background: As the proportions of people living with HIV (PLHIV) who do not know their HIV infection status decrease, reaching the remaining few who are asymptomatic and not in contact with the health care system becomes a critical challenge. Therefore, reaching the first 90 of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets will require effective and efficient HIV testing approaches. The number of PLHIV who know their HIV status and who receive antiretroviral therapy could increase by the expansion of index testing services. Methods: This project was a retrospective study looking at medical records of HIV positive clients who were elicited for index testing between October and December 2019. It was conducted in three high volume health facilities in Matero Urban sub-district 3 in Lusaka, Zambia. Results: The HIV test outcomes for index contacts were as follows: 452 index contacts (53.5%) tested HIV negative, 113 index contacts (13.4%) tested HIV positive, 108 index contacts (12.8%) were known HIV positive, and 172 index contacts (20.4%) were not yet tested for HIV. Of the 113 contacts who tested HIV positive, 90 index contacts started anti-retroviral therapy within 7 days (79.6%). The total number of 845 contacts were elicited from 604 index clients, giving a low elicitation ratio of 1:1.4. There was not much difference between gender for elicited contacts (423 men and 422 women). A total number of 565 index contacts were eligible for HIV test. 113 of them tested HIV positive, representing a positivity yield of 20%. Pearson Chi-Square test value was 0.498 and the p value was 0.481. This result is not significant since p value (0.481) is greater than the designated alpha level (0.05). Conclusions: HIV programs need to explore and address barriers to HIV partner testing services to maximize HIV case identification.

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Omodele, Adeyemo Dayo, Hang’Ombe Bernard Mudenda, John Bwalywa Muma, and Musso Munyeme. "Species Identification of Mealie Meal Spoilage Organisms and Pathogenic Bacteria from Selected Food Stores in Lusaka District of Zambia." Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 10, no. 08 (2020): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2020.108016.

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Musole, Mutukwa Sikatala Ben, Olusola O. Ololade, and Franko Sokolic. "Characterisation of invasive plant proliferation within remnant riparian green corridors in Lusaka District of Zambia using Sentinel-2 imagery." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 15 (August 2019): 100245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2019.100245.

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Krebs, D. W., B. H. Chi, Y. Mulenga, et al. "Community-based follow-up for late patients enrolled in a district-wide programme for antiretroviral therapy in Lusaka, Zambia." AIDS Care 20, no. 3 (2008): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120701594776.

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Nawelwa, Joyce, Chanda Sichinsambwe, and Bupe Getrude Mwanza. "An analysis of total quality management (TQM) practices in Zambian secondary schools." TQM Journal 27, no. 6 (2015): 716–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tqm-06-2015-0080.

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Purpose – Total quality management (TQM) is a management approach that was established to seek sources of continuous motion of improvement to provide quality products and services to customers or clients. TQM promotes organizational effectiveness through promoting stakeholder satisfaction, pursuing continuous improvement and fostering proactive leadership. The purpose of this paper is to explore TQM practices in secondary schools. The researchers set objectives which were to identify the TQM principles being practiced in secondary schools, the extent to which these principles are practiced and finally to determine the factors that affect the practice of these principles. The paper includes findings from an exploratory study of TQM practices in Zambian secondary schools. Design/methodology/approach – The research employed a purposive and simple random sampling in order to collect data from 120 secondary school teachers from a total of 1,740 secondary school teachers in Lusaka district drawn from ten secondary schools which were stratified into five zones, namely, Lusaka Central, Chilenje, Mumuni, Chibolya and Chunga zones. Questionnaires and structured scheduled interviews were used to collect data for the research. The research was also anchored on the theoretical and conceptual framework where hypotheses were formed and tested. Findings – The research formed hypotheses based on the seven principles of TQM and this was also verified through the analysis of questionnaires and structured interviews conducted. From the analysis and interpretation of the results, the following was found. Teamwork principle was found to be practiced although most respondents did not know the extent to which it was been practiced. Continuous improvement and training are also principles which were explored and found to be practiced. For continuous improvement, most of the respondents indicated this to have been achieved through carrying out monthly tests and end of term examinations to measure the excellence in-service delivery, as for the training principle; this has been interwoven with the policy of the ministry in programmes aimed at training in-service teachers and anticipated teachers. For the commitment principle, there was commitment from management with a view to working together for pupil satisfaction. For the quality principle, it was found that, at 95 per cent confidence level the mission statement, the motto and the vision of the school depicted quality-related activities. The research also established that at 95 per cent confidence level, teachers were empowered to take direct action whenever action is likely to affect quality. Practical implications – First, the value of this research was to inform management on the need to employ strategies aimed at sensitization programmes before, during and after the programme has come to an end. Second, to promote work attitudes that should promote quality management in education for continuous improvement in pupil performance. Third, for TQM to create a platform among head teachers, teachers, pupils, parents and other stakeholders to work to everyone’s ultimate advantage. Originality/value – This research is original work as it has never been done before in Lusaka district.

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Bernandicto Ngosa, Paul. "An Investigation of the Economic Diversification of the Zambian Economy through Arts and Culture: A Case Study of Lusaka District." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 5, no. 5 (2019): 208–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2019.33194.

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Nsakashalo-Senkwe, Mutale, Seter Siziya, Fastone M. Goma, Peter Songolo, Victor Mukonka, and Olusegun Babaniyi. "Combined prevalence of impaired glucose level or diabetes and its correlates in Lusaka urban district, Zambia: a population based survey." International Archives of Medicine 4, no. 1 (2011): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1755-7682-4-2.

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Katongo, Emily Mwamba, and Daniel Ndhlovu. "The Role of Music in Speech Intelligibility of Learners with Post Lingual Hearing Impairment in Selected Units in Lusaka District." Universal Journal of Educational Research 3, no. 5 (2015): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2015.030504.

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Avien, Chifuwe, Francis Simui, and Gistered Muleya. "Exploring Effects of the Educational Investments and Returns on Teachers with Upgraded Qualifications Acquired On Self-Sponsorship in Lusaka District." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 04, no. 12 (2020): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2020.41222.

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Muyuni, Audrey, and Austin M. Cheyeka. "Youth Conversion from Mainstream to Pentecostal Churches: A Case of Selected Churches in Matero and Emmasdale Townships in Lusaka District." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.4.2.468.

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The study sought to investigate the reasons that led to youth conversion from mainstream to Pentecostal churches in Emmasdale and in the neighbourhood of Matero. The study was guided by Horton’s intellectualist theory of conversion in Africa. It used a case study design. The method of data collection included semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaire. Findings of the study were that, there was automatic conversion taking place among the youths in mainstream churches to Pentecostalism. This was evident in all respondents in mega Pentecostal Church who had a mainstream background. Church leaders in mainstream churches were aware of youth converting to Pentecostal churches by accepting back the youths who had converted to a Pentecostal Church but had later made up their minds to go back. The study further revealed that non-Pentecostal parents supported and encouraged their children who converted to a mega Pentecostal Church owing to incentives such as; scholarships, employment and supportive programmes provided to their children. The study recommends that: sermon presentation should be revised in some mainstream churches. Explaining scriptures should not be exegetical only but linking scriptures to real life struggles of the youth. The church leaders in mainstream churches must formulate programmes that are more practical and youth oriented like charismatic prayer service, provision of scholarship, employment and positions of responsibilities through different ministries within the mainstream churches. Non-Pentecostal parents should not be too sceptical about children who associate themselves with Pentecostalism but encourage them to genuinely convert to this brand of Christianity.

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Castillo, Marcela C., Nurain M. Fuseini, Katelyn Rittenhouse, et al. "The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS): Cohort characteristics at enrollment." Gates Open Research 2 (May 2, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12820.1.

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Background: Sub-Saharan Africa bears a disproportionate burden of preterm birth and other adverse outcomes. Not only is the background rate of preterm birth higher than in North America and Europe, but many facilities lack essential equipment and personnel resources to care for preterm neonates. A better understanding of the demographic, clinical, and biologic underpinnings of preterm birth is urgently needed to plan interventions and inform new discovery. Methods: The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS) is a prospective antenatal cohort established at the Women and Newborn Hospital of the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia. We recruit pregnant women from the antenatal clinics of district health centers and the UTH for study participation. Women undergo ultrasound examination to determine eligibility by gestational age criteria. Enrolled participants receive routine antenatal and postnatal care, lab testing, midtrimester cervical length measurement, serial fetal growth monitoring and careful assessment of birth outcomes. Results: Between August 2015 and September 2017, we screened 1784 women, of whom 1450 (81.2%) met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. The median age at enrollment of study participants is 27 years (IQR 23–32). Participants are enrolled at a median gestational age of 16 weeks (IQR 13–18). Among all parous participants (N=866; 64%), 21% (N=182) reported a prior miscarriage, 49% (N=424) reported a prior preterm birth, and 13% (N=116) reported a prior stillbirth. The HIV seroprevalence in our cohort is 24%. Discussion: We have established a large antenatal cohort to characterize the epidemiological and biological determinants of adverse birth outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia. Findings from this cohort will help guide future studies, clinical care, and policy in the prevention and treatment of adverse birth outcomes.

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Castillo, Marcela C., Nurain M. Fuseini, Katelyn Rittenhouse, et al. "The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS): Cohort characteristics at enrollment." Gates Open Research 2 (December 4, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12820.2.

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Background:Sub-Saharan Africa bears a disproportionate burden of preterm birth and other adverse outcomes. A better understanding of the demographic, clinical, and biologic underpinnings of these adverse outcomes is urgently needed to plan interventions and inform new discovery. Methods:The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS) is a prospective observational cohort established at the Women and Newborn Hospital (WNH) in Lusaka, Zambia. We recruit pregnant women from district health centers and the WNH and offer ultrasound examination to determine eligibility. Participants receive routine obstetrical care, lab testing, midtrimester cervical length measurement, and serial fetal growth monitoring. At delivery, we assess gestational age, birthweight, vital status, and sex and assign a delivery phenotype. We collect blood, urine, and vaginal swab specimens at scheduled visits and store them in an on-site biorepository. In September 2017, enrollment of the ZAPPS Phase 1 – the subject of this report – was completed. Phase 2 – which is limited to HIV-uninfected women – reopened in January 2018. Results:Between August 2015 and September 2017, we screened 1784 women, of whom 1450 (81.2%) met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. The median age at enrollment was 27 years (IQR 23–32) and thee median gestational age was 16 weeks (IQR 13–18). Among parous women (N=866; 64%), 21% (N=182) reported a prior miscarriage, 49% (N=424) reported a prior preterm birth, and 13% (N=116) reported a prior stillbirth. The HIV seroprevalence was 24%. Discussion:We have established a large cohort of pregnant women and newborns at the WHN to characterize the determinants of adverse birth outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia. Our overarching goal is to elucidate biological mechanisms in an effort to identify new strategies for early detection and prevention of adverse outcomes. We hope that findings from this cohort will help guide future studies, clinical care, and policy.

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Castillo, Marcela C., Nurain M. Fuseini, Katelyn Rittenhouse, et al. "The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS): Cohort characteristics at enrollment." Gates Open Research 2 (July 15, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12820.3.

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Background: Sub-Saharan Africa bears a disproportionate burden of preterm birth and other adverse outcomes. A better understanding of the demographic, clinical, and biologic underpinnings of these adverse outcomes is urgently needed to plan interventions and inform new discovery. Methods: The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS) is a prospective observational cohort established at the Women and Newborn Hospital (WNH) in Lusaka, Zambia. We recruit pregnant women from district health centers and the WNH and offer ultrasound examination to determine eligibility. Participants receive routine obstetrical care, lab testing, midtrimester cervical length measurement, and serial fetal growth monitoring. At delivery, we assess gestational age, birthweight, vital status, and sex and assign a delivery phenotype. We collect blood, urine, and vaginal swab specimens at scheduled visits and store them in an on-site biorepository. In September 2017, enrollment of the ZAPPS Phase 1—the subject of this report—was completed. Phase 2, which is limited to HIV-uninfected women, reopened in January 2018. Results: Between August 2015 and September 2017, we screened 1784 women, of whom 1450 (81.2%) met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. The median age at enrollment was 27 years (IQR 23–32) and median gestational age was 16 weeks (IQR 13–18). Among women with a previous pregnancy (n=1042), 19% (n=194) reported a prior miscarriage. Among parous women (n=992), 41% (n=411) reported a prior preterm birth and 14% (n=126) reported a prior stillbirth. The HIV seroprevalence was 24%. Discussion: We have established a large cohort of pregnant women and newborns at the WNH to characterize the determinants of adverse birth outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia. Our overarching goal is to elucidate biological mechanisms in an effort to identify new strategies for early detection and prevention of adverse outcomes. We hope that findings from this cohort will help guide future studies, clinical care, and policy.

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Matambo, J., A. Manasyan, and S. Kapambwe. "A Decade of Cervical Cancer Screening: Trends of Incidence in Zambia (2007-2017)." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (2018): 33s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.63400.

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Background: Cervical cancer is a highly preventable disease and the major cause of cancer related illness and deaths in Africa. Cervical cancer screening to find precancers before becoming invasive cancer is a well-proven way to prevent cervical cancer. In Zambia alone, over 2000 cervical cancer cases are diagnosed each year accounting for over 30% of new cancer cases with a mortality of above 35%. Women access screening services regardless of HIV status as long as they are sexually active. Cervical cancer screening for HIV-positive women in Zambia remains low despite the high burden of the disease among this population. Aim: We aimed to determine the trends of incidence of cervical precancer lesions among women who ever presented for screening in Lusaka. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 95,520 women who presented for cervical cancer screening between 2007 and 2017 at 11 Lusaka district clinics that provide cervical cancer screening. Data were merged from these clinics and cleaned. Descriptive analyses and Logistic regression for data analysis was conducted. Results: The study showed that the mean age of screening among women that were HIV negative and HIV-positive was 34 years. About 12% of the women that screened had a positive VIA result from which 59% were HIV-positive. Results also showed the odds of 4 to be VIA positive when one is HIV-positive. Conclusion: We have data to show that there is an increased risk among HIV-positive women to be VIA positive in Zambia. HIV infected women should be targeted as priority for cervical cancer screening especially in the resource limited countries. Resources directed to HIV care programs in these settings should be leveraged and include cervical cancer screening.

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Muyunda, Gift. "Re-entry Policy Implementation Effectiveness." International Journal of Asian Education 2, no. 2 (2021): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46966/ijae.v2i2.151.

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The overall purpose of this study was from an educational management perspective to explore the effectiveness of the re-entry policy implementation in public schools in Lusaka District, Zambia, and highlight the missing links between the stipulated re-entry policy of 1997 and the actual practice on the ground in terms of its implementation in secondary schools. This study was qualitative and employed a case study approach, and standard open-ended interviews were used to obtain data from the district education officers, headteachers, teachers, and parents to teen mothers. The study's findings imply that the re-entry policy implementation in the selected secondary schools is not practical to a high degree. The study findings further indicated that the policy is silent, and there is no awareness of the policy in secondary schools due to unclear policy goals and objectives. The study findings also indicated no sense of ownership of the policy by stakeholders responsible for implementing the policy. Further, the study concluded that secondary schools' policy implementation is not practical because there are no clear stated objectives, implementation and monitoring strategies, financial, human, and legal resources. Hence, this study recommended that the Ministry of General Education redesign the policy, including all stakeholders in the formulation process, and clearly state its goals and objectives to ensure future successful implementation.

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Songiso, Mutumba, Leeya F. Pinder, Jabulani Munalula, et al. "Minimizing Delays in the Breast Cancer Pathway by Integrating Breast Specialty Care Services at the Primary Health Care Level in Zambia." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00083.

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PURPOSE In Zambia, more than two-thirds of female patients with breast cancer present with late-stage disease, leading to high mortality rates. Most of the underlying causes are associated with delays in symptom recognition and diagnosis. By implementing breast care specialty services at the primary health care level, we hypothesized that some of the delays could be minimized. METHODS In March 2018, we established a breast care specialty clinic for women with symptomatic disease within 1 of the 5 district hospitals in Lusaka. The clinic offers breast self-awareness education, clinical breast examination, breast ultrasound, ultrasound-guided breast biopsy, surgery, referral for chemoradiation, follow-up care, and electronic medical records. RESULTS Between March 2018 and April 2019, of 1,790 symptomatic women who presented to the clinic, 176 (10%) had clinical and/or ultrasound indications for histologic evaluation. Biopsy specimens were obtained using ultrasound-guided core-needle procedures, all of which were performed on the same day as the initial visit. Of the 176 women who underwent biopsy, 112 (64%) had pathologic findings compatible with a primary breast cancer, and of these, 42 (37%) were early-stage (stage I/II) disease. Surgery for early-stage cancers was performed at the district hospital within 2 weeks of the time of definitive pathologic diagnosis. Patients with advanced disease were referred to the national cancer center for multimodality therapy, within a similar time frame. CONCLUSION Breast care specialty services for symptomatic women were established in a district-level hospital in a resource-constrained setting in Africa. As a result, the following time intervals were minimized: initial presentation and performance of clinical diagnostics; receipt of a definitive pathologic diagnosis and initiation of surgery; receipt of a definitive pathologic diagnosis and referral.

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Kapembwa, Matildah, and Kabwe Harnadih Mubanga. "Sustainable Household Practices for Environmental Sustainability in Informal Settlements: Insights From Kanyama Ward 10, Lusaka, Zambia." Journal of Environment and Ecology 12, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v12i1.18257.

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This study on sustainable household practices for transforming environmental concerns into environmental solutions in informal settlements was conducted in Kanyama Ward 10, Zones 98 and 100, Lusaka District. The study identified household practices among residents that could contribute to enhancing household environmental sustainability and assessed the costs and resident’s willingness to pay for household greening. Data were collected using structured interviews administered to 145 residents and interview guides for 11 key informants. Quantitative data were analysed using chi-square, two-sample t-test and the Pearson Product Moment correlation, while qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis. The results showed that the major environmental concerns in Zones 98 and 100 of Kanyama Ward 10, prioritised from the resident’s point of view included waste management with 79 % in Zone 100 and 82 % in Zone 98, flooding 67 % in Zone 100 and 80 % in Zone 98 and poor drainage system 51% in Zone 100 and 59 % in Zone 98. Some of the household practices by residents capable of enhancing environmental sustainability were identified as maintaining sanitary home environment at 42 % in Zone 98 and 61% in Zone 100, disposing waste in bins 11 % in Zone 98 and 15 % in Zone 100 and planting trees/vegetables 7 % in Zone 98 and 24 % in Zone 100. Results show that more sustainable household practices in Zone 100 resulted in reduced environmental concerns. There was a significant positive correlation between household practice cost incurred for greening and average monthly income earned by respondents (r = 0.500; p <0.05). This meant that households with higher monthly household incomes spent more on household greening. Furthermore, household income levels had an insignificant effect on the resident’s willingness to pay for household greening (𝑋2=0.781, p = 0.321).In conclusion, resident’s engagement in sustainable household practices and willingness to pay for greening in informal settlements was significantly influenced by their levels of household income as there was a relationship between the level of income and cost of environmental sustainability. Residents’ attitudes towards household greening and levels of income could prove to be either a hindrance or motivating factor in achieving environmental sustainability. As such, the study recommended sensitization, providing entrepreneurship skills and behavioural change campaigns in the area in order to instil the importance of household greening and improve their levels of income.

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Haluyasa, Michelo, and WangaW Chakanika. "AN ASSESSMENT OF THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICE OF ADULT EDUCATION PRINCIPLES BY UNIVERSITY EXTENSION EDUCATION PART-TIME TUTORS IN LUSAKA DISTRICT OF ZAMBIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 6, no. 4 (2018): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/6897.

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Hambulo, Lynette, EmmyH Mbozi, and Wilmur Simatimbe. "AN INTERPRETIVE STUDY OF OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING STAKEHOLDER’S DEFINITIONS OF THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD TEACHER IN SELECTED SCHOOLS OF LUSAKA DISTRICT, ZAMBIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 6, no. 10 (2018): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/7799.

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Chimana, Henry M., John Bwalya Muma, Kenny L. Samui, et al. "A comparative study of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in commercial and small-scale mixed dairy–beef cattle enterprises of Lusaka province and Chibombo district, Zambia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 42, no. 7 (2010): 1541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9604-4.

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Cabanes, Anna, Sharon Kapambwe, Susan Citonje-Msadabwe, et al. "Challenges, Opportunities, and Priorities for Advancing Breast Cancer Control in Zambia: A Consultative Meeting on Breast Cancer Control." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 5 (December 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.00222.

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In 2016, the Zambian government made cancer control a national priority and released a National Cancer Control Strategic Plan for 2016 to 2021, which focuses on malignancies of the breast, cervix, and prostate, and retinoblastoma. The plan calls for a collective reduction in the cancer burden by 50%. In support of this vision, Susan G. Komen sponsored a consultative meeting in Lusaka, Zambia, in September 2017 to bring together the country’s main breast cancer stakeholders and identify opportunities to improve breast cancer control. The recommendations generated during the discussions are presented. There was general agreement that the first step toward breast cancer mortality reduction should consist of implementation of early detection service platforms focused on women who are symptomatic. Participants also agreed that the management of all components of the national breast cancer control program should be integrated and led by the Ministry of Health. As much as possible, early detection and treatment services presently offered by the Cervical Cancer Prevention Program of Zambia and Cancer Diseases Hospital should be leveraged. Efforts are under way through multiple stakeholders to implement the following recommendations: development of national guidelines for the early diagnosis of breast cancer, training of breast surgeons, implementation of early detection and surgical treatment service platforms at the district-hospital level, and epidemiologic research, including the improvement of electronic recording mechanisms.

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Kakandelwa, Cliff, Joyce Siwila, King S. Nalubamba, John B. Muma, and Isaac G. K. Phiri. "Prevalence of Giardia in dairy cattle in Lusaka and Chilanga districts, Zambia." Veterinary Parasitology 215 (January 2016): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.11.004.

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Bwalya, Eugene C., King S. Nalubamba, C. Hankanga, and B. Namangala. "Prevalence of canine gastrointestinal helminths in urban Lusaka and rural Katete Districts of Zambia." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 100, no. 3-4 (2011): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.015.

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Mupeta, Mavis, Elias Kuntashula, and Thomson Kalinda. "Impact of Urban Agriculture on Household Income in Zambia: An Economic Analysis." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 10, no. 2 (2020): 550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2020.102.550.562.

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The study aimed to empirically determine the impact of urban agriculture on household income in Zambia. The analysis was based on the 2007/2008 Urban Consumption/ Expenditure secondary data collected in Kitwe and Lusaka districts, with a total sample size of 2,682 urban households. The propensity score matching approach is used to estimate the impact of urban agriculture on household income since the method takes into account the systematic differences in socio-economic characteristics between the urban agriculture practicing and non-practicing households by matching from both groups with similar characteristics. Results indicate that urban agriculture has a significant positive effect on household income. The income of households that practiced urban agriculture increased by 13.7% to 19.1%. It implies that urban agriculture has the potential to improve household livelihood through enhanced income.

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Njapau, Georginah, and John Luangala. "Learning to Read in English in Different Environments: A Case of Selected Schools in Lusaka and Mufulira Districts." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (2021): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.2.1.433.

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This study mainly focused on learning to Read in English in Differing Environments. Selected public and private schools in Lusaka and Mufulira urban districts in Zambia were targeted, with a population of all Grade 3 learners, totaling 150. Reading tests, semi-guided interviews, focus group discussions and a check list for lesson observation were done. A qualitative approach was used to probe and to get deep insights of how reading in English was taught. The qualitative data was analysed through the identification of teachers' common themes, descriptions and experiences. Conclusions were reached and analysed with reference to the research questions. Quantitative data was analysed using a t-test to compare the reading levels between learners in public basic and private schools. The findings indicate that learners in private schools have a conducive environment for learning how to read in English. The study found that public basic schools do not use the recommended PRP. Public schools did not have enough teaching and learning materials. It was established that learners in public schools did not read according to their reading levels while learners in private schools did that effectively. The recommendations were that the Ministry of Education needed to provide enough equipment and materials, and train teachers appropriately as well as early out regular inspection exercises. In the same way, it was incumbent on the school authorities to cooperate with parents.

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Margaret, Maimbolwa Connie, Mukwato Katowa Patricia, Muleya Mutinta, et al. "Women’s Experience with Socio-Economic Factors Associated with Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality in Lusaka and Mumbwa Districts of Zambia." Health 11, no. 06 (2019): 733–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2019.116061.

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Kalusopa, Mwiinga Victoria, Katowa Patricia Mukwato, Mutinta Muleya, et al. "Midwives perspectives on risk factors influencing maternal morbidity and mortality rates in Zambia: A case of Lusaka and Mumbwa Districts." International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 12, no. 2 (2020): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijnm2019.0368.

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Katowa-Mukwato, Patricia, Namukolo Concepta Kwaleyela, Victoria Mwiinga-Kalusopa, et al. "Evaluation of quality of antenatal care services in selected healthcare centres of Mumbwa and Lusaka districts of Zambia: Pregnant womens perspectives." International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 11, no. 5 (2019): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijnm2019.0360.

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Kachaka, Hildah, and Mwiya Liamunga Imasiku. "Challenges faced by Women With Visual Impairment in Living a Sustainable Livelihood." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2012): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.1.1.373.

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The nature of the challenges faced by women with visual impairments remains uncertain. However, studies have been done on women with disabilities in general but none has focused on women with visual impairments. This study sought to establish the challenges faced by women with visual impairments in living a sustainable livelihood in urban areas. A descriptive survey design was used in order to obtain a true and comprehensive picture of individuality. Primary data was collected through interview schedules and questionnaires. Data was collected from women with visual impairments in selected government line ministries. For those not in employments, data was collected from the central business district where they parade to ask for alms from well wishers. The target sample was all women with visual impairments registered with the Federation for the Blind and based in Lusaka urban. Stratified sampling was used to classify women with visual impairments into their economic status such as those in formal employment and those not working at all. Sixteen (50%) of women with visual impairments were in formal employment while sixteen (50%) were on the street begging. Twenty-one (66%) of the women with visual impairment revealed that they were not able to live a sustainable livelihood due to the different challenges they faced while eleven (44%) stressed that they were managing because they had a salary though it was not enough to cater for their basic needs. From the findings it has been noted that women with visual impairments have a lot of challenges on sustainable livelihood. Sixty-six (66%) of the women stated that they were not able to live a sustainable livelihood, as most of them depended on begging for their livelihood. The money they realised from begging could not meet all their basic needs. The findings also reveal that the women with visual impairments despite their level of education, could not be offered any other job apart from being telephone operators. From the sixteen (50%) of women with visual impairments who are in formal employment, eleven (69%) had attained grade nine while five (31%) were grade twelve school leavers and yet they were doing the same job. The grade twelve school leavers felt unfairly treated because sight had disadvantaged them in the area of wanting to do other professions of their dreams. Further, it was found that there were some cultural factors that contribute to the challenges women with visual impairments face. In as much as they know that they have no sight, they feel they must be appreciated as human beings just like the women with sight. The findings show that Challenges faced by Women With Visual Impairment in Living a Sustainable Livelihood twenty (63%) of all the participants indicated that they were discriminated, segregated and abused by the sighted in different ways. Eleven (35%) of the women with visual impairment stated that as they were growing up, they were over-protected and over- looked and this had contributed to their poverty situation today. The results of the study indicate that there is a strong relationship between being visually impaired and sustainable livelihood among women despite their education levels. The study has also revealed that although there is so much awareness on disability issues, women with visual impairments are still discriminated and excluded from the mainstream activities. Therefore, stakeholders in disability issues should address the plight of these women. Recommendations made include: (a) Government and stakeholders in the welfare of women with visual impairments should ensure that information on Citizen Economic Empowerment is transcribed into Braille if the visually impaired are to benefit from the scheme. (b) Government through appropriate authorities should reduce the number of procedures involved in accessing the funds. (c) Since education is a factor in improving the livelihood of an individual, government through relevant ministries should build more schools and provide bursaries and or scholarships to the visually impaired to attain vocational training. (d) The visually impaired who have attained high school level should be allowed to venture into careers of their choice.

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Sibuea, Christine. "PENYULUHAN PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT DEMAM TIFOID PADA SISWA-SISWI DI SMAS SANTA LUSIA KECAMATAN PERCUT SEI TUAN KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG." Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (2021): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51622/pengabdian.v2i1.307.

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Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by Salmonella tyhphii bacteria. Typhoid fever is transmitted through the faecal orally when food or drink is contaminated with Salmonella tyhphii bacteria due to lack of hygiene of food or drinks. Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is very important to prevent the transmission of typhoid fever. This counseling aims to provide education about typhoid fever, including how to prevent the transmission of typhoid fever. This counseling was given to students of class XI Santa Lusia Senior High School, Percut Sei Tuan District. Outreach is provided through presentation, question and answer and online feedback. Feedback shows that participants can receive the information given well.

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Penda, Chanda. "Personal Name Trends in Independent Zambia: A Reflection on the Fluidity of Living Heritage." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2020): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.4.1.381.

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Personal name usage in Zambia, as is common elsewhere, has undergone changes – reflecting the overall cultural and historical changes in the nation. This article identifies the changes which took place in personal naming patterns in Zambia since independence and discusses the wider socio-cultural and political factors which caused the changes in personal naming patterns in independent Zambia. The period after independence in 1964 represents a complex of various interacting histories of the nation, which have significantly impacted naming patterns. These include, transitions from mandatory requirement for adherents of the Roman Catholic Church and other Christian organisations to adopt baptismal names of European saints and enforcement, by school authorities, of usage of European first names by indigenous Northern Rhodesians during British colonial domination, to freedom to choose first names following political independence. Further developments include the closer mingling of local tribes/languages, the rise of charismatic churches, and Islam, among others. The methodology includes quantitative text analysis of the publicly available comprehensive University of Zambia (UNZA) graduate directory which contains names of all the institution’s graduates for the fifty-year period from its foundation in 1966 to 2016. This work samples 2504 names extracted from the graduate directory between 1976 and 2016 in ten-year-intervals as follows: 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016. The highest institution of learning in Zambia is located in the capital, Lusaka. UNZA students are drawn from multi-ethnic backgrounds, mostly featuring Zambian language groups. The period under consideration includes both people who were born/named before and after independence. Other methods used in the context of the wider thesis were ethnographic field interviews with 23 respondents in Chongwe, Kafue and Lusaka districts, and personal communication with seven others by electronic means. Among the field respondents, four were aged between their mid-60s and 73, while the rest were of varying ages between 20 and 52. The purposive selection criteria for the four elderly participants included age – those who had some experience of life under British colonial rule. The other group was randomly selected, observing balance in gender, socio-economic status and political views. The study confirms an increase in the usage of first names drawn from local languages. Over the study period, usage of indigenous Zambian personal names increased from 7.9 per cent to 31.6 per cent. The study also shows different generic patterns of first name usage among the different ethnic groups.

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Mwila, Kennedy, Florence Kalolo, Steward Mudenda, and Christabel Nangandu Hikaambo. "Impact of COVID-19 on academic activities of final year nursing students: a Zambian reflection." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 7 (2021): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212377.

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Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had many impacts on the education sector. The pandemic has had negative impacts on the academic activities of nursing students globally. Therefore, we assessed the impact of the COVID-19 on final year nursing students’ academic activities in Lusaka and Mufulira districts of Zambia.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that employed quantitative methods using a structured questionnaire among 196 final year nursing students from 1August 2020 to 30 September 2020. Data were analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.Results: A female predominance (67.9%) and a response rate of 86% were obtained. Many students strongly agreed (32.7%) and agreed (20.4%) that they did not complete their course work resulting in some concepts being poorly taught, 86.1% strongly agreed that they had delayed final examinations, and 51.5% strongly agreed that they did not do their clinical attachments. Students strongly disagreed (40.3%) that the e-library and wireless facilities in their school were well-stocked. Hence, this resulted in some students (40.3%) missing class lessons and assessments.Conclusions:The COVID-19 epidemic has negatively affected the academic activities of nursing students in Zambia. Ministries responsible for education must put in place measures that will mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the education sector. Schools must adapt to the changes in the way of conducting learning and assessment sessions. Finally, schools must improve on their e-library and wireless facilities to effectively support online learning.

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Kiwanuka, Rebecca N. L., and Charles Machethe. "Determinants of Smallholder Farmers’ Participation in Zambian Dairy Sector’s Interlocked Contractual Arrangements." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n2p230.

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<p>Linking smallholder farmers to modern value chains through contract agriculture (CA) is one of the rural development strategies being promoted to address the challenge of smallholders’ integration in markets. However, the conditions under which CA enhances smallholders’ prospects for inclusion in modern value chains is still debatable. This paper examines the determinants of smallholders’ participation in Zambian dairy markets through interlocked contractual arrangements (ICAs). A multi-stage sampling design was used to select 266 households from milk shed areas from three districts in Lusaka and Central provinces of Zambia. A double-hurdle model was estimated from data collected through semi-structured questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Key determinants of smallholders’ participation in ICAs included ownership of improved breed animals, MCC milk price, access to dairy marketing information, income from other sources and landholding size. While most of these factors also affected the proportion of milk sold, the following were also important: household head education level, cattle rearing culture, extent of supplier’s dependency on buyer and trust in the exchange relationship. To enhance smallholders’ market participation, there is need to facilitate their access to extension services, infrastructure (breeding centres, MCCs and water) and affordable stock feed, and to offer them an effective milk price that is higher than the spot market price. Promotion efforts should target smallholders that are literate, from a cattle rearing culture, and particularly encourage youth and women participation. There is also need for building trust in the exchange relationship and judicious use of power by processors.</p>

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NJOROGE, SAMUEL M. C., LIMBIKANI MATUMBA, KENNEDY KANENGA, et al. "A Case for Regular Aflatoxin Monitoring in Peanut Butter in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from a 3-Year Survey in Zambia." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 5 (2016): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-542.

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ABSTRACT A 3-year comprehensive analysis of aflatoxin contamination in peanut butter was conducted in Zambia, sub-Saharan Africa. The study analyzed 954 containers of 24 local and imported peanut butter brands collected from shops in Chipata, Mambwe, Petauke, Katete, and Nyimba districts and also in Lusaka from 2012 to 2014. For analysis, a sample included six containers of a single brand, from the same processing batch number and the same shop. Each container was quantitatively analyzed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in six replicates by using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; thus, aflatoxin contamination level of a given sample was derived from an average of 36 test values. Results showed that 73% of the brands tested in 2012 were contaminated with AFB1 levels &gt;20 μg/kg and ranged up to 130 μg/kg. In 2013, 80% of the brands were contaminated with AFB1 levels &gt;20 μg/kg and ranged up to 10,740 μg/kg. Compared with brand data from 2012 and 2013, fewer brands in 2014, i.e., 53%, had aflatoxin B1 levels &gt;20 μg/kg and ranged up to 1,000 μg/kg. Of the eight brands tested repeatedly across the 3-year period, none consistently averaged ≤20 μg/kg. Our survey clearly demonstrates the regular occurrence of high levels of AF B1 in peanut butter in Zambia. Considering that some of the brands tested originated from neighboring countries such as Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South Africa, the current findings provide a sub-Saharan regional perspective regarding the safety of peanut butter.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lusaka district'

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